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1979 pp 20 22) oBepHa A KP3HCTOHa lllK KaJlBepa I E oa51 llaquoTimeraquo August 20 ~oro Il KOHpqH()M CIeTt 3

AL T II - A Soft BargaiI10

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13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980

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I eM laquoThe Memoirs of Richard Nixonraquo N Y 1978 pp 414-418 541-543 H K iss j n g e r White House Years Boston 1979 pp 195-225 228-302 1010-1016

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9 M3BeCTHblH aMepHKaHCKHH HCTOPHK ApTYP IlIJle3HHrep-MJlarIliHli SXOU5UlUIH B COshyCTas omUKaHIliHX coseTHHKOB laquoKaHa l(eHHeUnraquo B CBoeM sbicTyrMeHHH Ha Cbe3)le MII)shyTeJlbHOH JlHOepaHOH opraHH3aIJHII laquoAMepHKaHubl - CTOPOHHHKH UeMOKpaTlIleCKlIX ncilshyCTSHiIraquo CKa3aJl ITO B cospeMeHHblX YCJl)BlilIX laquonpe3HlleHT l(apTep CTOHT nepe)l HIJOM

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1979 pp 20 22) oBepHa A KP3HCTOHa lllK KaJlBepa I E oa51 llaquoTimeraquo August 20 ~oro Il KOHpqH()M CIeTt 3

AL T II - A Soft BargaiI10

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13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980

---------------------

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(H KISSInger White House Years pp 522-5577888411202-1307)

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9 M3BeCTHblH aMepHKaHCKHH HCTOPHK ApTYP IlIJle3HHrep-MJlarIliHli SXOU5UlUIH B COshyCTas omUKaHIliHX coseTHHKOB laquoKaHa l(eHHeUnraquo B CBoeM sbicTyrMeHHH Ha Cbe3)le MII)shyTeJlbHOH JlHOepaHOH opraHH3aIJHII laquoAMepHKaHubl - CTOPOHHHKH UeMOKpaTlIleCKlIX ncilshyCTSHiIraquo CKa3aJl ITO B cospeMeHHblX YCJl)BlilIX laquonpe3HlleHT l(apTep CTOHT nepe)l HIJOM

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1979 pp 20 22) oBepHa A KP3HCTOHa lllK KaJlBepa I E oa51 llaquoTimeraquo August 20 ~oro Il KOHpqH()M CIeTt 3

AL T II - A Soft BargaiI10

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12 O)JHHM H3 HaHOOJIee llpKHX npHMepOB TaKoro pO)Ja nponaraH)JHCTCKHX BblcTynJICshyHHM npOTIlBHIlKOB pa3pSl)JKH CJIYgtKaT ny6J1HKauHIl 1l3BeCTHoro peaKUHOHepa Il CHOHHCTa H nO)Jropeua pe1l3KTOp3 lKypHaJIa laquoKOMMeHTapllraquo B CTaTbe ony6J1HKOBaHHOH ra3eTOM laquoHblO-110PK TaHMCraquo KOTopaSl B ueJIOM npH)JepgtKHBaeTCll 60JIee Tpe3BOH JIIlHIlH H no)Jshyropeu nHCaJI C COlKaJIeHHeM ITO 1l1lell 3aXBaTa HeljJTSlHblx MeCTOpOK)JeHHH a paOCKHX CTpaH BoopYgtKeHHbIMH CHJIaMH CilIA B OTBeT Ha pe3KOe nOBblweHHe ueH Ha HeljJTb co CTOPOHbl OnEK 6blJIa laquoOTBeprHyTaraquo anMIlHllcTpauHeH P HHKcoHa H npOH30WJIO 9TO B CHJIY Toro ITO no CJIOBaM aBTopa B YCJIOBHllX HaJIHqHSI CTpaTerllqeCKOrO napHTeTa CilIA - CCCP 3apoundjlIlKcnpoBaHHoro B COrJIaWeHIUlX no OCB-I aMepHK3HCKaR BoeHHaSi MOWh OK333J1aCb laquonOJIHOCTblO CKOBaHHoHraquo n03TOMY OH npH3blBa1 BceMH CHJlaMH 60POTbCI npOTHB OCB-2 KOTopoe-)Je 3aKpenllT laquoOTCTaBaHHeraquo CilIA B CTpaTernqeCKOH OOJlaCTJI B YCJIOBHllX )JeflshyCTBHI HOBoro cOBeTcKo-aMepHKaHcKoro COrJIallIenllll B03MOlKHOCTH )JJIll CHJIOBOrO laquopellIeHHll) sHepreTHlJeCKOH npOOJleMbl CilIA OKa)YTCll ewe 60JIee OrpaHHlJeHHblMH (ltltThe New York Timesraquo July 16 1979 p A-17)

13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

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13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

11

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np06JleMY peIlIeHHH acpraHcKoro KpH3Hca

OueHHBa51 BHyrPHITOJlHTHlIecKYlo 06cTaHoBKY B HaIaIe 1980 r feHeshy

paJlbHblH ceKpeTapb KOMMYHHcTHlIecKoM napTHH ClllA r XOJlI OTMellaI

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C06bITHH B AcpraHHCTaHe 60JlblllHHCTBO aMepHRaHueB KaTerOpHleshy

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980

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9 M3BeCTHblH aMepHKaHCKHH HCTOPHK ApTYP IlIJle3HHrep-MJlarIliHli SXOU5UlUIH B COshyCTas omUKaHIliHX coseTHHKOB laquoKaHa l(eHHeUnraquo B CBoeM sbicTyrMeHHH Ha Cbe3)le MII)shyTeJlbHOH JlHOepaHOH opraHH3aIJHII laquoAMepHKaHubl - CTOPOHHHKH UeMOKpaTlIleCKlIX ncilshyCTSHiIraquo CKa3aJl ITO B cospeMeHHblX YCJl)BlilIX laquonpe3HlleHT l(apTep CTOHT nepe)l HIJOM

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1979 pp 20 22) oBepHa A KP3HCTOHa lllK KaJlBepa I E oa51 llaquoTimeraquo August 20 ~oro Il KOHpqH()M CIeTt 3

AL T II - A Soft BargaiI10

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13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

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11

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12 O)JHHM H3 HaHOOJIee llpKHX npHMepOB TaKoro pO)Ja nponaraH)JHCTCKHX BblcTynJICshyHHM npOTIlBHIlKOB pa3pSl)JKH CJIYgtKaT ny6J1HKauHIl 1l3BeCTHoro peaKUHOHepa Il CHOHHCTa H nO)Jropeua pe1l3KTOp3 lKypHaJIa laquoKOMMeHTapllraquo B CTaTbe ony6J1HKOBaHHOH ra3eTOM laquoHblO-110PK TaHMCraquo KOTopaSl B ueJIOM npH)JepgtKHBaeTCll 60JIee Tpe3BOH JIIlHIlH H no)Jshyropeu nHCaJI C COlKaJIeHHeM ITO 1l1lell 3aXBaTa HeljJTSlHblx MeCTOpOK)JeHHH a paOCKHX CTpaH BoopYgtKeHHbIMH CHJIaMH CilIA B OTBeT Ha pe3KOe nOBblweHHe ueH Ha HeljJTb co CTOPOHbl OnEK 6blJIa laquoOTBeprHyTaraquo anMIlHllcTpauHeH P HHKcoHa H npOH30WJIO 9TO B CHJIY Toro ITO no CJIOBaM aBTopa B YCJIOBHllX HaJIHqHSI CTpaTerllqeCKOrO napHTeTa CilIA - CCCP 3apoundjlIlKcnpoBaHHoro B COrJIaWeHIUlX no OCB-I aMepHK3HCKaR BoeHHaSi MOWh OK333J1aCb laquonOJIHOCTblO CKOBaHHoHraquo n03TOMY OH npH3blBa1 BceMH CHJlaMH 60POTbCI npOTHB OCB-2 KOTopoe-)Je 3aKpenllT laquoOTCTaBaHHeraquo CilIA B CTpaTernqeCKOH OOJlaCTJI B YCJIOBHllX )JeflshyCTBHI HOBoro cOBeTcKo-aMepHKaHcKoro COrJIallIenllll B03MOlKHOCTH )JJIll CHJIOBOrO laquopellIeHHll) sHepreTHlJeCKOH npOOJleMbl CilIA OKa)YTCll ewe 60JIee OrpaHHlJeHHblMH (ltltThe New York Timesraquo July 16 1979 p A-17)

13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

11

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980

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HM He ynacTcH ll06HTbCH CKOJIbKO-HHOYllb 3aMeTHoro YJIyqllleHHH 3KOHOshy

8 OTCYTCTBHe CKO~bKO-HHOY)lb 3aMeTHOrO nporpecca B PCIliCHHH OllHOrO H3 OCHOBshyHblX acneKTOB 3HepreTHleCKoi npoOeMbi 3aBHCHMOCTH CIlIA OT HMITOpTa HCCPTH ~ xapaKTepH3ycTC) TeM lTO eCJJH B 1976 r 3Ta cTpaHa HMITOpTHposa~a 73 M~H 6appeJlcli Hecpnr B UCHb lTO B CTOHMOCTHOM SbJpa)KeHHH COCTaSJl)JlO 318 MijPll )lOJlJl B rOll TO B 1979 r IlMITOpT HecpTIl COCTaBJI) y)(e 85 MJlH 6appeJlerI B UeHb aero CTOIlMOCTb 60 MJlpll UO B roU Do OTHOIliCHHlO K 06meMY ofibeMY aMepHKaHcKoro 3KcnopTa (TOshyBapOB H yCJlyr) CTOHMOCTb HMnopTa HecpTH B03pOCJJa C 186 UO 246 lTO HarJl)UHO xashypaKTepH3yeT 060CTpeHHC npOOJleMbJ ToprOBoro OaJlaHCa CIlIA 3a CleT pOCTa HMnopTa Hecpnr (ltltOil and Gas Journalraquo November 12 1979 p 175)

9 M3BeCTHblH aMepHKaHCKHH HCTOPHK ApTYP IlIJle3HHrep-MJlarIliHli SXOU5UlUIH B COshyCTas omUKaHIliHX coseTHHKOB laquoKaHa l(eHHeUnraquo B CBoeM sbicTyrMeHHH Ha Cbe3)le MII)shyTeJlbHOH JlHOepaHOH opraHH3aIJHII laquoAMepHKaHubl - CTOPOHHHKH UeMOKpaTlIleCKlIX ncilshyCTSHiIraquo CKa3aJl ITO B cospeMeHHblX YCJl)BlilIX laquonpe3HlleHT l(apTep CTOHT nepe)l HIJOM

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1979 pp 20 22) oBepHa A KP3HCTOHa lllK KaJlBepa I E oa51 llaquoTimeraquo August 20 ~oro Il KOHpqH()M CIeTt 3

AL T II - A Soft BargaiI10

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12 O)JHHM H3 HaHOOJIee llpKHX npHMepOB TaKoro pO)Ja nponaraH)JHCTCKHX BblcTynJICshyHHM npOTIlBHIlKOB pa3pSl)JKH CJIYgtKaT ny6J1HKauHIl 1l3BeCTHoro peaKUHOHepa Il CHOHHCTa H nO)Jropeua pe1l3KTOp3 lKypHaJIa laquoKOMMeHTapllraquo B CTaTbe ony6J1HKOBaHHOH ra3eTOM laquoHblO-110PK TaHMCraquo KOTopaSl B ueJIOM npH)JepgtKHBaeTCll 60JIee Tpe3BOH JIIlHIlH H no)Jshyropeu nHCaJI C COlKaJIeHHeM ITO 1l1lell 3aXBaTa HeljJTSlHblx MeCTOpOK)JeHHH a paOCKHX CTpaH BoopYgtKeHHbIMH CHJIaMH CilIA B OTBeT Ha pe3KOe nOBblweHHe ueH Ha HeljJTb co CTOPOHbl OnEK 6blJIa laquoOTBeprHyTaraquo anMIlHllcTpauHeH P HHKcoHa H npOH30WJIO 9TO B CHJIY Toro ITO no CJIOBaM aBTopa B YCJIOBHllX HaJIHqHSI CTpaTerllqeCKOrO napHTeTa CilIA - CCCP 3apoundjlIlKcnpoBaHHoro B COrJIaWeHIUlX no OCB-I aMepHK3HCKaR BoeHHaSi MOWh OK333J1aCb laquonOJIHOCTblO CKOBaHHoHraquo n03TOMY OH npH3blBa1 BceMH CHJlaMH 60POTbCI npOTHB OCB-2 KOTopoe-)Je 3aKpenllT laquoOTCTaBaHHeraquo CilIA B CTpaTernqeCKOH OOJlaCTJI B YCJIOBHllX )JeflshyCTBHI HOBoro cOBeTcKo-aMepHKaHcKoro COrJIallIenllll B03MOlKHOCTH )JJIll CHJIOBOrO laquopellIeHHll) sHepreTHlJeCKOH npOOJleMbl CilIA OKa)YTCll ewe 60JIee OrpaHHlJeHHblMH (ltltThe New York Timesraquo July 16 1979 p A-17)

13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980

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HM He ynacTcH ll06HTbCH CKOJIbKO-HHOYllb 3aMeTHoro YJIyqllleHHH 3KOHOshy

8 OTCYTCTBHe CKO~bKO-HHOY)lb 3aMeTHOrO nporpecca B PCIliCHHH OllHOrO H3 OCHOBshyHblX acneKTOB 3HepreTHleCKoi npoOeMbi 3aBHCHMOCTH CIlIA OT HMITOpTa HCCPTH ~ xapaKTepH3ycTC) TeM lTO eCJJH B 1976 r 3Ta cTpaHa HMITOpTHposa~a 73 M~H 6appeJlcli Hecpnr B UCHb lTO B CTOHMOCTHOM SbJpa)KeHHH COCTaSJl)JlO 318 MijPll )lOJlJl B rOll TO B 1979 r IlMITOpT HecpTIl COCTaBJI) y)(e 85 MJlH 6appeJlerI B UeHb aero CTOIlMOCTb 60 MJlpll UO B roU Do OTHOIliCHHlO K 06meMY ofibeMY aMepHKaHcKoro 3KcnopTa (TOshyBapOB H yCJlyr) CTOHMOCTb HMnopTa HecpTH B03pOCJJa C 186 UO 246 lTO HarJl)UHO xashypaKTepH3yeT 060CTpeHHC npOOJleMbJ ToprOBoro OaJlaHCa CIlIA 3a CleT pOCTa HMnopTa Hecpnr (ltltOil and Gas Journalraquo November 12 1979 p 175)

9 M3BeCTHblH aMepHKaHCKHH HCTOPHK ApTYP IlIJle3HHrep-MJlarIliHli SXOU5UlUIH B COshyCTas omUKaHIliHX coseTHHKOB laquoKaHa l(eHHeUnraquo B CBoeM sbicTyrMeHHH Ha Cbe3)le MII)shyTeJlbHOH JlHOepaHOH opraHH3aIJHII laquoAMepHKaHubl - CTOPOHHHKH UeMOKpaTlIleCKlIX ncilshyCTSHiIraquo CKa3aJl ITO B cospeMeHHblX YCJl)BlilIX laquonpe3HlleHT l(apTep CTOHT nepe)l HIJOM

BHyTpeHHHX npOOJleM CTOJlb )(e cpYHUaMeHTaJlbHblX H OCTPblX KaKHe CTO)JlH nepeU rrpe-3IfUeHTOM lt1gt PY3BCJlbTOM B 30-e rOUbI TaKHMH rrpOOijeMaMH B nepBylO OlepeUb )BJlfllOTCfl IlHCPJHIUH) H meprenIKaraquo O)lHaKO OKa3aBIlillCb B nOUOOHoM nOJlO)(CHIlH np0UOJl)(aJl llCTOPHK Il)( l(apTep UeHcTsyer He KaK PY3BerJbT He B TpaUHUH)X UeMOKpaTHleCKoi napTHH a Clwpee KaK pecrrYOJlHKaHCKHH npe3HUeHT rpOBep I(JlHBJleHlI OllHH H3 caMbiX IltOHcepBaTHBHbIX npe3HlleHTOS S HCTOPIlH AMepHKH (A S chi e sin g e r Who Needs Grover Cleveland laquoThe New Republicraquo July 7-14 1979 pp 14-15)

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1979 pp 20 22) oBepHa A KP3HCTOHa lllK KaJlBepa I E oa51 llaquoTimeraquo August 20 ~oro Il KOHpqH()M CIeTt 3

AL T II - A Soft BargaiI10

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13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

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13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

11

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laquonp 8sJaraquo 23 ifl~Bpaml 1980 r 12

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pecny6JlHI(aHCKOii napnlR TaiiMcraquo S illlsape 1980 r shy

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rrpocpcoI030B rOBOpSlT 0 TOM liTO 60Pb6a ITO BonpocaM pa3pHllKlI B ClllA

rrpollOIIKaeTC51 XOTH B HaCTOHmee BpeM51 ee YCJlOBH5I 1IJlH peaJIHCTHQeCKH

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CHI 3aMeTHO YXY1IIlI HI HCb KaK CBHIIeTeJlbCTBYIOT HeKoTopble opraHbI aMepHKaHcKoif neQaTH HMeIOT MeCTO onpe1IeJleHHble paCXOIKlleHHH Me)I1Y BbICIlIHMH 1IOJIlKHOCTHbIMH JlHuaMH a1IMHHHCTpaUHH BO B3rJl5Illax H Ha

np06JleMY peIlIeHHH acpraHcKoro KpH3Hca

OueHHBa51 BHyrPHITOJlHTHlIecKYlo 06cTaHoBKY B HaIaIe 1980 r feHeshy

paJlbHblH ceKpeTapb KOMMYHHcTHlIecKoM napTHH ClllA r XOJlI OTMellaI

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OH H laquoyoTepreifTraquo B pe3YJlbTaTe Hapo1I He 1IOBep51eT npaBHTeIbCTBY MOHOnOJlHHM H He nOMaeTCH HCTepHH 8TO OlleHb HalleIKHa51 rapaHTH5I B03BpalUeHHH K laquoXOJlO1IHoif BoHHeraquo XOTlI HeT nOJIHOro ellHHOrJlaCH5I B

C06bITHH B AcpraHHCTaHe 60JlblllHHCTBO aMepHRaHueB KaTerOpHleshy

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980

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13 no )J8HHbl onpOCOB 06weCTBeHfloro MlIeHHll npOEO)JHMbIX qHKarCKHM COBeTOM no BHellIHHM CHOllIeHHllM qHCJIO BblCKa3blBalOWllXCSI B nOJIb3Y pOCTa BoeHHblX paCXO)JOB K KOHUY 70-x rO)JOB B03POCJIO no cpaBHeHll10 C 1974 r Ha 38 72 onpollIeHHblx B 1978 r CqHTaJlH ITO ClilA Bce OOJIbWe OTCTalOT OT COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BoeHHOM OTHOshyllIeHHH (ltltAmerican Public Opinion and US Foreign Policy 1979raquo Ed by J Rielly The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations 1979 p 25)

14 O)JIlH liS JIIl)JepoB npeCJIOBYToro laquoKoMllTeT3 no cYllIeCTBYlOwell onaCHOCTHraquo IO POCTOY nHllIeT no 3TOMy nOBo)JY laquoHawa nOJIHTHKa YCTpallIeHHSI HeI136egtKHO HlleT )JaJIhllIe oxpaHbl Coe)JHHeHHblx lilTaTos OT B03MO)(HOCTH R)JepHoro Hana)JeHHll Mbl )JOJI)shyflbl T8KKe 06eCnelHsBTb llllepHYlO rapaHTHIO HIIWHX IlHTepeCoB BO sceM MHpe H HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTb aallIHW8Th 3TH HHTepeCbI nocpellCTBOM )JHnJIOMaTIlH HJII1 npHMeHeHHll 06bllJshyHblX BoopYlKeHHH B nepBhle nOCJIeBOeHHble rOllhl Y Hac 6blJIa MOHonOJIIlR HII llIIepHOe opylKHe H B TelJeHHe nOCJIenYlornero JIeCRTHJIeTHll C He60JlbWHM - npHMepHO )JO cepe)JHHhl HJIH )JO KOHua 60-x rOJIOB - Mhl HMeJlH pellIQIOWee SI)JepHoe npeBOCXO)JCTBO Mhl OTBeqaJlll Ha yrp03bl HallIHM fHTepeClM llHnJIOMBTHIeCKIiMH CpeJICTBIIMHHJlH Kor)J8 )JHnJIOMIITHSI He Y)JaBaJl8Cb npHMeHeHHeM IlJlH peWHTeJlbHof yrpo3oir npHMeneHHI 06hllJHblX BoopYlKeshyHUll Ho SlllepHOe opYlKHe Bcer1l8 6blJIO peWlIOWHM ljJaKTopoM 1l01lKpenJIllBllIHM HallIll llelicTBllll B KOHue 60-x HaqaJle 70-x r01l0B Hallie llllepHOe npeBOCXO)JCTBO HCqe3J10 M He MOrJIO n09ToMy onpelleJlHTb XO)J C06blTHfi B IOro-BoCTOqflOH A3Hl-I laquoKOMHTeT no cyweCTBYlOweii onaCHOCTHraquo KOTOPblH fI npe)JCTaBJIlllO BblcTynaeT npOTHB lloroBopa OCB-2 H60 OH nOMellIaeT HaM BOCCTaHOBHTb TOT nOTeHUHaJI 11llepHOrO YCTpaweHHll OT KOTOshypora B KOfW1HO~ (lJeTe 33BHCHT Haw laquoHaUHOHaJIfHI)I 6e30rra(HocTb (E R 0 tow SALT II-A Soft Bargain a Hard Sell laquoPolicy Reviewraquo Fall 1978 pp 47-48 55)

11

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980

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laquonp 8sJaraquo 23 ifl~Bpaml 1980 r 12

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980

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17 laquoDaily Worldraquo January 31 1980