b;sydih - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/salsyl history.pdf · i ii iii iv v vi vii viii 1' ft; ......

b;sydih

w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh

12"13 fY%AKs

^2017 isg l%shd;aul fõ&

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.uwww.nie.lk

i

ye`Èkaùu

2017 kj úIHud,d ixfYdaOk hgf;a wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< ksNd.hg wod< b;sydih úIh ks¾fÿYh fldgiai;rlsla iukaú; fõ'

• YS% ,xldõ b;sydih ^wE; w;S;fha isg ls%'j 1978 olajd&• bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih ^wE; w;S;fha isg ì%;djH md,kh wjidkh o;ajd&• hqfrdamd b;sydih ^.S%l"frdau YsIagdpdr wjÈfha isg 1989 olajd&• kQ;k f,dal b;sydih ^ls%'j 1500 isg ls%'j 1989 olajd&

YS% ,xldfõ j¾;udk ;;a;ajh foi n,k úg w;S;fha isg yqol,dj j¾Okh jqjla fkdj úúO f.da,Sh n,mEï u; foaYshlrKh fjñkafmdaIKh ù j¾Okh jQ nj fmfka'tjeks m%jK:d yd n,mEï y`ÿkd.ekSu iòyd YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih iu. bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih" hqfrdamdb;sydih" k Q;k f,d al b;sydih hk úIh ks¾fo aY o w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& b; sydih iòyd tlalr we;'

w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& iòyd b;sydih úIhud,dj f;dard .kakd YsIHhkag YS% ,xldõ b;sydih úIh ks¾foaYh wksjd¾h fõ' bkaÈhdfõb;sydih" hqfrdamd b;sydih" kQ;k f,dal b;sydih hk úIh ldKav w;=ßka tla úIh ldKavhla muKla ;u wNsu;hmßÈ f;dard .; hq;=h'

2017 § ls%hd;aul ùug kshñ; fuu úIh ks¾foaYhg bf.kqï b.eksùï ls%hdj,sh iy úIh wka;¾.;fha wruqKq lrd hdu jvd;a myiqlsÍu iòyd bf.kqï m, ilia lr we;' YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih f.dvke.Sfï§ Bg wkql+,kh jQ f.da,Sh m%jK;d wo`kd .ekSu iy uE;ld,fha isÿl< b;sydi m¾fhaIK wkdjrK weiqßka tla tla úIh ks¾foaYhkay wka;¾.;fha ixfYdaOk lsysmhla isÿlr we;'

ii

YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih # merKs ks¾foaYhg jvd jeä wjOdkhla m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h ms<sn`k j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

uQ,dY%h j¾. lsÍfï § j¾;udk ks¾foaY fhdod .ekSu

" wfma merKs ;dCIKh" kj úIh ks¾foaYhg tl;= lsÍu

bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih #

merKs ks¾foaYhg wkqj ls%'j 1206 olajd muKla wjOdkh fhduq lr ;snQ w;r th kj ks¾foaYfhysbkaÈhdj ksoyi Èkd .ekSu olajd §¾> lr we;'

iïmQ¾K bkaÈhd b;sydihg jvd YS% ,xldjg n,mEula t,a, jQ isÿùï flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu

hqfrdamd b;sydih #

f.da,Sh jYfhka n,mEula jQ f.daîh n,fõ. ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'

kQ;k f,dal b;sydih #

f,dalfha isÿ jQ f.da,Sh m%jK;d ms<snò j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;'

fuu úIh ks¾foaYh 12 iy 13 fYA% Ks iòyd jQjls' ta wkqj úIh wka;¾.;h tla tla fY%AKs iòyd ks%hd;aul lsÍug ixúOdkh lr .;hq;= fõ'

iii

mgqk

msgqj

ye`Èkaùu i - ii

mgqk iii

cd;sl wruqKq iv

uq,sl ksmqK;d v - vii

b;sydih úIhfha wruqKq viii

cd;sl wruqKq iy úIh wrïKq w;r iïnkaO;dj ix

jdr i`oyd fhdacs; ksmqK;d uÜgï x

úIh ks¾foaYh 1 - 50

mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka 51

we.hSu iy ;lafiarelrKh 52

úIh ks¾foaY iïmdol uKav,h 53 - 54

iv

cd;sl wruqKq

mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd <`.dùu iòyd mqoa.,hskag iy lKavdhïj,g cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg iydhúh hq;= h' jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wOHdmk jd¾;d iy f,aLk u.ska mqoa., yd cd;sl wjYH;djka imqrd,Su iòydwruqKq kshu lrKq ,eî h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHqyhka yd l%shdj,ska ;=< oelsh yels ÿ¾j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixj¾Ok ixl,am rduqjwe;=<; wOHdmkh ;=<ska <``.dlr .; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska y÷kdf.k we;' fuu wruqKq imqrd.ekSu" wOHdmk moaO;sh iòyd jQ ;u bÈß oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska m%;HlaI fldg f.k we;'

I udkj wNsudkhg .re lsrSfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sltaldnoaO;dj" cd;sl iDcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;+<ska cd;sh f.dvke.Su iy Y%S ,dxlShwkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu

II fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye`.s odhdohka y`ÿkd.ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu

III udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<snò oekqj;a ùu" yDohdx.u ne`§ulska hq;= j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùuhk .=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;ka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udKlsÍu iy mj;ajd f.k hdug iydh ùu

IV mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm;a iy udkj w.hhkag .re lsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu

V iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla iòyd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh" úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=¨ fjk;aOkd;aul wx.,laIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VI mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj.=Kh jeäÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl jk M,odhs ld¾hhka iòydwOHdmk ;=<ska udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VII YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiSug yd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodkï lsÍu iyixlS¾K yd wkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

VIII cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh" iudk;ajh iy wfkHdkH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ

wdl,am yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu ^ Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj &

v

uq,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh ;=<ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; iòyka cd;sl wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'

(I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<snò oekqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh hk wkqldKav 4la u;ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï fõ'

idlaIr;dj : idjOdk j weyqïlka §u" meyeÈ,s j l:d lsÍu" f;areï .ekSu iòyd lsshùu"ksjerÈ j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu" M,odhs whqßka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu

ixLHd ms<snò oekqu : NdKav wjldYh yd ld,h .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï iòyd l%udkql+,b,lalï Ndú;h

rEml Ndú;h : f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K.,mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia m%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh : mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hla ;=<§ o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha§ of;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu

(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

- ksßudKYS,Snj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S ydú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh" lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r inò;d" kj fidhd.ekSï iy .fõIKhjeks j¾.Sh l=i,;d:

- iDcq .=Kh" bjid ord isáfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu" jeks w.hhka- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh

vi

(III) mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d

fuu ksmqK;d idudðl" ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wod< fõ'

iudc mßirh : cd;sl Wreuhka ms<snò wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl idudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõ§;dj yd l=i,;d" idOdrK hqla;sh ms<snò ye`.Su" iudc iïnkaO;d" mqoa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl iïm%odhka" whs;sjdislï" j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne`§ï

ffcj mßirh : iÔú f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqo" c,h" jd;h iy cSjh - Ydl"i;a;aj yd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõoSnj yd l=i,;d

fN!;sl mßirh: wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia ðú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we`ÿï"ksjdi" fi!LH" iqj myiqj" Yajikh" kskao" ksial,xlh" úfõlh" wmøjH iy u,my lsÍu hkdÈh ydiïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõÈ;dj yd l=i,;dj bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu iòyd fuj,ï iy;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=i,;d fuys wvx.=fõ'

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu" ;u jD;a;Sh ,eÈhd iy wNsfhda.;d y`ÿkd .ekSu" yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka ?lshdjlaf;dard .ekSu" iy jdisodhl yd ;srir Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍugwod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d

(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisßï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;aWÑ; foa f;dard thg iß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu iòyd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh

vii

(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;H" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldYjk úfkdaoh" i;=g" wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï

(VII) "bf.kSug bf.kqu" ms<sn`o ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixls¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkiaùï yiqrejd.ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§ j yd id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëk j bf.k .ekSu;a i`oyd mqoa.,hska yg Yla;sh ,nd§u' ^ Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj &

viii

b;sydih úIhfha wruqKq

6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 11 jk fY%AKsh f;la jQ úIhud,dj wOHhkh lsÍfuka my; iòyka wruqKq isiqka idOkh lr .kq we;e hs wfmalaId

flf¾'

1' ft;sydisl úldYkh yd m%jK;d ms<snò wjfndaOfhka b;sydih mqrd isÿ jQ fjkialï ms<snò jgyd .ekSu

2' w;S;h yeoEÍfuka ,efnk wjfndaOh u`.sska j¾;udkh f;areï .ekSu yd wkd.; ;;a;ajhka oelSu

3' cd;sl wkHk;dj y`ÿkdf.k foaYSh Wreuh iqrlsñka oEys;ldó mqrjeishl= njg m;aùu

4' cd;sl m%Yak foi ;=,kd;aul j ne,Su

5' wkH ixialD;Skag .re lsßu

6' ld,dkqms<sfj," uQ,dY%h úfõpkh yd fya;=M, iïnkaOh weiqfrka f.dvkef`.k úpdrd;aul YslaIKh yd oekqu m%dfhda.sl Ôú;hg

Ndú; lsÍu

7' jeo.;a ft;sydisl mqoa.,hkaf.a pß;dmodk pß;dhkh lr .ekSu

8' ft;ssydisl f.da,Sh m%jK;d furg b;sydih flfrys n,md we;s wdldrh ms<snò wjfndaOfhka f,dal m%jK;dj,g uqyqK oSfï

Yla;sh we;s lr .ekSu

9' ld,h yd wjldYh ms<snò oekqu j¾Okh lr .ekSu

10' ft;sydisl f;dr;=re weiqfrka ia:dk y`ÿkd .ekSu

ix

cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq iy úIh wruqKq w;r iïnkaO;dj

cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKúIh wruqK

i ii iii iv v vi vii viii

1' ft;sydisl úldYkh yd m%jK;d ms<snò wjfndaOfhka b;sydih mqrd isÿ jQ

fjkialï ms<snò jgyd .ekSu

2' w;S;h yeoEÍfuka ,efnk wjfndaOh u`.sska j¾;udkh f;areï .ekSu yd

wkd.; ;;a;ajhka oelSu

3' cd;sl wkHk;dj y`ÿkdf.k foaYSh Wreuh iqrlsñka oEys;ldó mqrjeishl=

njg m;aùu

4' cd;sl m%Yak foi ;=,kd;aul j ne,Su

5' wkH ixialD;Skag .re lsßu

6' ld,dkqms<sfj," uQ,dY%h úfõpkh yd fya;=M, iïnkaOh weiqfrka

f.dvkef`.k úpdrd;aul YslaIKh yd oekqu m%dfhda.sl Ôú;hg

Ndú; lsÍu

7' jeo.;a ft;sydisl mqoa.,hkaf.a pß;dmodk pß;dhkh lr .ekSu

8' ft;ssydisl f.da,Sh m%jK;d furg b;sydih flfrys n,md we;s wdldrh

ms<snò wjfndaOfhka f,dal m%jK;dj,g uqyqK oSfï

Yla;sh we;s lr .ekSu

9' ld,h yd wjldYh ms<snò oekqu j¾Okh lr .ekSu

10' ft;sydisl f;dr;=re weiqfrka ia:dk y`ÿkd .ekSu

x

hqfrdamd b;sydih

1'1" 2'1"

2'2" 3'1" 4'1

jdr i`oyd fhdacs; ksmqK;d uÜgï

fYA%Ksh iy jdrh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih

1 jdrh

2 jdrh

3 jdrh

1 jdrh

2 jdrh

3 jdrh

bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih

1'1" 2'1" 3'1

4'1" 5'1

5'1" 6'1

7'1" 8'1" ^uq,a fldgia fol&

kQ;k f,dal b;sydih

1'1" 2'1

3'1" 4'1

5'1" 6'1" 7'1

12 fY%AKsh

13 fY%AKsh

1'1" 2'1" 3'1" 4'1" 5'1

5'2

6'1

7'1" 8'1

9'1" 10'1

11'1

8'1^fojk fldgi&" 9'1

10'1" 11'1

5'1" 6'1" 7'1

8'1" 9'1" 10'1

11'1" 12'1" 13'1

13'2" 14'1

8'1" 9'1

10'1

11'1" 12'1

xi

úIh ks¾foaYh

1

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo

w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh

YS% ,xld b;sydih ^wE; w;S;fha isg 1978 olajd&12 jk fY%AKsh

ft;sydisl yr moaO;syd ld,dkqms<sfj<ms<sn| wOHhkh lr bka,nk YslaIKh ðú;hgwdfoaY lr .kshs

ld,h yd wjldYhmokï lrf.kYsIagdpdr úldYkh jkwdldrh ms<sn`owjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

1'1 b;sydih hkq

l=ula oehs meyeos,slrhs

1'2 b;sydih yeoErSfuka

,efnk m%fhdack fmkajd fohs

1'3 b;sydih wOHhkh

l< hq;= ld, rduqjyd wjldYh meyeÈ,slrhs

1' b;sydih ye|skaùu

b;sydih w¾:l:kh

b;sydih yeoEÍfï m%fhdack

wOHhk ld,h

- m%d.a ft;sydisk hq.fha

isg ls%'j 1978 olajd

b;sydih ms<sn| w¾:l:k/ia lrhs

b;sydi úIhh i|ydw¾:l:khla f.dvk`.hs

b;sydih yeoEÍfuka,nd.; yelsm%fhdack úia;r lrhs

b;sydih bf.kSfïjákdlu w.hñka l:dlrhs

b;sydi úIhh i|yd jQwOHhk ld, mrdihfmkajdfohs

bf.kSfï myiqj i|yd ld,mrdih j¾. lr olajhs

07

2


2' wjldYhw¾OY=Ial l,dmhuOHu l`ÿlrhfjr<nv ;ekak

N+f.da,Sh msysàu yd udkjyeisÍu

- bkaÈhdjg wdikak jmsysàu

- bkaÈhdfjka fjka jmsysàu

- bkaÈhka id.rfhauOH.; j msysàu

wNHka;r N+f.da,ShidOl- l`ÿ" .x.d" ;eks;,d"

jrdh udkj yeisÍuflfrys we;s l<n,mEuiïm;a úirKh ydudkj ls%hdjka w;rnoaO;d

rgl b;sydihf.dvke`.Sfï oSN+f.da,Sh idOl n,mdkwdldrh ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

2'1 ,xld b;sydifhawOHhkh l< hq;=wjldYh ms<sn`omeyeÈ,s lrhs

2'2 N+f.da,Sh msysàu Y%S,xldfõ b;sydihflfrys n,mEwdldrh úu¾Ykhlrhs

,xld b;sydifha wOHhkhl< hq;= wjldYh fmkajdfohs

,xld b;sydifha wOHhkhl< hq;= m%foaY is;shul,l=Kq lrhs

Y%S ,xldfõ ndysr ydwNHka;r msysàu úia;rlrhss

N=f.da,Sh úIu;d udkjin`o;d flfrys n,mEufmkajd fohs

Y%S ,xldfõ N+f.da,Sh msysàuis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

10

12 jk fY%AKsh YS% ,xld b;sydih

3


uQ,dY%húYaf,aIKfhkaf.dvkef`.kúpdrd;aul YslaIKhm%dfhda.sl Ôú;hgNdú; lrhs

3'1 b;sydihf.dvke`.Sug

odhl jk uQ,dY%húuid n,hs

3'2 uQ,dY%húYaf,aIKfhka

ft;sydisl lreKq f.dvk`.k wdldrh fmkajd fohs

3' uQ,dY%h úNd.h yd úpdrh

Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih yeoEÍug we;s uQ,dY%h

- uQ,dY%h j¾.SlrKh* idys;H uQ,dY%h* mqrdúoHd;aul uQ,dY%h* wNsf,aLk* kdKl* ckm%jdo yd mqrdjD;a;

uQ,dY%h úpdrYS,S j úuiSu

b;sydih f.dvke`.Sugodhljk uQ,dY%h kï lrhs

uQ,dYhj, iajNdjh wkqjtajd j¾. lrhs

uQ,dY%h j¾.h wkqjft;sydisl lreKqf.dvk`.d.; yels wdldrhmeyeos,s lrhs

uQ,dY%h úpdrYS,S júu¾Ykh lrhs

uQ,dY%h Ndú;fha oSsie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKqmeyeos,s lrhs

18


4


s

4'1 m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.hms<sn| f;dr;=reúu¾Ykh lrhs

4'2 mQ¾j ft;sydislhq.fha udkjl%shdldß;ajh ms<sn|j fidhd n,hss

4'3 ft;sydisl hq.h ydtys ckdjdi ms<sn|j úu¾Ykh lrhs

4' ckdjdij, wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh ^l%s'mq ;=ka jk

ishji wjidkh f;la&

m%d.a ft;sydisl wjêh

mQ¾j ft;sydisl wjêh

ft;sydisl hq.h - bkaoshdfõ úúO

m%foaYj,ska ck lKavdhï meñKSu

Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydislwjêh meyeos,s lrhs

b;d merKs ld,fha isg Y%S,xldfõ ckdjdi ;snQ njw.h lrhss

m%d.a ft;sydisl ckdjdiis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

mQ¾j ft;sydisl wjêhmeyeos,s lrhs

mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.fhaoshqKqj w.hhs

mQ¾j ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;aia:dk is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

ft;sydisl hq.h meyeos,slrhs

ft;sydisl hq.h ckdjdi jQwdldrh úia;r lrhs

ft;sydisl hq.fha ckdjdiis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

Y%S ,dxflahsIagdpdrfha ft;sydislúldYkh yd m%jK;dms<sn| j wjfndaOfhkalghq;= lrhs

20


5


5' rcrg YsIagdpdrh^fmdf<dkakrej wjidkhf;la&

rcrg YsIagdpdrfha mokums<sn| ye|skaùu

rcrg YsIagdpdrfhaf oaYmd, k , wd¾Ól, iudc"ixialD;sl iy ;dlaIKsllghq;=

- foaYmd,k* rdcH md,lfhda* md,k ;ka;%* hqoafOdaml%u* úfoaY iïnkaO;d

- wd.u yd ixialD;sh* nqÿ oyu msysgqùu yd* jHdma;sh* fjk;a wd.ï* l,dj yd ixialD;sh

rcrg YsIagdpdrfha mokumyohs

rcrg YsIagdpdrfha oshqKqjgtysmoku odhl jQ wdldrhmyohs

rcrg YsIagdpdrh ms<sn|f;dr;=re bosßm;a lrhs

rcrg YsIagdpdrfha mokuYla;su;a lsÍug odhl jQrcjreka fmkajd fohs

rcrg YsIagdpdrfhaixj¾Okh w.h lrhs

Y%S ,dxflahYsIagdpdrfhaft;sydisl úldYkhyd m%jK;d ms<sn| jwjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

5'1 rcrg YsIagdpdrfha ;dlaIKsl moku

y÷kajd fohs

5'2 rcrg YsIagdpdrfhafoaYmd,k" wd¾Ól"iudc" ixialD;sl yd;dlaIKh úia;rlrhs

100


6


5'3 rcrg YsIagdpdrfhamoku ÿ¾j, ùfukatys mßydksh ydì|jeàu isÿ jkwdldrh fmkajd fohs

wd¾Ólh - lDIsl¾udka;h - l¾udka; - fjf<|du

iudch

úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh- jdß ;dlaIKh

- jdia;= úoHdj- ffjoH úoHdj- f,daydhkh

rcrg YsIagdpdrfha mßydksh yd ì|jeàu

rcrg YsIagdpdrfhaft;sydislia:dk jeõ wuqKqis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

• rcrg YsIagdpdrfha mokuÿ¾j, ùug fya;= olajhs

• rcrg YsIagdpdrfhaì|jeàu isÿjQ wdldrhmeyeos,s lrhs


7



6'1 Y%S ,dxflahYsIagdpdrh uq,amokñka fjkia jQwjÈhla fj; msúiSuyd tys l%shdldß;ajhúu¾Ykh lrhs

6'2 hdmkh rdcOdkshms<sn| j úu¾Ykhlrhss

6'3 fldaÜfÜ rdcOdkshms<sn| j úu¾Ykhlrhsss

6' rcrg YsIagdpdrfhka miqwjÈh

md,k uOHia:dk - ye|skaùu - oUfoKsh" hdmyqj"l=reKE., .ïfmd<

- úfoaY iïnkaO;dwd.u" ixialD;sh ydiudch

hdmkh rdcOdksh

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh

fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miqìys jQ rdcOdks y÷kajdfohs

rcrg rdcOdks ydfmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miqìys jQ rdcOdks w;r fjkimyohs

fmdf<dkakre hq.fhka miqìys jQ rdcOdks is;shul,l=Kq lrhs

hdmkh rdcOdksfhawdrïNh yd j¾Okh úia;rlrhs

hdmkh rdcOdksfhamßydksh úia;r lrhs

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfhawdrïNh yd j¾Okhmeyeos,s lrhs

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha úYsIagrcjreka w.h lrhs

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfhamßydksh úia;r lrhs

50


8


12 jk fY%AKsh

ld,dkqms<sfj<" uQ,dY%hyd úfõpkh yd fya;=M, iïnkaOh weiqßkaf.dvkef`.kúpdrd;aul YsCIKh yd±kqu m%dfhda.sl cSú;hgNdú; lrhs

1 1 bkaÈhd b;sydihyeoEÍug we;s uQ,dY%hú.%y lrhs

1 uQ,dY%h úNd.h yd úpdrh

• bka§h b;sydih yeoEÍugwe;s uQ,dY%h

• uQ,dY%h j¾.SlrKh • uQ,dY%h Ndú;fha § mek

k`.sk wNsfhda. • uQ,dY%h ms<sn| úfõpk • uQ,dY%h ixikaokd;aul

wOHhkfha jeo.;alu

• bka§h b;sydih yeoEÍug we;suQ,dY%h kï lrhs

• bka§h b;sydih yeoEÍugwe;s uQ,dY%h j¾. lrhs

• bka§h b;sydihf.dvke`.Sfï § uQ,dY%hWmfhda.S lr.kakd wdldrhmeyeÈ,s lrhs

08

bkaÈhd b;sydih w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh

^wE; w;S;fha isg ì%;dkH md,kh wjidkh olajd&

9


rgl b;sydihf.dvke`.Sfï §fN!;sl idOl n,mdkwdldrh ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

2'1 N+f.da,Sh msysàu bkaÈhdb;sydih flfrys n,mEwdldrh úu¾Ykhlrhs

2 N+f.da,Sh idOl bkaÈhdkqb;sydih flfrys n,mEu

• N+f.da,Sh msysàu- ndysr msysàu- wNHka;r msysàu

• N+f.da,Sh idOl bkaÈhdkqb;sydih flfrys n,mEu

• bkaÈhdfõ úYd,;ajh iyúúO;ajh

• bkaÈhdfõ ndysr yd wNHka;rmsysàu úia;r lrhss

• bkaÈhdfõ msysàu foaYSh ydúfoaYSh udkj in|;d flfrysn,mEu fmkajd fohss

• bkaÈhdfõ fN!;sl ,CIKis;shul ,l=Kq lrhss

15

12 jk fY%AKsh bkaoshd b;sydih

10


bka§h b;sydifhaft;sydisl úldYkh ydm%jK;d ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhss

3'1 bkaÿ ksïkYsIAgdpdrfhys wdrïNh"j¾Okh yd mßydkshms<sn| f;dr;=reúu¾Ykh lrhs

3' iskaOq kÈh flakaøfldg ìys jQkd.ßl YsIAgdpdrh

• yrmamd YsIagdpdrh ye|skaùu • wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh ms<sn|

j we;s u;jdo yd iuld,Skfjk;a YsIAgdpdr w;rin|;d

• kd.ßl ie,iqu • iudc" wd¾Ól yd wd.ñl

;;a;ajh• l,d;aul yelshd

• mßydksh yd ta ms<sn| úpdrlu;

• yrmamd YsIagdpdrh ms<sn|f;dr;=re úia;r lrhss

• yrmamd YsIagdpdrfhysúYsIAg;ajh w.h lrhss

• yrmamd YsIagdpdrh is;shul,l=Kq lrhss

30


11


bka§h b;sydifhaft;sydisl úldYkh ydm%jK;d ms<sn| jwjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

4 1ffjÈl hq.h ms<sn|f;dr;=re úia;r lrhs

4 .x.d ksïk Tiafia me;sr .shudkj ckdjdi rgdj

• iD.a ffjÈl idys;HfhkawkdjrKh jk udkjjHdma;sfha iajrEmh

• iD.a ffjÈl hq.fhafoaYmd,k" iudc" wd¾Ól ydixialD;sl rgdj

• mYapdoa ffjÈl ckdjdijHdma;sh

• mYapdoa ffjÈl hq.fhafoaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudciy ixialD;sl j¾Okh

• ffjÈl hq.h ms<sn|f;dr;=re bÈrsm;a lrhs

• ffjÈl hq.h bka§hYsIAgdpdrfha moku njgf;dr;=re bÈrsm;a lrhs

• iD.a ffjÈl yd mYapdoaffjÈl ckdjdi jHdma;shis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

25


12


bka§h b;sydifhaft;sydisl úldYkh ydm%jK;d ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

5 1 fidf<dia uyd ckmojHdma;sh úia;r lrhs

5 2 wd.ñl yd od¾YkslÑka;kh bka§hYsIagdpdrh f.dvke`.Sug odhl ù we;swdldrh úu¾Ykhlrhs

5 foaYmd,k yd udkjÑka;dj,sfha j¾Okh

• ckmo jHdma;sh ydfidf<dia uyd ckmo

• wd.ñl Ñka;kfhaj¾Okh

- ixialD;sl fjkialïkj wd.ñl Ñka;djìys ùu yd jHdma;sh

- foaYmd,k yd kjwd.ñl Ñka;djkaysn,mEu u; fjkiajkudkj yeisÍï ydls%hdldrlï

• fidf<dia uyd ckmo ms<sn|úia;r lrhs

• fidf<dia uyd ckmoj,n,j;a rdcH fmkajd fohs

• fidf<dia uyd ckmois;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

• bkaÈhdfõ j¾Okh jQ kjwd.ñl Ñka;djka úia;rlrhs

• kj wd.ñl Ñka;djkafoaYmd,kh flfrys n,mEufmkajd fohs

• kj wd.ñl Ñka;djka udkjiudch flfrys n,mEwdldrh úia;r lrhs

25


13



6'1 wêrdcHjd§ ixl,amhfu!¾h wêrdcHhweiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs

6' wêrdcHjd§ ixl,amh ydfu!¾h wêrdcHh

• md,k ixl,amj, j¾Okhyd wêrdcHjd§ ixl,amh

• fu!¾h wêrdcHfha j¾Okh • wfYdal yd Tyqf.a m%;sm;a;s • fu!¾hka hgf;a foaYmd,k"

wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;slm%jK;d

• fu!¾h wêrdcHfhamßydksh yd fya;=

• wêrdcHjd§ ixl,amh úia;rlrhs

• Yla;su;a fu!¾h wêrdcHhlaf.dv ke.+ wdldrh meyeÈ,slrhs

• wêrdcHhl mj;sk iqúfYaI,CIK fu!¾h md,khweiqßka úia;r lrhs

• fu!¾h wêrdcHfha mßydkshgfya;= olajhs

• fu!¾h wêrdcHfha jHdma;shis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

30


14


úúO n,fõ. uq,a lr

.ksñka YsIagdpdr

f.dvkef`.k wdldrh

fmkajd fohs

12 jk fY%aKsh

1'1 kQ;k hqfrdamh Wod jQwdldrh meyeos,s lrhs

1' hqfrdamd YsIagdpdrfha moku• .%Sl" frdau iy l%sia;shdks

m%Njhka

• bia,dï jHdma;sh

• jevjiï l%ufha mrsydksh• l=rei hqoaO

• fjf<\fï ÈhqKqj

• k.r j¾Okh

• uOHu mka;sfha ke`.Su

² hqfrdamd YsIagdpdrfha mokuú.%y lrhs

² kQ;k hqfrdamd YsIagdpdrhyev.eiaùug .%Sl, frdauyd l%sia;shdks n,fõ. n,mEwdldrh fmkajd fohs

² jevjiï l%ufha mßydkshkQ;k hqfrdamfha wdrCIdjg;=vq ÿka wdldrh meyeÈ,slrhs

² .%Sl, frdau, l%sia;shdks iybia,dï YsIagdpdr jHdma;shis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

25

hqfrdamd b;sydih w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh

^ls%'j 1500 isg ls%'j 1989 olajd&

15


.hqfrdamfha isÿ jQ

fjkia ùï f,dalh

flfrys n,mE

wdldrh fmkajd

fohs

2'1 hqfrdamh kQ;khq.hg wj;S¾K jQwdldrh ú.%y lrhs

2'2 hqfrdamd rgj,afjk;a uydoaùmj,wêrdcH f.dvke`.+wdldrh mrSCId lrhs

2'kQ;k hqfrdamfha wdrïNh

² mqkreoh yd nqoaê m%fndaOh ² úoHd;aul fidhd .ekSï

² cd;sl rdcHj, ke`.Su

² foaY .fõIK

² hqfrdamSh jHdma;sh

30² mqkreoh ú.%y lrhs

² kj m%jK;d u`.ska hqfrdamhkQ;k hq.hg meñKswdldrh fmkajd fohs

² foaY .fõIK úia;r lrhs

² hqfrdamfha jHdma;sh fiiqrgj,g n,mE whqre ú.%ylrhs

² foaY .fõIK yd hqfrdamShjHdma;sh is;shul ,l=Kqlrhs

12 jk fY%AKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih

16


wd.ñl fCIa;%fha isÿjk fjkia ùï iudcfhafiiq fCIa;% flfrysn,mdk wdldrh y÷kdf.k fjkia ùïj,guqyqK oSfï wdl,amj¾Okh lr .kshs

3'1 hqfrdamfha wd.ñlm%;sixialrK we;sùug ;=vq ÿka fya;=ú.%y lrhs

3'2 frmrudÿ yd m%;sfrmrudÿ jHdmdrj,m%;sM, msßlaihs

3'3 wd.u uq,a lrf.khqfrdamfha we;s jQ.egqï úu¾Ykh lrhs

3' wd.ñl m%;sixialrK yd m%;sfrmrudÿ jHdmdrh² wd.ñl m%;sixialrKj,

miqìu

² frmrudÿ jHdmdrh² m%;sfrmrudÿ jHdmdrh

² ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOh - hqoaOfha m%Odk wjia:d - fjiaÜfma,shd .súiqu

² wd.ñl m%;sixialrKj,g ;=vqÿka miqìu úia;r lrhss

² wd.ñl m%;sixialrKj,m%;sM, fmkajd fohss

² wd.ñl m%;sixialrK ydiïnkaO rgj,a is;shul,l=Kq lrhss

² frmrudÿ yd m%;sfrmrudÿjHdmdrh meyeÈ,s lrhss

² m%;sfrmrudÿ jHdmdrfham%;sM, ú.%y lrhss

² frdaudkq lf;da,sl ydfrmrudÿ wd.ïj,jHdma;sh hqfrdamfha is;shul,l=Kq lrhs

² ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOh meyeÈ,slrhss

² ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOfha m%;sM,fmkajd fohss

² ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOh wjidkfhahqfrdamh is;shul ,l=Kqlrhss

25


17


md¾,sfïka;= l%ufhan,h j¾Okh udkjixy;sfha m%.ukhgodhl jQ whqre ú.%ylrhs

4'1 ì%;dkH iudcfha we;sjQ fjkia ùïj,gwkqrEm j foaYmd,kfCIa;%fha we;s jQm%jK;d úu¾Ykhlrhs

4'2 ì%;dkHmd¾,sfïka;=jweiqßka md¾,sfïka;=wdKavq l%ufha m%Odk,CIK ú.%y lrhs

4'ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;= l%uh

² md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdrïNh ydj¾Okh

² md¾,sfïka;= l%ufha ,CIK - ksfhdack l%uh - mCI l%uh - leìkÜ l%uh

² wd¾Ól yd iudc fCIa;%j,we;s jQ fjkiaùïj,gidfmaCI j foaYmd,kfCI;%fha jQ m%jK;d fmkajdfohs

² ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;= l%uh;=< m%cd;ka;%jdoh l%shd;auljk wdldrh úia;r lrhs

² ksfhdack md¾,sfïka;= l%uhudkj ixy;sfha m%.ukhgodhl jk wdldrh fmkajdfohs

² ksfhdack l%uh" mCI l%uhyd leìkÜ l%uh ì%;dkHmd¾,sfïka;=j weiqßka ú.%ylrhs

15


18


iajdNdúl wNsfhda.j,guqyqK oSfï oS ñksidw;am;a lr.;a ch.%yK;=,kd;aul j wjfndaOlr f.k ta wkqj lghq;=lrhs

5'1 f,dalfha .uka u`.fjkia lsrSugld¾ñl úma,jhn,mE wdldrh ms<sn|f;dr;=re f.dkqlrhs

5' ld¾ñl úma,jh

² wdrïNh ² jHdma;sh ² m%;sM,

15


19


rgl ck;dj iduQysl jl%shd lsrSfuka ch.%yKw;am;a lr .; yelsnjg wjfndaOfhkalghq;= lrhs

6'1 wfußld uydoaùm;=< hqfrdamdYsIagdpdrh me;sr.shwdldrh mrSCId lrhs

6'2 wfußld ksoyiaigk f,dalb;sydifha jeo.;ajk wdldrh ú.%y

6' wfußldkq ksoyia igk

² ckmo ìys ùu- wfußldfõ uq,a mÈxÑ

lrefjda- hqfrdamd cd;Ska wfußldjgixl%uKh ùu yd ckmomsysgqùu

- W;=re wfußldfõ bx.%Sisckmo

² ksoyia igk- ksoyia igk iy tyswdrïNh

- ckmo jdiSkaf.ach.%yKhg fya;=

² ksoyia igfka m%;sM,

² ld¾ñl úma,jh we;sùug ;=vq ÿka miqìu iy kjfidhd.ekSï ms<sn`o j ú.%ylrhs

² ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,meyeÈ,s lrhs

² ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;shf,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

² wfußldfõ uq,a mÈxÑ lrejkams<sn| f;dr;=re úia;r lrhs

² ì%;dkHhka wfußldfõmsysgqjd .;a ckmo ms<sn|f;dr;=re ú.%y lrhs

² W;=re wfußldfõ ì%;dkHckmo is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

20


20


ksoyi iy udkjwhs;sjdislï uyckwr.,j, m%;sM, njwjfndaO lrf.k tajdwdrCIdlr .ekSuglghq;= lrhs

lrhs

7'1 iudcfha mek k`.sk.eg¨ wjia:dfkdi,ld yerSfukaúma,j f.dv kef`.knj m%xY úma,jhweiqßka ú.%y lrhs

7' m%xY úma,jh

² m%xYfha wdÈ;ka;%h ² m%xY úma,jhg n,mE

fya;= ² úma,jfha wdrïNh yd

j¾Okh ² úma,jfha m%Odk wjia:d ² úma,jfha m%;sM,

² wfußld ksoyia igk ú.%ylrhs

² wfußld ksoyia igkf,dal b;sydifha jeo.;a

jk wdldrh meyeÈ,slrhs

20


21


12 jk fY%aKsh

kq;k f,dalfha Wodjgn,mE ft;sydisln,fõ. ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

1'1 jdKsc Okjdofhake`.su kQ;k f,dalfhaWodjg n,mE wdldrhú.%y lrhs

1'2 cd;sl rdcHhkaf.ake`.Su kQ;k ,dalfhaWodj flfrys n,mEwdldrh ú.%y lrhs

1' kQ;k f,dalfha Wodj

• jevjiï l%ufhamdßyksh yd jdKscOkjdofha ke`.Su

• cd;sl rdcH ìys ùu

² m%xY úma,jhg fya;= meyeÈ,slrhs

² m%xY úma,jfha m%Odk wjia:dúia;r lrhs

² m%xY úma,jfha m%;sM, ú.%ylrhs

• jdKsc Okjdoh ú.%y lrhs• hqfrdamfha jdKsc Okjdofha ke`.Su úia;r lrhs

• jdKsc Okjdofha ke`.Sukq;k f,dalfha Wodjgn,mEu fmkajd fohs

• cd;sl rdcH ìys ùugfya;= meyeos,s lrhs

• hqfrdamfha ìys jq cd;slrdcH ms<sn| úia;r lrhs

• hqfrdamfha ìysjq cd;slrdcHhka is;shul ,l=Kqlrhs

• cd;sl rdcH ìys úu

25

kQ;k f,dal b;sydih w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh

^ ls%'j 1500 isg&

22


1'3 yqfol,d j meje;srgj,a f,dalhg újrjq wdldrh fmkajdfohs

• foaY .fõIK - 16 jk ishji jk úg

wdishd" wm%sld" wfußlduy oaùmj, mej;s ;;a;ajh

• foaY.fõIK jHdmdr

kq;k f,dalfha Wodjflfrys n,mE wdldrhfmkajd fohs

• 16 jk ishji jk úg wdishd"wm%sld yd wefußlduydoaùmj, mej;s ;;a;ajhmeyeos,s lrhs

• hqfrdamfha foaY .fõIKjHdmdrh wdrïN úug fya;=myohs

12 jk fY%AKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih

23


kq;k f,dalfha Wodjgn,mE n,fõ. ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

2'1 hqfrdamfha n,j;a rdcH f,dalh mqrd

;u n,h jHdma; l< wdldrh ú.%y lrhs

2' hqfrdamd n,jHdma;sh yd wêrdcH f.dvke`.su

• W;=re yd ol=Kq wfußldj

• wdishdj

• wm%sldj

• foaY .fõIK jHdmdrh ydtys m%;sM, fmkajd fohs

• foaY .fõIK jHdmdrhis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

• hqfrdamd rgj, fiiq uydoaùmflfrys wjOdkh fhduqlsßug fya;= meyeos,s lrhs

• hqfrdamd rgj,a f,dalfhafjk;a rgj, ;u n,hjHdma; l< wdldrh fmkajdfohs

• hqfrdamd rgj, n,jHdma;sh

35


24



3'1 md¾,sfïka;=fõ n,hf.dvke`.Su i`oydbx.%Sis úma,jfhaodhl;ajh mÍlaIdlrhs

3'2 wfußld ksoyiaigk f,daln,fõ.hla jQq wdldrhú.%y lrhs

3'3 udkj whs;Skaiq/lSfï jeo.;alufmkajdÿka m%xY

3' kq;k f,dalh yev.eiajqúma,j

• l%s j 1688 bx.%Sis úma,jh

• wfußldkq ksoyia igk

• m%xY úma,jh

iu`. f,dalfha isÿ jq mßj¾;kh meyeos,s lrhs • hqfrdamd n,jHdma;sh is;shul

,l=Kq lrhs

• bx.%Sis úma,jhg fya;= myohs• bx.%Sis úma,jfha wdrïNh yd

j¾Okh úia;r lrhs• kQ;k f,dalh yev.eiSu

flfrys bx.%Sis úma,jfhaodhl;ajh fmkajd fohs

• wfußld ksoyia igkúia;r lrhs

• wfußldfõ ì%;dkH ckmois;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

• wfußld ksoyia igkf,dal b;sydih flfrys

20


25



úma,jh ú.%y lrhs

4'1 wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK oSfï oS ks¾uKd;aul Ñka;kh j¾Okh jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs

4'1 ld¾ñl úma,jhg n,mE idOl • ld¾ñl úma,jh • ;dlaIKfha j¾Okh • jHdma;sh • m%;sM,

n,mEu úia;r lrhs

• m%xY úma,jh we;s ùug;=vq ÿka fya;= ú.%y lrhs

• m%xY úma,jfhka oskd.;auQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislïfmkajd fohs

• udkj whs;Ska iq/lSu kQ;kf,dalh u ms<s.;a ixl,amhlanj meyeos,s lrhs

• ld¾ñl úma,jh y÷kajhs• wjYH;d wkqj ksmo jQ kj

ksmehqï úia;r lrhs• ld¾ñl úma,jh kj f,dalfha

10


26


kQ;k f,dalfha úúOfoaYmd,k Ñka;km%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjgmßj¾;kh l< wdldrhmÍCId lrhs

5'1 ,snr,ajd§ ydcd;sljd§ Ñka;km%dfhda.sl f,i

l%shd;aul l< wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs

5' ,snr,ajd§ yd cd;sljd§Ñka;kj, j¾Okh

• ,snr,ajd§ yd cd;sjd§jHdmdrj, j¾Okh

- 1848 úma,jh- n,fõ.

- b;d,sh tlai;a lsÍu - c¾uksh tlai;a lsÍu

j¾Okhg odhl jQ wdldrhmeyeos,s lrhs

• ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;shis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

25


27


20n,h ms<sn| we;s jk.egqïj, úkdYldÍ njf;areï f.k iduh /l.ekSug lghq;= lrhs

6'1 m<uq jk f,dalhqoaOfha úkdYldÍ njfmkajd fohs

6' m<uq jk f,dal hqoaOh

• hqoaOh we;s ùug n,mE ft;sydisl miqìu

- kj wêrdcHjdoh- wm%sldj i|yd ;r.h- fnda,alka m%Yakh- hqfrdamh foms,lg fnoSu

• hqoaOfha m%Odk wjia:d • hqoaOfha m%;sM,

- j¾idhs .súiqu- hqfrdamd is;shu fjkia ùu- cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùu

• foaYmd,k úka;kj,j¾Okh;a iu`. úma,ùhn,fõ. biau;= jQ wdldrhúia;r lrhs

• ,snr,ajd§ yd cd;sljd§Ñka;k m%dfhda.slj Ndú; jQwdldrh fmkajd fohs

• c¾uksh tlai;a lsÍu is;shul,l=Kq lrhs

• b;d,ssh tlai;a lsÍu is;shul,l=Kq lrhs

• f,dal hqoaOh isÿ jQ wdldrhmeyeos,s lrhs

• f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM, fmkajdfohs

• f,dal hqoaOh yd iïnkaOia:dk yd rgj,a is;shul,l=Kq lrhs


28


kQ;k f,dalfhys ;=,úúO foaYmd,k Ñka;km%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjgmßj¾;kh l< wdldrhmÍCId lrhss

7'1 reishka úma,jhf,dal n,fõ.hla jQwhqre meyeÈ,s lrhs

7' reishka úma,jh

• úma,jh ye`oskaùu• úma,jhg n,mE fya;=

• úma,jfha m%;sM, - iudcjdoh

15


29


7' oyih jk ishjfia isgoywg jk ishji f;laY%S ,xldj

uykqjr rdcOdksh

uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, mD;=.Sis yd,kafoais md,kh

s 30Y%S ,dxflahYssIagdpdrfhaft;sydisl úldYkhyd m%jK;d ms<sn| jwjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

7'1 wjika foaYShrdcOdkshms<sn| j úu¾Ykhlrhs

7'2 uqyqÿnv m<d;aj,mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoaisl%shdldÍ;ajh úuidn,hs

13 jk fY%aKsh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydih

• reishka úma,jh úia;r lrhs• úma,jfhka oskd.;a iudcjdoS ixl,am meyeos,s lrhs• iudcjdoh f,dal n,fõ.hla

jQ wdldrh fmkajd fohs

uykqjr rdcOdksfhawdrïNh yd j¾Okhúia;r lrhs

uykqjr rdcOdksfha fY%aIaGmd,lhka w.h lrhs

uykqjr rdcOdksfhaft;sydislia:dk is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

uqyqÿnv m<d;a mD;=.Siska yd,kafoaiSka w,a,d.;a wdldrhúia;r lrhs

uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, mD;=.Sisyd ,kafoais md,kh úia;rlrhs

mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSkahgf;a mej;s m%foaYis;shul ,l=Kq lrh

30



8'1 ì%;dkH md,kh Y%S,xldfõ ia:djr jQwdldrh fmkajdfohs

308' Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h

msysgqùu yd ia:dms; ùu

n,h msysgqùu- 1796 uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a

lr .ekSu- 1815 Wvrg m%foaY

ì%;dkH wdêm;Hhgk;=ùu

- 1818 ksoyia igk- 1833 flda,anDDla

m%;sixialrK- 1848 ksoyia igk

ì%;dkH md,kh Y%S ,xldfõia:dms; ùug fya;= meyeos,slrhs

iajfoaYSh úfrdaO;d yd tysls%hdldß;ajh ú.%y lrhs

;u iajdêm;H /l.ekSugWrÿka foaYSh kdhlhka w.hlrhs


31


9'1 ì%;dkH md,khhgf;a Y%S ,dxlsliudchg tla jQkjdx. fmkajd foh s

9'2 úfoaYSh n,fõ.yuqfõ cd;slkdhlhkaf.al%shdldß;ajhfmkajd fohs

30wd.ka;=l ixialD;sl OdrdfoaYSh iudchg tla jQwdldrh ms<sn`owjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

9' ì%;dkHhka hgf;a wd¾Ól"iudcSh fjkialï ^1948olajd&

wd¾Ól yd iudc- j;= wd¾Ólfha j¾Okh

- m%jdyKh ydikaksfõokh

- foaYSh l¾udka;- wOHdmkh

- iudcSh fjkia ùï

foaYSh wd.ñl ydixialD;sl m%fndaOh

ì%;dkHhka hgf;a furgwd¾Ólfha isÿ jQ fjkialïmeyeos,s lrhs

ì%;dkH wd¾Ólh wkqjfurg iudÔh jYfhka isÿjQ fjki fmkajd fohs

ì%;dkH wd¾Ól lghq;=fya;=fjka furg wd¾Ól ydiudÔh jYfhka isÿ jQhym;a fjki w.hhs

ì%;dkH wd¾Ól lghq;=fya;=fjka hgm;a jQ foaYShwkkH;dj fmkajd fohs

foaYSh wd.ñl ydixialD;sl m%fndaOh meyeos,slrhs

foaYSh;ajh /l.ekSugWrÿka kdhlhka w.hhs

úfoaY n,fõ. yuqfõfoaYSh;ajh /l.ekSuglghq;= l< hq;= njfmkajd fohs


32


ì%;dkHhka hgf;a wdKavql%um%;sixialrK meyeos,s lrhs

wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKiuÕ Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sljHmdrfha l%shdldß;ajhmeyeos,s lrhs

úfoaYdêm;Hh yuqfõ foaYShkdhlhka l%shd l< wdldrhfmkajd fohs

Y%S ,dldfõúfoaYdêm;H ms<sn`o jwOHhkh lr ;u rfÜiajdêm;H /l .ekSuglghq;= lrhs

10'1 ì%;dkH md,khyd foaYShkdhlhkaf.al%shdldß;ajhms<sn| úu¾Ykhlrhs

10' wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ydcd;sl jHdmdr

- 1910" 1920" 1924wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK

- fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh- 1948 fida,anß

wdKavql%uh- ksoyi ,eîu

30


33


11'1 iajdëk rdcHhlai`oyd msysgqjd.;awdKavql%ujHjia:d úu¾Ykhlrhs

11'2 iajdëk rdcHhlaf,i cd;slixj¾Okh Wfoidl%shd;aul l<m%;sm;a;s ydjevms<sfj,úu¾Ykh lrhs

11'3 iajdëk rdcHhlaf,i úfoaY rdcHiu`. lghq;= l<

11' ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldj

wdKavql%u jHjia:d j¾Okh - 1972, 1978

ixj¾Ok l%shdud¾. - wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh

* rdcH jHjidh * lDIsl¾uh * l¾udka;

- iudc iqNidOkh * wOHdmkh * fi!LHh * i,dl l%uh * ikaksfõokh

bka§h b;sydifhaft;sydisl úldYkh ydm%jK;d ms<sn| jwjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

1972 iy 1978 wdKavql%ujHjia:d úia;r lrhs

1972 iy 1978 wdKavql%ujHjia:d úfõpkd;aul jú.%y lrhs

ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõixj¾Ok Wmdhud¾. úia;rlrhs

ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldjixj¾Okh i|yd .;am%h;ak w.h lrhs

ixj¾Ok Wmdhud¾.j,M,odhS;d j ú.%y lrhs

ksoyia Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaYm%;sm;a;s ú.%y lrhs

Y%S ,xldj úfoaYSh wjOdkhgfhduq ùug fya;= myohs

Y%S ,xldj iu`. ñ;%iïnkaO;d meje;ajQrgj,a is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

60


34


wdldrh úuid n,hs

7'1bka§h b;sydihgn,mEula l< úfoaYShrdcH ms<sn| f;dr;=reú.%y lrhs

bka§h b;sydifhaft;sydisl úldYkhyd m%jK;d ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

úfoaY m%;sm;a;s

7' mYapd;a fu!¾h hq.h ydúfoaYSh foaYmd,k n,h

• Y=x. fm<m; • bkaÿ .%Sl" Yl" mya,j

md,kh yd Tjqkaf.aixialD;sh

• l=IdK hq.h yd bka§hb;sydifha Tjqkaf.aodhl;ajh

• id;jyk hq.h yd

• bka§h b;sydihg n,mEï l<úfoaYSh rdcH ms<sn| f;dr;=reúia;r lrhs

• úfoaYSh rdcHj, f.a n,mEufmkajd fohs

• mYapd;a fu!¾h hq.hm%foaY is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

30

13 jk fY%aKsh bkaoshd b;sydih

35



8'1 bkaÈhd b;sydihf.dvke`.Sfï § .=ma;wêrdcHfhaodhl;ajh ú.%y lrhs

ixialD;sh

8' .=ma; wêrdcHfha Wodj

• .=ma; wêrdcHfha jHdma;sh • .=ma; md,lhkaf.a

l%shdldß;ajh yd bka§hiudchg th n,mE whqre

• .=ma;hkaf.a iudc" wd¾Ól ydixialD;sl lghq;=

• .=ma; wêrdcHfha mßydksh

• .=ma; wêrdcHfha wdrïNhj¾Okh yd mßydksh úia;rlrhs

• .=ma;jrekaf.a foaYmd,kiudc" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sllghq;= bka§h iudch flfrysn,mE wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs

• .=ma; wêrdcHfha jHdma;shis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

30


36


bka§h b;sydifhaft;sydisl úldYkhyd m%jK;d ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

9'1 .=ma;hkaf.ka miqm%foaYSh md,ktallj, n,hj¾Okh jQ wdldrhfmkajd fohs

yd yQK wdl%uK

9' mYapdoa .=ma; hq.fha W;=rebkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k m%jK;d

• m%foaYSh n,h kej; ia:dms;ùu- lfk!cfha n, j¾Okh

- y¾Ij¾Ok rcq

• md," .=¾cr m%;sydr rdIag%l+gmd,k n, yd lfk!ch

• m%dfoaYSh md,k tall hgf;ata m%foaYhkays foaYmd,k"wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sllghq;=

• mYapdoa .=ma; wjêfha n,j;a jQm%foaYSh md,k tallj,f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs

• m%foaYSh md,k tall bka§hb;sydih flfrys isÿ l<n,mEï fmkajd fohs

• mYapdoa .=ma; W;=re bkaÈhdjis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

35


37



10'1 uqia,sï wdl%uKj,gmokï ilia jQ whqreúia;r lrhs

10' wrdì ;=¾ls wdl%uK ydbkaÈhd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh

• wrdì ;=¾ls wdl%uK • iuld,Sk bkaÈhdfõ

• bkaÈhdjg t,a, jQ wrdì" ;=¾lswdl%uK úia;r lrhs

• wrdì" ;=¾ls wdl%uK u`.skabkaÈhd b;sydihg jQ n,mEufmkajd fohs

• wrdîka yd ;=¾lSka w,a,d .;am%foaY is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

20


38



11'1ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõm%foaYSh rdcH bka§hb;sydih flfrys n,mEwdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs

11'2 ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõfoaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Y%S,xldj flfrys n,mE

foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh

11' ol=Kq bkaÈhd foaYmd,kmiqìu

• ol=Kq bkaÈhd foaYmd,kh - foaYmd,k ls%hdldß;ajfha

wdrïNh - m,a,j mdKavH fpda< yd

pd¨lH md,lhka hgf;aol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ kjm%jK;d

- ol=Kq bka§h iudc"wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl,CIK yd tys j¾Okhflfrys n,mE idOl

• ol=Kq bkaÈhdj yd Y%S ,xldj - ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq n,mEu

• ol=Kq bkaÈhd foaY iSudyd m%foaYSh rdcHhkais;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

• ol=Kq bkaÈhd foaYmd,kwd¾Ól yd iudc ixialD;sl;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs

• ol=Kq bka§h m%jK;dbka§h b;sydih flfrysn,md we;s wdldrh úia;rlrhs

• ol=Kq bkaÈhdj" Y%S ,xldjflfrys n,mEug fya;=olajhs

• Y%S ,xldj flfrys n,mEïwe;s l< rdcHka yd tysn,mEu úia;r lrhs

20


39


13 jk fY%aKsh hqfrdamd b;sydih

m%n, mqoa.,hkaf.aùfrdaodr l%shdb;sydih f.dvke`.Sugodhl jQ whqre mrSCIdlrhs

wdldrh ú.%y lrhs

8'1 kefmda,shka f.am%;sixialrK m%xYcd;sl;ajhf.dvke`.Sug odhljQ wdldrh meyeos,slrhs

yd Y%S ,xldj8' kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ iy Tyq f.a wêrdcHh

² kefmda,shka m%xYfha n,hgm;a ùu

² kefmda,shka f.a m%;sixialrK ² kefmda,shka f.a úfoaY

m%;sm;a;sh yd m%xY n,jHdma;sh

² kefmda,shka mrdch ùugfya;=

² kefmda,shka n,j;a wêrdcHhla f.dvk`.d.;a wdldrh úia;r

lrhs² Yla;su;a wêrdcHhl= mrdchùug fya;= olajhs

² kefmda,shka f.a wêrdcHhis;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

20

40


hqfrdamfha n,iu;=,s;;dj wdrCId lr.ekSu i|yd cd;Ska w;riduQysl l%shd ud¾.hlwe;s jeo.;alu ú.%ylrhs

9'1 hqfrdamd iduh mj;ajd .ekSu flfrys úhdkdiïfï,kh odhl jQwhqre mrSCId lrhs

9'2 úúO lKavdhï tl;= ù iduQysl j lghq;=lsrSfï jeo.;alu

9' úhdkd iïfï,kh

² úhdkd iïfï,kh ye|skaùu ² úhdkd iïfï,kh le|ùug isÿ jQ fya;=

² úhdkd iïfï,khwkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.

² úhdkd iïfï,kfha m%;sM,

² hqfrdamfha iduh wdrCId lr.ekSug úhdkd iïfï,kh .;al%shd ud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs

² iduh wdrCId lr .ekSu i|ydiïfï,k l%ufha jeo.;aluúfõpkd;aul j meyeÈ,s

lrhs ² úhdkd iuq`Mfjka miq hqfrdamh

is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

15


41


úúO foaYmd,k Ñka;km%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjgmßj¾;kh l< wdldrhmrSCId lrhs

ú.%y lrhs

10'1 ,snr,ajdÈ ydcd;sljdÈ Ñka;kj,j¾Okh meyeos,slrhs

10' ,snr,ajdÈ yd cd;sljdÈ Ñka;kj, j¾Okh

² ,snr,ajdÈ yd cd;sljdÈjHdmdrj, j¾Okh

- 1848 úma,jh

² n,fõ.- b;d,sh tlai;a lsrSu- c¾uksh tlai;a lsrSu

² foaYmd,k Ñka;kj,j¾Okh;a iu`. úma,ùhn,fõ. biau;= jQ wdldrhúia;r lrhs

² ,snr,ajdÈ yd cd;sljdÈfoaYmd,k Ñka;k m%dfhda.sl jNdú; jQ wdldrh fmkajd fohs

² b;d,sh yd c¾uksh tlai;alsÍfï jHdmdrh is;shï u`.skafmkajd fohs

25


42


n,h ms<sn| we;s jk.egqïj, úkdYldÍ njf;areï f.k iduh /l.ekSug lghq;= lrhs 11'1 m<uq jk f,dal

hqoaOfha úkdYldÍnj fmkajd fohs

11' m<uq jk f,dal hqoaOh

• hqoaOh we;s ùug n,mEft;sydisl miqìu- kj wêrdcHjdoh- wm%sldj i|yd ;r.h- fnda,alka m%Yakh- hqfrdamh foms,lg fnoSu

• hqoaOfha m%Odk wjia:d • hqoaOfha m%;sM,

- j¾idhs .súiqu- hqfrdamd is;shu fjkia

ùu• cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùu

• f,dal hqoaOh isÿ jQ wdldrhmeyeos,s lrhs

• f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM,fmkajd fohs

• f,dal hqoaOh yd iïnkaOia:dk yd rgj,a is;shul,l=Kq lrhs

20


43


kQ;k f,dalfh ys úúOfoaYmd,k Ñka;km%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjgmßj¾;kh l< wdldrhmÍCId lrhs

12'1 reishdka úma,jhf,dal n,fõ.hla jQwhqre meyeÈ,s lrhs

12'reishka úma,jh

• úma,jh ye`oskaùu • úma,jhg n,mE fya;= • úma,jfha m%;sM, - iudcjdoh

• reishdka úma,jh úia;r lrhs• úma,jfhka oskd.;a iudcjdoS ixl,am meyos,s lrhs• iudcjdoh f,dal n,fõ.hla

jQ wdldrh fmkajd fohs

15


44


n,h ms<sn| we;sjk.egqïj, úkdYldÍ njf;areï f.k iduh/l.ekSug lghq;= lrhs 13'1 fojk f,dal

hqoaOfha úkdYldÍnj fmkajd fohs

13'2 f,dal iduh we;slr .ekSu i|ydiduQysl j lghq;=lsÍfï jeo.;alu

13' fojk f,dal hqoaOh

• hqoaOh- hqoaOfha wdrïNh- hqoaOfha jHdma;sh- hqoaOfha wjidkh iym%;sM,

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh- wruqKq- jHQyh- l%shdldß;ajh

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfha wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh meyeos,s lrhs• fojk f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM, ú.%y lrhs• fojk f,dal hqoaO iuh iy miq ld,fha f,dalh is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfhawruqKq meyeos,s lrhs

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq f,dal iduh /l .ekSug .;a m%h;ak meyeÈ,s lrhs

35


45


n,h ms<sn| we;sjk.egqïj, úkdYldÍ njf;areï f.k iduh/l.ekSug lghq;= lrhs

mßlaId lrhs

14'1 n, l|jqre f.da,ShfoaYmd,kh flfryswe;s l< n,mEumeyeÈ,s lrhs

14'2 ksrú hqo iufha n,l|jqre w;r .egqïú.%y lrhs

14' fojk f,dal ix.%dufhkamiq f,dalh

² n, l|jqre ² OkjdoS - fkafgda ² iudcjdoS - fjd¾fida ² fkdne|s cd;Ska

² ksrú hqoaOh- u;.egqï yd u;m%pdrKh

- n, l|jqre ì|S hEu

² j¾;udk foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhgn,mE fya;= fmkajd fohs

² n, l|jqrej, foaYmd,kwd¾Ól yd iudc m%jK;dú.%y lrhs

² ksrú hqoaOh meyeÈ,s lrhs ² ;u ms, Yla;su;a lr .ekSu

i|yd n, l|jqrej,l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs

² n, l|jqrej,g fn§ .shwdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs

• wka;¾ f,dal hqoaO iuhmeyeos,s lrhs

• úúO .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;aj Tiafiakj m%jK;d u;= jk wdldrhfmkajd fohs

25


46


13 jk fY%aKsh kQ;k f,dal b;sydih

.eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka;=,ska ks¾udKh jkkj m%jK;d ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

8'1 m<uq f,dalhqoaOfhka miq

mekke`.=K kjm%jK;d úu¾Ykh

8' wka;¾ f,dal hqoaO iuh

• f,dal wd¾:sl w¾nqoh • meisiaÜjdofha yd

kdisjdofha ke`.Su • cmdkfha ke`.Su • cd;Skaf.a ix.uh wid¾:l

• wka;¾ f,dal hqoaO iuhmeyeÈ,s lrhs

• .egqïldÍ ;;a;aaj Tiafiau;= jk kj m%jK;dj,n,mEu fmkajd fohs

• .egqïldÍ ;;a;aaj Tiafiau;=jk kj m%jK;dj,n,mEu úu¾Ykh lrhs

20

47


n,h ms<sn| we;s jk.egqïj, úkdYldÍnj f;areï f.kiduh/l.ekSuglghq;= lrhs

lrhs

9'1 fojk f,dalhqoaOfha úkdYldÍnj fmkajd fohs

9'2 f,dal iduh we;slr .ekSu i|ydiduQysl j lghq;=lsÍfï jeo.;alumÍlaId lrhs

ùu9 fojk f,dal hqoaOh

• hqoaOfha wdrïNh• hqoaOfha jHdma;sh• hqoaOfha wjidkh iy

m%;sM,

• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh

- wruqKq- jHQyh

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfhawdrïNh yd jHdma;sh meyeÈ,slrhs

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM,ú.%y lrhs

• fojk f,dal hqoaO iuh ydmiq ld,fha f,dalh is;shul,l=Kq lrhs

s• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha

wruqKq meyeos,s lrhs

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqf,dal iduh /l .ekSug .;a

m%h;ak meyeÈ,s lrhs

35


48


iajdëk j isàfï w.hjgydf.k cd;slwkkH;dj /l.ekSuglghq;= lrhs 10'1iajdëk;ajh

oskd.ekSu i|ydwdishd yd wm%sld rgj,al%shd l< wdldrhúuid n,hs

- l%shdldß;ajh10' hg;aúð;yrKh

• wdishdfõ iy wm%sldfõ cd;sl igka jHdmdr

• wdishd yd wm%sld uydoaùmj,we;s ngysr hg;a úð;is;shul ,l=Kq lrhs

• wdishd" wm%sld rgj,aksoyi ,nd .ekSu i|ydf.k.sh wr., úia;r lrhs

• iajlSh rgj, iajdëk;ajh idlaId;a lr .ekSug Wr ÿka kdhlhkag f.!rj lrhs

40


49


j¾;udk f,dal m%jK;diy tys n,mEu ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka lghq;=lrhs

11'1j¾;udk f,dalfhal%sshd;aul foaYmd,k

n,fõ. ms<sn| jmeyeos,s lrhs

11' f,dalh n, l|jqrej,g fnoShdu

• ;=IaKs hqoaO• fkdne|s cd;Syq• fidaúhÜ foaYh

ì|jeàu

• f,dalh n, l|jqrej,gfnoS.sh wdldrh meyeos,slrhs

• fidaúhÜ foaYh ì|jeàuiu`. we;s jQ ;;a;ajhú.%y lrhs

• f,dalfha n, lojqre yd Bgwh;a rgj,a is;shul ,l=Kqlrhs

30


50


úúO wNsfhda. yuqfõrgj,a m%.ukh jQwdldrh wdo¾Yhg f.kwNsjDoaêh i|yd lghq;=lrhs

s

12'1úis jk ishjfia YS>%oshqKqjla w;a lr.;awdishd;sl rgj,ams<sn| j ú.%y lrhs

12' wdishdfõ keÕSu

• Ök úma,jh yd ÖkfhakeÕSu

• fojk f,dal hqoaOfhkamiq cmdkfha keÕSu

• Ökh yd cmdkh f,dalfhaoshqKq rgj,a njg m;a jQwdldrh úia;r lrhs

• Ökfhka yd cmdkfhkaWlyd .; yels wdoa¾Yfmkajd fohs

20


51

^we& mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jev igyka

b;sydih úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.; úIh lreKq id¾:l j yd M,odhS f,i wOHhkh lsÍu iòyd;a t u`.ska bf.kqï w;a±lSï,nd .ekSu iòyd;a YsIH iyNd.s;ajh j¾Okh jk wdldrhg mdi,a jev igyka iïmdokh lr .ekSu tajd w;sYhska u m%fhdackj;aúh hq;=h'

fuySs fhdackd fldg we;af;a tjeks mdi,a jev igyka lsysmhla muKs' fï wkqj fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul jev igyka yd m%;sm;a;s ilialr .ekSfï ksoyi b;sydih W.kajk .=rejrhdg ysñ jk nj i,lkak'

• b;sydi ix.uhla msysgqùfuka isiq ±kqu m%j¾Okh iòyd idlÉPd" iïuka;%K" újdo" m%o¾Yk meje;aùu;a" i`.rd"ì;a;s mqj;am;a ks¾udKh lsÍu;a jeks ld¾hhkag isiqka fhduq l< yelsh'

• hg;a msßfika jirlg jrla j;a jeo.;alulska hq;= ia:dkhlg fyda m%foaYhlg fyda wOHdmk pdßld ixúOdkhl< hq;= h' mka;s ldurfha § ,nd .;a ±kqu ;yjqre lr .ekSug yd j¾Okh lr .ekSug yels jk mßÈ fmrie,iqulska hq;= j wOHdmk pdßld ixúOdkh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

• osjhsfka ms<s.;a b;sydi{hka mdi,g leòjd Tjqkaf.a w;a±lSï fnod yod .ekSug iïuka;%K u`.ska wjia:d jie,ish yels h'

• m%foaYfha mqrdúoHd;aul jákdlulska hq;= iaudrl ms<snò j fidhd ne,Su yd tajd wdrCId lsÍu iòyd mdi,a ydm%cd jev igyka ls%hd;aul lsÍug mq`Mjk'

• b;sydi mdvïj,g wod< jk Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï yd fjk;a fl!;=l jia;= ksÍCIKh lsÍug;a" ksÍCIK jd¾;diemhSug;a yels jk mßÈ fl!;=ld.dr jevigyka ixúOdkh ;< yelsh'

• b;sydi mdvug wod< j wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lrñka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu iòyd isiqka fhduq l< hq;= h'

52

^we& we.hSu iy ;lafiarelrKh

bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh u`.ska wfmaCIs; M, isiqka úiska id;aId;a lr .kq ,eîu iy ;yjqre lsÍu iòyd;a isiqka <`.d lr.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï y`ÿkd .ekSu iòyd;a mka;s ldurfha myiqfjka ls%hd;aul l< yels wka;¾ iïnkaO;djlska hq;a jev igyka follaf,i ;lafiarej iy we.hSu y``ÿkajd Èh yels h';lafiarej ksis mßÈ isÿjkafka kï mka;sfha bf.kqu ,nk isiqkag wfmaCIs; ksmqK;dj,gwod< wdikak m%ùK;d ,nd .ekSu wmyiq fkdfõ' we.hSfuka wfmaCId lrkafka isiqka <`.d lr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgïljf¾ ±hs y`ÿkd .ekSuh'

;lafiarefjys fh§ isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka iòyd fowdldrhlska ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd Èh yels h't kï m%;sfmdaIK(Feed Back) bÈß fmdaIK (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d wkdjrKh lr .;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u.yrjd.ekSug m%;sfmdaIKh;a isiq yelshd iy m%n,;d y`ÿkd .;a úg tu oCI;d jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug bÈß fmdaIKh;a ,nd§u .=re ld¾h Ndrh fõ'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh iòyd úIh ksmqK;d w;=frka ljr ksmqK;d ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a lr.; yelsjQfha ±hs isiqka úiska y`ÿkd .kq ,eîu wjYH fõ'we.hSï jevms<sfj< Tiafia isiqka <`.d lr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgï úksYaph lsÍu fïwkqj .=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

Tn fj; bÈßm;a lrk fuu úIhud,dj YsIH flakaøsh ksmqK;d mdol ls%hdldrlï ÈYdNsuqL lr.;a m%fõYhlska hqla; fõ'ls%hdfjka bf.kqu iòyd isiqka fhduq lsÍu .=rejrhdf.ka wfmaCId lrk ld¾hh fõ'isiqka ls%hdldrlïj, kshef<k úg yd thwjidkfha § ;lafiarej yd we.hSu isÿ l< yels fõ'

;lafiarej yd we.hSu myiqfjka isÿ l< yels jk mßÈ ta iòyd fmdÿ ks¾Kdhl myla fhdackd flf¾'fï w;=frka m<uqks¾Kdhl ;=k ksmqK;dj f.dvke`.sug talrdYs ù ;sfnk ±kqu"l=i,;d iy wdl,am uQ,sl fldgf.k ieliS ;sfí' wjidk ks¾Kdhlfol cSú;hg jeo.;a jk yelshd j¾Okhg WmldÍ jk whqßka ielish hq;= h' fï ks¾Kdhl yd iïnkaO p¾hd fjkialï mka;s ldurh;=< § isiqka ls%hd;aul ùfï§ y`ÿkd .ekSug .=rejrhd W;aidy l< hq;= ;lafiarej hgf;a tu p¾hd Yla;su;a lsÍug;a we.hSu hgf;a tajdm %udKh lsÍug;a . =rejrhd fhdu q úh h q; = h' óg wu;rj mka;s ldurh ;=< ,sÅ; mÍCIK" jHdmD;s wdÈhg;audisl' jdr iy jir wjidkfhamj;ajkq ,nk mdi,a uÜgfï fyda l,dmSh uÜgfï fyda ,sÅ; mÍCIKj,g;a isiqka bÈßm;a l< yels h'

53

úIh ks¾foaY iïmdol uKav,h

f,aLl uKav,h ^wNHka;r&

ã'tÉ'pkaÈud ksIdks O¾umd, fÊHIaG lÓldpd¾h

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

ví,sõ'tia'tia' .=Kj¾Ok lÓldpd¾h

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

f,aLl uKav,h ^ndysr&

uydpd¾h y`.=rkafl; êrdkkao ysñ fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h

uydpd¾h ud,kS weo.u YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h ^fiajd iïudks; uydpd¾h&

uydpd¾h bkaødKs uqKisxy fld<U úYaj úoHd,h ^fiajd iïudks; uydpd¾h&

uydpd¾h hQ'î lreKdkkao le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h ^fiajd iïudks; uydpd¾h&

uydpd¾h fla'tï'mS l=,fialr le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

uydpd¾h tï' fidau;s,l fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h

uydpd¾h m;auisß lkakka.r YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

wdpd¾h ks¾ud,a rxcs;a foajisß fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

wdpd¾h frdays; oikdhl fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h

wdpd¾h wkq;a;rd foaú úoHd,xldr fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

wdpd¾h ixcSú uka;S%r;ak YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

54

wd¾'tï i;shl=ud¾ lÓldpd¾h" hdmkh úYaj úoHd,h

wd¾'ví'tia oE, tÈßùr .=re fiajh I ^úY%dñl&

ví'ã'fla'ã msá., ks'úÿy,am;s ^úY%dñl&

kkaod ukïfmaß .=re fiajh I ^úY%dñl&

ta'bkaødks .=re fiajh I

tÉ'tï k,ska nKavdr .=re fiajh II

cSjk iqrx. .uf.a .=re fiajh II

tï'tÉ'tï hdl=;a m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß ^úY%dñl&

tï'fvdfkagd lkHd fidhqßh ks' úÿy,am;s ^úY%dñl&

b;sydih - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/salsyl history.pdf · i ii iii iv v vi vii viii 1' ft; ......

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