building teha.docx

1PUSRAWI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE( DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH )

ASSIGNMENT ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT

NAME : NUR FATIHAH BINTI AMRANMATRIK NUMBER : EH07140043INTAKE : EH JULAI 14ASSIGNMENT TITLE : SCAFFOLDINGLECTURER NAME : TUAN HAJI MOHD ARIF BIN BABA

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY


INTRODUCTION

Scaffolding, in building construction, temporary platform used to elevate and support workers and materials during the construction, repair, or cleaning of a structure or machine; it consists of one or more planks of convenient size and length, with various methods of support, depending on the form and use.

In timber scaffolding, support for the planks is provided by a timber frame fabricated and erected at the site. The frame may consist of vertical posts, horizontal longitudinal members, called ledgers, transverse members supported by the ledgers, and longitudinal and transverse cross-bracing. The planks rest on the transverse members.

Trestle supports are used for work on a large area if little or no adjustment of height is required (e.g.,for plastering the ceiling of a room). The trestles may be of special design or simply wooden sawhorses of the type used by carpenters. Specially designed trestles may be adjusted to provide for working heights of from 7 to 18 feet (2 to 5 m).

Tubular scaffolding of steel or aluminum has largely replaced timber scaffolding on most construction projects. Tubular scaffolding can easily be erected in any shape, length, or height. Sections may be mounted on casters to provide a highly mobile staging. The scaffolding may be enclosed with canvas or plastic sheeting for protection against the weather.

Tubular hoisting towers may be quickly assembled from steel tubes or pipes about 3 inches (8 cm) in diameter with standard connections.

A suspended scaffold consists of two horizontal putlogs, short timbers that support the flooring of the scaffold, each attached to a drum mechanism. Cables extend from each drum to an outrigger beam attached overhead to the structure frame. Ratchet devices on the drums provide for raising or lowering the putlogs between which spanning planks form the working surface. Power scaffolding may be raised or lowered by means of an electric motor operated by the worker on the scaffold.


http://www.britannica.com/technology/steel

http://www.britannica.com/topic/trestle

http://www.britannica.com/technology/building-construction


OBJECTIF

1. State the definition of scaffolding.

2. Describe the use of scaffolding.

3. State the types of scaffolding and their use

4. Indetify the shape of every type scalffolding.

5. State the andvantage and disadvantage of using scaffolding in construction.

6. Describe the scaffolding method.



BIL : CONTENTS : PAGE :

1 INTRODUCTION OF SCAFFOLDING. 2

2 OBJECTIFE. 3

3 USE OF SCAFFOLDING. 5

4 TYPES AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING. 6

5 THE SHAPE OF EVERY TYPE OF SCAFFOLDING. 7-10

6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING SCAFFOLDING IN CONSTRUCTION.

11-12

7 SCAFFOLDING METHODS. 13-17

8 CONCLUSION. 18



USE OF SCAFFOLDING.

Have you ever noticed the structure around a building under construction? These temporary structures are called scaffolding. They are used to support people and hold materials that are to be used for construction or repair of buildings and other structures. They aid safety of the workmen and allow access to areas that are difficult to reach. They are constructed by using metal tubes with metal platforms or with bamboos and wooden planks in different countries. Scaffolding has been around since ancient times as historians have found evidence of the Egyptians using scaffolding to construct their pyramids. In today’s construction industry, governments in the different countries have rules that they require construction companies to adhere in construction of scaffolding. The main purpose of a scaffold is to provide a safe place to work and a safe access to the materials needed. Many construction companies adhere to these regulations very strictly to avoid any accidents or mishaps. The tubes used to construct scaffolds are either aluminum or steel although some scaffolds use tubes made up of a mixture of materials. Aluminum tubes are generally light weight as compared to other materials. They are also more flexible which means they are less resistant to force. This can be a disadvantage if not used in a proper way. Construction companies usually buy these tubes in long lengths and then cut them down to smaller sizes according to their needs. The three basic elements of scaffolding are standards, ledgers and transoms. The tubes used to construct the scaffolds are also known as the standards or uprights. They run throughout the entire structure and ensure that it stands upright. They also transfer the entire weight of the structure to the ground on a square base plate so as to spread the load. Ledgers are the tubes that are horizontal and connecting to the vertical tubes to hold the structure firmly. Transoms are placed on the ledgers at right angles to give the structure more strength. All these different components ensure that the structure is strong and firm to hold weight and ensure safety.



TYPES AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING.

i. Independent or birdcage scaffolding are very common and stand on their own, to be used for one level work like ceiling work. They usually consist of two rows of vertical poles called standards connected by horizontal pieces or ledgers.

ii. Putlog Scaffolds .A putlog scaffold is physically tied into the brickwork using putlogs or tubes with putlog adapters, a slot is left between bricks to accommodate them and once in place the wall itself becomes the inside support. The outside support is formed by a series of standards (upright tubes) and ledgers (horizontal tubes) which are connected using double couplers, the putlogs then sit directly onto the ledgers and are secured using single (putlog) couplers. Once all the putlogs are in place boards are laid across them to form the working platform and a further 2 rows of tube are fitted horizontally to form a guardrail (safety barrier).

iii. Single pole models are usually supported by a pole or row of standards and are popularly used for minor projects with one or two workers. They are usually dependent on the building or wall they are placed against for support.

iv. Suspended or swing stage models can be mechanically raised or lowered by a lever and crank and are commonly used by window-washers for skyscrapers and other tall buildings, and by those who need to move up and down often. They also prove useful at moving tools and supplies from one level or story to another.

v. The common scaffolding Sheffield is found attached to buildings or structures on one side and have an exposed or hanging side are referred to as ‘cantilever’. They are common on building tops, tight corners and other hard-to-access areas.While one edge is secured using clamps and anchors, the other side remains more or less open. This is why those working on this scaffold wear a harness or braces for safety purposes in case they lose balance or fall.

vi. Hanging brackets are extensive tools used for connecting different levels to each other. They are commonly used in tall scaffolds, which may cover sides of entire buildings and other structures. These brackets are supported by floors of buildings or other structures.



SHAPE OF SCALFFOLDING

i. Independent scaffolding

ii. Birdcage scaffolding



iii. Swing scaffolding

iv. Suspended scaffolding



v. Single pole scaffolding

vi. Putlog scaffolding



Vii Scaffolding Sheffield



ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING SCAFFOLDING IN CONSTRUCTION.

ADVANTAGES OF USING SCAFFOLDING :

Reach

The first and primary advantage that scaffolding offers is that it provides reach above arm's length, for work on higher walls or ceilings. As a small platform of wood, fiberglass or lightweight metal on top of a network of support, scaffolding offers any worker the necessary height to get the job done.

Position

The second big advantage of scaffolding is the position that it puts a worker in. Height and reach sometimes can be offered through easier means, such as a ladder. However, ladders are angled, and do not offer a solid platform that a worker can balance on. Scaffolding, on the other hand, puts a worker directly in front of the surface he needs to work on, without awkward angles. This can be a major boon, particularly when leverage comes into play. Additionally, a scaffold offers a wider surface, so multiple workers can work side by side without great difficulty. This is not generally possible for two workers who are trying to get two ladders side by side.

Safety

One of the biggest reasons to use scaffolding, and why it remains so popular, is the amount of safety that it can provide. Scaffolding is supportive and has four anchor points, if not more, on the ground. This means that it provides a firm platform for workers to stand, sit and work from. Additionally, scaffolding can be made of a variety of strong, lightweight materials such as aluminum, which enables it to stay even steadier. It is easier for workers to maintain their balance on a flat platform than on a ladder step, for example, so accidents are less likely with scaffolding. Additionally, scaffolding often has a hand rail on the top platform, which helps prevent workers from falling off and injuring themselves while on the job.



ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING SCAFFOLDING IN CONSTRUCTION.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING SCAFFOLDING :

i. Loss of light, to your tenants, property, through the use of a floor to roof scaffold system

ii. Loss of income for retailers with scaffolding across their windows and lots of delivery lorries unloading outside the premises

iii. Problems with traffic and pedestrians

iv. Inconvenience

v. Disruption

vi. Increased risk with security to apartments and offices on higher floors

vii. Lots of companies from tenants, probably asking for compensation



SCAFFOLDING METHODS.

This guide is intended to clarify when a scaffold design is required and what level of training and competence those erecting, dismantling, altering, inspecting and supervising scaffolding operations are expected to have.

1. Scaffold design

It is a requirement of the Work at Height Regulations 2005 that unless a scaffold is assembled to a generally recognised standard configuration, eg NASC Technical Guidance TG20 for tube and fitting scaffolds or similar guidance from manufacturers of system scaffolds, the scaffold should be designed by bespoke calculation, by a competent person, to ensure it will have adequate strength, rigidity and stability while it is erected, used and dismantled.

At the start of the planning process, the user should supply relevant information to the scaffold contractor to ensure an accurate and proper design process is followed. Typically this information should include:

a) site locationb) period of time the scaffold is required to be in placec) intended used) height and length and any critical dimensions which may affect the scaffolde) number of boarded liftsf) maximum working loads to be imposed and maximum number of people using

the scaffold at any one timeg) type of access onto the scaffold eg staircase, ladder bay, external laddersh) whether there is a requirement for sheeting, netting or brickguardsi) any specific requirements or provisions eg pedestrian walkway, restriction on

tie locations, inclusion/provision for mechanical handling plant eg hoist)j) nature of the ground conditions or supporting structurek) information on the structure/building the scaffold will be erected against

together with any relevant dimensions and drawingsl) any restrictions that may affect the erection, alteration or dismantling process



Prior to installation, the scaffold contractor or scaffold designer can then provide relevant information about the scaffold. This should include:

a. type of scaffold required (tube & fitting or system)b. maximum bay lengthsc. maximum lift heightsd. platform boarding arrangement (ie 5 + 2) and the number of boarded lifts that can

be used at any one timee. safe working load / load classf. maximum leg loadsg. maximum tie spacing both horizontal and vertical and tie dutyh. details of additional elements such as beamed bridges, fans, loading bays etc, which

may be a standard configuration (see note 1 ref TG20:13) or specifically designedi. information can be included in relevant drawings if appropriatej. any other information relevant to the design, installation or use of the scaffoldk. reference number, date etc. to enable recording, referencing and checking

All scaffolding must be erected, dismantled and altered in a safe manner. This is achieved by following the guidance provided by the NASC in document SG4 ‘Preventing falls in scaffolding’ for tube and fitting scaffolds or by following similar guidance provided by the manufacturers of system scaffolding.

For scaffolds that fall outside the scope of a generally recognised standard configuration the design must be such that safe erection and dismantling techniques can also be employed throughout the duration of the works. To ensure stability for more complex scaffolds, drawings should be produced and, where necessary, these may need to be supplemented with specific instructions.

Any proposed modification or alteration that takes a scaffold outside the scope of a generally recognised standard configuration should be designed by a competent person and proven by calculation.



2. Scaffold structures that normally require bespoke design

Includes:

i. all shoring scaffolds (dead, raking, flying)ii. cantilevered scaffolds 1iii. truss-out Scaffoldsiv. façade retentionv. access scaffolds with more than the 2 working lifts2vi. buttressed free-standing scaffoldsvii. temporary roofs and temporary buildingsviii. support scaffoldsix. complex loading bays 1x. mobile and static towers 1xi. free standing scaffolds 1 xii. temporary ramps and elevated roadwaysxiii. staircases and fire escapes (unless covered by manufacturers instructions)xiv. spectator terraces and seating standsxv. bridge scaffolds 1xvi. towers requiring guys or ground anchorsxvii. offshore scaffoldsxviii. pedestrian footbridges or walkwaysxix. slung and suspended scaffoldsxx. protection fans 1xxi. pavement gantriesxxii. marine scaffoldsxxiii. boiler scaffoldsxxiv. power line crossingsxxv.lifting gantries and towersxxvi. steeple scaffolds



xxvii. radial / splayed scaffolds on contoured facadesxxviii. system scaffolds outside manufacturers guidancexxix. sign board supports xxx. sealing end structures (such as temporary screens)xxxi. temporary storage on sitexxxii. masts, lighting towers and transmission towersxxxiii. sdvertising hoardings/bannersxxxiv. rubbish chutexxxv. any scaffold structure not mentioned above that falls outside the ‘compliant scaffold’

criteria TG20 or similar guidance from manufacturers of system scaffolds. xxxvi. The above list is not exhaustive and any scaffold that is not a standard configuration or

does not comply with published manufacturers’ guidelines will require a specific design produced by a competent person.

3. Note

a. TG20:13 provides compliant scaffolds for a limited range of cantilever scaffolds, loading bays, static towers, use of rakers, bridges and protection fans.

b. TG20:13 provides a range of compliant scaffolds, which can be boarded at any number of lifts, but only two platforms can be used as working platforms at any one time

4. Competence and supervision of scaffolding operatives

All employees should be competent for the type of scaffolding work they are undertaking and should have received appropriate training relevant to the type and complexity of scaffolding they are working on.

Employers must provide appropriate levels of supervision taking into account the complexity of the work and the levels of training and competence of the scaffolders involved.



As a minimum requirement, every scaffold gang should contain a competent scaffolder who has received training for the type and complexity of the scaffold to be erected, altered or dismantled.

Trainee scaffolders should always work under the direct supervision of a trained and competent scaffolder. Operatives are classed as 'trainees' until they have completed the approved training and assessment required to be deemed competent.

Erection, alteration and dismantling of all scaffolding structures (basic or complex) should be done under the direct supervision of a competent person. For complex structures this would usually be an ‘Advanced Scaffolder’ or an individual who has received training in a specific type of system scaffold for the complexity of the configuration involved.

Scaffolding operatives should be up to date with the latest changes to safety guidance and good working practices within the scaffolding industry. Giving operatives job specific pre-start briefings and regular toolbox talks is a good way of keeping them informed.

Guidance on the relevant expertise of Scaffolders and Advanced scaffolders including details of which structures they are deemed competent to erect can be obtained from the Construction Industry Scaffolders Record Scheme (CISRS) website .

5. Scaffold inspection

It is the scaffold users / hirers responsibility to ensure that all scaffolding has been inspected as follows:

a) following installation / before first useb) at an interval of no more than every 7 days thereafterc) following any circumstances liable to jeopardise the safety of the installation eg

high winds.

All scaffolding inspection should be carried out by a competent person whose combination of knowledge, training and experience is appropriate for the type and complexity of the scaffold. Competence may have been assessed under the CISRS or an individual may have received training in inspecting a specific type of system scaffold from a manufacturer/supplier.

A non-scaffolder who has attended a scaffold inspection course (eg a site manager) could be deemed competent to inspect a basic scaffold structure.

The scaffold inspection report should note any defects or matters that could give rise to a risk to health and safety and any corrective actions taken, even when those actions are taken promptly, as this assists with the identification of any recurring problem.



CONCLUSION .

In order to ensure the safety of the safety of the scaffolding user, the process of building up the scaffoldings has to be supervised by the titled person. The scaffolding must be installed following to the scheme of professional engineer. Before the erectionof the scaffolding,all of the components must be thoroughly checked and examined that they are in good condition and free of rust.

During the period on construction, the scaffoldings used on site must be checked regularly at least once a month to ensure the safety of the scaffolding users.Futhermore, the main contractor has to conduct hazard calculation on the process of construction and prolog the requirement to all sub-contractors participating in the process

Last but not least, “contractor must complies with section X, factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Work of Engineering Construction) (safety) Regulations 1986 on scaffolds and make refrence to the guidelines of Safe Scaffolds installation and Guidelines on Operation from Falls at Workplace” (Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) 2009)


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