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Arrêt Cardiaque au Bloc Opé

Jean-Luc HanouzPôle Réanimations Anesthésie SAMU

CHU de Caen

[email protected]

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Mortalité péri-opératoire en Europe

Risque élevé

Programmé

Non programmé

Urgence

3%

5%

10%

Pearse RM et al . Lancet 2012;380:1059-65Pearse RM et al . Crit Care 2006;10:R81

Report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome a

87%

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230 millions d’actes chirurgicau(mortalité péri-opératoire de 1 à plus de 20%

8 M63 M

8 M

4 M 3 M

2 à 3 M

3 M

Weiser TG et al . Lancet 2008;372:139-44

4 M

En 2020 proportion des plus de 60ans > proportion des m

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Mortalité imputable à l’anesthésie da(méta analyse de 87 études épidémiologiques

Avant 1970

Décès imputables3,57 pour 104

Bainbridge D et al . Lancet 2012;380:1075-81

1970 - 1980

Décès imputables

0,52 pour 104Pays riches 0,32Pays pauvres 1,01

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ASA 1

ASA 2

ASA 3

ASA 4

93,69

6

14,08

5,57Evènemen

Avant 1970

Décès imputables3,57 pour 104


1970 - 1980

Décès imputables


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0,1 évènements pour 10 000

1,0 évènements pour 10 000

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Mortalité imputable à l’anesth(USA 1999-2005 - Répartition selon les âges des pa

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Mortalité imputable à l’anesthésie (imputabilité partielle et totale)

1978 - 1982Décès imputables

3,38 pour 104

Totalement : 0,76Partiellement : 2,62

ASA 1

ASA 2

ASA 3

ASA 4

0,5

2,71

0,04Evènemen

1996 - 1999

Décès imputables

0,54 pour 104Totalement : 0,07Partiellement : 0,47

Haut Comité de la Santé Publique. Rapport sur la sécurité anesthésique. 1994, Éditions Lienhart A et al . Anesthesiology 2006;105:1087-97

54%

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Arrêt circulatoire per-opératoire dan

26 / 104

0,7 / 104

0,6 / 104

1,1 / 104

1,0 / 104

Bainbridge D et al . Lancet 2012;380:1075-81Ellis SJ et al . Anesthesiology 2014;120:829-38

Rukewe A et al . Niger J Clin Pract 2014;17:28-31Braz LG et al . Br J Anaesth 2006;96:569-75

Biboulet P et al . Can J Anaesth 2001;48:326-32

35 / 104

22 / 104

Evènement rare < 1 pour 10 000 anesthésie dans les pa

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Arrêt circulatoire per-opératoire dan

1970 - 1980Arrêt circulatoire

18,72 pour 104

Pays riches 17,98Pays pauvres 36,42

ASA 1

ASA 2

ASA 3

ASA 4

59,36

75

1,93Evènemen

11,12


1990 - 2000

Arrêt circulatoire


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Arrêt circulatoire per-opératoire e(étude épidémiologie 1989 – 1995 monocentriq

ASA 1

ASA 2

0,2

Evènements pour 10 000

0,7

Incidence globale estimée : 1,1 pour 1

Biboulet P et al . Can J Anaesth 2001;48:326-32Lienhart et al . Anesthesiology 2006;105:1087-97

ASA 3

ASA 4

6,6

19,2

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Mortalité péri-opératoire en Fr(données de l’enquête « mortalité » SFAR – INSERM

Auroy Y, Thèse d’Université soutenue à Paris en 200Lienhart et al . Anesthesiology 2006;105:1087-97

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> Arrêt cardiaque et décès péri-opérat

• Réanimation peropératoire (18%)• Evaluation et préparation préopératoire (16%)

• Soins osto ératoires 13%

Les défaut de soins le plus souvent identifiés

Auroy Y, Thèse d’Université soutenue à Paris en 200

• Gestion des pertes sanguines (12%)• Gestion de l’induction de l’anesthésie (11%)• Réalisation de la technique d’anesthésie (8%)• Tenue des documents (6%)• Surveillance en SSPI (5%)• Monitorage peranesthésique (3%)

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Partielle

Totale

50%

92%

Proportion de décès jugé évitables selon l’imputabili


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Partielle

Totale

Proportion de décès jugé évitables selon l’imputabili

Ecart de soins rencontrés pourl’ensemble des décès

Ecart de soindécès avec fa

50%

92%

.

Soins PostOp.

Phase PréOp.

Pertes sanguines

Induction

Technique

42%

38%

37%

34%

26%

.

Soins PostOp.

Phase PréOp.

Pertes sanguine

Induction

Technique


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> Arrêt cardiaque et décès péri-opérat

• Causes Organisationnelles (53%)• Garde et transfert de tâches (100%)• Organisation et utilisation de la SSPI (87%)• Renfort non disponible(83%)

• Pression production / programmation (71%)

Les causes racines identifiées dans les décès jugés é



• Causes lié au personnel d’anesthésie (48%)• Vigilance, Compétence, jugement (60%)

• Causes structurelles (32%)• Structure ou service inappropriés (97%) et ressources

• Equipements (32%)• Tâches (32%)

• Réalisation (97%), système documentaire (96%) et su

• Equipe (27%)• Mobilisation des ressources (100%)• Communication (61%)

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Données épidémiologiques réc(362 767 actes de chirurgie non cardiaque entre 2005

> 262 arrêts circulatoires peropératoi

• 7,22 évènements pour 10 000• Mortalité à 24h : 44%• Mortalité à 30 jours : 63%

’

Epidémiologie générale

Goswami S et al Anesthesiology 2012;117:948-50

• Age• Classe ASA• Comorbidités préopératoires• Dépendance préopératoire• Risque chirurgical

• Urgence• Etat de choc et troubles de conscience préopératoir• Transfusion pré et peropératoire

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Age > 70 ans

ASA 3

ASA 4

1,17

Odds Ratio estimés associés à la survenue

peropératoire

3,71

8,75

Chirurgie risque 1,11

Données épidémiologiques récentes : fac(362 767 actes de chirurgie non cardiaque entre 2005

11,40

Dépendance

CGR 1-3

CGR 4-6

CGR 6-9

CGR > 10

,2,33

1,48Cardiaque

2,51

7,59

29,80


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Age > 70 ans

ASA 3

ASA 4

1,17

Odds Ratio estimés associés à la survenue

peropératoire

3,71

8,75

Chirurgie risque 1,11

Données épidémiologiques récentes : fac(362 767 actes de chirurgie non cardiaque entre 2005

11,40

Dépendance

CGR 1-3

CGR 4-6

CGR 6-9

CGR > 10

,2,33

1,48Cardiaque

2,51

7,59

29,80


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Données épidémiologiques récentes : cau(217 365 actes de chirurgie entre 1999 et 2009

> 160 arrêts circulatoires dans les 24h d’une

• 7,40 évènements pour 10 000• Mortalité à 24h : 29% pour les cas imputables à l’an• 14 cas (9%) sur 160 totalement attribuable à l’anest• 23 cas (14%) partiellement attribuable à l’anesthésie

Epidémiologie générale

Ellis SJ et al Anesthesiology 2014;120:829-38

• Age, sexe• Classe ASA• Type de chirurgie (abdomen, thoracique, rachis)• Urgence

• Durée de l’intervention• Horaire (15h – 7h)• Technique d’anesthésie

Caractéristiques associées

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Hémodynamique

Technique (cathéter central)

Technique (cathéter central)

Voies aériennes

Voies aériennes

o es a r ennes

Voies aériennes

Voies aériennes

Voies aériennes

Voies aériennes

Voies aériennes

Hémodynamique

Voies aériennes

Neurologique (ALR)

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> 160 arrêts circulatoires dans les 24h d’une

• Hémodynamique (70%)• Voies aériennes (13%)• 1 cas (4%) de réaction à la protamine• 5 cas (22%) survenu dans le cadre d’une prise en c

23 (14%) Cas partiellement attribuables à l’anesthésie

Ellis SJ et al Anesthesiology 2014;120:829-38

• Traumatismes graves• Insuffisance hépatocellulaire / transplantation hépati• Sevrage de CEC impossible• Complications techniques chirurgicales• Anévrysme de l’aorte thoracique ou abdominale

• Chirurgie cardiaque• Sepsis, hémorragie...• Chirurgie carcinologique ou transplantation

123 (77%) cas non attribuable à l’anesthésie

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Données épidémiologiques récentes :(2 524 arrêt circulatoires péri-opératoires (24h) – multicentrique –

Lieu

Proportion sur 2524 arrêts circulatoires dans les 2

Salle d’opération 58%

Rythme

57%

AESP (37%)Asystolie (39%)

SSPI10%

RACS 57%

Ramachandran SK et al Anesthesiology 2013;119:1322

ause mm a e

Trouble du rythme

Hypotension

Insuf. Respiratoire

Isch. MyocardiqueVoies aériennes

59%

52%

29%

7%6%

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Données épidémiologiques récent(2 524 arrêt circulatoires péri-opératoires (24h) – multicentrique –

Lieu

Proportion sur 2524 arrêts circulatoires dans les 2

Salle d’opération 58%

Rythme

57%

AESP (37%)Asystolie (39%)

SSPI10%

31%

RACS

Sortie H

57%

26%

65%CPC 1 62%


Survie 24h 46% à 24h

32% 64% CPC 1 (pas dSortie H

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Données épidémiologiques récentes(2 524 arrêt circulatoires péri-opératoires (24h) – multicentrique –

> Principaux facteurs pronostics indépendants l

• Hypotension• Métastases maladies hématologique• Insuffisance cardiaque congestive, ischémie myocar• Insuffisance rénale

Facteurs indépendants de mauvais pronostic

• Problème de voies aériennes

• Survenue en salle d’opération ou en SSPI ou en ser• Troubles du rythme• Fibrillation ventriculaire

•• Survenue en garde• Age

Facteurs de bon pronostic


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Données épidémiologiques récentes(2 524 arrêt circulatoires péri-opératoires (24h) – multicentrique –


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Evènements particuliers au bloc o(disposer de protocoles locaux connus, diffusés et acc

> Trois circonstances particulières

• Intralipides intraveineux• Intralipides 20% : 3 ml.kg-1

• Medialipide : 6 à 9 ml.kg-1

• Diminuer les doses d’adrénaline (< 1 µg.kg-1)

• ’ ’

Toxicité des anesthésiques locaux

• Adrénaline• Remplissage vasculaire : cristalloides isotoniques (3

, betabloqueurs

Choc anaphylactique grade 4

Hyperthermie maligne

• Dantrolène : 2,5 mg.kg-1

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Dernières RecommandationsDernières Recommandations

http://circ.ahajournals.org/

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Résumé des principaux chanRésumé des principaux chan

Basic Life Support Electrical Therapy A

- Interrogatoire standardisé desappelants pour la reconnaissanceprécoce de l’arrêt cardiaque- Compressions thoraciques par lestémoins guidées par téléphone- Utilisation d’outils spécifiques pourguider et améliorer la qualité descompressions thoraciques

- Minimiser le temps sanscompressions thoraciques autourdes choc électriques- Objectif = Temps d’arrêt descompressions thoraciques < 5secondes- Une phase de compressionsthoraciques de 3-4 min avant la

- Mcom- Ocom- Palecar- Ad

vrance u c oc ec r queexterne n’est plus recommandée- 3 chocs électriques externessuccessifs réservés aux patientsmonitorés et déjà connectés audéfibrillateur- Le développement de ladéfibrillation automatique est

encouragé

dro- At- Ad300éle- Inentutil

- Imarr- Pcor

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1970 - 1980Décès imputables

3,38 pour 104

Totalement : 0,76Partiellement : 2,62

ASA 1

ASA 2

ASA 3

ASA 4

0,5

2,71

0,04Evènemen

1996 - 1999

Décès imputables

0,54 pour 104Totalement : 0,07Partiellement : 0,47

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Algorithme de la Défibrillation AAlgorithme de la Défibrillation A

Autres

- Développerdéfibrillateur

- A l’hô ital lesemi-automad’une formatregistre cliniq

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Défibrillation : les recommandatio

• Minimiser le temps d’arrêt des compressions th – Compressions thoraciques pendant la mise en charge du d – Compressions thoraciques reprises immédiatement après le – Port de gants – Communication efficace dans l’équipe

• 1 seul choc électrique externe – Minimise le temps d’arrêt des compressions thoraciques – Exception : patient monitoré et connecté au défibrillateur (3

• Energie délivré 150 J – Soit augmentation soit stabilité de l’énergie au fil des chocs

• Matériel – Semi automatique – Electrodes adhésives

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Algorithme de la réanimation Algorithme de la réanimation

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Réanimation avancée ce qui Réanimation avancée ce qui

•• Voies aériennesVoies aériennes – Intubation par du personnel entraîné et sans arrêt des comp – Utilisation du CO2 expiré – Dispositif supra-glottique (ou rien) dans les autres cas

•• Ventilation contrôléeVentilation contrôlée – Fréquence = 10 cylces / min – Fraction inspirée d’O2 pour obtenir SpO2 entre 94 et 98%

•• Abord vasculaireAbord vasculaire – Périphérique ou intra-osseux – Voie pulmonaire non recommandée

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Les médicamentsLes médicamentsvers la simplification en l’absence de pvers la simplification en l’absence de p

•• Adrénaline : 1mg tous les 2 cycles (3Adrénaline : 1mg tous les 2 cycles (3--5 min)5 min) – Après le 3ème choc si TV/FV persistante – Dès la voie veineuse en place pour les autres rythmes non

•• Amiodarone : 300 mg en bolusAmiodarone : 300 mg en bolus (+/- 150mg, +/- 900mg – pour la FV/TV persistante après le 3ème choc électrique ex – Lidocaine 1 mg/kg si amiodarone non disponible

•• AtropineAtropine – Non recommandée en 2010

•• Sulfate de magnésiumSulfate de magnésium

– Réservé à la torsade de pointe

•• FibrinolytiquesFibrinolytiques – Réservé au diagnostic avéré ou suspecté d’embolie pulmon

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Principes de l’hypothermie théPrincipes de l’hypothermie thé

Entretien et contrôle RéInduction

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Anesthesl V 120 • N 4 829 Aprl 2014

M UCH is still unknown about the incidence of anes-thesia-related cardiac arrest in the United States.Since our original report was published in 2002, therehave been a number of articles and editorials exploring thetopic of anesthesia-related cardiac arrest.1–5 A review articlepublished in 2002 suggested that the overall perioperative

mortality rate for patients having American Society of Anes-thesiologists (ASA) physical status I to V is approximately 1per 500 anesthetics.2 Te data further suggest that the anes-thesia-related perioperative mortality rate is approximately 1death per 13,000 anesthetics.

Another report found an overall frequency of periopera-tive cardiac arrests of 4.3 per 10,000 anesthetics. Cardiacarrests primarily attributable to anesthesia were estimatedto be approximately 0.5 per 10,000 anesthetics. Mortalityattributable to anesthesia was approximately 1 in 100,000anesthetics.4 Tis article was accompanied by an editorialnoting that without standardized methods of data collec-

tion and analysis, it is difficult to compare results betweeninstitutions.5

Beginning in 2005, there were additional publications onthis topic.6–10 In 2008, a report looked at an unanticipatedday of surgery deaths in Department of Veterans Affairs

Hospitals.11 After review of 88 unanticipated day of surgery

deaths, the authors concluded that improved anesthesia care

may have prevented fatality in approximately 1 of 13,900

cases. Another study using data from the American College of

Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

database from 2005 to 2007 (n = 362,767) found that anintraoperative cardiac arrest occurs at a rate of approximately

7 per 10,000 noncardiac surgeries with a 30-day mortality

rate of 63%.12 In 2012, a review of 87 articles selected from

the world literature on anesthesia-related mortality over the

What We Already Know about This Topic

• Much is still unknown about the actual incidence of anesthe-sia-related cardiac arrest in the United States

• Using a single institution’s quality improvement database, allcases of cardiac arrest from 1999 through 2009 were identi-ed and submitted for review by an independent study com-mission to estimate the incidence of anesthesia-related car-

diac arrest

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

• As judged by an independent study commission, anesthesia-related cardiac arrest occurred in 37 out of 160 cardiac arrestswithin a 24-h perioperative period

Copyright © 2014, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Anesthesl 2014; 120:829-38

ABSTRACT

Background: Much is still unknown about the actual incidence of anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in the United States.

Methods: Te authors identified all of the cases of cardiac arrest from their quality improvement database from 1999 to 2009and submitted them for review by an independent study commission to give them the best estimate of anesthesia-related car-diac arrest at their institution. One hundred sixty perioperative cardiac arrests within 24 h of surgery were identified from ananesthesia database of 217,365 anesthetics. An independent study commission reviewed all case abstracts to determine whichcardiac arrests were anesthesia-attributable or anesthesia-contributory. Anesthesia-attributable cardiac arrests were those casesin which anesthesia was determined to be the primary cause of cardiac arrest. Anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrests werethose cases where anesthesia was determined to have contributed to the cardiac arrest.

Results: Fourteen cardiac arrests were anesthesia-attributable, resulting in an incidence of 0.6 per 10,000 anesthetics (95%CI, 0.4 to 1.1). wenty-three cardiac arrests were found to be anesthesia-contributory resulting in an incidence of 1.1 per10,000 anesthetics (95% CI, 0.7 to 1.6). Sixty-four percent of anesthesia-attributable cardiac arrests were caused by airwaycomplications that occurred primarily with induction, emergence, or in the postanesthesia care unit, and mortality was 29%. Anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrest occurred during all phases of the anesthesia, and mortality was 70%.Conclusion: As judged by an independent study commission, anesthesia-related cardiac arrest occurred in 37 of 160 cardiacarrests within the 24-h perioperative period. (A NESTHESIOLOGY 2014; 120:829-38)

Presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, San Francisco, California, October 15, 2013.

Submitted for publication July 31. 2013. Accepted for publication January 6, 2014. From the Department of Anesthesiology, University ofNebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (S.J.E., M.C.N., J.A.S., K.R.P., J.H.T., S.J.L.); Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western-Iowa HealthcareSystem, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (D.J.R.); Department of Surgery,University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (D.W.M.); Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medi-cal Center, Columbus, Ohio (R.L.H.); Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas ( J.D.K.); andDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (F.Q.).

Anesthesia-related Cardiac Arrest

Sheila J. Ellis, M.D., Myrna C. Newland, M.D., Jean A. Simonson, M.D., K. Reed Peters, M.D.,

Debra J. Romberger, M.D., David W. Mercer, M.D., John H. Tinker, M.D., Ronald L. Harter, M.D.,

James D. Kindscher, M.D., Fang Qiu, Ph.D., Steven J. Lisco, M.D.

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Anesthesl 2014; 120:829 38 830 Ellis et al

Anesthesa-related Cardac Arrest

past 60 yr found considerable differences in mortality relatedto both economic development and ASA physical status with ASA physical status from III to V having markedly increasedmortality rates.13

In 2013, a study looked at predictors of survival from

perioperative cardiopulmonary arrests. Te authors used anational in-hospital resuscitation registry to identify patients18 yr or older who had a cardiac arrest in the operat-ing room or within 24 h postoperatively. Out of a total of2,524 perioperative cardiac arrests reported from 234 hos-pitals, they found 1,458 intraoperative cardiac arrests and536 that occurred in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU).Te remainder occurred in telemetry, critical care areas, orgeneral inpatient areas. Tose arrests in the operating roomand PACU had better survival compared with the survival inother perioperative locations.14

o address this lack of information about anesthesia-related cardiac arrests, we asked an independent study com-mission, comprised of three anesthesiologists, an internistand critical care specialist, and a surgeon, to review all of thecases of cardiac arrest occurring within the 24-h periopera-tive period at our institution, to determine the incidence andoutcome of anesthesia-attributable and anesthesia-contribu-tory cardiac arrests.

Materials and Methods

After obtaining approval from the University of NebraskaMedical Center Institutional Review Board, Omaha,Nebraska, we identified all cardiac arrests that occurred

within 24 h after anesthesia that were reported to ouranesthesia database at Te Nebraska Medical Center from August 15, 1999 to December 31, 2009. We used the samemethodology as in our first report in that after we identi-fied all cases of cardiac arrest from our anesthesia database, we prepared an abstract of each case from anesthesia andmedical records. (See appendix 1 for details extracted fromthe records to prepare the abstract.) We then submitted theabstracts to an independent study commission representinganesthesiology, internal medicine, and surgery. Te use of anindependent study commission for review of deaths relatedto anesthesia in the perioperative period was proposed byHenry S. Ruth, M.D. (1899–1956; Professor, Departmentof Anesthesiology, Hahnemann Hospital and Medical Col-lege, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) in 1945.15 Te indepen-dent study commissions would be modeled after maternalmortality study commissions. It was thought that there would be an insufficient number of deaths in Philadelphiato warrant the use of a commission. Te independent studycommission we created was asked to determine which cases were anesthesia-attributable and which cases were anesthe-sia-contributory to the cardiac arrest.1 From these values, we calculated an anesthesia-attributable cardiac arrest rateand an anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrest rate. Cardiacarrests were identified from the anesthesia database that was

developed from a quality assurance (QA) form included as

mandatory documentation with each anesthetic record. Teanesthesiology faculty member, anesthesiology resident, ornurse anesthetist providing the anesthetic completed theQA form. Required data on the QA form contained patientdemographics, anesthesia provider information, date, loca-

tion, ASA physical status classification, and a 60-itemchecklist of airway, cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic,regional, and miscellaneous events. Providers were encour-aged to describe the event, treatment, and outcome, andmake any comments as to the cause or causes. Cardiac arrest was defined as an event requiring cardiopulmonary resuscita-tion, which may include closed or open-chest cardiac com-pressions. All QA forms were collected daily with a copy ofthe anesthesia record and reviewed for completeness by oneof the authors (M.C.N.) throughout the review period cov-ered by this study. During the study period, a weekly mortal-ity and morbidity conference was held as part of our quality

improvement process in which challenging cases or perioper-ative complications were discussed. Providers were expectedto complete a 24-h follow-up of all cases. Tis allowed doc-umentation of early postoperative complications that mayhave occurred in the PACU, the intensive care unit, or in thepatient’s room. For outpatients, a designated nurse called thepatient within 24 h to determine whether the patient hadany concerns. Any problems identified in the postoperativeperiod were added to the database.

Each case of cardiac arrest was matched by a “proximalconvenience” method to four other cases receiving anesthe-sia on the same date and in a similar operating suite. Dur-ing the study period, all anesthetic records were kept in filesmaintained by the Department of Anesthesiology. wo casesrandomly filed by billing personnel immediately precedingthe cardiac arrest case and two immediately after the car-diac arrest case were identified as controls. For each studycase and each control case, data were obtained on patientdemographics (including age and sex), ASA physical status,operative status (emergency or elective), surgical procedureperformed, time of day, and outcome. A copy of this datacollection form is provided in appendix 2. A case was con-sidered an emergency if it was designated as such by the ASAphysical status classification. Additional pertinent infor-mation related to preoperative assessment, intraoperativecourse, and anesthetic management was recorded. Surgicalprocedures were classified by major categories according tothe Physician’s Current Procedural erminology, 4th edition,as found in the ASA Relative Value Guide.16

Te medical and anesthesia records of each patient who had a cardiac arrest during anesthesia or in the 24-hperioperative period were reviewed by at least one ofthe authors (S.J.E., M.C.N., J.A.S., or K.R.P.) from ourDepartment of Anesthesiology. Abstracts were prepared without assigning responsibility for the cardiac arrest.Each abstract was assigned a three-digit code and submit-ted anonymously to an independent study commission

formed for this analysis.

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PERIOPERATIVE MEDICINE

Members of the independent study commission includedthe Chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology at TeOhio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus,Ohio, a Professor of Anesthesiology and Director of Liverransplant Anesthesiology at the University of Kansas Medi-

cal Center, Kansas City, Kansas, the former Chairman of theDepartment of Anesthesiology and now Professor Emeri-tus at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha,Nebraska, the Chairman of the Department of Surgery at theUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, who was not at this institution during the period of thisstudy, and a Professor of Internal Medicine and Critical Careat the Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western-Iowa HealthcareSystem, Omaha, Nebraska, and the University of NebraskaMedical Center, Omaha, Nebraska with no direct involve-ment in the care of these patients. Commission membersfrom outside the institution may provide a more unbiasedevaluation of these cases than if we used faculty exclusively within our institution.

Commission members were asked to review abstractsof all cases of cardiac arrest and were asked on their initialreview to provide their assessment of the primary cause ofcardiac arrest or death as due to (1) anesthesia, (2) surgery,(3) patient disease or condition, (4) other, for example,serendipity, electrical malfunction, fall, catastrophic fail-ure of equipment, or (5) unable to decide from informa-tion provided. Commission members were also asked todetermine which of the following, anesthesia, surgery,patient disease or condition, or other contributing cause,appeared to be a contributing cause of cardiac arrest or

death. Consensus was determined when at least three ofthe five commission members agreed on a cause of the car-diac arrest or death.

Te cases identified as anesthesia-attributable or anesthe-sia-contributory on the first review were resubmitted to thecommission for a second, more restrictive review. Te com-mission members were asked to make a choice of the roleof anesthesia in these cases using the following scale, brieflysummarized from our previous publication:

1. Anesthesia was the primary cause of the adverse event(certainty >90%)

2. Anesthesia was the primary cause of the adverse event(certainty 51 to 90%)

3. Anesthesia was an important contributing cause of theadverse event (certainty >90%)

4. Anesthesia was an important contributing cause of theadverse event (certainty 51 to 90%)

5. Anesthesia was neither the primary nor an importantcontributing cause of the adverse event.

After the second review by the commission, cases wereassigned as anesthesia-attributable if the majority of themembers judged them to have anesthesia as the primarycause (1 or 2 on the review scale) or anesthesia-contribu-

tory if the majority of the members judged them to have

anesthesia as an important contributing cause (numbers 3and 4 on the review scale) of the cardiac arrest.

Statistical Analysis

Te incidence, cause, and mortality of anesthesia-relatedcardiac arrests were summarized. Matching of cases andcontrols was based on the anesthesia time and location.Te characteristics of case and control groups were summa-rized using means and SDs for continuous variables, andfrequencies and percentages for categorical variables. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statisticallysignificant.

Results

Tere were 217,365 anesthetics administered during theslightly more than 10-yr period of this study, from August15, 1999 to December 31, 2009. A total of 160 cardiac

arrests within the 24-h perioperative period were identifiedfrom an anesthesia QA database. Te incidence of cardiacarrest from all causes was 1 per 1358, or 7.4 per 10,000anesthetics (95% CI, 6.3 to 8.6). o provide a comparisongroup, cases experiencing cardiac arrest were matched withfour other cases that underwent anesthesia on the same dayand in the same location by a proximal convenience method.Te characteristics of the cases that had a cardiac arrest andthe controls are reported in table 1.

Differences were found between cases and controls withregard to age, sex, ASA physical status, emergency surgerystatus, surgical procedure, length of operation, time of

day, and anesthetic technique by univariate analysis (allP

< 0.05). Te cardiac arrest group was older (53.5 ± 22.6 vs. 45.7 ± 22.7 for controls), had a higher proportion of males(61.3 vs. 46.3%), greater percentages of patients with higher ASA physical status (ASA ≥IV, 68.6 vs. 7.6%), greaterpercentage of patients having emergency surgery (51.9 vs. 12.0%), more patients with thoracic or spine procedures(35.0 vs. 14.7%), more patients with upper abdominal pro-cedures (16.9 vs. 4.7%), longer length of operation (3.2 ± 2.9vs. 1.6 ± 1.7 h), more evening surgery (37.5 vs. 22.7%), and agreater percentage had general anesthesia compared with thecontrol group (93.8 vs. 86.6%).

In the cardiac arrest group, there were only four casesless than 1 yr of age and only 12 cases between 1 and 20 yr.Te largest group of cases, 59 (37.8%), was between 51 and70 yr of age. Controls were evenly distributed in the 31 to50 and 51 to 70 yr old age groups. Males comprised 61%of the cardiac arrest cases. Tree patients with ASA I andeight patients ASA II experienced a cardiac arrest. Seventy-three percent of cardiac arrests occurred in patients with ASA physical status III and IV. A little over 60% of cases with cardiac arrest occurred during regular working hoursfrom 07:00 to 15:00 and the remainder took place in lateafternoon and evening/nighttime hours. General anesthe-sia was the predominant anesthetic technique used in cases

with cardiac arrest.

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Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the results of thereview process used by the independent study commissionin reviewing the 160 cardiac arrest case abstracts. All 160abstracts were sent to the commission members for the ini-tial review. After the initial review, 12 cases received at leastthree of five votes for anesthesia-attributable and nine caseshad three of five votes for anesthesia-contributory. All wereincluded in the cases sent back to the reviewers for the sec-ond review. An additional 24 cases had at least one vote foranesthesia-attributable and 17 cases had at least two votes foranesthesia-contributory. Many cases qualified in both cat-egories because they had both one vote for anesthesia-attrib-utable and two votes for anesthesia-contributory. A total of53 abstracts were sent back to the reviewers for a second,more restrictive review. Reviewers were asked not to consultany notes from the first review but make a single judgmentas outlined in the Materials and Methods. After this secondreview, there were now 14 cases determined to be anesthe-sia-attributable. wo of the original anesthesia-attributable

cases were moved to the anesthesia-contributory category.

An additional four cases were added to the anesthesia-attrib-utable category making a total of 14. One case had been inthe anesthesia-contributable group and moved to anesthesia-attributable. Tree cases had previously had two votes foranesthesia-attributable and one case had previously only hadone vote for anesthesia-attributable, but now, all three casesmoved to the anesthesia-attributable group after the secondreview. Te original nine cases in the anesthesia-contribu-tory group changed to eight after the second review becauseone case moved from anesthesia-contributory to anesthesia-attributable. An additional 15 cases were added to the anes-thesia-contributory group of 8 after the second review givinga total of 23 cases in the anesthesia-contributory group. Six-teen cases of the 53 in the second review were judged to beneither anesthesia-contributory nor anesthesia-attributable.

After the more restrictive second review, a total of 14 cases were identified as anesthesia-attributable with a mortality rateof 29% (95% CI, 8 to 58%), 4 of 14. Tese are listed intable 2. Te adverse event leading to the arrest, the period of

the anesthetic in which it occurred, the anesthetic technique

Table 1. Characteristics of Cases and Comparison Group for Cardiac Arrest

Characteristics Cases (n = 160) Controls (n = 640) P Value

Age (yr) 53.5 ± 22.6 45.7 ± 22.7

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used, and the outcomes are also found in table 2. Te 14cardiac arrests attributable to anesthesia result in a cardiacarrest rate attributable to anesthesia of 1 per 15,526 anesthet-ics or 0.6 per 10,000 anesthetics (95% CI, 0.4 to 1.1). Riskof death due to anesthesia-attributable cardiac arrest was 1 in54,341 or 0.2 per 10,000 anesthetics (95% CI, 0.1 to 0.5).

Mortality in the anesthesia-attributable cardiac arrestgroup was 29% compared with a mortality rate of 70% incases of patient disease or condition or surgical/technical

factors causing cardiac arrest. Nine of the 14 cases involvedairway management either at induction or with extubationof the trachea at the end of the case followed by inability tomask ventilate or loss of airway on transport to or after arrivalin the PACU (two cases). Several problems with placementof double-lumen tubes were noted. Tere were two cases ofcardiac arrest involving central venous access and one case ofhypotension after a small dose of intravenous narcotic. Tepatient with bradycardia during subarachnoid block ulti-mately required insertion of an intravenous pacemaker. Tepatient with a seizure after interscalene block had multiplemedical problems and on another occasion had experienced

a cardiac arrest during general anesthesia.

Cases were considered by the independent study commis-sion to have anesthesia as an important contributory causeof cardiac arrest for an anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrestof 1 case per 9,450 or 1.1 per 10,000 anesthetics (95% CI,0.7 to 1.6).

able 3 lists the adverse events in the 23 cases of anesthe-sia-contributory cardiac arrests. Seventy percent had cardiacor cardiovascular complications which included myocardialinfarction, hypotension, S segment depression, bradycar-dia, ventricular fibrillation, and myocarditis. Tere werethree cases (13%) of airway complications, all of which hada cardiac arrest in the PACU. wo cases (9%) of anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrest had pulmonary edema. Tere wasone case of a type III protamine reaction and one case thatunderwent surgery after an intracranial hemorrhage. Fiveof the 23 anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrests occurredin patients having emergency surgery and four of those fivepatients died. Overall, 16 of the 23 cases of anesthesia-con-tributory cardiac arrests died resulting in a mortality of 70%(95% CI, 47 to 87%). Tis is the same mortality rate foundfor perioperative cardiac arrests not related to anesthesia which are listed in table 4.

Comments from the reviewers as to why anesthesia wasconsidered contributory to the cardiac arrest focused onfour areas: inadequate preoperative evaluation, issues withintraoperative management, inadequate volume resuscita-tion during the case, and postoperative respiratory depres-sion from narcotics administered during the case. In severalcases, the reviewers noted that the patient should have beenassigned an ASA physical status IV instead of an ASA physi-

cal status III.able 4 lists cardiac arrests that were not anesthesia-

related but attributable to patient disease/condition orattributable to surgical/technical factors. echnical fac-tors include complications during cardiac catheterization,interventional radiology, or attempts at central venousaccess. Mortality in these 123 cardiac arrests was 70% withapproximately 50% of patients in three categories: trauma,complications associated with liver transplantation, andinability to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass. Te nextmost common categories were surgery on the thoracic orabdominal aorta (mortality 100%) and technical compli-

cations with 50% mortality. wo cases with perioperativemyocardial infarction as well as two cases with pulmonaryembolus died. Tere was one perioperative mortality in which no definitive cause was determined.

Discussion

Tis report is similar to our previous study 1 in that itdescribes the findings of an independent study commissionthat reviewed 160 cases of cardiac arrest in 217,365 anes-thetics over a slightly more than 10-yr period of time from August 15, 1999 to December 31, 2009. Te denomina-tor in this current study contains over 144,000 cases more

than the previous study. During this time period, a merger

Fig. 1. Flow diagram of review process to identify anesthe-

sia-attributable and anesthesia-contributory cases from 160cases of perioperative cardiac arrest.

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between the University Hospital and a neighboring com-munity hospital was completed with a significant increasein total numbers of cases attended by the Department of Anesthesiology. Te study commission found that 37 of 160cardiac arrests were related to anesthesia. Fourteen cases were judged to be anesthesia-attributable. Tis compares with theanesthesia-attributable cardiac arrest rate of 1 per 14,591anesthetics or 0.69 per 10,000 (95% CI 0.085 to 1.29) inour first study. Nine of 14 (64%) of anesthesia-attributablecases were related to airway management compared with 2of 5 (40%) in our previous study. Airway problems includeddifficulties either placing or ventilating through a double-lumen endotracheal tube, extubation and loss of airway onemergence or in the PACU, or difficulty ventilating on induc-tion of anesthesia. wo of the four deaths in this group wererelated to airway management. Mortality in this group was29%. Tis improved mortality rate contrasts with an 80%mortality rate in our first study. Te improved mortality ratemay be related to early recognition of the airway problemcontributing to the cardiac arrest and having sufficient helpavailable to “rescue” the patient. Other than one case of drug

reaction after an interscalene block and complications with

central venous access, all other patients in this category wererescued successfully.

Te study commission found that 23 patients were in theanesthesia-contributory group. Tis compares with a some- what higher anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrest rate of1.37 per 10,000 anesthetics (95% CI, 0.52 to 2.22) in ourfirst study. Tis could be related to a smaller denominator inthe first study while having significant numbers of trauma,complex surgeries, and other high-risk patients. All of thepatients in the anesthesia-contributory group in the currentstudy were with ASA physical status III or IV and presentedchallenges with predominantly cardiovascular problems suchas recent myocardial infarctions, dysrhythmias, hypotension,and pulmonary edema that were not easily correctable. Mor-tality was 70% in the anesthesia-contributory group. Tis isin contrast to our previous study, where 70% of the patients with anesthesia-contributory cardiac arrest survived. Teircomplications were less life threatening and more easilyreversible problems of adverse drug events, vagal reactions,and easily correctible dysrhythmias.

A recently published review article on quality and safety

in pediatric anesthesia discusses several institutions where

Table 2. Adverse Events in Anesthesia-attributable Cardiac Arrests (n = 14)

No. Age (yr) ASA PS Location Adverse Event Leading to Cardiac Arrest Period Outcome AnesthesiaTechnique

1 78 III IP Hypotension after intravenous narcotic. Multiplecomorbidities.

Maintenance Recovered General

2 70 IV IP CL pulled out during patient move to PACU bed.Cardiac arrest during attempted replacementof CL.

Emergence Died General

3 33 IVE IP Hemothorax after CL attempt by anesthesia. Thora-cotomy performed to control bleeding.

Preinduction Recovered None

4 67 IV IP Loss of airway on transport to PACU after earlyextubation.

PACU Recovered General

5 42 I OP Loss of airway on emergence due to bleeding andlaryngospasm after nasal trumpet placed.

Emergence Recovered General

6 76 III IP Attempted DLT placement for thoracotomy afterlaparotomy.


7 67 II OP Loss of airway in patient with known cancer oflarynx. Unable to ventilate.

Induction Recovered General

8 76 III IP Breathing circuit misconnected after positionchange. Unable to ventilate using circuit. Suc-

cessful with self-inflating bag.


9 70 IV IP Extubated at end of long intra-abdominal operation. Apneic on arrival in PACU. Reintubation.

PACU Died General

10 53 IV IP Loss of airway with induction drugs. Difficult ventila-tion, bradycardia.


11 26 III IP Difficulty in ventilating with DLT. DLT replaced withsingle-lumen endotracheal tube.


12 91 III IP Bradycardia and dysrhythmia. Ejection fraction20%.

Maintenance Recovered SAB

13 27 IV IP Seizure after interscalene block. Multiple comor-bidities, previous cardiac arrest during generalanesthesia.

Induction Died Regional

14 59 II IP Known difficult airway but extubated at end of case.Loss of airway. Unable to ventilate. Tracheostomydone.


ASA PS = American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score; CL = central line; DLT = double-lumen tube; IP = inpatient operating rooms;OP = outpatient operating rooms; PACU = postanesthesia care unit; SAB = subarachnoid block.

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Table 3. Adverse Events in Anesthesia-Contributory Cardiac Arrests (n = 23)

No. Age (yr) ASA PS Adverse Events and Issues Leading to

Cardiac Arrest Period Outcome AnesthesiaTechnique

1 47 III Intraoperative hemorrhage and MI with inadequate volume resuscitationduring the case.

Maintenance Died General

2 92 IVE Bowel obstruction with recent MI. Etomidate used for induction andprobable inadequate volume resuscitation.


3 75 IV Surgery postintracranial hemorrhage and problems with intraoperativemanagement.


4 20 III Respiratory arrest in PACU. Likely an ASA IV with metastatic cancer andbowel obstruction. Respiratory depression after morphineadministration.

PACU Died General

5 68 IV Severe type III reaction to protamine. Unanticipated reaction to 1/3 doseof protamine.


6 86 IVE Non Q-wave MI and unstable angina. Cardiac arrest after inductiondose of etomidate.

Induction Died General

7 44 III Hypotension during AICD change. Problems with intraoperative man-agement.


8 41 III Acute MI after superior laryngeal nerve block in morbidly obese patient.Inadequate preoperative evaluation. ASA IV.

Induction Died General

9 70 IVE Sudden back pain and reintubation after off-pump CABG. Cause uncertain.

ICU Died General

10 64 III Sudden bradycardia and hypotension. Active myocarditis. Inadequatepreoperative evaluation and of resting pulse of 107 beats/min beforeelective hip replacement.


11 57 IV Dysrhythmia, desaturation, and hypotension at the end of insertion ofintravenous port during MAC anesthesia. Postoperative respiratorydepression secondary to narcotics.

Emergence Died MAC

12 91 III Hypotension and bradycardia. Problems with intraoperative manage-ment.


13 67 IV Hypotension and bradycardia. Case cancelled after induction due todiscovery of skin lesion. Inadequate preoperative evaluation. Com-plete heart block developed while emerging from anesthesia.


14 74 III Septic arthritis and hypotension. Inadequate volume replacement afterintraoperative loss of 3,000 ml of blood.


15 49 III Sudden onset pulmonary edema in patient with multiple comorbiditiesand ejection fraction of 25% scheduled for esophagogastroduoden-oscopy. Induction with etomidate and propofol. Inadequate preopera-tive evaluation.


16 38 IIIE Respiratory arrest within 15 min of arrival in PACU. Postoperative res-piratory depression secondary to narcotics administered throughoutcase and within 30 min of extubation in the operating room.


17 46 IV Recurrent episodes of hypotension. Attempted intravenous sedationfor placement of hemodialysis catheter and AV fistula. Problems withintraoperative management.


18 86 III Bradycardia and hypotension after extubation in OR. Reintubated inOR. Problems with intraoperative management of elective total hipreplacement.

Emergence Recovered General

19 3 IV Respiratory arrest 30 min after arrival in PACU. Likely cause respiratoryarrest secondary to narcotics.


20 84 d IVE Pulmonary edema during case resulted in occluded endotracheal tube.Difficulties encountered during attempts at replacing. Problems withintraoperative management.


21 67 III Hypotension and bradycardia 15 min after induction of anesthesia. STdepression in lead II. Cardiology found stenotic lesion in anomalousRCA. Successful CABG 9 days later.


22 55 III Cardiac arrest 15 min after induction of anesthesia for placementof permanent pacemaker. Sudden VF in patient with sick sinussyndrome.


23 87 IV Sudden onset of hypotension and severe ST segment depression afteradministration of neostigmine and glycopyrrolate for reversal of mus-cle relaxants. Patient had undergone repair of femoral neck fracture.Multiple medical problems.


AICD = automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator; ASA PS = American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score; AV = arteriovenous;CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; ICU = intensive care unit; MAC = minimal alveolar concentration; MI = myocardial infarction; OR = operating room;

PACU = postanesthesia care unit; RCA = right coronary artery; VF = ventricular fibrillation.

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adverse event data are gathered from self-report, depart-ment quality improvement review, and other sources.17 Cases are then peer-reviewed by at least three anesthesi-ologists who were not involved in the case. Demographicdata on patients with anesthesia are provided by theinstitutions so that estimates of incidence can be deter-mined. An editorial discussing this article points out theopportunity of using quality, patient safety, and processimprovement as an area of study.18 Clark also noted in

his editorial that collecting significant events is a problemand may require manual tracking and analysis by experi-enced clinicians.

An analysis of factors associated with unanticipated dayof surgery deaths in Department of Veterans Affairs Hospi-tals was reported in 2008.11 Te authors analyzed 815,077elective surgical patients with ASA physical status I, II, orIII in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Programdatabase to identify patients who died on the day of sur-gery. Tey found that 0.08% or 646 patients died on theday of surgery with the type of surgery the strongest pre-dictor and aortic surgery the most risky. Te authors dida chart review of 88 deaths and found that opportunitiesfor improved anesthesia care were present in 13 of the 88(15%). Tey also found that the time between the conclu-sion of surgery and final transfer of care into recovery wasa time in which many of the deaths occurred. We notedthis time period to be a factor in several of our anesthesia-attributable cardiac arrests. Tey suggested that a deathmight have been prevented by improved anesthesia care inapproximately 1 per 13,900 cases. Tis number is similarto that previously reported in a study of anesthesia-relatedperioperative mortality.2

In comparison with our previous study of periopera-tive cardiac arrests, there are more airway-related com-

plications in this latest 10-yr review compared with the

previous 10 yr and a lower number of medication-relatedcomplications. We have observed an increase in the num-ber of airway complications on emergence from anesthesiaor in the PACU. Tree of 23 (13%) of anesthesia-con-tributory cardiac arrests occurred from respiratory arrestsin the PACU. A report on perioperative cardiac arrest in53,718 anesthetics over 9 yr from a Brazilian teachinghospital found that all anesthesia-related cardiac arrests were related to airway management and medication

administration.19

In our current study, the overall incidence of cardiacarrest was 7.4 per 10,000 anesthetics. Tis compares withour previous study in which the overall incidence of cardiacarrest was 19.7 per 10,000 anesthetics. Te distributionand numbers of cardiac arrests attributable to patient dis-ease/condition or surgical/technical factors remained fairlysimilar between the two studies, but we had a much largerdenominator in the current study. Tis may explain thechange in incidence. Te distribution of patients in the ASAphysical status groups has stayed approximately the same inthe two time periods. Te top three categories for causes ofcardiac arrest remained the same: trauma, end-stage liver dis-ease and complications associated with liver transplantation,and inability to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass. echni-cal complications including surgical and special proceduresincreased from 7 to 11.4%.

Limitations to this study include its representation ofperioperative cardiac arrests from a single institution. TeNebraska Medical Center is a 600-bed tertiary referral cen-ter with approximately 20,000 surgical cases per year. Itincludes a level 1 trauma center, an active solid organ trans-plantation program including both adult and pediatric liver,small bowel, and kidney transplants, adult heart transplants,high-risk obstetrical care, and neonatal and pediatric inten-

sive care units. Patient mix is local and referral as well as

Table 4. Cardiac Arrests Attributable to Patient Disease/Condition, or Surgical/Technical Factors

Causes of Arrest

Number n (%) Mortality (%)

123 70

Trauma: motor vehicle, gunshot wound, fall, pedestrian, other 24 (19.5) 100

End-stage liver disease and complications associated with liver transplantation 18 (14.6) 61Inability to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass 18 (14.6) 100

Complications associated with cardiac surgery 6 (4.9) 67

Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery (seven ruptured) 10 (8.0) 100

Technical complications: surgical, special procedures, cardiac catheterization laboratory,central venous access

14 (11.4) 50

Sepsis and/or multiple organ failure 6 (4.9) 83

Exsanguinating hemorrhage at operation associated with primary disease process 5 (4.0) 80

Complications associated with small bowel or kidney transplant 4 (3.2) 75

Complications associated with radical cancer surgery 4 (3.2) 100

Vagal reaction 3 (2.4) 0

Perioperative myocardial infarction 2 (1.6) 100

Pulmonary embolus 2 (1.6) 100

Pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator related 2 (1.6) 0

Miscellaneous: drug reaction and cause undetermined 3 (2.4) 33

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some national/international patients. Our experience maynot be the same as other institutions.

We have maintained our database of adverse events formore than 20 yr by reporting from providers includingfaculty, residents, and certified registered nurse anesthe-

tists. Tis is part of our QA and improvement program.During the study period, adverse events were reviewed weekly as part of our morbidity and mortality program.It is always possible that not all events were captured. Teindependent study commission did not have access tooriginal records. It is possible that this could have intro-duced unrecognized bias into the commission’s interpreta-tion of perioperative events.

A total of 37 cases of anesthesia-related cardiac arrest were identified from 217,365 anesthetics over a 10-yrperiod in an academic medical center. Fourteen cases weredetermined to be anesthesia-attributable with an anesthe-sia-attributable cardiac arrest rate of 0.6 per 10,000 anes-thetics (95% CI, 0.4 to 1.1) which is comparable with a rateof 0.69 per 10,000 anesthetics (95% CI, 0.085 to 1.29) inthe previous 10 yr. wenty-three cases were determined tobe anesthesia-contributory for a risk of anesthesia-contrib-utory cardiac arrest of 1.1 per 10,000 anesthetics (95% CI0.7 to 1.6) compared with a rate of 1.37 per 10,000 anes-thetics in the previous 10 yr. Te anesthesia-related cardiacarrest rate has not changed significantly over a 10-yr period.Many of the events occurred in the operating room afterthe patient was emerging from anesthesia, during or aftertransport to the PACU, and in the PACU. Airway man-agement decisions, complications associated with vascular

access, preoperative patient assessment, and intraoperativecardiovascular events are the areas where improvementsshould be directed.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Benjamen Jones, B.S., Depart-ment of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska MedicalCenter, Omaha, Nebraska, and Ankit Agrawal, B.S., Depart-ment of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska MedicalCenter, for assistance with data entry and management.

Support was provided solely from institutional and/ordepartmental sources.

Competing InterestsThe authors declare no competing interests.

Correspondence

Address correspondence to Dr. Newland: 984455 NebraskaMedical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-4455. [email protected]. Information on purchasing reprints may befound at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead pageat the beginning of this issue. ANESTHESIOLOGY ’s articles aremade freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only,6 months from the cover date of the issue.

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Appendix 1. Data Collection Form for Items

to Be Included in Preparation of Abstracts

Case identification code:Patient demographics:• Age

• Sex • American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status

score• Emergency or scheduled operation

• Surgical procedure• Length of operation (if helpful)

• ime of day (day: 07:00 to 15:00, evening/night: 15:00to 07:00)

• Comorbid conditions ° Obesity ° Smoking ° Hypertension

° Diabetes mellitus ° Coronary artery disease ° Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ° End-stage renal disease ° End-stage hepatic disease ° Congestive heart failure ° Myocardial infarction in past 6 months

Pertinent facts related to preoperative assessment, intraop-erative course, management of anesthetic, and resuscitation:Outcome, if known: Autopsy findings, if known:

Appendix 2. Data Collection Form for Cases

and Controls

1. Registration No. Case or Control Identifier No. 2. Date of operation 3. ime of operation

4. Sex

5. Age in a. Days b. Months c. Years 6. ASA physical status 7. Operation a. Scheduled b. Urgent c. Emergency 8. Length of operation in a. Minutes

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Anesthesiology V 119 • No 6 1322 December 2013

ABSTRACT

Background: Perioperative cardiopulmonary arrests areuncommon and little is known about rates and predictors ofin-hospital survival.Methods: Using the Get With Te Guidelines®-Resuscitation national in-hospital resuscitation registry, weidentified all patients aged 18 yr or older who experiencedan index, pulseless cardiac arrest in the operating room or within 24 h postoperatively. Te primary outcome was sur-vival to hospital discharge, and the secondary outcome wasneurologically intact recovery among survivors. Multivari-able logistic regression models using generalized estimatingequation models were used to identify independent predic-tors of survival and neurologically intact survival.Results: A total of 2,524 perioperative cardiopulmonary

arrests were identified from 234 hospitals. Te overall rateof survival to discharge was 31.7% (799/2,524), including41.8% (254/608) for ventricular tachycardia and ventricu-lar fibrillation, 30.5% (296/972) for asystole, and 26.4%

(249/944) for pulseless electrical activity. Ventricular fibrilla-tion and pulseless ventricular tachycardia were independentlyassociated with improved survival. Asystolic arrests occurringin the operating room and postanesthesia care unit were asso-ciated with improved survival when compared to other peri-operative locations. Among patients with neurological statusassessment at discharge, the rate of neurologically intact sur-vival was 64.0% (473/739). Prearrest neurological status atadmission, patient age, inadequate natural airway, prearrestventilatory support, duration of event, and event location were significant predictors of neurological status at discharge.Conclusion: Among patients with a perioperative cardiacarrest, one in three survived to hospital discharge, and goodneurological outcome was noted in two of three survivors.

PERIOPERAIVE cardiopulmonary arrests areuncommon events, and their morbidity and mortalityhave not been well-studied. Te early postoperative periodposes additional risks to patients due to the proximate natureof anesthesia and surgical insults. Tus, several features ofperioperative cardiac arrests are unique.1 As with otherspecialized areas, such as the emergency room,2 perioperative

Predictors of Survival from PerioperativeCardiopulmonary Arrests

A Retrospective Analysis of 2,524 Events from the Get WithThe Guidelines-Resuscitation Registry

Satya Krishna Ramachandran, M.D., F.R.C.A.,* Jill Mhyre, M.D.,* Sachin Kheterpal, M.D., M.B.A.,*Robert E. Christensen, M.D.,* Kristen Tallman, B.S.N.,† Michelle Morris, M.S.,‡ Paul S. Chan, M.D., M.Sc.,§for the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Investigators||

* Assistant Professor, ‡ Research Coordinator, Departmentof Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.† Perianesthesia Nurse, Department of Nursing, University of Michi-gan. § Assistant Professor, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute,Kansas City, Missouri. ‖ The American Heart Association’s Get WithThe Guidelines-Resuscitation Investigators are listed in appendix 1.

Received from the Department of Anesthesiology, University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Submitted for publication October23, 2011. Accepted for publication January 4, 2013. Supported by theDepartment of Anesthesiology, The University of Michigan HealthSystem, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The American Heart Association, Dal-las, Texas, provided funding for the collection and management ofthe National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation database.The senior author (Dr. Chan) is a member of the Get With TheGuidelines-Resuscitation Investigators and is funded by the NationalInstitute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, through K23#L102224.

Address correspondence to Dr. Ramachandran: Departmentof Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 1 H427 UniversityHospital Box 0048, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor,Michigan 48109-0048. [email protected]. This article maybe accessed for personal use at no charge through the Journal

Web site, www.anesthesiology.org.

What We Already Know about This Topic

• Perioperative cardiopulmonary arrests are uncommon events,and their morbidity and mortality have not been well-studied

• Using the Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation national car-

diopulmonary resuscitation registry, this study determined thepresentation, management, and outcomes of arrests occur-ring in the operating room and the postoperative period within24 h of surgery

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

• Among patients with a perioperative cardiac arrest, one inthree survived to hospital discharge, and good neurologicaloutcome was noted in two of three survivors

◇ This article is featured in “This Month in Anesthesiology.”Please see this issue of A NESTHESIOLOGY , page 1A.

Copyright © 2013, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. LippincottWilliams & Wilkins. Anesthesiology 2013; 119:1322-39

mailto:[email protected]://www.anesthesiology.org/http://www.anesthesiology.org/mailto:[email protected]

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Anesthesiology 2013; 119:1322 39 1323 Ramachandran et al


events may differ from cardiac arrests elsewhere in the hospitalin terms of resuscitation response times and underlyingetiology. Tus, survival outcomes may be different in theselocations than those seen in general in-patient units.

In prior studies, survival rates from perioperative arrests3–5

were higher than those reported in large multicenter in-hos-pital arrest studies.6 Other studies have reported on the inci-dence and risk factors for perioperative cardiac arrests,3–5 butthese have typically been single-institution studies with smallsample sizes (the largest study population of 223 patients),4 raising the question of generalizability. Tere remain signifi-cant limitations in our knowledge of perioperative arrests. Forinstance, no prior study has described outcomes for cardiacarrests occurring in the early postoperative period or vari-ability of survival in different postoperative locations. Suchinformation may be important for anesthesiologists who areoften involved in the decision making for the postoperativedisposition of patients (floor status vs. telemetry vs. intensivecare). In addition, the relationship between process-of-caremeasures (e.g., time to epinephrine, intubation, and defibril-lation) and outcomes in the perioperative setting is scant.

o better address these gaps in knowledge related to peri-operative cardiac arrests, we set out to study the presenta-tion, management, and outcomes of arrests occurring in theoperating room (OR) and the postoperative period within24 h of surgery.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

o achieve the study goals, we analyzed data from the multi-center Get With Te Guidelines—Resuscitation (GWG-R,formerly known as the National Registry for CardiopulmonaryResuscitation)7 database, an American Heart Association spon-sored prospective, multisite, observational registry, because ofits detailed collection of measures of care and outcomes for in-hospital cardiac arrests. Te members of the American Heart Association GWG-R Investigators are listed in appendix 1.Te study design of the GWG-R has been described previ-ously in detail.6 Briefly, a resuscitation event is defined as apulseless cardiopulmonary arrest that requires chest compres-sions and/or defibrillation. Data abstraction for each cardiacarrest is performed by trained personnel at each participatinginstitution.7 Data accuracy within the GWG-R is ensuredthrough periodic chart review, and the mean error rate has beenpreviously reported to be less than 2.4% for all data.8 o allowfor comparative analyses across multiple sites, data elements within the registry are standardized using Utstein-style defi-nitions to ensure uniformity of data collection.9 Oversight ofdata collection and analysis, integrity of the data, and researchis provided by the American Heart Association.

Te registry is currently the largest repository of informa-tion on in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest from over 400participating hospitals.10 Because the GWG-R data aredeidentified and already exist, need for consent was waived

by the Adult Research ask Force of the National Registry of

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and the Executive DatabaseSteering Committee of the American Heart Association.

Patient Population

Of 118,404 patients aged 18 yr or older who experiencedan index, pulseless cardiac arrest from February 24, 2000,to August 3, 2008, we excluded 115,502 patients becausetheir cardiac arrest did not occur in the OR, postanesthesiacare unit (PACU), or any locations, within 24 h after leavingthe PACU (fig. 1). An additional 378 patients were excludeddue to missing data on first pulseless rhythm or survivaloutcomes. Our final study cohort comprised 2,524 patients with perioperative cardiac arrests.

Study Outcomes

Te primary outcome measure was survival to hospital dis-charge. We examined as a secondary outcome measure neu-rologically intact survival among patients surviving to hospitaldischarge. Neurological outcome was assessed using previouslydescribed cerebral performance category (CPC) scores,6 whichdescribes patients as having no major disability (CPC = 1),

moderate disability (CPC = 2), severe disability (CPC = 3),

Fig. 1. Exclusion criteria and final study cohort. PACU = post-

anesthesia care unit.

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Perioperative Cardiac Arrests and Outcomes

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Perioperative Cardiopulmonary Arrests by Survival to Discharge Status

CharacteristicSurvivors(n=799)

Nonsurvivors(n=1725) P Value

UnadjustedOdds Ratio

(95% CI)

MissingData,n (%)

Age 63.2 ± 15.7 65.1 ± 18.1

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and coma or vegetative state (CPC = 4). For this study, wedichotomized patients as having neurologically intact survival(CPC = 1) or survival with neurological disability (CPC > 1).Of the patients who survived to hospital discharge (survivors),only those with both admission and discharge CPC recorded

(n = 663 [82.9% of survivors]) were included in multivariateanalyses of predictors of neurologically intact survival.

Statistical Analysis

Baseline patient characteristics were compared between survi-vors and nonsurvivors with Pearson chi-square test for discretevariables, t test for normally distributed continuous data, and Wilcoxon rank sum test for nonnormally distributed variables.

We then constructed separate multivariable models toidentify predictors of survival to discharge and neurologi-cally intact survival. Variables with a univariate association with survival (P < 0.10) were considered for model inclu-

sion. Candidate patient-level variables included admittingdiagnosis (medical, cardiac; medical, noncardiac; surgical,cardiac; or surgical, noncardiac) and presence or absence ofcoexisting medical conditions at the time of cardiac arrest(respiratory, renal, or hepatic insufficiency; congestive heartfailure, metabolic or electrolyte derangements; pneumo-nia; neurological disorders; shock; sepsis; major trauma, orcancer). Additionally, we controlled for variables related tothe cardiac arrest, including initial cardiac rhythm (asys-tole, pulseless electrical activity [PEA], pulseless ventriculartachycardia [PV], or ventricular fibrillation [VF]), dura-tion of cardiac arrest, time of cardiac arrest (during workhours or during after-hours periods [i.e., 5.00 pm to 8.00am], and weekend events. Consistent with previous lit-erature,8,10 shockable rhythms PV and VF were analyzedtogether as one rhythm type. For models assessing neurologi-cally intact survival among survivors, we also included as abinary covariate prearrest neurological status (baseline CPCscore 1 vs. other CPC score). As the data in the GWG-Rdatabase are derived from multiple sites of differing volume,all models used generalized estimating equation methodol-ogy with an exchangeable correlation matrix to control forpatient clustering at the facility level. Collinearity was evalu-ated on all pairs of variables to assess for independence. Temagnitudes of the standard errors were used as additional

measures of collinearity. Te model test of significance was

used to investigate model performance. Te resultant chi-square statistic value is a measure of the relationship betweenobserved and expected frequencies. A P

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variance estimation software that creates single or multipleimputations of missing values using the Sequential RegressionImputation Method.11,12 IVEware also creates partial orfull synthetic data sets using the sequential regressionapproach to protect confidentiality and limit statisticaldisclosure and can combine information from multiplesources by vertically concatenating data sets and multiplyimputing the missing portions to create larger rectangulardata sets. For our imputation, IVEware was used to imputedata through SAS version 9.2 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC). Tisapproach allowed us to handle complex data structures that were created from a large number of variables with mixedformats (dichotomous, categorical, continuous, counts, and

others). For this analysis, five imputations were performed

and the datasets were assembled into one dataset so analysis

could be conducted. After imputation, Stata 10 was utilized

to analyze multivariate models for major outcome measures

using General Estimation Equation to account for clustering

at the facility level. Te same syntax was used to recreate the

multivariate models after imputation to provide information

on the influence of missing data on risk estimates.

Results

Of 2,524 patients from 234 hospitals, 1,458 (57.7%) had a

cardiac arrest in the OR and the rest had arrests in the post-

operative setting (fig. 1). Return of spontaneous circulation

occurred in 1,485 patients (58.7%), 1,151 patients (45.5%)

Table 2. Independent Predictors of Survival to Discharge and Good Neurological Outcome in Perioperative Arrests

Risk Factor

Survival to Discharge

Preimputation Postimputation for Missing Data

Odds Ratio (95% CI) P Value Odds Ratio (95% CI) P Value

Acute nonstroke neurological event 1.02 (0.68–1.53) 0.918 1.08 (0.72–1.62) 0.712Baseline depression in neurological status 0.64 (0.41–1.01) 0.055 0.71 (0.47–1.06) 0.095

Congestive heart failure during admission 0.58 (0.41–0.83) 0.003 0.59 (0.41–0.85) 0.005

Hepatic insufficiency 0.62 (0.36–1.08) 0.092 0.66 (0.38–1.15) 0.142

Hypotension/hypoperfusion 0.54 (0.43–0.67)

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survived to 24 h after their cardiac arrest, and 799 (31.7%)survived to hospital discharge. Neurologically intact survival was observed in 473 (64.0%) of 739 survivors with validCPC scores at discharge.

Results are clustered around key areas relevant to periopera-tive arrests listed below: primary arrest rhythm, location-specificdifferences, patient-level associations, event-level associations,and neurological status at admission and outcomes. Univari-ate analyses are presented in table 1. Multiple adjusted analysespresented in tables 2 and 3, and appendices 2–7 are provided tocompare estimates of risk factors before and after data imputa-tion for missing variables. All estimates presented in the follow-ing sections refer to the postimputation data analyses. Patients

excluded due to any missing data were similar in baseline

characteristics to patients in the final study cohort, except thatthe excluded patients had lower rates of previous myocardialinfarction (4.1% vs. 6.8%, P = 0.045), septicemia (5.4% vs. 9.0%; P = 0.019), arrhythmia (50.8% vs. 59.3%; P = 0.042),and metabolic derangement (5.1% vs. 10.0%, P = 0.001).Patients excluded for missing data on primary rhythm did notdiffer significantly from those without missing data with regardto survival to discharge (35.4% vs. 33.3%; P = 0.362) and goodneurological outcome (67.7% vs. 63.3%; P = 0.306).

Primary Arrest Rhythm

Asystole was the most commonly encountered rhythm, butsurvivors were more likely to have a shockable initial cardiac

arrest rhythm (31.8% vs. 20.5%; P < 0.001) compared with

Table 2. Continued

Risk Factor

Good Neurological Outcome

Preimputation Postimputation for Missing Data

Odds Ratio (95% CI) P Value Odds Ratio (95% CI) P Value

Acute nonstroke neurological event 0.90 (0.29–2.78) 0.855 0.94 (0.35–2.52) 0.909Baseline depression in neurological status 0.46 (0.21–1.00) 0.05 0.61 (0.27–1.41) 0.249

Congestive heart failure during admission 1.07 (0.37–3.04) 0.905 1.03 (0.44–2.42) 0.941

Hepatic insufficiency 0.83 (0.15–4.56) 0.832 0.77 (0.25–2.36) 0.653

Hypotension/hypoperfusion 0.71 (0.43–1.19) 0.198 0.84 (0.56–1.26) 0.387

Metastatic or hematologic malignancy 0.73 (0.36–1.47) 0.378 0.86 (0.52–1.43) 0.568

Metabolic and electrolyte abnormality 1.90 (0.79–4.55) 0.152 1.38 (0.79–2.43) 0.257

Renal insufficiency 0.63 (0.32–1.22) 0.171 0.64 (0.38–1.08) 0.093

Respiratory failure 0.90 (0.51–1.59) 0.712 0.94 (0.58–1.54) 0.812

Septicemia 0.24 (0.07–0.84) 0.026 0.47 (0.16–1.40) 0.177

Active or evolving myocardial infarction 1.19 (0.49–2.84) 0.704 1.05 (0.49–2.26) 0.899

Inadequate natural airway 0.48 (0.20–1.19) 0.113 0.44 (0.21–0.92) 0.029

Arrhythmia 0.85 (0.54–1.35) 0.5 0.78 (0.54–1.13) 0.195 After hours 1.32 (0.43–4.00) 0.626 0.68 (0.28–1.62) 0.38

Arrest rhythm (PEA reference)

Asystole 0.79 (0.43–1.45) 0.449 0.94 (0.63–1.39) 0.75

PVT/VF (shockable rhythms) 0.91 (0.49–1.70) 0.76 1.04 (0.67–1.61) 0.866

White vs. nonwhite 1.73 (0.94–3.18) 0.081 1.52 (0.94–2.47) 0.088

Event location (general in-patient unit—reference)

Operating room 5.77 (1.74–19.10) 0.004 1.64 (1.16–4.39) 0.041

PACU 5.64 (1.77–17.95) 0.003 1.72 (1.07–4.55) 0.049

Telemetry 2.21 (0.62–7.95) 0.223 0.93 (0.23–3.74) 0.919

Intensive care area 6.79 (1.77–26.05) 0.005 1.72 (0.51–5.85) 0.383

Weekend 1.65 (0.73–3.74) 0.229 1.15 (0.64–2.08) 0.637

Invasive ventilation in place prearrest 0.08 (0.03–0.21)

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nonsurvivors (table 1). After adjusting for several patient-level and event-level variables, PV/VF alone was signifi-cantly associated with survival to 24 h postarrest and survivalto discharge (tables 2 and 3; appendices 2 and 3). Adjustedanalyses of survival outcomes stratified by first documented

pulseless rhythm are described in table 3 (and appendices4–6). Tere were no rhythm-specific differences in neuro-logical outcomes on adjusted models (table 2, appendix 7).In adjusted sub-analyses, arrest location, increasing age, andlonger duration of arrest were common independent asso-ciations with worse survival to discharge across all the threeprimary rhythms (appendices 4–6).

Location-specific Differences

Tere were significant differences in survival and neurologicaloutcome by hospital location of arrest. Te majority of arrestsoccurred in the OR (1458/2524). Survival rates were high-est in PACU arrests (214/536; 39.8%) followed by telemetry(20/58; 35.1%), OR arrests (455/185; 31.2%), general in-patient areas (34/140; 24.3%), and ICU locations (76/332;23.0%). Arrests in the OR, PACU, and ICU were associated with significantly shorter time to epinephrine, whereas ORand PACU arrests were associated with significantly shortertimes to invasive airway placement. Tere were no location-specific differences in the time to defibrillation (table 4).

On adjusted analyses, arrest location was not associated with survival to discharge. However, significant location-specific differences were observed in adjusted sub-analysesof survival to discharge within each arrest rhythm. Amongpatients exhibiting asystole as the first documented pulseless

rhythm (appendix 5), intraoperative (adjusted odds ratio,1.4; 95% CI, 1.0–2.6; P = 0.047) and PACU (adjustedodds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0– 4.1; P = 0.044) locations weresignificantly better survival to discharge compared to generalin-patient locations (fig. 2). ICU location was associated with worse survival following PEA arrests (adjusted odds ratio,0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8; P = 0.012). In contrast, telemetry(adjusted odds ratio, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.1–29.6; P = 0.038) andICU arrests (adjusted odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–5.1; P =0.041) were significantly associated with improved survivalfollowing PV/VF arrests in comparison with generalin-patient arrests

Intraoperative (adjusted odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2–4.4; P = 0.041) and PACU (adjusted odds ratio, 1.1; 95%CI, 1.1–4.6; P = 0.05) were significantly associated withbetter neurological outcomes in comparison to the eventsoccurring in the general in-patient location (table 2). Onsensitivity analyses, after exclusion of patients with CPCscores >1, location was not associated with neurological out-come, suggesting that patient factors likely play a large rolein neurological recovery from perioperative arrest.

Patient-level Associations

Te following variables were each associated with lower

survival rates to discharge on univariate analyses (table

1): Older age, congestive heart failure during ad

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