Research Question: Research Question:

Will the role/importance of Chinese Will the role/importance of Chinese Immigrants in enhancing US-China relations Immigrants in enhancing US-China relations

increase or decrease in the future?increase or decrease in the future? 研究題目研究題目 : : 中國中國移民移民的角色與重要性能促進或減的角色與重要性能促進或減弱將來的弱將來的中中美關係嗎美關係嗎 ??

By CHUNG Fong Ting MAK Sue AnnBy CHUNG Fong Ting MAK Sue Ann

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 簡介簡介 unforeseeable future of US-China unforeseeable future of US-China

relations relations 不可預知的中美關係前景不可預知的中美關係前景 Chinese Immigrants Chinese Immigrants 中國移民中國移民

– first generation of Chinese immigrants to first generation of Chinese immigrants to the US and American born Chinesethe US and American born Chinese第一代中國人移民到美國及在美國土生土長第一代中國人移民到美國及在美國土生土長的中國人的中國人

How can they affect the bilateral How can they affect the bilateral ties? ties? 中國移民如何影響中美雙邊關係中國移民如何影響中美雙邊關係

Can Chinese Immigrants play a role Can Chinese Immigrants play a role to lessen a possible rupture of to lessen a possible rupture of relations?relations?中國移民能否減輕中美關係之間的磨擦中國移民能否減輕中美關係之間的磨擦

1. Examine political roles & non-1. Examine political roles & non-governmental/non-political rolesgovernmental/non-political roles剖析政治角色剖析政治角色 , , 非政府非政府 // 政治角色政治角色

2. Some opposing forces and barriers 2. Some opposing forces and barriers 反對力量及障礙反對力量及障礙

3. Predict the possible transformation 3. Predict the possible transformation in their rolesin their roles預測其角色變化預測其角色變化

Discussion Discussion 討論討論- General picture - General picture 概述概述

““Historical, demographical and Historical, demographical and attitudinal” factors determine the attitudinal” factors determine the

Chinese American political “silence”.Chinese American political “silence”.歷史歷史 , , 人口學人口學 , , 態度上的因素引致中國移民態度上的因素引致中國移民的政治靜默的政治靜默

1. 1. Historically Historically 歷史因素歷史因素 racism and exclusionism, minority groupracism and exclusionism, minority group

種族歧視及排擠種族歧視及排擠 political participation after World War 2 and the Cold political participation after World War 2 and the Cold

War War 二次大戰及冷戰後的政治參與情況二次大戰及冷戰後的政治參與情況

Number of immigrants increasedNumber of immigrants increased移民數目上升移民數目上升

We can expect this number to continue increasing We can expect this number to continue increasing 移民數目將繼續上升移民數目將繼續上升

2. 2. Demographically Demographically 人口學因素人口學因素 quality and quantity of Chinese increase- more quality and quantity of Chinese increase- more

participationparticipation 中國移民質量及數量均上升 中國移民質量及數量均上升 – – 更多政治參與 更多政治參與

3. Attitudinal Factor 3. Attitudinal Factor 態度上的因素態度上的因素 Attitudinal factor brought up refers to one’s attitude Attitudinal factor brought up refers to one’s attitude

towards the government and its policies. towards the government and its policies. 對政府與政制的態度對政府與政制的態度

4. Other barriers 4. Other barriers 其他障礙其他障礙 language barriers (for first generation immigrants), language barriers (for first generation immigrants), 語言障礙 語言障礙 (( 尤指第一代中國移民尤指第一代中國移民 )) anti-Asian violence and discrimination, anti-Asian violence and discrimination, 反華暴力反華暴力 , , 華人歧視華人歧視 lack of political participation and representation, lack of political participation and representation, 缺乏政治參與感及政治代表缺乏政治參與感及政治代表 lack of group identity and lack of consensus on issues. lack of group identity and lack of consensus on issues. 缺乏團體認知及對事物的交流與輿論缺乏團體認知及對事物的交流與輿論

Discussion Discussion 討論討論- political participation - political participation 政治參與政治參與

Non electoral activities like lobbying, Non electoral activities like lobbying, litigation and protests have not proven to litigation and protests have not proven to be very effectivebe very effective非選舉性活動包括非選舉性活動包括 :: 遊說團遊說團 , , 訴訟訴訟 , , 抗議 抗議 - - 沒有沒有效用 效用

Electoral politics- more effective Electoral politics- more effective 選舉性活動 選舉性活動 – – 比較有效比較有效

Statistics have shown that political participation had Statistics have shown that political participation had increased in general in all areas for Chinese Americansincreased in general in all areas for Chinese Americans統計顯示所有中國移民地區的政治參與都有增長統計顯示所有中國移民地區的政治參與都有增長

But not as yet been able to present themselves as a But not as yet been able to present themselves as a formidable, unified force in the American political arenaformidable, unified force in the American political arena但未能於美國的政治舞台上表逹其威力及團結力量但未能於美國的政治舞台上表逹其威力及團結力量

effective and direct way for a minority group to further its effective and direct way for a minority group to further its collective interests collective interests 對弱勢社群來說較為有效及直接的方法以爭取集體利益對弱勢社群來說較為有效及直接的方法以爭取集體利益

run for public office or become politically appointed officialsrun for public office or become politically appointed officials為公共政府機關運作或成為被委任的官員為公共政府機關運作或成為被委任的官員 as latest statistics show that a record number of Asian as latest statistics show that a record number of Asian

Americans have been running for political office Americans have been running for political office 最新統計數字顯示有一定數量的中國移民一直在辦政治機關最新統計數字顯示有一定數量的中國移民一直在辦政治機關

Gary Locke, ex-Governor of Gary Locke, ex-Governor of WashingtonWashington駱家輝 駱家輝 – – 前華盛頓州長前華盛頓州長

Elain L.Chao, appointed by Bush as Elain L.Chao, appointed by Bush as Secretary of labourSecretary of labour趙小蘭 趙小蘭 – – 被布殊委任為勞工部部長被布殊委任為勞工部部長

But still severely underrepresented in the But still severely underrepresented in the national Congressnational Congress但在國會中仍只能代表極少數但在國會中仍只能代表極少數

To sum, the Chinese involvement in the To sum, the Chinese involvement in the various political dimensions, one may say various political dimensions, one may say they have generally improved but with they have generally improved but with many barriers to struggle through many barriers to struggle through 總括來說總括來說 , , 中國人於各方面政治參與上有改進但中國人於各方面政治參與上有改進但仍有很多障礙仍有很多障礙

Discussion Discussion 討論討論- Organizations - Organizations 機構方面機構方面

80-20 Political Action Committee80-20 Political Action Committee80-2080-20 亞裔美國人政治行動委員會亞裔美國人政治行動委員會

alleviate the bloc voting problem alleviate the bloc voting problem 緩和團體投票問題緩和團體投票問題 achieved monumental importance for Asian achieved monumental importance for Asian

AmericansAmericans於亞裔美國人非常重要於亞裔美國人非常重要 but it has been labeled by some as pro-Democratbut it has been labeled by some as pro-Democrat但被某些支持民主黨人仕所標籤但被某些支持民主黨人仕所標籤

Committee of-100Committee of-100 百人會百人會 seeks to enhance US-China relations seeks to enhance US-China relations

尋求中美關係踴進尋求中美關係踴進 surveys of people’s views on Chinasurveys of people’s views on China

意見調查意見調查 : : 人們對中國的看法人們對中國的看法 supporting Chinese Americans to play a bigger role in supporting Chinese Americans to play a bigger role in

American societyAmerican society支持中國移民在美國社會扮演更大的角色支持中國移民在美國社會扮演更大的角色

organizing organizing cultural exchanges to improve relations cultural exchanges to improve relations 舉辦文化交流團以促進關係發展舉辦文化交流團以促進關係發展

recognized by both governments of Greater China recognized by both governments of Greater China and the US and the US 中國政府及美國政府均承認中國政府及美國政府均承認

Discussion Discussion 討論討論- Characteristics found in successful Asian - Characteristics found in successful Asian

American political candidatesAmerican political candidates 成功成功亞裔美國人的特質亞裔美國人的特質 second, third and later generation second, third and later generation

Americans Americans 多為第二代多為第二代 , , 第三代及較近代第三代及較近代

spoke with an American accentspoke with an American accent有美國口音有美國口音

absence of anti-immigrant sentiment in absence of anti-immigrant sentiment in their communities their communities 在所活動地區沒有反移民情緒在所活動地區沒有反移民情緒

prediction was also made that the rising prediction was also made that the rising breed of Asian American politicians will be breed of Asian American politicians will be of Chinese and Filipino descent of Chinese and Filipino descent 有預測顯示越來越多亞裔美國從政者為中國或菲有預測顯示越來越多亞裔美國從政者為中國或菲律賓藉律賓藉

elected from majority white districts elected from majority white districts leaves the Asian candidate not much leaves the Asian candidate not much choice but to serve the people in his choice but to serve the people in his district above his ethnic mates.district above his ethnic mates.亞裔從政者於白人社區當選後多於沒有選擇的情亞裔從政者於白人社區當選後多於沒有選擇的情況下服務該區人民況下服務該區人民 , , 而非其本身種族的人民而非其本身種族的人民

Nancy Yao in “From Apathy to Inquiry and Nancy Yao in “From Apathy to Inquiry and Activism”Activism”

American born Chinese (ABCs) as American born Chinese (ABCs) as important actors in US-China relations.important actors in US-China relations.美國華僑於中美關係扮演著重要角色美國華僑於中美關係扮演著重要角色

interest in US-China relations is increasing interest in US-China relations is increasing with an increasing sense of pride to be of with an increasing sense of pride to be of Chinese descent, business opportunities Chinese descent, business opportunities with China and more favourable with China and more favourable sentiments regarding Chinese traditionsentiments regarding Chinese tradition隨著中國人對於身為中國人的身份感到驕傲隨著中國人對於身為中國人的身份感到驕傲 , , 中中國的貿易發展機會國的貿易發展機會 , , 以及越來越多人對中國傳統以及越來越多人對中國傳統的濃厚興趣的濃厚興趣 , , 中美關係受到很大的關注中美關係受到很大的關注

US soft power?US soft power?美國美國””軟權力軟權力””

Discussion Discussion 討論討論- non-governmental actors - non-governmental actors 非政務人仕非政務人仕

Chinese American familiesChinese American families美藉華人家庭美藉華人家庭 Haiming Liu calls them “Trans-Pacific Haiming Liu calls them “Trans-Pacific

Families” Families” 廖海明稱其為越洋家庭廖海明稱其為越洋家庭 family networks around the globe in family networks around the globe in

addition to their economic poweraddition to their economic power全球家庭網及其經濟權力全球家庭網及其經濟權力

new family pattern that transcends national new family pattern that transcends national boundaries as they travel back and forth across boundaries as they travel back and forth across the Pacific, maintaining involvement in both the Pacific, maintaining involvement in both societies for decades.societies for decades.新家庭模式新家庭模式 : : 當他們在這幾十年間穿梭兩岸當他們在這幾十年間穿梭兩岸 , , 便超越了便超越了國際界限國際界限

economic relations- provide the gateway for economic relations- provide the gateway for Americans and mainland Chinese who want to Americans and mainland Chinese who want to penetrate into each other’s market.penetrate into each other’s market.經貿關係經貿關係 : : 提供門户讓有興趣的中美人仕可打進對方市提供門户讓有興趣的中美人仕可打進對方市場場

capacity to influence relations on both capacity to influence relations on both sides sides 有影響雙方面的空間有影響雙方面的空間

student immigrants and professional student immigrants and professional immigrants in the fields of science, immigrants in the fields of science, technology and businesstechnology and business科技科技 , , 科學及商業方面的學生移民及專業移民科學及商業方面的學生移民及專業移民

Even after this group of immigrants Even after this group of immigrants becomes naturalized US citizens, their becomes naturalized US citizens, their deep roots in China tend to see their deep roots in China tend to see their future connected to China. future connected to China. 即使這批移民成為了美國公民後仍視其將來與中即使這批移民成為了美國公民後仍視其將來與中國有重大關係國有重大關係

many Chinese professionals who are many Chinese professionals who are sought by US businesses to head offices in sought by US businesses to head offices in China because of their knowledge and China because of their knowledge and language abilitylanguage ability許多中國專業人才因其知識及語言能力被美國公許多中國專業人才因其知識及語言能力被美國公司委派管理其中國辦事處司委派管理其中國辦事處

become non-governmental ambassadors through become non-governmental ambassadors through their fieldstheir fields透過其專業領域成為非政務大使透過其專業領域成為非政務大使

merged into mainstream politicsmerged into mainstream politics聯合成主流政策聯合成主流政策 through increased trade between the two countries, through increased trade between the two countries,

China becomes more important to US businesses, China becomes more important to US businesses, which in turn form a kind of “China Lobby”which in turn form a kind of “China Lobby”透過中美之間的貿易增長透過中美之間的貿易增長 , , 中國對美國商貿變得越來越重中國對美國商貿變得越來越重要要 , , 從而形成了中國遊說團體從而形成了中國遊說團體

Racial Politics in an era of transnational Racial Politics in an era of transnational citizenship” – Michael Changcitizenship” – Michael Chang

“ “跨國藉公民年代的種族政策跨國藉公民年代的種族政策””

argues that transnational citizenship will argues that transnational citizenship will have American elites view them as threatshave American elites view them as threats跨國藉公民會被美國本土精英視為威脅跨國藉公民會被美國本土精英視為威脅 . .

mainstream ideology in the USmainstream ideology in the US美國的理想主義美國的理想主義

national disloyaltynational disloyalty民族性的不忠民族性的不忠

explains why Chinese Americans have not explains why Chinese Americans have not been directly involved in foreign policy been directly involved in foreign policy makingmaking解釋為何美藉華僑並未直接參與組織外國政策解釋為何美藉華僑並未直接參與組織外國政策

Xiaojian Zhao Xiaojian Zhao ethnic press ethnic press

種族壓迫種族壓迫 reflects the prevailing attitudes of reflects the prevailing attitudes of

Chinese Americans toward China Chinese Americans toward China related issues. related issues. 反映美藉華僑對中國有關問題的普遍態度反映美藉華僑對中國有關問題的普遍態度

Eg- Taiwan IssueEg- Taiwan Issue例如 例如 – – 台灣問題台灣問題

Discussion- Opposing forcesDiscussion- Opposing forces Taiwan Lobby Taiwan Lobby 台灣遊說團台灣遊說團 enhancing Taiwan’s security and enhancing Taiwan’s security and

promoting its international statuspromoting its international status增強台灣的安全及宣傳其國際地位增強台灣的安全及宣傳其國際地位 can lobby against too friendly policies for can lobby against too friendly policies for

China China 能針對對於中國太好的政策加以遊說能針對對於中國太好的政策加以遊說

consists of a number of well-organized consists of a number of well-organized organizations likeorganizations like

the Formosan Association for Public Affairs (FAPA)the Formosan Association for Public Affairs (FAPA)台灣人民公共事務會台灣人民公共事務會

the Taiwanese Chamber of Commerce of North America the Taiwanese Chamber of Commerce of North America (TCCNA)(TCCNA)北美洲台灣商會聯合總會北美洲台灣商會聯合總會

the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO)(TECRO)駐美台北經濟文化代表處駐美台北經濟文化代表處

zero/sum gamezero/sum game非勝即敗的遊戲非勝即敗的遊戲

Falun Gong supportersFalun Gong supporters法輪功支持者法輪功支持者 Anti-communistsAnti-communists反共主義者反共主義者 Tibet and Xinjiang separatist Tibet and Xinjiang separatist 西藏及新疆分離主義者西藏及新疆分離主義者 To sum, disunity among Chinese going to To sum, disunity among Chinese going to

pose a threat to improvement in relations- pose a threat to improvement in relations- no collective action no collective action 總括來說總括來說 , , 中國人的不團結將會為中美關係的改中國人的不團結將會為中美關係的改善帶來威脅善帶來威脅

Findings Findings 研究結果研究結果- Possibilities- Possibilities 有關的可能性有關的可能性

Most likely possibility Most likely possibility 最具可能性的發展最具可能性的發展 importance of Chinese Immigrants in the importance of Chinese Immigrants in the

non-governmental sector will increase the non-governmental sector will increase the fastest fastest 美藉華僑在非政務部門的重要性快速地增長美藉華僑在非政務部門的重要性快速地增長

less political, that makes it less susceptible to less political, that makes it less susceptible to political attacks from the Taiwan or Tibet Lobby political attacks from the Taiwan or Tibet Lobby or those in America who have taken up the or those in America who have taken up the “China threat” view“China threat” view較少政治性較少政治性 , , 以致於較少被台灣遊說團以致於較少被台灣遊說團 ,, 西藏遊說團或美西藏遊說團或美國視中國為威脅的看法的人仕所影響國視中國為威脅的看法的人仕所影響

Chang’s argument- political terms; which should Chang’s argument- political terms; which should not impact non-governmental actors. not impact non-governmental actors. 張氏一書的論據均圍繞政治範圍張氏一書的論據均圍繞政治範圍 , , 應該不會對非政治團體應該不會對非政治團體有所影響有所影響

ethnic press- exist in a liberal democratic regime ethnic press- exist in a liberal democratic regime 種族壓迫於開放民主的政制上存在種族壓迫於開放民主的政制上存在

The second possibilityThe second possibility 第二個最大的可能性第二個最大的可能性

one of two very prominent politicians will be one of two very prominent politicians will be of Chinese descent of Chinese descent 兩個非常出色的政治人物當中會有一個是中國人種兩個非常出色的政治人物當中會有一個是中國人種

Gary Locke and Elaine Chao Gary Locke and Elaine Chao 駱家輝和趙小蘭的例子駱家輝和趙小蘭的例子

The third possibility The third possibility 第三個可能性第三個可能性

increase of political influence and power at increase of political influence and power at every level of the American hierarchy in every level of the American hierarchy in the more distant futurethe more distant future在每一個美國階層裡的政治影響均上升在每一個美國階層裡的政治影響均上升

depend largely on the extent to which the depend largely on the extent to which the political problems can be overcomepolitical problems can be overcome視乎哪方面的政治問題能得到解決視乎哪方面的政治問題能得到解決

All these will change with time. All these will change with time. 所有均會隨著時間改變所有均會隨著時間改變 the number of immigrants coming into the the number of immigrants coming into the

US will continue to increase and more US will continue to increase and more second generation Chinese Americanssecond generation Chinese Americans將會有越來越多的新移民進入美國將會有越來越多的新移民進入美國 , , 第二代的美第二代的美藉華人會增加藉華人會增加

China is growing at a breakneck speedChina is growing at a breakneck speed中國在極速增長中國在極速增長

““China threat” by US eliteChina threat” by US elite中國對美國精英份子來說是威脅中國對美國精英份子來說是威脅 Chinese Americans too will grow towards a Chinese Americans too will grow towards a

common positive interest towards the common positive interest towards the future of China- at a faster pace future of China- at a faster pace 美藉華人將會向共同興趣利益一起快速增長美藉華人將會向共同興趣利益一起快速增長