c9 tahap2 shima

8/4/2019 C9 TAHAP2 SHIMA

1/23

4541 / CHEMISTRY MODUL P3T ( TAHAP 2 )

1. Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is manufactured in industry through ...................................

2. The rawmaterials used are , and ..

3. This process consists of 3 stages // reactions.

Step I To produce sulphur dioxide

Explanation : Sulphur is burnt in air (oxygen) to produce sulphur dioxide gas

Chemical equation : S + O2 SO2

Step II To produce sulphur trioxide

Explanation : ..............................................................................................................

Chemical

equation :......................................................................................................

Step III To produce oleum

Explanation : ...............................................................................................................

Chemical equation : SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7

Step IV To produce sulphuric acid

Explanation : Oleum is diluted in water to produce sulphuric acid

Chemical equation ......................................................................................................

JPNT 2009 CHAPTER 9 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

173

A. SULPHURIC ACID

Suitable/optimum condition :

Temperature : ......................... 0C

Pressure : .................... atmCatalyst : .............................., V2O5

Stage 1 Stage 2

Stage 3

sulphur oxygen water

4

(a) (b) (c)

(d)Sulphuric acid

Burns in air Temperature: ..............oC

Pressure : ....... atm

Catalyst : .....................

Dilute in water

Dissolves inconcentrated

H2SO4


2/23


Complete the diagram below.

1. An important use of sulphuric acid is in the production of fertilizers. Name thefertilizers produced and write the equations involved when sulphuric acid reacts with :

(i) aqueous ammonia

Name of fertilizer :

...

Chemical equation :..

(ii) potassium hydroxide

Name of fertilizer :...

Chemical equation :

..


174

Uses of SulphuricAcid, H

2SO

4

In industries :

As an electrolyte in

acumulatorpaints

aartificial fibres

ial fibres

detergents fertilizers*

Ammonium sulphate

2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

Potassium sulphate

2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O


3/23


Environmental Pollutionby Sulphur dioxide

.

Sulphur dioxide is a poisonous and acidic gas. This gas can cause ___________, _________ , shortness of breath and bronchitis.

Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water/water vapour/rain water to

produce a mixture of sulphurous acid, H2SO3, and sulphuric acid, H2SO4. The

presence of these acids in rain water results in acid rain.

SO2 + H2O H2SO3

2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4


175

corrodes concrete

buildings

Effects of Acid Rain

to Environment

lower the pH of water

makes the soil acidic


4/23


Manufacture of ammonia in industries through Haber Process.

Combines nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas with ratio 1 : 3, in suitable/optimum condition.

Chemical equation :


176

AMMONIA

Condition :

Temperature : 450 0C

Pressure : 200 atm

Catalyst : Iron/Ferum, Fe

N2 + ............. 2NH3

Uses of ammonia :

(i) ..

(ii) .

(iii)

(iv). To produce explosives

(V) to prevent coagulation

Manufacture of fertilizer

As a raw material to

produce nitric acid

As an alkali to preventhecoagulation of latex

B. AMMONIA AND ITS SALT

H2

gas

+

Properties of Ammonia :

(i)............................................

(ii)...........................................

(iii)..........................................

(iv)..............................................

(v) give white fumes whenreacted with hydrogen chloridegas


5/23


The manufacture of nitrogenous fertilisers :

(a) Ammonium nitrate

Ammonia reacts with nitric acid through neutralization reaction to produce

ammonium nitrate.

Chemical equation : NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3

(b) Ammonium sulphate

Ammonia reacts with .............................. through neutralization reaction to produce

ammonium sulphate.

Chemical equation : _____________________________________

(c) Urea

Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide at a temperature of 200 0C and at pressure of

200 atm to produce urea.

2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO + H2O

Ammonium fertilizers :

1. The effectiveness of ammonium fertilizers are determined by the percentage of nitrogen

(by weight) present in them. The fertilizer with a higher percentage of nitrogen is more

effective.

The percentage ofnitrogen (by weight) can be calculated using the following formula

Example :

[ Relative atomic mass : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; S = 32 ]

Percentage of nitrogen (by weight) in ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4

= 2(14) 1002 [ 14 + 4(1) ] + 32 + 4(16)


177

Mass of nitrogen

Relative molecular mass of thefertilizer

100 %


6/23


= 21.21 %

Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in the following compounds :[ Relative atomic mass : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; S = 32 ]

Fertiliser Formula Percentage of nitrogen (%)

Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3

Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4

Urea (NH4)2HPO4


178


7/23


Definition :An alloy is a mixture oftwo or more elements with a certain fixed composition in whichthe major component is a metal.

Properties and Uses of some common alloys :

ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES

Brass

% of ..

% of ..

Bronze

% of ..

% of ..

Duralumin % of ..

. % of .. % of ..

% of ..

Pewter % of ..

% of ..


179

C. ALLOY

The aim of makingalloys

to increase the hardnessof the pure metal (makeit harder)

......................................

.....................................

.....................................

......................................

.......................................

........... .(make it stronger)

......................................

.....................................

.....................................


8/23


ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES

% of ..

Stainless Steel % of ..

% of ..

% of ..

Steel % of ..

% of ..

Bronze is an alloy consists of copper and tin. Explain why bronze is harder than copper.


180

Draw the atoms

arrangement

Explain the atomsarrangement above

Explain the atoms

arrangement when

forces is applied

Pure metal / Copper Alloy / bronze

The atoms ofthe same sizeare packed together in__________ manner, closelyand _____________. Thereare little spaces between theparticles.

The presence of differentatom___________ distrupts the

orderly arrangment of atoms in

pure metal.

When force is applied the atom

layers __________________________________________

When force is applied theatoms layers_______________ easily.


9/23



Polymer Monomer Polymer Monomer Uses

Carbohydrate glucose Polythene ethene Plastic bags

Insulations forelectrical wiring

Natural rubber isoprene Polypropene propene

Piping

Ropes

FatFatty acid andglycerol

PVC Chloroethene

Water pipes

Toys

Protein amino acid Perspex Methyl methacrylate

Safety glass

Traffic signs

TeryleneHexane-1,6-diolBenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

Clothing

Sails

Nylon

Hexane-1,6-diamine

Hexane-1,6-dioic acid

Ropes

Clothing

181

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

POLYMERS

Definition : Polymers are...

.......................................................................................

.......................................................................................

Types of

polymers

Naturally occurring

polymersSynthetic

polymers

long-chain molecules formed by

joining together monomers.


10/23



182

Effects of Improper Disposal of Synthetic Polymer

Polymer are very stable and are not easily_____________ .

Soil Pollution

Plastic thrown on land fillup our living spaces

Air Pollution

Burning of syntheticpolymer such as PVC andplastic will produce.. gas

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

Ways to dispose synthetic polymer

Water Pollution

Plastic will flow stop the

flow of river water and

drains that causes

.


11/23


12/23



CERAMIC

Main component :

.

PROPERTIES

1. Withstand high temperature anddo not melt easily (have a veryhigh melting point).

2. .......................................................

3. .......................................................

4. .......................................................

USES

1. Clay pots, sealing surface of spaceshuttle.

2. .........................................................

3. ........................................................

4. ........................................................

Kaolin ( aluminosilicate)

184


13/23


Component: Component: Component: Component: Component:

Glassortransparent

polymers

Silver chloride,

AgCl crystal

Properties : Properties : Properties : Properties :

Strong and

light

High tensile

strength

Easily

coloured

Low densityEasily

moulded and

shaped

Not easily

burnt.

Properties :

Uses : Uses :

Bullet trains

MRI

Magnetic

energy-storage

systems

Generators

Uses : Uses : Uses :


185

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Definition : Composite materialis.

..........................................................................................................

Reinforced

Concrete Superconductors Optic Fibres Fibre GlassPhotochromic

Glass

Concrete

Steel rods MetalsMetals oxide

Silica, SiO2

Na2CO3CaO

Glass fibrePlastic threads

Very strongWithstand

tensile forcesDo not rust

Transparent

Transparent

Changes

colour in

response to

sunlight

Used in optic

fibres for

comunication

water storage

tanks

boats hulls

car panels

making

optical

lenses

carwindshields

a structural material that is formed by

combining two or more different subtances.

F. COMPOSITE MATERIALS


14/23


15/23


Suhu Tekanan Mangkin

A 450oC 1 atmosphere Vanadium(V) oxideB 550oC 2 atmosphere Vanadium(V) oxideC 550oC 3 atmosphere iron powder D 650oC 4 atmosphere iron powder

Which pair of alloy and its composition is true ?[Pasangan aloi dengan komposisinya yang manakah benar ?]

Alloy Composition[Aloi] [Komposisi]

A Steel [Keluli] Iron, zinc [Besi, zink]

B Bronze [Gangsa] Zinc, tin [Zink, stanum]

C Brass [Loyang] Copper, zinc [Kuprum. Zink]

D Pewter [Piuter] Tin, iron [Stanum, besi]

Which statement explains why duralumin is harder than pure aluminium?[Pernyataan yang manakah menerangkan mengapa duralumin adalah lebih kerasdaripada aluminium tulen?]

A Aluminium atoms form ionic bonds with copper atoms in duralumin.[Atom aluminium membentuk ikatan ionik dengan atom kuprum dalam duralumin.]

B The copper atoms in duralumin are more reactive than aluminium atoms[Atom kuprumi dalam duralumin lebih reaktif daripada atom aluminium]

C The arrangement of atoms in duralumin is less orderly compared those in purealuminium.

[Susunan atom duralumin kurang teratur berbanding dengan aluminium tulen]

6 Which of the following polymer is suitable for making water pipes?

Antara polimer berikut, yang manakah sesuai bagi membuat paip air?

A


187


16/23


B

C

D

7. Which of the following are true about the environment pollution by polymers?

Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang pencemaran alam sekitar oleh polimer?

I Polymers are toxic when they are converted to monomersPolimer adalah beracun apabila ianya ditukar kepada monomer

II Polymers are not easily broken down by decomposersPolimer sukar dipecahkan oleh pengurai

III Polymers stimulate the growth of algae in waterPolimer merangsang pertumbuhan alga dalam air

IV Polymers release toxic gases when they are burntPolimer membebaskan gas beracun apabila ianya dibakar

A I and II onlyB II and IV only

C I, II and III only

D I, II, III and IV

8 Ceramic is made fromSeramik di buat dari

A Silica, SiO2Silika oksida, SiO2

B CementSimen


188


17/23


C MarbleMarmar

D Aluminosilicate hydrate Aluminosilikat terhidrat

Which pair of composite material and its usage is true ? [Pasangan bahan komposit dan kegunaannya yang manakah benar ?]

Composite materials Usage [Bahan Komposit] [Kegunaan]

A Fibre glass To make water storage tanks[Gentian kaca] [Untuk membuat tangki air]

B Fibre optics To make optical lenses[Gentian optic] [Untuk membuat cermin mata gelap]

C Photochromic glass To make electrical cables

[Kaca fotokromik] [Untuk membuat kabel elektrik]

D Ceramic glass To make helmets[Seramik kaca] [Untuk membuat topi keledar]

10 The uses of substance X;

What is substances X?

AB

CD

Nitric acidSulphuric acid

AmmoniaAmmonium sulphate


189

To clean metals.

To produce detergents.

To make paints.


18/23


19/23


(c) Give two uses of product Q in our everyday life.Berikan dua kegunaan hasil Q dalam kehidupan harian kita.

.....................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................[2 marks]

2 Diagram 4 shows the steps involved in the industrial process in manufacturingammoniaRajah 4 menunjukkan langkah-langkah yang terlibat dalam industri pembuatanammonia

DIAGRAM 4

(a) Name this industrial processNamakan proses industri ini

..[ 1 mark]

(b) State the pressure and the catalyst used in the reaction.Nyatakan tekanan dan mangkin yang digunakan dalam tindak balas ini

..[ 2 marks]

(c) Write an equation for the reaction in the catalyst chamber.` Tuliskan satu persamaan tindak balas yang berlaku di dalam camber mangkin

..[ 2 marks]

(d) State one use of ammoniaNyatakan satu kegunaan ammonia

..

..[ 2 marks]


191

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Compressed Catalystchamber

Ammonia


20/23


3 The information below is about alloy.Maklumat berikut adalah tentang aloi.

(a) Name the element added to copper to form brass.Namakan unsur yang dicampur dengan kuprum untuk membentuk loyang.

........................................................................................................................................[ 1 mark]

(b) What is the type of particles in pure copper?

Apakah jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam kuprum tulen ?

........................................................................................................................................[ 1 mark]

. (c) Draw the arrangement of particles in pure copper and brass.Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan zarah-zarah yang terdapat dalam kuprum tulen dandalam loyang.

(i) Pure copperKuprum tulen

[ 1 mark](ii) Brass

Loyang


192

Brass and pewter are example of alloy.Loyang dan piuter ialah dua contoh aloi.Brass consists of mixture of copper and other element.Loyang terdiri daripada campuran kuprum dan unsur

lain.Brass is harder than pure copper.


21/23


[ 2 mark]

(d) Diagram 5.2 shows parts of a car made up of manufactured substances in industry.Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan bahagian sebuah kereta yang diperbuat daripada bahanbuatan dalam industri.

(i) The car seat is covered with polyvinyl chloride, PVC a synthetic polymer. Name themonomer of polyvinyl chloride.Kerusi kereta di atas dibaluti dengan polivil klorida, PVC sejenis polimer sintetik.Namakan monomer bagi polivinil klorida.

....[1 mark]

(ii) Explain how the usage of a synthetic polymers like PVC can give rise toenviromental pollution problem.Terangkan bagaimana penggunaan polimer sintetik sepertiPVC bolehmeningkatkan masalah pencemaran alam sekitar.

....

....[2 marks]


193

PVC seat cover

Alas kerusiPVCGlass windscreen

Cerminkaca

DIAGRAM /RAJAH5.2


22/23


ACTIVITY 3

1. (a) Acid rain is one of the problem arises from the production of sulphuric acid.

Hujan asid adalah salah satu kesan yang timbul daripada penghasilan asid sulfurik.

(i) Name the chemical that contribute the most causing the acid rain.

Namakan bahan kimia yang paling banyak menyebabkan hujan asid.

(ii) Explain the environmental effects caused by acid rain.

Jelaskan kesan persekitaran yang disebabkan oleh hujan asid.

[5 marks]

2. Diagram 1 shows a car. A few part of the car is made of manufactured substances inindustry.Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah kereta. Beberapa bahagian kereta diperbuat daripadabahan buatan industri.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH1

(a) The body car is made of alloy.Badan kereta diperbuat daripada sejenis aloi,

(i) What is the meaning of alloy?Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan aloi?

(ii) Name the alloy used and state it composition.Namakan aloi yang digunakan dan nyatakan komposisinya.

(iii) Explain why the alloy is used and not pure metal.Terangkan mengapa aloi tersebut digunakan dan bukannya logam tulen

[5 marks]

(b) Glass is another example of manufactured substances in industry.


194

Body car

Badan Kereta

Tyre

Tayar

Window glass

Cermin tingkap


23/23


(i) What is the major component of glass.

(ii) Name four types of glass.

[5 marks]

END OF CHAPTER 9

195

c9 tahap2 shima

Documents