bxðfkare ;dlaikfõoh · 2016. 6. 29. · ta i|yd mdgud,d 40 la muk úyajúohd, ish,a, ;=< u...

bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh

úIh ks¾foaYh

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&13 fY%aKsh

^2014 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.u

Y%S ,xldj

www.nie.lk

Wiia fm< bxcsfkare ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj

13 fY%aKsh

úIh ks¾foaYh

m%:u uqøKh - 2014

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqøKh( uqøKd,hcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.u

fjí msgqj - www.nie.lkÿrl:kh - 011-7 601601

i

.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

zzuyskao Ñka;kZZ bÈß oelau wkqj ms<sfh, lr we;s Y%S ,dxlSh wkd.; ixj¾Ok ie,iqï mokï ù we;af;a kdúl" .=jka" wd¾Ól" jdKsc yd wOHdmk

hk mxp flakaøSh ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾.hka uq,a fldgf.k h' fuu ixj¾Ok ld¾hhka i|yd ;dlaIKsl ksmqK;djkaf.ka iukaú; udkj iïm;a

ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úYd, b,a¨ula j¾;udkfha ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' tfia jqj o j¾;udkfha § l%shd;aul jk wOHdmkh ;=< Wiia fm< isiqkg

bf.kqu ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj we;af;a úoHd" .Ks;" jdKsc yd l,d úIh Odrdjka jk w;r thska o jeäu isiqka m%udKhla bf.kqu ,nkafka l,d úIh

Odrdfõ h' jd¾Isl j úYaj úoHd, moaO;sh ;=<ska ks¾udKh lrkafka o jeä jYfhka u jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ olaI;djka yd l=i,;djkaf.ka

iukaú; fkdjkakd jQ l,d WmdêOdÍka úYd, m%udKhls' fuh l,d WmdêOdÍka w;r úYd, fiajd úhqla;shla we;s ùug o uQ,sl j n,md ;sfí'

fuu ;;a;ajh jyd fjkia úh hq;= nj rch úiska y÷kdf.k we;s w;r ;reK ;reKshka kj wNsfhdaj,g uqyqK §ug yd /lshdj, kshq;= ùug wjYH

jkakd jQ olaI;djkaf.ka hqla; /lshd úhqla;sh wvq lsÍug bjy,a jk ;dlaIKsl yd uDÿ l=i,;dj,ska iukaú; ùfï wjYH;dj o ukdj wjfndaO

fldgf.k we;' w¨;ska y÷kajd fokq ,nk ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdj ud¾.fhka cd;sfhys orejkg /lshdjla i|yd wjYH jkakd jQ oekqu" wjfndaOh

yd olaI;djka úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh yryd ks¾udKh jk w;r úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh i|yd wjia:dj fkd,nk isiqkg o cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï

(NVQ) moaO;shg m%fõY ùug yels jkq we;'

fuu cd;sl ld¾hh bgq lsÍfï § uy;a fjfyila oerE wod< wud;HdxYj,g o" wdh;kj,g o" fomd¾;fïka;=j,g o" úYaj úoHd,j,g o b;d flá

ld,hla ;=< wod< úIh ks¾foaYhka iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd odhl jQ ish¨ u fokdg o Tjqkaf.a lemùu fjkqfjka udf.a ia;+;sh m< lsÍug o fuh

wjia:djla lr.kq leue;af;ñ'

nkaÿ, .=Kj¾Ok

wOHdmk weu;s

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

biqremdh

n;a;ruq,a,'

ii

.re Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh tlaj y÷kajd fok kj —;dlaIKfõoh˜

úIh Odrdj w;s.re ckdêm;s;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhka wo Èk y÷kajd §ug ,eîu Y%S ,dxlsl wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ft;sydisl isÿùuls'

rgg wjYH ;dlaIKh ms<sn| W.;=ka" nqoaêu;=ka yd m%ùKhka fuka u m¾fhaIlhka o fuu kj úIh Odrdj Tiafia ìysjkq oelSu wmf.a

wfmalaIdjhs' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<ska miq fldgila ;dlaIK Ys,amSka f,i /lshd fjf<|fmd<g tlajk w;r" ;dlaIKfõoh ms<sn| úoHdfõ§ Wmdêh

yodrd wm úYajúoHd, moaO;sh ;=<ska ;j;a nqoaêu;=ka msßila /lshd fjf<|fmdf<a wjYH;d i|yd l<ukdlrejka" úfYaI{hka" .=rejreka yd wdpd¾h

uydpd¾hjreka f,i tla ù wm Y%S ,xldfõ È.=ld,Sk oelau jk wdishdfõ wdYap¾hh njg Y%S ,xldj m;a lsÍug Tjqka odhl jkq oelSu wmf.a

wfmalaIdjhs'

ta i|yd mdGud,d 40 la muK úYajúoHd, ish,a, ;=< u iQodkï jk w;r 2016 isg Tjqka Y%S ,xld rdcH úYajúoHd, moaO;shg ms<s.ekSug wm ish,q

fokd iQodkï j isák nj o okajkafka buy;a i;=áks'

fuu kj ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj w;sYh id¾:l úIh Odrdjla jk nj wmf.a taldka; úYajdih hs'

tia'î' Èidkdhl

Wiia wOHdmk weu;s

iii

.re fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;H ;=udf.a mKsjqvh

ld¾ñl wOHdmkh iy jD;a;Sh mqyqKq úIh lafIa;%h mj;sk uÜgñka by< kexùug wod< m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .Kkdjla u l,ska l,g miq.sh

rchka úiska f.k ;snqK;a th b,lal.; wruqKq lrd <`.d fkdjQ nj ;¾lhlska f;dr j ms<s.; hq;= h'

uyskao Ñka;k bÈß oelafuys ;enQ fmdfrdkaÿ m%ldjr u hñka fuu ;;a;ajhg fya;= fijQ wmg óg wod< ;SrKd;aul idOlh m%;HlaI úh' tkï

ixj¾ê; fndfyda hqfrdamd yd wdishdkq rgj, ld¾ñl wOHdmkh yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjg wod< ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj úYajúoHd, wOHdmkhg iu.dó úIh

lafIa;%hka f,i j¾Okh ùug ufydamldÍ ù we;s idOlh kï ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj tu rgj, mdi,a úIhud,djka iu`. id¾:l f,i iqixfhda.Sj

;sîuhs'

f,dalfha m<uq jrg fh!jk lghq;= úIh ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh iu`. taldnoaO fldg wud;HxYhla f.dvke.+ rg Y%S ,xldjhs' w;s.re ckdêm;s

uyskao rdcmlaI ue;s;=ud óg jir 03 lg fmr tu m%.;sYS,S mshjr ;nkafka kQ;k ixj¾ê; Y%S ,xldj f.dvke.Sfï tla uQ,sl mshjrla jYfhks' tfia

kï ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a wOHdmkfha Wiia fm< úIhud,dj iu. taldnoaO lsÍu;a iu. u fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok

wud;HdxYh f.dvke.Sfï È ;enQ wdrïNl wruqKq wNsu;d¾: yd n,dfmdfrd;a;= ish,a, u,aM, oeÍug ;snQ wjika ndOdj o myj .sh nj udf.a tlu

úYajdihhs' tkï fu;eka isg ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj Tiafia ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg msúfik ;reKhd fyda ;reKsh Bg wod< oekqu" l=i,;d yd mkakrh

iu. uQ,sl kHdhka yd ixl,am f.dvk.d .kafka mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<ska u h' úfYaIfhka u mdi,a wOHdmkhg ;dlaIK úIh taldnoaO ùu ;=< isiq

orejka yd foudmshka ;=< fï ms<sn| f.dvkef.k ms<s.ekSu" úYajdih iy ;r.ldß;ajh ;=< ÈhqKq ixj¾ê; rgj, oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh wjidkfha

;dlaIK úIh Odrdjg ysñ j we;s ms<s.ekSug iudk ms<s.ekSula wm rg ;=< o Wodfõh hkak úIh Ndr weu;sjrhd f,i udf.a tl u n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'

úfYaIfhka u wm ðj;a jk fuu 21 jk ishji ye¢kafjkafka wdishdfõ ishji f,ihs' Wodjk wdishdfõ ishji mokï jkafka oekqu uQ,sl

lr.;a oekqfï wd¾Ólh u;hs' Wodjk oekqï wd¾Ólfha uQ,sl m%d.aOkh jYfhka nqoaêh" ;dlaIKh" oekqu yd ksmqK;d ye¢kaúh yels h' fï wkqj Wodjk

wdishdfõ ishji ;=< oekqfï wd¾Ólh u; mokï jQ kQ;k ixj¾ê; Y%S ,dxlSh rdcHhg wjYH ksmqK jD;a;slhka ish¨ fokd u mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<ska

u ìysfõjd hkak udf.a m%d¾:khhs'

v,ia w,ymafmreu

fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;H

iv

.re wOHdmk wëlaIK uka;%S;=udf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg kj ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §fï jevigyk i|yd mKsjqvhla ksl=;a lsÍug wjia:djla ,eîu i;=gg ldrKhla

f,i i,lñ'

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< i|yd ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u kHdhsl nqoaêhg wu;r j m%dfhda.sl yelshdj we;s Y%S ,dxlsl orejkg joe.;a

wjia:djls' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< .Ks;h yd úoHdj we;=¿j úIhhka yhla iu;a ùu;a bka ́ kEu úIhhka ;=kla i|yd iïudk idud¾: ,nd isàu;a

;dlaIK úIh Odrdj i|yd uQ,sl iqÿiqlï fõ'

uQ,sl isoaOdka; ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nkjd;a iu. u m%dfhda.sl oekqu ,nd .ekSu;a jev f,dalhg wj;S¾K ùug wjYH ;dlaIKh yd ksmqK;dj

,nd §u;a fuu.ska wruqKq flf¾'

Wiia fm< by< m%;sM, u; úYajúoHd,hg;a tfia fkdyels jqjfyd;a ld¾ñl yd jD;a;Sh fldñIka iNdj hgf;a cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï ^NVQ

III& ,nd .ekSug;a fuu.ska orejkag wjia:dj ,nd § we;'

wjidk jYfhka fuu úIh Odrdj ilia lr .ekSfï § wmg iydh ÿka ish¨ u wud;HxY" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iy úYajúoHd,hka ys wOHhk

ld¾h uKav,fha ish¨ fokdg uu fï wjia:dfõ § ia;+;sjka; fjñ'

fudydka ,d,a f.%are

wOHdmk wëlaIK uka;%S

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

biqremdh

n;a;ruq,a,'

v

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alï;=udf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj y÷kajd fok fuu fudfydf;a fï mKsjqvh ksl=;a lrkqfha buy;a fidïkisks'

wmf.a WmdêOdÍkaf.a ksmqK;d W!k;djka Tjqkg /lshd ,nd .ekSfï § ndOlhla j mj;S' fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldfõ rchg fuka u Y%u

fjf<|fmd<g o ;Èka n,md we;'

fuu ;;a;ajhg uqyqK §u fuka u Èfkka Èk by< hk Y%u b,a¨ug ms<shula f,i l=i,;d mQ¾K ;reK mrmqrla ìys lsÍu i|yd ;D;Shsl wOHdmk

uÜgu i|yd ;dlaIKh úIh Odrdj we;=<;a lsÍug rch úiska mshjr f.k we;'

rcfha ie,eiau jkafka l,d úIh Odrdjkag we;=<;a jk YsIH ixLHdj m%.dó f,i wvq lr wfkl=;a úIh Odrd i|yd we;=<;a ùï jeä lsÍu i|yd

úYajúoHd," ld¾ñl yd jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;kh ;=< kj ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdjka o iys; j Wiia fm< i|yd fjk u y÷kd .; hq;= úIh Odrdjla

fõ'

tia'tï' f.daGdNh chr;ak

f,alï

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

n;a;ruq,a,'

vi

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh

2014 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul jk ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj bf.kqï b.ekajï l%shdj,shg tla jQ kjdx.hls'

rch iy wOHdmk wud;HxYh ld,Sk jákdlula iys; fuu úIh Odrdj" jD;a;Sh wOHdmk m%fõYhla f,i l%shdjg kxjhs' fuu kj úIh

Odrdfõ wka;¾.; úIhhkays úIh ks¾foaY uqøKh fldg ,nd §u" tys iajNdjh wOHhkh lsÍug reÑhla olajk ish¨ fokdg o isiqkag yd .=rejrekag

;rug u jeo.;a jkq we;ehs is;ñ'

fuu úIh ks¾foaYh iïmdokhg odhl jQ ish¨ fokd lD;{;d mQ¾jl j w.h lrñ' fuh mßYS,kfhka úIhh iSud y`ÿkdf.k bf.kqï b.ekaùï

l%shdj,sh M,odhl lr .ekSug Tng iqndYsxikh lrñ'

;siai fyajdú;dk

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

biqremdh"

n;a;ruq,a,'

vii

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a

uydpd¾h ví,sõ'tï' wfír;ak nKavdr uy;df.a mKsjqvh

fhdað; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj yryd Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmk l%uh ;=< mj;skakd jQ jHQyd;aul wiu;=,s;;dj bj;a lsÍug

o" Wiia fm< úoHd yd ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh i|yd mj;sk wjia:djka jeä lrñka l,d wxYhg we;=<;a jkakd jQ YsIH ixLHdj wvq lsÍug o yels jk

ksid th Y%S ,dxlSh wOHdmkfhys yerjqï ,laIHla f,i ie,lsh yels fõ'

hqfkiaflda wdh;kh yd cdHka;r lïlre ixúOdkh j¾I 2002 § bÈßm;a l< ks¾foaYj,ska ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh y÷kajd §fï we;s jeo.;alu

y÷kdf.k we;' jev f,dalhg yd ;dlaIKsl f,dalhg yd tys Ndú; jkakd jQ fuj,ï" wuqøjH" Ys,amSh l%u iy ksIamdok" fnodyeÍï yd l<ukdlrK

l%shdj,Ska ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jk wdldrfhka fuu úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u u.ska yd iuia;hla f,i m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï yryd

,nd .; yels oekqu mokï fldg f.k wOHdmkh i|yd jk wjia:djka mq¿,a l< yels jk nj tu wdh;kj, ks¾foaYj, meyeÈ,s j oelsh yels h'

f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a ish fcHIaG oaú;Sh wOHdmkh i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdj y÷kajd § tys m%;s,dN ish rgj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl

fldgf.k we;' kj ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdj hgf;a Wiia fm< isiqkg bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh" ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh yd ;dlaIKfõoh i|yd

úoHdj hk kj úIhhka yeoEÍug wjia:dj ie,fikq we;' tfia u tu.ska cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï ,nd.kSug o wjia:djla ie,fik ksid Wiia fm<

úNd.fhka miq jev f,dalhg wj;S¾K ùug o isiqkg wia:dj ie,fia'

kj ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §fï we;s jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ksñka tu úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u i|yd w;s.re ckdêm;s uyskao rdcmlaI

ue;s;=ud" Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=ud" jD;a;Sh yd ;dlaIKsl mqyqKq wud;H;=ud iy wOHdmk wud;H;=ud úiska .kakd ,o uQ,sl mshjrhka fuys,d b;d

w.h fldg i,lñ'

wod< wud;HdxY f,alï ;=uka,dg o" úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdfõ iNdm;s ;=ñhg o" ish¨ u úYajúoHd, Wm l=,m;s ;=uka,d yd ;=ñhka,dg

o" úIhud,d uKav,j, ish¨ idudðl idudðldjkag yd fuu ld¾hh i|yd WmldÍ jQ wka ish¨ u ks,OdÍkag o fuu ld¾hh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd

,nd ÿka uy`.= Wmldrhg ia;+;s lsÍug o fuh wjia:djla lr.kq leue;af;ñ'

uydpd¾h ví,sõ'tï' wfír;ak nKavdr

wOHlaI ckrd,a

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

viii

ye|skaùu

hqfkiaflda wdh;kh yd cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh j¾I 2002 § bÈßm;a l< ks¾foaYj,ska ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh y÷kajd §fï we;s jeo.;alu

y÷kdf.k we;' jev f,dalhg yd ;dlaIKsl f,dalhg yd tys Ndú; jkakd jQ fuj,ï" wuqøjH" Ys,amSh l%u iy ksIamdok" fnodyeÍï yd l<ukdlrK

l%shdj,ska ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yelsjk wdldrfhka fuu úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u u`.ska yd iuia;hla f,i m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï yryd

,nd.; yels oekqu mokï fldg f.k wOHdmkh i|yd jk wjia:djka mq`M,a l< yelsjk nj tu wdh;k ksl=;a l< ks¾foaYj, meyeÈ,s j oelsh yels

h'

oaú;Sh iy by< oaú;Sh wOHdmkh i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIhka we;=<;a lsÍu u.ska f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, fuh m%o¾Ykh lr we;' fï ms<sn| wdishdkq

rgla f,i uef,aishdj WodyrKhla f,i oelaúh yels h' f;dard .ekSu i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIhhka úYd, ixLHdjla idudkH fm< uÜgfï § bÈßm;a

lr we;s w;r" th isiqka jev f,dalhg fhduq lsÍfï wdrïNhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels jqj;a jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd tu.ska ,efnk msgqjy, m%udKj;a

fkdfõ'

fhdað; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkh kj uxfm;lg fhduq lrjk ikaêia:dkhla jkafka tu.ska oekg 51]

muK jk l,d úIhh Odrdj yodrK isiqkaf.a m%udKh wju lr" ;dlaIKfõoh iy úoHd úIh Odrdjka yodrK isiqka m%udKh jir 2016 § 40] olajd

j¾Okh lr .ekSu m%Odk b,lalhla jk neúks'

fhdað; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj meyeÈ,s f,i u Wiia fm< i|yd jQ fjk u úIh Odrdjla jk w;r tu.ska ;dlaIKfõohg wod< mq`M,a

úIh lafIa;% wdjrKh lrkqfha w;HjYH jk wdOdrl úIhhka o iu. h' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj iy cd;sl

wOHdmk wdh;kh w;r meje;a jQ idlÉPdj, m%;sM,hla f,i mq`M,a ;dlaIKfõo lafIa;% lsysmhla wdjrKh jk mßÈ úIhka y÷kdf.k we;' tajdkï

bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh iy Ôj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh fõ' fï w;=ßka tla úIhla f;dard .ekSug yelsjk w;r" fojk úIh jYfhka ;dlaIKfõoh

i|yd úoHdj ;=<ska wjYH uQ,sl úoHdj" .Ks;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ms<sn| m%udKj;a oekqu l=i,;d ,nd fokq we;' ;=kajk úIhh jYfhka

oekgu;a Wiia fm< úIhh Odrdj ;=< l%shd;aul jk úIhh 11la w;=ßka tlla f;dard .ekSug wjia:dj isiqkag ,eî we;'

;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdfõ jHqyh my; i|yka mßÈ fõ:

1' bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh $ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh ^tla úIhhla muKla f;dard .; hq;= h'&2' ;dlaIKfõoh i|yd úoHdj

ix

3' my; i|yka úIhkaf.ka tla úIhla f;dard .; hq;= fõ'• wd¾Ól úoHdj• N+f.da,h• .Dy wd¾Ól úoHdj• bx.%Sis NdIdj• ikaksfõokh iy udOH wOHhkh• f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh• Ñ;%• jHdmdr wOHhkh• lDIsúoHdj• .KldêlrKh

wruqKq (• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wjYHjk ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'• ienE jev f,dalfha mj;sk .eg¨ i|yd ;dlaIKsl úi÷ï ,nd§ug wjYH lrk l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'• /lshd mdol l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'• isiqkaf.a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï rduqj iu`. iïnkaO lr.ksñka moaO;shg f.khdug wjia:dj ie,iSu'

;lafiarelrKhmdi,a mdol we.hSï l%shdj,sh mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jk w;r fï ms<sn| wod< Wmfoia iy wdlD;s .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh iu`. bÈßfha § ,ndfokqwe;'

we.hSuwe.hSu úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska isÿlrkq ,nk w;r wdlD;s m%Yak m;%" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh iu`. ,ndfokq we;' flfia fj;;a ,sÅ;mÍCIKh i|yd ,l=Kq 75] o m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh i|yd ,l=Kq 25] o yssñjkq we;'

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.u'

x

2'0 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq(

mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd <`.dùu iòyd mqoa.,hskag iy lKavdhïj,g cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;sh iydh úhhq;= h'

jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wOHdmk jd¾;d iy f,aLk u.ska mqoa., yd cd;sl wjYH;djka imqrd,Su iòyd wruqKq kshu lrkq,eî h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHQyhka yd l%shdj,ska ;=< oelsh yels ÿ¾j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixj¾Ok ixl,am rduqj we;=<; wOHdmkh ;=<ska <``.dlr .; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq imqrd .ekSu wOHdmk moaO;sh iòyd jQ ;u bÈß oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj m%;HlaI fldg f.kwe;'

I. udkj wNsudkhg .re lsrSfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sl taldnoaO;dj"cd;sl Rcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska cd;sh f.dv ke`.Su iy Y%S ,dxlSh wkkH;dj;yjqre lsÍu

II. fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye`.s odhdohka y`ÿkd .ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu

III. udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<snò oekqj;a ùu" yDohx.u ne`§ulska hq;=j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk.=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;dka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udK lsÍu iymj;ajd f.k hdug iydh ùu

IV. mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm;a iy udkj w.hkag .re lsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu

V. iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla iòyd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh" úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=`M fjk;a Okd;aulwx. ,laIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VI. mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj .=Kh jeä ÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl jk M,odhs ld¾hhka iòyd wOHdmkh ;=<skaudkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VII. YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiaùug yd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodkï lsÍu iy ixlS¾K ydwkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

VIII. cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ wdl,am yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu

xi

3'0 uQ,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh ;=<ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; iòyka cd;sl wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'

(I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<snò oekqu" rEml Ndú;h u; f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;dj hk wkqldKav 4la u; ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï lr .kS'

idlaIr;dj : idjOdk j weyqïlka §u meyeÈ,s j l:d lsÍu" f;areï .ekSu iòyd lsshùu" ksjeros j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu"M,odhs whqßka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu

ixLHd ms<snò oekqu : NdKav" wjldYh yd ld,h .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï iòyd l%udkql+, b,lalï Ndú;h

rEml Ndú;h : f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K .<mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyiam%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;dj : mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hla ;=< § o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha § o f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu

(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

- ksßudKYS,S nj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh" lKavdhïye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r inò;d" kj fidhd.ekSï iy .fõIKh jeks j¾.Sh l=i,;d

- Rcq .=Kh" bjid ord isáfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu" jeks w.hhka

- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh

(III) mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d

fuu ksmqK;d idudðl ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wod< fõ'

iudc mßirh : cd;sl Wreuhka ms<snò wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl iudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõ§;dj yd l=i,;d"idOdrK hqla;sh ms<snò ye`.Su" iudc iïnkaO;d" fm!oa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl iïm%odhhka"whs;sjdislï" j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne`§ï

ffcj mßirh : iÔú f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqo" c,h" jd;h iy Ôjh - Ydl" i;a;ajyd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõoS nj yd l=i,;d

fN!;sl mßirh : wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia ðú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we`ÿï" ksjdi"wjfndaOh" ixfõÈ;dj yd l=i,;dj

bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu iòyd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=i,;d fuys wvx.= fõ'

xii

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu;u jD;a;Sh <eÈhd iy wNsfhda.H;d y`ÿkd .ekSuyelshdjkg iß,k whqßka /lshdjla f;dard .ekSu iyjdisodhl yd ;srir Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùuhk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d

(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisßï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard thgiß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu iòyd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh

(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;Hh" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY jk úfkdaoh" i;=g"wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï

(VII) "bf.kSug bf.kqu" ms<snò ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixlS¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkiaùï yiqrejd .ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§ j

yd id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëk j bf.k .ekSu;a iòyd mqoa.,hkag Yla;sh ,nd §u'

Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjla i|yd fhdackd cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^2003 foieïn¾&

xiii

mgqk

13 fYA%Ksh msgqj

² .re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh ii

² .re Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh iii

² .re fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh iv

² .re wOHdmk wëlaIK uka;%S;=udf.a mKsjqvh v

² wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alï;=udf.a mKsjqvh vi

² wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh vii

² cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh viii

² ye`Èkaùu ix

² cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq x

² uQ,sl ksmqK;d xii

tallh

01' úÿ,s hka;% iy n, moaO;s 01

02' uQ,sl bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKfõoh iy Ndú;h 05

03' .Dyia: c, iïmdokh iy li, wmjykh 10

04' ;r, hka;% ^fmdïm" ;,nur& 13

05' bxðfkare iïu;hka iy ;;a;aj iy;sl moaO;s 16

06' ìï uekSu 17

07' weia;fïka;=lrKh iy m%udK ì,am;a ieliSu 26

08' jHjidhl;aj iy l<ukdlrKh 27

xiii

ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï M, ld,Éfþotallh ksmqK;dj

1

1'1 N%ul hka;%hluQ,O¾uh meyeÈ,slrhs'

1'2 m%;Hdj¾; Odrdhka;%j,,dlaIKslhkawOHhkh lrwjYH;dj wkqjjvd;a .e<fmkfudagrh f;dard.kshs'

² Yla;s mßj¾;kh

² lial=remamq kshuh

² iqqr;aa kshuh

² ju;a kshuh

² fudagrhl l%shdj

² ckl l%shdj

² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd ckl² iajhx ielnQ ckl

(Self excited generators &² fjka fjka j ielnQ ckl

(Separately excited generators &² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd fudag¾ j¾.

² t;=ï rys; N%ul² ;ksl,d fm%arK fudag¾

(Singal phase induction motor &² f;l,d fm%arK fudag¾

(Three phase induction motor &² wdjrK O%ej fudag¾

(Shaded pole motor &² t;=ï iys; fudag¾

² iu uqyq¾;l fudag¾(Synchro nous motor &

² hqksj¾i,a fudag¾(Universal motor &

² my; i|yka Yla;s mßj¾;khka isÿjkwdldrh ta yd iïnkaO kshu wkqidrfhkameyeÈ,s lrhs'

hdka;%sl Yla;sh úÿ,s Yla;sh

úÿ,s Yla;sh hdka;%sl Yla;sh

² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd hka;%hl iam¾Yl ú,sj,l%shdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd cklhl m%;sodk w.%%j,mssysgk fjda,aáh;d ;rx.h w`Èhs'

² iajhx ielnQ cklj, (Self excited genera-tors & iy fjka fjka j ielnQ cklj,(Separately excited generators &l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd fudag¾ j¾.SlrKh lrhs'² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd fudagrhl N%ul pqïnl

lafIa;%h iy wdrïNl jHdj¾;h we;s jkwdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² tla tla fudagrfha Ndú;hka úia;r lrhs'

04

08

01 úÿ,s cjhW;amdokh lriïfm%aIKhlsÍu ms<sn`o júia;r lr"wdrlaIdldÍf,i Ndú;lrk w;rwjYH;djwkqj úÿ,shka;%h f;dard.kshs'

01'


2

1'3 úúO ir, Odrdhka;%j,,dlaIKslhkawOHhkh lrwjYH;dj wkqj.e<fmk fudagrhf;dard .kshs'

1'4 wjYH ld¾hhg.e<fmkmßKdulh f;dard.kshs'

² N%ul hka;%hl wdfïp¾ t;=u ndysrmßm:hg iïnkaO jk wkaou"

² wdfïprhl ckkh jk fjda,aàh;dj'

² ir,Odrd fudagrhl lafIa;% t;=u(Field winding & iy wdfïpr t;=u(Armature winding & w;riïnkaO;dj

² ir, Odrd fudagrhl wdfïpr Odrdjwkqj jHdj¾;h iy fõ.h w;rfjkiaùu

² úoHq;a pqïnl fm%arKh(Electro magnatic induction &² iajhx fm%arKh (Self induction&² wfkHdkH fm%arKh

(Mutual induction&² fm%arK fjda,aàh;dj iu`. Odrdj

fjkiaùfï iS.%;djh iy pqïnli%djh fjkiaùfï iS.%;djh w;rmj;sk iïnkaO;dj

² mßKdul t;=ïj, fmdg ixLHdjiy fjda,aàh;dj w;r iïnkaOh

² mßKdul j¾. (Types of transformers&² cj mßKdul (Power transformers&

² wjlr (Step down&² wêlr (Step up&² fjkalrK (Isolation &

² ir, Odrd hka;%hl kHdfoaYlfha(Comutator& l%shdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² ir, Odrd cklhl m%;sodk w.%j,;rx.dldrh w¢hs'

² ir, Odrd cklhl m%;sodk fjda,aà;djjeä lr.; yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² fY%aKs t;=ï (Series wound & Wmm: t;=ï(Shunt wound & iy ixhqla; t;=ï

(Compound wound & fudag¾j, o`.riïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh w¢hs'

² tla tla fudag¾ j¾.fha fõ.h iyjHj¾;h (Toque & ii|hs'

² úúO ir, Odrd fudag¾j, Ndú;hkaúia;r lrhs'

² o`.rhl fm%aß; fjda,aàh;dj meyeÈ,slsÍu$w¾: ±laùu i|yd m%ldYkhlai|yka lrhs'

² wjlr mßKdulhl m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djukshs'

² my; i|yka mßKdulj, l%shdldß;ajhkaiy Ndú;hka meyeÈ,s lrhs'² wjlr mßKdul² wêlr mßKdul² fjka lsÍfï mßKdul² Odrd mßKdul² úNj mßKdul² iajhx (Auto) mßKdul

05

05


3

² Odrd mßKdul(Current transformers&

² úNj mßKdul(Potential transformer&² iajhx mßKdul(Auto transformer)

² mqk¾ckkSh iy mqk¾ckkSh l<fkdyels Yla;Ska² Yla;s m%Nj

² c,fha úNj Yla;sh² ;dm Yla;sh² bkaOk Yla;sh² iq<x Yla;sh² iQ¾h Yla;sh² id.r /<s Yla;sh² N+.; ;dm Yla;sh

² ;,nur (Turbine& j¾.

² c, úÿ,s n,d.drj, m%;sodkfjda,aáh;djhka" fmkaiafgdla k<"i¾ck l=àr (Surge chember& iyWufÕys ld¾hhka

² n,d.dr j¾.SlrKh

² m%udKh wkqj

² Ndú; lrk Yla;sh wkqj

² iïfm%aIKfha (Transmission& iyfnodyeÍfï (Distribution& fjki

² iïfm%aIK fjda,aàh;dj

² fnodyeÍfï fjda,aàh;djka

² cd, Wmfmd< (Grid substation&

1'5 úÿ,s n,d.drms<sn| j ir,f,i úuid n,hs'

1'6 Y%S ,xldfõúÿ,s n,hiïfm%aIKh iyfnodyeÍfïhdka;%Kh meyeÈ,slrhs'

² mqk¾ckkSh(Regenerative& iy mqk¾ckkShfkdjk(Non-regenerative& Yla;Ska meyeÈ,slrhs'

² úÿ,s Yla;sh ckkh l< yels Yla;sm%Njhka kï lrhs'

² tla tla m%Njh u`.ska úÿ,s Yla;sh ckkhlrk wkaou ieflúka úia;r lrhs'

² c, úÿ,s n,d.drj, Ndú;jk ;, nurj¾. kï lrhs'

² c, úÿ,s n,d.drhl uQ,sl ieleiaul rEmigykla w¢hs'

² úúO idOl u; n,d.dr j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

² Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jk iïfm%aIKh iyfnodyeÍfï fjda,aàh;d i|yka lrhs

² úÿ,s cklhl isg ksjila olajd úÿ,sYla;sh ,ndfok wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

07

07

1'7 úÿ,sh Ndú;fha §mqoa., wdrlaIdji`oyd n,mdkakdjQ mQ¾fjdamdhhkams<smÈhs'

1'8 WmlrKj,wdrlaIdj i|ydjk wdrlaIs;mQ¾fjdamdhkams<smÈhs'

² iïfm%aIKfha § iyfnodyeÍfï § Ndú; lrkw;HjYH Wmdx. iy WmlrK

² úÿ,s ì,a m;la ilia lsÍui`oyd wjYH o;a;

² úÿ,sier je§ï² mßjdrl ydks² N+.; w.%fha fodaI

² mqoa.,dkq noaO ,laIK² i¾ck wdrlaIdj

(Surge protection)² wl=Kq flàu

² wdrlaIs; WmlrK² im;a;=² w;a jeiqï² mßjrKh lrk ,o wdjqo

² .sks wdrlaIKh² wêOdrd .e,Sï² nqre,a j iïnkaO lsÍï

² .sks ksjk WmlrK

² fok ,o o;a; Ndú; lr ksjfia úÿ,s mßfNdackhi|yd ì,a m;la ilihs'

² úÿ,s ier je§ug fya;= i|yka lrhs'² úÿ,s ier jefok wkaou iy Odrd m%udKhka

meyeÈ,s lrhs'² úÿ,s ier je§ug n,mdk mqoa.,dkqnoaO ,laIK

fmkajd fohs'² wl=Kq flàu ksid úÿ,s ikakdhlj, isÿjk

i¾ck l%shdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² úÿ,s kv;a;= lsÍïj, § wod< wdrlaIl WmlrKNdú; lrhs'

² cd;Hka;r úÿ,s bxðfkare fr.=,dis (InternationalElectrical Engineering Regulations& j,g wkql+,jwdrlaIl mQ¾fjdamdhka ms<smeÈh hq;= wdldrhmeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² .sks j¾.h wkqj Ndú; lrk .sks ksjk j¾.húia;r lrhs'

08

06


4


5

02 úúO w¾OikakdhlWmdx.j,,dlaIKslie,ls,a,g.ksñka m%;siuyd ixLHdxlbf,lafg%dksl;dlaIKhi`oyd tuWmdx.fhdod.; yelswkaou úuidn,hs'

2'1 w¾O ikakdhløjHj, ,dlaIKsl.=K meyeÈ,s lrhs'

2'2 úúO j¾.fha P-Nikaê wod<wjYH;dj i|ydfhdod .kshs'

² w¾O ikakdhl² w¾O ikakdhl uQ, øjH² P j¾.fha iy N j¾.fha w¾O

ikakdhl øjH

² P-N ikaêh² vfhdav (Diode& j¾.

² iDcqldrl vfhdav (Rectifier diode&² fik¾ vfhdav (Zener diode&² wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdav

(Light emitting diode & (L.E.D.)² ,laISh iïnkaOl vfhdav

(Point contact diode&² by; vfhdav keUqre lsÍu iy

Ndú;hka

² P-N øjHj, fjk;a iïnkaO;d² oaú O%ej g%dkaisiag¾

(Bipolar transistor &

² lafIa;% wdprK g%dkaisiag¾

(Field effect transistor ) (F.E.T.)

² P j¾.fha iy N j¾.fha w¾O ikakdhløjHj, jHqyh meyeÈ,s lr ikakdhl;djhka olajk wdldr ieflúka úia;rlrhs'

² P-N ikaêhl mßmQ¾K ,dlaIKsl iym%dfhda.sl ,dlaIKsl jl% w`Èhs'

² iDcqldrl vfhdav" fik¾vfhdav L.E.Diy ,laISh iïnkaO;d vfhdavj, fmrkeUqre iy miq keUqre ,dlaIKsl jl% w`Èhs'

² by; vfhdavj, l%shdldß;ajhka iyNdú;hka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² N-P-N iy P-N-P g%dkaisiag¾j,ieleiau w`Èkq ,nhs'

² tla tla g%dkaisiagrh ;=< we;s P-N ikaêfol keUqre l< hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrwod< mßm: igyk w`Èkq ,nhs'

² g%dkaisiagrh ;=< Odrdj .,dhk ÈYdjolajñka tys l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² ikaê lafIa;% wdprK g%dkaisiag¾ (J.F.E.T)j, wNHka;r ieleiau we| meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² J.F.E.T keUqre lrk wdldrh we| meyeÈ,slrhs'

² J.F.E.T j, l%shdldrs;ajh meyeos,s lrhs'

02

08

02'


6

2'3 ir, OdrdwjYH;djhkabgqlr .ekSui|yd P-Nikaêh iDcqldrlhla f,iNdú; lrhs'

2'4 m%;siu iyixLHdxlksrEmKfhafjki meyeÈ,slrhs'

2'5 g%dkaisiagrhiaúphla f,ifhdod .kshs'

² w¾O ;rx. iDcqlrKh (Half waverectification)

² mQ¾K ;rx. iDcqlrKh (Full waverectification)

² fmÍu (Filtering)² uDÿ mEiaiSu (Soft soldering)² fjda,aàh;d hdukh (Voltage regula-

tion)

² ixLHdxl iy m%;siu ksrEmKh² m%;siu ix{d iy ixLHdxl ix{d

iei`§u² m%;siu iy ixLHdxl ix{dj,

Ndú;hka² m%odk iy m%;sodk ix{d f,i

m%;siu ix{d Ndú;h

² g%dkaisiagrhl mrdñ;sl² m%;s,dNh (Gain)² Wmßu ix.%dyl Odrdj (Maximumcollector current)² cj W;ai¾ckh (power dissipation)² Wmßu iemhqï fjda,aàh;djh

² g%dkaisiag¾ mßj¾;Sh ,dlaIKsl(Transfer characteristics)² lmd yeÍfï m%foaYh

(Cutoff region)

² w¾O ;rx. iDcq ldrl mßm:hl mßm:rEm igyk w¢hs'

² uOH ijqk;a (Center tapped) mßKdulhlaNdú; lr mQ¾K ;rx. iDcq ldrlmßm:hla tl,ia lrhs'

² fia;= iDcqldrlhla Ndú; lr mQ¾K ;rx.iDcqldrl mßm:hla tl,ia lrhs'

² fmrykla fh§fuka miq ir, Odrd uÜgujeä ù /<s;s fjda,aàh;d uÜgu (Ripplevoltage level ) wvqjk nj olajhs'

² fjda,aàh;d hdulhla (Voltage regulater)iïnkaO lsÍfuka m%;sodk fjda,aáh;djia:djr lrhs'

² m%;siu (Analog) iy ixLHdxl (Digital)ix{dj, ,laIK fjk fjku bÈßm;alrhs'

² g%dkaisiag¾ oka; lshùfï yelshdj ,nd.kS'² wjYH;djh wkqj g%dkaisiagrhla f;dard.kS'

06

02

07


7

² il%Sh m%foaYh (Active region )

² ika;Dma; m%foaYh (Saturation region )

² g%dkaisiagrh iaúphla f,i Ndú;lsrSu'

² g%dkaisiag¾ j¾Olhla f,i keUqrelsÍu² iaÓr keUqrej (Fixed biasing)² iajhx keUqrej (Self biasing)² úNj fnÿï keUqrej (Potential

divider biasing)

² g%dkaisiagrh j¾Olhla f,i Ndú;hlsÍu'

² FET j¾Olhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu'

² ldrld;aul j¾Ol (Operatioalamplifier )

² leá igyk

² mßmQ¾K ,dlaIKsl

² m%odk iïndokh

² m%;sodk iïndokh

² úsjD; mq~q m%;s,dNh

² l,dm m<,

² ldrl j¾Ol Ndú;hka

² wmj¾;l (Inverting) j¾Olh

² wmj¾;l fkdjk (Non inverting)j¾Olh

2'6 ix{d uÜguj¾Okh l<yels mßm:hlaf,i j¾OlhNdú; lrhs'

² g%dkaisiagrh iaúphla f,i Ndú; lrhs'² hdka;%sl iaúphl;a g%dkaisiagrh iaúphl;a

fjki iiòhs'

² my; i|yka keUqre lsÍï oelaùu i|ydmßm: rEm igyka w|shs'

² iaÓr keUqrej (Fixed biasing)

² iajhx keUqrej (Self biasing)

² úNj fnÿï keUqrej (Potential biasing)

² by; iòyka keUqre lsÍïj,g wod< ir,.Kkh lsÍï isÿlrhs'

² úNj fnÿï keUqrej Ndú; lr l=vd ix{dj¾Olhla tl,ia lrhs'

² foda,fkalaIh u; m%odk iy m%;sodk ;rx.d-ldr olajhs'

² FET fhdod j¾Ol mßm:hl rEm igyklaw¢hs'

² ldrld;aul j¾Olhl leá igyk w¢hs'

² mßmQ¾K ,dlaIKsl i|yka lrhs'

² o;a; m;%sldjlska ,nd.;a fok ,o ldrlj¾Olhl ,dlaIKsl mßmQ¾K ,dlaIKssliu`. ii|hs'

² wmj¾;l j¾Olhla tl,ia lr .Kkhlrk ,o m%;s,dNh;a foda,fkalaIfhka uek,nd.;a m%;s,dNh;a ii|hs'

² ldrld;aul j¾Olhla Ndú; lr m%ldYixfõolhl ixfõ§;dj j¾Okh lsÍu iòydixikaol mßm: tl,ia lrhs'

12


8

2'7 ;rx. yevcklhla f,ifoda,l y÷kd .kS'

2'8 wjYH;dj wkqjhï l%shdj,shlamd,kh lsÍui|yd ixLHdxl;dlaIKh Ndú;lrhs'

² i xi k aol h (Comparator)

² foda,lhl (Oscillator) uQ,slixl,amh

² foda,l j¾. i|yd Ndú; lrkWmdx.'

² NE555 ld, mßm:h

² oaúuh ixLHd (Binary numbers)

² ;¾l oajdr (Logic gates)

² i;H igyka (Truth table)

² iïnkaO;d ;¾l mßm: (Combina-tion logic circuits)

² ir, ;¾l mßm:

² fla;l (Encoder)

² úfla;l (Decoder)

² foda,khla i|yd wjYH;d idlÉPd lrhs'

² úúO foda,l mßm: Ndú;lr ;rx. yev ,nd.kS'

² ixLHdxl ksrEmKh i|yd oaùuh rgdjNdú; lrhs'

² my; i|yka ;¾l oajdr i|yd ixfla; we|i;H igyka f.dv k`.hs'

² AND, OR, NOT. NAND, NOREXCLUSIVE OR

² ;¾loajdr Ndú; lr my; i|yka mßm:

tl,iaa lrhs'

² oYu ixLHd oaúuh ixLHd njgmßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd fla;l

² oaúuh ixLHd oYu ixLHd njgmßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd úfla;l

² úúO m%odkhkaf.a iïnkaO;dj wkqjm%;sodkh ,nd.; yels ir, ;¾l mßm:

² oaúuh ixLHd by<g .Kskhla (Up Counter)tl,ia lrhs'

² by<g .Kskhla ixLHd; fnokhla f,i

03

13


9

Ndú; l< yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² PLC j, j¾Okh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² PLC j, m%fhdack iy jdis meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² PLC j, leá igykla w¢hs

² PLC j, o;a; igyka lrk wdldr i|ykalrhs'

² úÿ,s ixfoaY ud¾.hl m%d:ñl ix.=Kl(Primary coefficient) m%ldY lrhs'

² wê ixLHdk iïfm%aIKfha § m%d:ñlix.=Klj, wdprKh idlÉPd lrhs'

² wê ixLHdk iïfm%aIK ud¾.hlska isÿjkúoHq;a pqïnl úlsrKh (Electro magnaticradiation) ir<j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx.hl ixrpl iytajdfha idfmalaI ÈYdjka iòyka lrhs'

² úia;dr uQ¾ð; ix{djl iy ixLHd;uQ¾ð; ix{djl ;rx. rEm igykla w¢hs'

² úuQ¾ckh ms<snò ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² ixLHdxl .Ksk (Digital counter)

² l%uf,aÅ; ;¾l md,k moaO;s PLC(Programmable logic control)

² ux iïfm%aIKh (Line transmission)

² .=jka úÿ,s iïfm%aIKh

(Radio transmission)

² úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx. ms<sn| ixl,amh

² m%;siu ix{djla u.ska jdylfhaisÿjk úia;dr uQ¾ckh (Amplitudemodulation) (AM) iy ixLHd;uQ¾ckh (Frequancy modulation)(FM)

² ixLHdxl ix{djla u.ska isÿ lrkq,nk úia;dr iy ixLHd; uQ¾ckh

² úuQ¾ckh ms<snò ixl,amh

102'9 úÿ,s ixfoaYkwjYH;d i|ydm%;siu iyixLHdxl ix{dNdú; lrhs'


10

02

08

08

02

03 03 .Dyia; c,iïmdokh ydli<l<uKdlrKhms<sn`o jwOHhkhlfhfohs'

3'1' iSñ; iïm;laf,i c,fhajeo.;alu úia;rlrhs'

3'2 c,h msßisÿ lrfnod yeÍu ms<sn`oj úia;r lrhs'

3'3 .Dyia: c, iïmdokmoaO;shla $ fldgilaie,iqï lr ia:dmkhlrhs'

3'4 .Dyia: wmøjHj¾.S lrKhúia;r lrhs'

² c,fha iSñ; nj

² ñßÈh - N=.; c,h' .a,eish¾ iywhsia l÷" j.=re ú,a yd wfkl=;ac, m%Njhka 3%

² lrÈh - id.r 97%

² c, pl%h

² jd;kh" leá lsÍu iy wjidokh"fmÍu" ridhksl fh§u" úI kdYkh

² .=re;aj l%uh" fmdïm l%uh iy mSvkfmdïm" c, ysi" pQIK ysi yd fnodyeÍï ysi

² .nvd gexlsh" fiajd k<h" PVC k<yd Wmdx." lrdu yd lmdg" fmdïmj¾.

² Èh ne`È li< yd >k li<

² c,fha jHdma;sh úia;r lrhs'

² c, pl%h w`Èhs'

² lD;% suj l% shd;aul lrk l%u fukauiajNdúl ixisoaê u.ska o c, mú;% lrKhisÿjk nj úia;r lrhs'

² .Dyia: c, iemhqï moaO;shl f¾Ld igyklaw`Èhs'

² .Dyia; c, iïmdok moaO;shla $fldgila ie,iqï lrhs'

² .Dyia; c, iïmdok moaO;shlgwjYHjk c, k< Wmdx. kï lrhs'

² .Dyia: fmdïm l%u rEm igyka u.ska úia;rlrhs'

² .Dyia; c, iïmdok moaO;shla $fldgila ia:dmkh lrhs'

² .Dyia: li< W;amdokh jk l%u úuihs'

² tajd j¾.SlrKh lr j.= .; lrhs'


11

153'5 li< neyer lsÍfïl%u úia;r lrhs'

² ms<siaiSu

² m%;s pl%ShlrKh

² kej; Ndú;h

² Ô¾Kh

² fldïfmdaiaÜ lsÍu

² Ôj jdhq ;ekSu

² mQ;sl gexlsh

² mßirhg ydkslr fkdjk whqreN+.; c,h yd jd;h wmsßisÿ fkdjkmßÈ neyer lsÍu

² ikSmdrlaIl WmlrK" c, W.=,a" c,uqødj

² j¾.SlrKh l< li< neyer lsÍfï l%uúia;r lrhs'

² mdie,a mßirfha li< úêu;aj neyer lsÍfïl%u ie,iqï lrhs'

² wdo¾Y kdk ldurhl WjdrK iú lr we;swkaou rEm igyklska fmkajhs'


12

04 tÈfkod Ndú;;r, hka;% ydWmlrKj,l%shdldß;ajhyd úfYaI;dy÷kd.ksñkakv;a;= lrhs'

4'1 tÈfkod ld¾hhi|yd ;r, Ndú;hka;% fhdod.ekSfï yelshdjúuid n,hs'

4'2 ld¾hhg WÑ;fmdïmh f;dard.ekSfï yelshdjm%o¾Ykh lrhs'

² hka;% w;ßka ;r, Ndú; hka;% fjkalr olajhs'

² bxðfkare ld¾hhkaj, § ;r, fhdod.kq,nk wjia:d m%ldY lrhs

² ;r, Ndú; hka;%j, m%Odk Wmdx.j,ld¾hh úuid n,hs'

² úúO ks¾Kdhl u; ;r, iïmSvk iy ;r,iïfma%IK ld¾h i`oyd fhdod.kakd fmdïmj¾. lrhs'

² tu fmdïmj, m%Odk fldgia kï lrhs'

² úúO fmdïm j¾.j, ;r, iïmSvkh we;slrkwhqre úia;r lrhs'

² tu fmdïmj, l% shdldrS;ajh m%o¾Ykhflfrk ir, wdlD;s ;khs'

0604'² ;r, Ndú; hka;%

(Machinery associated with fluids)

² ye¢kaùu

² jdhq (Pneumatic)

² ødj (Hydraulic)

² ;r,j, Ndú;

² Yla;s iïfm%aIKh

(Energy transmission)

² Yla;s ckkh (Energy generation)

² fjk;a

² ixjd;kh (Ventilation)

² lïmk Wrd .ekSu

(Shock absorbing)

² >¾IK wju lsÍu

² ;r, Ndú; hka;%j, m%Odkwjhjj, {fmdïm (Pumps)iïmSvl (Compressors)

;,nur (Turbine) }ld¾hh

² ;r, iïmSvk iy ;r, iïfma%IKld¾h i`oyd fhdod.kakd fmdïm j¾.yd tajdfha l%shdldß;ajh" Ndú; ydm%Odk fldgia

² wkqjegqï (Reciprocating)

² msiagka j¾.h ̂ Piston type&

² m%dÖr j¾.h ̂Diaphragm type&

10


13

² iajrEmh$yevh wkqj ;,nur kï lrhs'

² ;,nur m%dfhda.slj Ndú; jk whqreksrEmKh jk ir, hka;% wdlD;s ;khs

'

² ødj cj iïfm%aIKfha fh§ï m%ldY lrhs'

² jdhq cj iïfm%aIKfha fh§ï m%ldY lrhs'

² ødj yd jdhq cj iïfm%aIK l%uj, we;sjdis$wjdis wfkl=;a cj iïfm%IK l%uiu`. ixikaokd;aul j jd¾;d lrhs'

² ;r, cj iïfm%aIK moaO;shl Wmdx.j,ld¾hh úia;r lrhs'

² ;r, cj iïfm%aIKfha § lmdg ^Valve&u`.ska flfrk ld¾hhka m%ldY lrhs'

08

08

² N%ul j¾.h ^Rotory type&

² bial=remamq j¾.h ̂ Screw type&

² fm;s$;, j¾.h^Vane type&

² iafl%da,a j¾.h ̂ Scroll type&

² flakaø wmidÍ j¾.h

^Centrifugal type&

² ;,nur j¾. ̂Turbine types&

² l%shdldß;ajh

² Ndú;h

² m%Odk fldgia

² ødj cj iïfm%aIKh

^Hydraulic power transmission&

² ye¢kaùu

² fh§ï

² jdhq cj iïfm%aIKh

^Pneumatic power transmission&

² ye¢kaùu

² fh§ï

² ;r, cj iïfma%IK moaO;s

² Wmdx. yd ld¾hh

² l%shdldß;ajh

² ødj$;r, cj iïfm%aIK moaO;sj,lmdg ̂ Valve& u.ska lrk ld¾hhka

4'3 ir, wjYH;d imqrd.ekSug WÑ; ir,;,nur ;ekSfïyelshdj m%o¾Ykhlrhs'

4'4 cj iïfm%aIKld¾hh i|yd ;r,fhdod .ekSfïyelshdj úuidn,hs'


14

4'5 ;r, iïmSvkld¾hfha §wdrlaIs; ms<sfj;awkq.ukh lsÍfïwe;s jeo.;alu;yjqre lrhs'

4'6 tÈfkod yuqjkld¾h i`oydfjkapQß l%shdjNdú; lsÍfïyelshdj úuidn,hs'

4'7 YS;lrK l%shdj,shi|yd fhdod .kakd;r, iïmSvkfmdïmj, we;súúO;ajh úuidn,hs'

² iïmSä; ;r, Ndú;fha § wk;=re isÿúhyels wdldr úuid n,hs'

² iïmSä; ;r, Ndú;fha wk;=re j,lajd.ekSug fhdod we;s Wml%u kï lrhs'

² iïmSä; ;r, Ndú;fha § kshñ; wdrlaIs;ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lrhs'

² ;r, hka;% Ndú;fha § ksrdmo iSudj blau-fkdhdug j.n,d .kshs'

² úisrlfha l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² fjkapQß l%shdfõ fjk;a fh§ï úuid n,hs'

² fjkapQß l%shdj Ndú; fldg we;s ir,WmlrK l%shd lrjhs'

² jdIam iïmSvk YS;lrKhl isis,kmoaO;sfha m%Odk wjhj kï lrhs'

² isis,k moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajh úia;rlrhs'

² .Dy YS;lrKj, nyq, j Ndú; jkiïmSvk fmdïm" tajdfha l%shdldÍ;ajh iyksmojd we;s wdldrh wkqj j¾. lrhs'

² wdrlaIl lmdg ̂ Safety valve)

² jdhq iïmSvk gexlsj,

² jdIam iïmSvk gexlsj,

² mSvk W`ÿkaj, ̂ Pressure cooker)

² YS;lrKj, wê ner jyre

^Over load cut-out) iy wê mSvklmdyßk ̂High pressure cut-out)

² ødj mSvk moaO;sj, mSvk ksoyialsÍfï lmdg ̂Pressure relief valve&

² WmlrKj, ksrdmo idOlh

^Safety factor)

² fjkapQß l%shdj Ndú; jk WmlrK

² úisrlh ̂ Spray gun)

² ldìhqf¾grh ̂ Carburettor)

² ir, úisrl w;afmdïmh

² jdIam iïmSvk YS;lrKhl l%shdj,sh

² YS;lrKhl isis,k moaO;sh

² m%Odk wjhj yd l%shdldß;ajh

² iïmSvl ̂Compressors)

² ixjD; j¾.h - Hermetic type

² w¾O ixjD; j¾.h -

Semi hermetic type

² újD; j¾.h - Open type

02

03

08


15

05 bxðfkarem%ñ;s iymsßú;r;dlaIKslmßirhl §Ndú; lrhs'

5'1 bxðfkare m%ñ;siy msßú;rj,jeo.;alu úia;rlrhs'

5'2 fmdÿ Ndú;fhamj;sk bxðsfkarem%ñ;s iy msßú;rmoaO;s kï lrhs'

5'3 boslsÍï lghq;=iòyd bxðfkarem%ñ;s iy msßú;rfhod .kshs'

² bxðfkare m%ñ;s iy msßú;rj, wjYH;djiy jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² bÈlsÍï fCIa;%hg úfYaIs; jQ m%ñ;s iymsßú;r kï lrhs'

² foaYSh j yd cd;Hka;rj bÈlsÍï fCIa;%hyd iïnkaO m%ñ;s bÈßm;a lr we;swdh;k kï lrhs'

² iïu;j,g wod< bÈlsÍï kdudj,swdY%fhka úúO bÈlsÍï lghq;= iòyd wod<iïu; yd m%ñ;s f;dard .kshs'

² ie,iqïj,g wkqj bÈlsÍï fCIa;%h l=ula ohkak f;dard .kshs'

02

05

05

05 ² bxðfkare m%ñ;shla ye`Èkaùu

² bxðfkare m%ñ;s iy msßú;r w;rfjki

² bxðfkare m%ñ;s iy msßú;r u.skaNdKavfha fyda fiajdfõ we;s njiy;sl flfrk .=K

² wdrlaId iys; nj

² úYajdkSh;ajh

² Wiia ;;a;ajh

² ksIamdokfha § wju kdia;sh iyfodaaI

² by< M,odhS;ajh

² bxðfkare m%ñ;s iy msßú;riïmdokh

² fmdÿfõ Ndú; jk m%ñ;s iy msßú;r

² ISO

² SLS / BS

² ICTAD

² Building regulations

² bÈlsÍï lafIa;%fha úúO wxY iòydwod< bxðfkare m%ñ;s yd msßú;r

² ICTAD - f.dvke.s,s" uyd ud¾."jdß ud¾. wdÈh iòyd m%ñ;s

² SLS, BS f.dvke.s,s øjH iòydm%ñ;s iïu; uekqï l%u

² Building regulations f.dvke.s,sie,iqï lsÍug wod< kS;s

² ISO bÈlsÍï l<uKdlrKhgwod< m%ñ;s yd msßú;r


16

6'1' ìï uekqfïuQ,O¾u (Principlesof surveying)meyeÈ,s lrhs'

6'2 ìï uekqfï oSNdú; jk úúOñkqï j¾. (Types ofmeasurements) iy tai|yd fhdod .kakdWmlrK (Surveyinginstruments) j¾.kï lrhs'

² ìï uekqu hkq l=ula o@ hkak ks¾jpkhlrhs'

² l=vd bvul we;s jia;+kaf.a idfmalaImsysàu lvodishl we| fmkajhs'

² ìï uekqfï uQ,sl uQ,O¾u meyeos,s lrhs'

² ksYaÑ; ia:dk foll isg fjk;aia:dkhl idfmalaI msysàu lvodishla u;m%ia;dßlj ,l=Kq lrhs'

² os. uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd WmlrK"tajdfha kHdhhka iy WmlrKj,ksrjoH;dj ixikaokh lrhs'

02

02

6'0 l=vd bvulauek tys ìïie,eiaulamßudKhgwe`o wjYHf;dr;=reiu. bÈßm;alrhs'

² ìï uekqu ks¾jpkh

² N+ñh u; msysá jia;=kaf.a idfmalaImsysàu (Relative position)'

² úYd, jmißhl isg l=vd jmißhlaolajd uekSfï uq,O¾uh

(Work from whole to part principle)'

² fmdf<dj u; we;s ksYaÑ; ia:dkfollg idfmalaIj fjk;aia:dkhl msysàu ksrEmKh lsÍfïuQ, O¾uh'

1' os. ñkqï folla u.ska

(By two distances)

2' os.la iy wka;¾.; fldaKh u.ska (By a distance and an angle)

3' fldAK folla u.ska

(By two angles)

4' ,ïnl ÿr u.ska

(By the perpendicular distance)

² os. uekSu (Linear measurements)

WmlrK#

ñkqï máh ^Tape&"

oïje,a ̂Chain&"

;%sfldaKñ;sl l%uh

(Trignometry method)"

bf,lafg%dksl l%uh

(Electronic method)

06


17

03

² fldaK uekSu (Angular measurements)

fldaK j¾. # isria ;,fha fldaK'(Vertical angles)

;sria ;,fha fldaK

(Horizontal angles)

² wNHka;r fldaK

(Interior angles)

² ndysr fldaK (Deflection angles)

² os.xYh (Bearings)

² WmlrK ² wdk;sudkh

(Clinometer)

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj(Theodolite)

² os. uekSfï oS we;s jk fodaI (Errors)

² uQ,dxl fodaI

² ñkqï máfha m%idrKh ksidwe;sjk fodaI

² ñkqï máh ;sria j ;nd fkd.ekSuksid we;s jk fodaI'

² ñkqï lshùfï oS iy igykalsÍfï oS we;sjk fodaI

² fldaK uekSfï oS we;sjk fodaI

² WmlrK ksjerosj ia:dk.;fkdlsÍu ksid we;sjk fodaI

² ñkqï lshùfï § iy igyka lsÍfïoS we;sjk fodaI

² ;sria iy isria ;,j, fldaK fhdod.ksñka .`.l m<," .il Wi .Kkhlrhs'

² os. uekSfï oS we;sjk fodaI ms<sn| úia;rlrhs'

² fldaK uekSfï § we;sjk fodaI ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

6'3 ìï uekqfï §Wmfhda.S jk os.iy fldaK uekSfïoS we;sjk fodaI ydtu fodaI ksjerÈlsÍfï l%shdj,shwkq.ukh lrhs'


18

6'4 oïje,a uekqïl%uh uekqïlafIa;%fha §m%dfhda.slj fhdod

.kshs'

² kdNs.; lsÍfï fodaI

² wiïmd; fodaI

² fodaI wju lsÍug fhdok ms<shï

² uQ,dxl fodaI mßlaIdj iyWmlrKj, wxl fYdaOkh

(Calibration)

² WmlrK kshñ; ;;a;aj hgf;amuKla fhdod .ekSu'

² os.ska jeä ñkqï" fldgiskafldgi uekSu'

² msßlaiqï f¾Ld Ndú;h

² o;a; igyka lsÍug fmr kej;jrla mÍlaId lsÍu'

² wjidk fodaIh (Final error) .KkhlsÍu

² wNHka;r iy ndysr fldaKj,tl;=j u.ska

² m%ia;dßl l%uh u.ska

² wjidk fodaIh m%Odk ñkqï fmd<j,aw;r fnod yeÍu'

² m%ia;dßl l%uh u.ska

² iudkqmd;sl l%uh u.ska'

² ;s%fldaKSlrKh(Triangulation )

² oïje,a uekqfï § fhfok mo

² uekqï f¾Ldj (Survey line)

² m%Odk uekqï ia:dkh

(Main survey station)

² fodaI wju lsÍug ms<shï fhdohs'

² hï uekqula i|yd wjidk fodaIh .Kkhlrhs'

² wjidk fodaIh ñkqï ia:dk w;r fnodfodaI rys; is;shula ms<sfh, lrhs'

² l=vd bvula ;%sfldaK lsysmhlg fjka lroïje,a uekqfï uQ,sl kHdh úia;r lrhs'

² oïje,a uekqfï oS fhfok moj, f;areïiy tajdfha Ndú;h úia;r lrhs'

08


19

² wkq ,laIH (Subsidiary points )

² wdOdrl f¾Ldj (Base line)

² wkq ,ïn (Offsets) -

,ïnl (Perpendicular offsets)"

we, wkq,ïn (Oblique offfsets)

² lafIa;% fmd;- (Field book)

;ks f¾Çh igyka l%uh

(Single line booking)

oaú;aj f¾Ld l%uh'( Double line booking)

² oïje,a uekqfï § fhdod.kakdWmlrK

² f,day ñkqï máh

(Metallic tape)

² fm< .ekajqï o`vq

(Surveying poles)

² ,S l+[a[

(Wooden pegs)

² fCIa;% fmd;

² oïje,a uekqul mshjr

² uekqï m%foaYh msßlaiSu(Reconnaissance)

² lgq igykl

(Prospection diagram) jeo.;af;dr;=re i,l=Kq lsÍu

² oïje,a uekqu i|yd Ndú;hg .kakdWmlrK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

² oïje,a uekqï l%uh Ndú; lr l=vd ìïfldgila uek tys is;shu ms<sfh, lrhs'


20

6'5 uÜgï .ekSu(Levelling) iïnkaOuQ,sldx. úu¾Ykhlrhs'

² N+ñh u; uekqï fmd<j,a ,l=KqlsÍu'

² ;%sfldaKj, mdohkaf.a os. iyf;dr;=re i|yd ñkqï .ekSu iytajd igyka lsÍu'

² is;shu i|yd .e,fmk mßudKh(Scale) f;dard .ekSu'

² is;shu ms<sfh, lsÍu'

² uÜgï .ekSu ms<sn`o ks¾jpkh(Definition of levelling)

² N+ñfha Wi iïnkaO ñkqu fhdod.kakd wjia:d

² N+ñfha Wi m%ia;dßlj oelaùu'

² ifudaÉP f¾Ld is;shu

(Contour map)

² oslalv (Longitudinal section)

² jeo.;a ,laIHhkaf.a WÉphka(Spot height)

² uÜgï .ekSu hkq l=ula o hkakks¾jpkh lrhs'

² zz N+ñfha WiZZ ñkqï fhdod .kakd wjia:dúia;r lrhs'

² N+ñfha Wi m%ia;dßlj ksrEmKh lr we;súúO wdldrhka rEm weiqßka olajhs'

03


21

² uÜgï .ekSfï oS Ndú; jk mo úia;rlsÍug rEm igyka w|shs'

² uÜgï .ekSug Ndú; lrk WmlrK i|ydwdlD;s bosßm;a lrhs'

uÜgï .ekSfï § Ndú; jk mo

² uÜgï mDIaGh (Level surface)

² uOHkHh uqyqÿ uÜgu

(Mean sea level)

² ;sria ;,h (Horizontal surface)

² isria ;,h (Vertical surface)

² W!ks; uÜgu (Reduced level)

² ms,a ,l=Kq (Bench marks)

² iudka;r f¾Ldj" (Parallel line)

² ÿr olakfha wlaIh

(Axis of the telescope)"

² nqnq`M k<fha wlaIh(Axis of the tube bubble)

² fmr o¾Ykh (Fore sight)

² miq o¾Ykh (Back sight)"

² w;rueos o¾Ykh(Intermediate sight)

² yerjqï ,laIHh (Turning point)

² WmlrKfha Wi

(Height of the instrument)

² kdNs.; lsÍu (Focussing)

² ke.au ̂Rise&

² neiau ̂Fall&

² uÜgï .ekSu i|yd wjYH WmlrK

² uÜgï .ekSfï m%Odk WmlrKh^Level&

² uÜgï háh ̂Levelling staff&

² f,j,a fmd; ^Level book&


22

² flá ud¾. fldgil osla lvla m%ia;drlvodishl ksrEmKh lrhs'

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqjl l%shdldÍ;ajh úia;r lrhs'

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqjl ld¾hNdrh fhdod .ekSï,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

² ;sria fldaK iy isria fldaK fhdod .ksñka.Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

² uÜgï .kakd ia:dk y÷kd .ekSu

² WmlrK ia:dk.; lsÍu

(Setting the level) yd

tys ;djld,sl ieliqï

(Temporary adjustments)

² ñkqï lshùu iy igyka lsÍu

(Data reading and recording)

² .Kkh lsÍï iy we|Sï

(Calculation and drawing)

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqjl uQ,sldx.

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqjl fldgia y÷kd.ekSu

² mßl%uK (Traversing)

újD; mrsl%uK (Open traversing)

ixjD; mrsl%uK (Closed traversing)

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqjl l%shdldÍ;ajh

² ;shfvd,hsÜgq uekqfï oS Ndú; jkmo

² ;sria ;,h (Horizontal surface)isria ;,h (Vertical surface)

² ÿr olakfha wlaIh

(Axis of the telescope)

² nqnq`M k<h (Tube bubble)

² ;sria fldaK (Horizontal angles)

² isria fldaK (Vertical angles)

06

03

6'6 osla lvla ms<sfh,lsßug uÜgï.ekSfï isoaOdka;hNdú;hg .kshs'

6'7;shfvd,hsÜgquekqfï (Theodolitesurveying) uQ,sldx.úu¾Ykh lrhs'


23

² ;shfvd,hsÜgq uekqug wjYH WmlrKmska;+r ud¾.fhka úia;r lrhs'

² ;shfvd,hsgqj Ndú;fhka l=vd bvulaukshs'

² bvfï ìï ieleiau mßudKhg w|shs'

² bvfï j¾.M,h .Kkh lrhs'

086'8 ;shfvd,hsÜgquekqu (Theodolitesurveying) lafIa;%fha§ m%dfhda.slj fhdod.kshs

wjYH WmlrK

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj iy tys we;=<;fldgia

² fm< .eiaùfï o~q (Surveying poles)

² f,day ñkqï máh (Metallic tape)

² ,S l+[a[ (Wooden pegs)

² fCIa;% fmd; (Field book)

² we|Sfï WmlrK

(Drawing instruments)

² uekqï m%foaYh msßlaiSu

(Reconnaissance)

² lgq igykl (Prospection diagram)jeo.;a úia;r ,l=Kq lsÍu

² uekqï ia:dk y÷kd .ekSu iy tajdlgq igyfka ,l=Kq lsÍu

² N+ñh u; uekqï ia:dk i,l=Kq lsÍu'

² WmlrK ia:dk.; lsÍu

(Setting the instrument)

² ;djld,sl ieliqï

(Temporary adjustments)

² fldAK lshùï iy ,l=Kq lsÍï

² uekqï ia:dk w;r ÿr uekSu

² jeo.;a úia;r i|yd ñkqï ,nd .ekSu(Offsets)

² wjidk fodAIh .Kkh lsÍu

(Final error calculation)


24

² fodaI fnod yeÍu (Error distribution)

² wjidk ie,eiau we|Su

(Drawing the plan)

² N+ñfha j¾.M,h .Kkh lsÍu' -;%sfldaKSlrKh (Triangulation)


25

10

15

07 f.dvke.s,sie,iqï wkqj"iïu; ñkqïl%u Ndú;lrñka m%udKì,a m;a ilialr msßjeh.Kkh lrhs'

7'1 ie,iqï m;a wkqjiïu; ñkqï l%uNdú; lrñka m%udKì,a m;%hlailia lrhs'

7'2 m%udK ì,a m;%hlawkqj tall ñ<.Kkh lrhs'

² m%udK iólaIlfhl=f.a ,shlshú,s² we;=<;a lsÍfï iïu;hka² iïu; ñKqï l%uh² m%Odk jev whs;u iòyd m%udK

.ekSu'² ÿq`vqm;a ieliSu'² m%udK ì,a m;%hl m%Odk fldgia² ì,a m;a ieliSfï l%u² ì,a m;a ieliSu

² ish,a, wvx.= ñ< .Kkh lrhs'

² wuqøjH ñ<

² Y%u úhoï

² hka;% l=,sh

² uQ,sl tall ñ<" o< tall ñ<

(Net unit rate, Gross unit rate)

² tall ñ<l we;=<;a fldgia

² ,dN iy Wäia úhoï

(Profits and over heads)

² tall ñ< .Kkh

² m%udK iólaIlfhl=g w;HjYH jk,shlshú,s kï lrhs'

² m%Odk jev whs;u iòyd iïu; ñkqïl%u wkq.ukh lrñka m%udK .Kkhlrhs'

² tall ñ< iy o< tall ñ< ms<snò jiei`§ula lrhs'

² fok ,o f;dr;=re wkqj m%Odk jevwhs;u iòyd tall ñ< .Kkh lrhs'

07


26

8'1 jHjidhl;ajh$jHjidhlhd iyl<ukdlrKhms<sn|ks¾jpkhkameyeÈ,s lrhs'

8'2 l<ukdlrK Ys%;meyeos,s lrhs'

8'3 jHjidhlfhl=f.afm!reI ,CIKúYaf,aIKh lrúia;r lrhs'

8'4 jHdmdrhlfj<|fmd< ydmßirh úia;rlrhs'

08' 08 id¾:ljHdmdrhlai|ydjHjidhl-;ajh iyl<ukdlrKl%u M,ÞhSf,i fhdÞ.kshs'

² jHjidhl;ajh ks¾jpkh

² jHjidhlhd ks¾jpkh

² l<ukdlrKh ks¾jpkh

² l<ukdlrK Y%s;

² ie,iqïlrKh

² ixúOdklrKh

² kdhllrKh

² md,kh

² jHjidhlfhl=f.a fm!reI ,CIK

² wNHka;rhg keUqre jQ fm!reIh

² jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug we;sby< Yla;sh

² ndOl ú|ord .ekSfï Yla;sh

² b,lal ,`.d lr .eksfïwNs,dIh

² wd;au úYajdih

² blaukska ld,h .;jk njwjfndaOh

² fj<| fmd<lg n,mdk uQ,sl idOl

² b,aü ;SrKh ùug n,mdkidOl

² iemhqu ;SrKh ùug n,mdkidOl

² b,aü yd iemhqu u.ska ñ, ;SrKhùu

02

02

02

03

² jHjidhl;ajh" jHjidhlhd ydl<ukdlrKh hk ixl,am ksjerosjúia;r lrhs'

² jHjidhlfhl=g l<uKdlrKfha we;swjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

² l=vd jHdmdrhla id¾:lj l<ukdlrKhlr .ekSug wjYH l<ukdlrK Ys%;úia;r lrhs

² l<ukdlrK Y%s; l=vd jHdmdrhlgfhdod.kakd wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² jHjidhlfhl=f.a fm!reI ,laIK úia;rlrhs'

² jHjidhlfhl=f.a hym;a fm!reI ,laIKwdfrdamKh lr .kshs'

² b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% u.ska ñ, ;SrKhjk wdldrh yd b,aüg yd iemhqugn,mdk idOlj, úp,Hhka ksid ñ,fjkiajk wdldrh m%ia;dßlj úia;rlrhs'


27

8'5 jHdmdrhlgn,mdk iQCIumßir idOlúia;r lrhs'

8'6 jHdmdrhlgn,mdk id¾jmßirh úia;rlrhs'

8'7 wf,úlrKie,iqula ilialsÍfï mshjrúia;r lrhs'

² jHdmdrhlg n,mdk iQCIu mßiridOl

² wdh;kh yd m%;sm;a;s

² .kqfokqlrefjda

² iemhqïlrefjda

² ;r`.lrefjda

² fnodyeÍfï ud¾.

² uyckhd

² jHdmdrhlg n,mdk id¾j mßirfhaixrpl

² m%cd uQ,sl idOl

² iajNdúl mßirh

² foaYmd,k idOl

² wd¾Ól idOl

² iudchSh idOl

² ;dCIKsl idOl

² wf,úlrK ie,iqul uQ,slmshjrhka'² iuia; wruqK² wf,úlrK ú.Kkh

² m%;Yÿ ú.%yh

² wf,úlrK wruqKq

² wf,úlrK Wmdh ud¾.

² wf,úlrK jevigyka

² l%shd;aul lsÍu

² md,kh

² jHdmdrhlg n,mdk iQCIu mßir idOly÷kd .ekSu ;=<ska iQCIu mßirh l=vdjHdmdrhlg n,mdk wdldrh úia;r lrolajhs'

² jHdmdrhlg n,mdk id¾j mßir idOll=vd jHdmdrhlg n,mdk wdldrh úia;rlrhs'

² wf,úlrK ie,eiaul we;s wjYH;djfmkajd fohs'

² wf,úlrK ie,iqula ilia lsÍfï uQ,slmshjrhka wjfndaO lr.ekSu ;=<skawf,úlrK ie,iqula ilia lrhs'

01

01

04


28

8'8 wf,úlrKie,iqulwka;¾.;h úia;rlr wf,úlrKie,iqula ilidbÈßm;a lrhs'

8'9 uQ,H ie,iqulams<s.;a wdlD;shlgwkqj ilidbÈßm;a lrhs'

² wf,úlrK ie,iqul wka;¾.;h'

² úOdhl idrdxYh

² j¾;udk wf,úlrK ;;a;ajh

² m%;Yÿ ú.%yh

² wruqKq yd isoaëka

² Wmdh ud¾.

² jev igyka

² wh- jeh

² md,kh

² uQ,H ie,iqï ks¾jpkh

² wfmalaIs; wdodhï m%ldYh

² wfmalaIs; úhoï m%ldYh

² wfmalaIs; ,dN w,dN .sKqu

² wfmalaIs; fYaI m;%h

² wfmalaIs; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh

² ,dN iuÉfþok ,laIHh .KkhlsÍu

² l=vd jHdmdrhlg wf,úlrK ie,iqulams<s.;a wdlD;shlg wkqj ilid bÈßm;alrhs'

² uQ,H ie,iqu hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs

² jHjidhlfhl=g uQ,H ie,iqul we;sjeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² wdodhï m%ldYh ms<s.;a wdlD;shla wkqjilid bÈßm;a lrhs'

² úhoï m%ldYh ms<s.;a wdlD;shla wkqjilid bÈßm;a lrhs'

² wfmalaIs; ,dN w,dN .sKqu ms<sfh, lrhs

² wfmalaIs; fYaI m;%h ms<sfh, lrhs

² wfmalaIs; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh ms<sfh,lrhs

² ,dN iuÉfþok ,laIHh .Kkh lrhs

² l=vd jHdmdrhlg wod< uQ,H ie,iqulailia lrhs'

02

04


29

² ;ks$ yjq,a jHdmdrhl m%Odk kS;suh,shú,s

² tal mqoa.,$yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmosxÑh wdY%s; kS;suh miqìu ydwdlD;s

² tal mqoa.,$yjq,a jHdmdrhl ,dNfnoSu" yjq,a lrejka nòjd .ekSu ydúiqrejd yeÍu ms<sn| úfYaI kS;s

² jHdmdrhlg wod<jk iodpdrd;aulyd iudchSh idOl jHdmdrhlgn,mdk wdldrh

² jHdmdrhl iudc i;aldrl j.lSu

² jHdmdrsl wjia:d yd jHdmdr iòydn,mdk ;¾ck

8'10 jHdmdrhlgn,mdk kS;suhiudchSh ydiodpdrd;aulidOl y`ÿkdf.ktu idOlj,n,mEu ksidwe;sjk jHdmdßlwjia:d yd;¾ckj,g uqyqKfok wdldrhúia;r lrhs'

² jHdmdrhlg n,mdk kS;suh" iudchSh ydiodpdrd;aul idOl kï lrhs'

² tal mqoa., fyda yjq,a jHdmdrhlg n,mdkm%Odk kS;suh ,shú,s bÈßm;a lrhs'

² tal mqoa., fyda yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmosxÑlsßu ms<snò j úia;r lrhs'

² tal mqoa., fyda yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmosxÑlsÍug wjYH wdlD;s f;dard .kshs'

² tal mqoa., fyda yjq,a jHdmdrhlg wod<jn,mdk iqúfYaIs; kS;s úia;r lrhs'

² jHdmdrhlg n,mdk iudchSh ydiodpdrd;aul idOlj, n,mEu wjfndaOlr .ekSu ;=<ska id¾:lj jHdmdrslmrsirhg uqyqK fokafka flfiao hkakúia;r lrhs'

² jHdmdrhl iudc i;aldrl j.lSu iy tyswe;s jeo.;alu ;yjqre lrhs'

² kS;suh iudchSh yd iodpdrd;aulidOlj, n,mEu ksid we;sjk wjodkïy÷kd f.k ;¾ckj,g uqyqK fohs'

04

bxðfkare ;dlaikfõoh · 2016. 6. 29. · ta i|yd mdgud,d 40 la muk úyajúohd, ish,a, ;=< u...

Documents