Change of the industrial structure and Change of the industrial structure and human activity spaces in Chinese human activity spaces in Chinese

mining citiesmining cities

LIU YungangLIU Yungang（（ Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou,China)Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou,China)

(E-mail: liuyung@mail.sysu.edu.cn)(E-mail: liuyung@mail.sysu.edu.cn)刘云刚，中山大学刘云刚，中山大学

My research approachMy research approach

事 实 (FACTS）

区域地理学

(Regional Geog-

raphy)

理论 (THEORY ）

系统地理学

(Systematic Geog-

raphy)

逻辑 (LOGIC ）

地 图 学 (Cartography ）

语言 (Words ）

数 学 (Mathematics ）

Begin from FACTS or THEORY?

Source ： Bunge.W （ 1966 ）

Let’s discover the FACTS first！

My research approachMy research approach

Focus local places

discover →explanation/analysis →construct the framework → explanation/comparison → theory

Emerged with resource developmentEmerged with resource development

Located on main resource areasareas and mining industry and mining industry areasareas

become the main problem areas in China after become the main problem areas in China after ReformationReformation

The The characteristics of Chinese mining citycharacteristics of Chinese mining city

Distribution of Chinese mining citiesDistribution of Chinese mining cities

They mainly locate in the Northeast China and the Central China.

The mining cities can be divided in terms of type of mines into colliery cities, oil-field cities, metal-mining cities, and nonmetal-mining cities.

According to our definition, 58 organizational cities are identified as mining cities.

Population of Chinese mining citiesPopulation of Chinese mining cities1/5 population of total cities are in the mining cities

The first stage

The second stage

Two great developed StageTwo great developed Stage

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1949

1954

1959

1964

1969

1974

1979

1984

1989

1994

1999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Number of cities Cumulative number

Be on the decline?

GDP/P and its rate of increase(1984-GDP/P and its rate of increase(1984-2005)2005)

Low rates, but no minusLow rates, but no minus

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

Average of all Chinese Average of all Chinese citiescities

RMB

%

Average of all Chinese Average of all Chinese citiescities

An-Shan

Tang-Shan

Mao-Ming

Dong-Ying

Pu-YangShuo-

zhou

Zao-Zhuang

Lai-Wu

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Fu-Shun

Xu-Zhou

Population,2005 （ 10thousand ）

Rate

of

incre

ase

（19

84-2

005

） （

%）

Da-Tong

Population and its rate of increasePopulation and its rate of increase

Low rates, but no minusLow rates, but no minus

The question & The pointThe question & The point

Compares with western countries, Chinese mining cities developed with larger population scale, the increasing industry, increasing population, Low rates, but no minus, no decline.

“Sustainable development”?

遼源市$Z $Z$Z %%%%#Y

%

%$Z$Z%

%%#Y%"́"́

%#Y

%%%% #Y

%"́%%#Y%%%

%%

%%%%%%

%

%"́

"́"́

"́

#Y

#/

"́ %

%

%"́ %

% "́"́

#Y

#Y

"́

%

In North-East China, JILIN

Upland

Average-temperature 5.2℃Average-precipitation 666.5mm

Coal developed since 1911s.

Population:450,000

A case study of Liaoyuan CityA case study of Liaoyuan City

Song-Liao Plain

Chang-Bai Mountains

Liaoyuan City

Dropped off, the coal outputDropped off, the coal output

0

100

200

300

400

500

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Private Wartime Control

Developed in Planned Economy

Rationalization with

Reformation

Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ

But, the population have no dropped offBut, the population have no dropped off

0

100

200

300

400

500

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000

10

20

30

40

50

coal output

Non-Agriculturalpopulation

popul ati on

Working population

coal working population

Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ

10t ton 10t person

The main industries dropped offThe main industries dropped off

0

4

8

12

16

20

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 2000Mining industry material industryprocessing industry light industry

10t person10,000 person

Especially the State-owned and Especially the State-owned and Collective enterprisesCollective enterprises

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1985 1990 1998 2002

State-owned

Collective

private

A high unemployment society is formingA high unemployment society is forming

Amount(10,000)

%

23.1 100%

8.1 35

9.2 40

3.5 15

2.3 10

25.8 100%

8 31%

The employment structure in Li aoyuan ci ty

Urban l abors

Danwei workersLai d off s

Source: Labor force survey, Labor bureau of Li aoyuan ci ty2002 .（ ）

Sel f-empl oyed workers

Unempl oment

Rural l aborsextra l abors

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000 人

転入人口 転出人口

population move into the city

population move out of the city

Many People move out of Liaoyuan?Many People move out of Liaoyuan?

Family registration data, by Liaoyuan yearbook

A study: where are the people living?A study: where are the people living?

The main industries have declined ,but The main industries have declined ,but population have not scaled downpopulation have not scaled down

AAlthough the unemployment is rising, the lthough the unemployment is rising, the population have not moved out.population have not moved out.

Why does not the unemployment move out?Why does not the unemployment move out?

Where are they living? Where are they living?

How are they making their living in the city?How are they making their living in the city?

Municipal government

Mining bureau subsidence area subsidence area

Newly developing area

(Longshan distric)

Mining area (old area )

(Xi’an district)

Direction of expansion

The development zoneThe development zone

A background: divided urban spaceA background: divided urban space

（元 /ｍ 2 ）

The distribution of the basic price of land using

Mining bureau

Municipal government Yuan/m2

The basic price of land using

highest

lowest

Mining areaMining area

newly developing areanewly developing area

Trends of the population increaseTrends of the population increase

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Long- shanXi ' an

10, 000

A hypothesisA hypothesis

On the background of the differentiation of On the background of the differentiation of residence, the population increase continue only in residence, the population increase continue only in Longshan district. In Xi’an district, the population Longshan district. In Xi’an district, the population didn’t decrease, but also didn’t increase.didn’t decrease, but also didn’t increase.

Hypothesis:Hypothesis:

The impoverished and unemployment people are The impoverished and unemployment people are moving into the mining area. And most of them live moving into the mining area. And most of them live there. there.

Questionnaire surveyQuestionnaire survey

Theme: The human activity spaces in spaces in Liaoyuan cityLiaoyuan city

Subject: If the most of unemployment are Subject: If the most of unemployment are moving into the mining area and live there? moving into the mining area and live there?

Time: 2005/02/25-2005/03/02 Respondents: extracted 50 households

separately from 2 housing plots along the Kuandian street (the main street in Liaoyuan city).

Compare the income Compare the income

Income The source of income

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

No Income <400 <800 <2000 >2000

Xi'an Longshan

Longshan Xi’an

The poor mainly live in Xi’an district. Much of them get income beyond salary, or no earned income.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Others Investment Insurance incomebeyondsalary

salary

Xi'an Longshan

Compare the Danwei and the occupationCompare the Danwei and the occupation

Danwei the householder belonged to

the occupation of the householder

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Xi ' an Longshan

no danwei

not state-owned

state-owned

governmentorgani zati on

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

manageri al

tecnol ogi cal

admi ni strati ve

merchant

producti ve

fi ndi ng j obs

no j obs

Xi ' an Longshan

The age and education

ageage

Graduated from

Graduated from

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

<30 30- 39 40- 49 50- 59 60- 65 >65

Xi ' an Longshan

Education structure of the householder

Age structure of the householder

the second-generation living together (N=29×2)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

preschool student no job be employed

Xi'an

Longshan

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

≦ 6 12７ ～ 13 18～ 19 24～ 25 30～ >30

Xi ' an

Longshan

the occupation of the second-generation

Age structure of the householder

The electrical appliances

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

television

refrigerator

washing machine

telephone

Oven

air-conditioner

carLongshanXi ' an

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Xi ' anDi stri ct

LongshanDi stri ct

no acti vi ti es

stayi ng at home

studi ng/ worki ng

vi si ti ng fri ends

doi ng sports

travel i ng

The difference of life style

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Xi ' anDi stri ct

LongshanDi stri c

several ti mesa weekonce a week

once or twi cea monthnever

The activities on holidays

The frequency of eating out

Xi’an-district (Mining area)becomes the main area where the poor and the unemployment live.

The living conditions between mining area and newly developed area are quite different. The polarization human activity spaces forms.

Why does the polarization appear?

House and Job, The Danwei regulation

the polarization of human activity spaces

Solutions to housing

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

bef ore now

to bui l d i l l egal l y

purchase

l oan

get f rom Danwei

get f romparents' Danwei

Most of the inhabitants no idea to move out of the city

Expected place to movement

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Longshan Xi ' an

to other ci ty

to the bi rthpl ace

to other di stri ct

to the same di stri ct The years have Lived in the city

0

10

20

30

40

50

over 30years

i n 30years

i n 20years

i n 15years

i n 10years

i n 5years

LongshanXi ' an

No education Qualification Worked in the hospital affiliated with Mining bureau Worked in the Mining bureau from 1961. Monthly salary ,35 yuan (until 1985) Retired in 2000. Retirement pension, 440 yuan every month. The retirement pension was received from Mining bureau every month

Borrowed a house for marriage in 1961. Got a house (30 m2) for the allocation of Danwei in1962 The house was destroyed in1982. Rent a house (paid 10 yuan monthly) In 2000,house relocation. Bought a new house . Paid 20,000 yuan, got the property certification.

For example: the experience of Z(65 years old, male)

ConclusionConclusion

The factors limited the migration of the habitants:

work, househouse→ Danwei Danwei The polarization of human activity spaces:

newly developed area and mining area The local area’s poverty issues and

environmental issues are localized

to a small area gradually.

Problem area

New areaOld area

Because of the Danwei regulation, most of unemployment men still strand in the city instead of moving towards to the other cities. Moreover, the difference in the reformation of Danwei regulations also accelerates the polarization of human activity spaces. As a result ,the scale of the poverty and environment issues reduce. New topics are introduced. Urban Governance, Politics……

Project: Urban Governance in problems areas

End