by: greg clevenger. yalta & potsdam-1945 yalta conference –new united nations peacekeeping...
TRANSCRIPT
By: Greg Clevenger
Yalta & Potsdam-1945Yalta & Potsdam-1945
• Yalta Conference– New United Nations
peacekeeping organization
– Divided Germany
– Free elections in several Eastern European nations
• Potsdam Conference– Met for 17 days– Discussed post-war
resolutions– Talked about the atomic
bombYalta
Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs
• U.S. drops two atomic bombs on Japan
• Most devastating weapons ever used by any nation
• Truman on bombs:“Dropping the bombs ended
the war, saved lives and gave the free nations a chance to face the facts.”
— President Truman
“It was a question of saving hundreds of thousands of American lives.”
— President Trumansingle click speakerto hear audio clip >>>>>
Hiroshima VideoHiroshima Video
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End of World War IIEnd of World War II
• Soviet Union enters the war
• Japan surrenders aboard USS Missouri, September 2, 1945
• Postwar Soviet Union
• Competition between U.S. and Soviet Union
• Cold War begins
BombsBombs
• U.S. develops atomic and hydrogen bombs
• Soviets do the same
– Explode atomic bomb in 1949
– Explode hydrogen bomb in 1953
• What is a Cold War?
Communism vs. CapitalismCommunism vs. Capitalism
• Communism puts needs of state over needs of individual
• Capitalism puts individual needs first
• Both profess to guarantee the best way of life
• Increased competition between the two superpowers
Adam SmithAdam Smith
Karl MarxKarl Marx
Containment PolicyContainment Policy• Plan to stop spread of communism
• Truman Doctrine
– March 12, 1947
– President asks Congress for $400 million to assist Greece and Turkey
“It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”
— Harry S TrumanHarry S Truman
Containment PolicyContainment Policy
• Marshall Plan– Named after U.S. Secretary
of State
– Established in June 1947
– Substantial U.S. aid to any nation resisting communism
– Impacted 16 nations
– $12.5 billion in economic assistance
– Considered a spectacular success
George MarshallGeorge Marshall
National Security ActNational Security Act
• Created in 1947
• Established the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency
Joint Chiefs–Dept. of DefenseJoint Chiefs–Dept. of Defense
Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade
• June 1948
• Soviet leader Stalin shuts down delivery of supplies to West Berlin
• U.S. and British respond by airlifting supplies for almost one year
• Soviets back down
Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin
• Soviet leader from 1922-1953
• Led U.S.S.R. during early phase of the Cold War
• Brutal dictator, killed millions of his own people
• His successor, Khrushchev, denounced his politics
Berlin WallBerlin Wall
• Constructed by East Germans in 1961
• Separated the capitalist West from the communist East
• Prevented escapes to the West
NATONATO
• Military alliance created in 1949
• 12 nations including the U.S. and Canada
• Strongest alliance in history
• Expands to 15 membersby 1955
• Critics said the purpose of NATO was:
“to keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in.”
Warsaw Pact-1955Warsaw Pact-1955
• Soviet response to NATO
• Made up of Eastern European countries
• A partial response to West Germany joining NATO
• Soviet perspective– Attacked numerous
times by Germany in two world wars
– Distrusted global ambitions of the U.S. and Great Britain
Iron Curtain MapIron Curtain Map
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“It is my duty however, for I am sure you would wish me to state the facts as I see them to you. It is my duty to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere …”
— Winston Churchill
Cold War in ChinaCold War in China
• Communists vs. Nationalists
• Mao Zedong, communist leader
• Chiang Kai-shek, nationalist leader
• Soviets supported communists
• U.S. supported nationalists
Mao Zedong
Chiang Kai-shek
Communist ChinaCommunist China
• Nationalists forced to surrender
• CCP took over major cities
• Mao became first communist leader of China in 1949
• Main leader of China during the Cold War
Korean WarKorean War
• 1950-1953
• North Korea vs. South Korea
• Kim Il-Sung led communists
Kim Il SungKim Il Sung
Korean War, ContinuedKorean War, Continued
• North Korea attacks South
• U.S. responds by airlifting troops still in Japan
China Enters WarChina Enters War
• Chinese wore North Korean uniforms
• 100,000 Chinese “volunteer” soldiers
• China deceived the United Nations
• Soviets helped in disguise
War’s EndWar’s End
• Reached stalemate
• Never signed formal treaty
• Casualties:
– 1.5 million Chinese and North Koreans
– 400,167 South Koreans
– 54,000 Americans
– 17,260 U.N. soldiers
Korean War MapKorean War Map
Civil DefenseCivil Defense
• Fear developed amongst Americans
• Implemented domestic changes
• Families built nuclear shelters– Stocked with food,
water, and emergency supplies in preparation for an attack
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McCarthy HearingsMcCarthy Hearings
• Took place over four years: 1950-1954
• Ruined the careers of prominent writers, actors, and politicians
• Earned him the nickname “low-blow Joe”
Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy
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Army-McCarthy HearingsArmy-McCarthy Hearings
• 35 days of televised hearings in spring of 1954
• 20 million Americans tune in
• The end of McCarthyism
• Died of alcoholism
Vietnam in 1954Vietnam in 1954
• France colonized and controlled the region
• French defeated by communists at Dien Bien Phu
• Ho Chi Minh led communists
• Vietnam was divided North and South at the 17th Parallel
Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh
American ResponseAmerican Response
• America supported the South
• Some desired military intervention in Vietnam
• Ike and many Americans were reluctant to get involved
Eisenhower & DullesEisenhower & Dulles
SEATO-1954SEATO-1954
• U.S. led response to Vietnam
• Patterned after NATO but much weaker
• Made up of eight nations
• Secretary of State Dulles engineered plan
The Soviets in SpaceThe Soviets in Space
• Launched Sputnik in 1957
• Sent first cosmonaut into space in 1961
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U.S. Space HighlightsU.S. Space Highlights
• Alan Shepard is the first American to go into space
• John Glenn orbits Earth three times
• America lands on the moon in 1969
Alan ShepardAlan Shepard
Bay of PigsBay of Pigs
• U.S. attempt to overthrow Castro in Cuba
• Castro’s forces defeat 1,200 U.S.-sponsored troops
• Cuba remains communist
Batista
Castro & KhrushchevCastro & Khrushchev
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
• October 1962
• Lasted for 13 days
• Nuclear missiles pointed at the United States
ExComExCom
• Special group entrusted to solve crisis
• Led by President Kennedy and his brother Robert
• Decided to blockade or “quarantine” Cuba
John & Robert KennedyJohn & Robert Kennedy
Khrushchev and KennedyKhrushchev and Kennedy
• Khrushchev and Kennedy correspond
• Khrushchev to Kennedy:
– “We and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter the knot will be tied.”
End of CrisisEnd of Crisis
• Soviets agree to pull weapons out of Cuba
“We are eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked.” — Secretary of State Dean Rusk
“This is not a time for gloating, nor can one reach any general conclusions about the future course of Soviet conduct in other areas.” — JFK Dean Rusk
Dean Rusk
AftermathAftermath
• Soviets make more nuclear weapons
• Desire equal footing with the United States
New DirectionsNew Directions
• A hotline for direct calls between Moscow’s leader and the White House
• A nuclear test ban to now test all nuclear weapons underground
Domino TheoryDomino Theory
• Nations fall to communism like dominos
• Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam all become communistic
• Eventually all of Europe and the U.S.?
Johnson and VietnamJohnson and Vietnam
• Johnson was sworn in after Kennedy assassination
• U.S. base in South Vietnam attacked in 1965
• Johnson orders bombing of North Vietnam
• 184,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam in 1965
• Often called “Mr. Johnson’s War” Lyndon JohnsonLyndon Johnson
Johnson and Vietnam Johnson and Vietnam
• Americans become anti-war
• Many ask, “What are we really fighting for?”
• Johnson bows to public pressure
• Refuses to seek another term
Vietnam AftermathVietnam Aftermath
• Nixon, Ford supported gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops
• Communists overrun the South
• Vietnam became, unlike Korea, united under communism
• 56,000 killed and 300,000 Americans wounded
• 3rd most costly war in U.S. history Gerald FordGerald Ford
Nixon and the Cold WarNixon and the Cold War
• Inspired détente—relaxing tension with Soviets
• Started SALT to reduce weapons
• Often visited Soviet leaders
Richard NixonRichard Nixon
U.S.-Soviet RelationsU.S.-Soviet Relations
• Shared missions into outer space
• U.S.A./U.S.S.R. cultural exchanges
• SALT II
Soviet ConcernsSoviet Concerns
• Economic difficulties paying for weapons
• Citizens becoming discontent
• Invasion of Afghanistan becomes the Soviet Union’s Vietnam
LeninLenin
Soviets in AfghanistanSoviets in Afghanistan
• Soviets attack in 1979
• Opponents are the Mujahideen
• Led by Osama bin Laden
• Soviets withdraw in 1989
• U.S. boycotts Moscow Olympics
Reagan and the Cold WarReagan and the Cold War
• Take a tough stand against Soviets
• Outspend them militarily
• Let them know America will fight communism
• Strategic Defense Initiative
Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan
Gorbachev and ReaganGorbachev and Reagan
• No intermediate nuclear weapons pointed at Western Europe
• Eventual banning of all intermediate weapons in Europe by both sides
GorbachevGorbachevsingle click speaker to hear audio clip >>>>>
Freedom ReignsFreedom Reigns
• Poland becomes a democracy
• Nuclear arsenals continue to be reduced
Lech WalesaLech Walesa
Cold War EndsCold War Ends
• George H.W. Bush is President in 1988
• Berlin Wall, Iron Curtain crumble in 1989
• Germany is reunited, East and West, in 1990
• Communism peacefully exits Russia in 1991
George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush
After the Cold WarAfter the Cold War
• U.S.S.R./U.S.A. become friends and allies
• Disarmament
• Peace
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