cac giai phap vuot rao can ky thuat trong thuong mai doi voi doanh nghiep xuat khau vn

7/29/2019 Cac Giai Phap Vuot Rao Can Ky Thuat Trong Thuong Mai Doi Voi Doanh Nghiep Xuat Khau Vn

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QUAN H KINH T QUC T GVHD: GS.TS.VThanh Thu

MC LCLI M U...................................................................................................................4

1 Khi nim ro cn k thut trong thng mi .................................................................6

1.1 Cc loi hnh ro cn thng mi ............................................................................6

1.2 Mt s khi nim v ro cn k thut ......................................................................7

2 Phn loi ro cn k thut ...............................................................................................8

2.1 Quy chun k thut (technical regulations): L nhng yu cu k thut c gi trp dng bt buc (ngha l cc doanh nghip bt buc phi tun th). ..........................8

2.2 Tiu chun k thut (technical standards): ..............................................................92.3 Quy trnh nh gi s ph hp ca 1 loi hng ha vi cc quy nh/tiu chun kthut (conformity assessment procedure): .....................................................................9

2.4 Cc tiu chun k thut ch yu lin quan n hng cng nghip, nguyn liu thv u vo ca ngnh nng nghip. ................................................................................9

2.5 Cc tiu chun, quy nh k thut, an ton v sinh dch t: ...................................10

2.6 Cc tiu chun ch bin v sn xut theo quy nh mi trng: ............................10

2.7 Cc yu cu v nhn mc: .....................................................................................11

2.8 Cc yu cu v ng gi bao b: ..........................................................................11

2.9 Ph mi trng: .....................................................................................................12

2.10 Nhn sinh thi: ...................................................................................................12

3 Mc tiu Hip nh v cc Ro cn k thut trong ngoi thng ..................................13

3.1 Hip nh v cc Ro cn K thut i vi Thng mi ......................................13

3.2 Cc loi hng ho thng l i tng ca cc bin php k thut .......................14

4 Nhng nguyn tc p dng trong Hip nh TBT .........................................................15

5 Vai tr v hn ch ca cc ro cn k thut i vi quc gia, doanh nghip .................165.1 Vai tr ...................................................................................................................16

5.2 Hn ch ca cc ro cn k thut ...........................................................................18

6 Thc trng cc ro cn k thut ph bin m doanh nghip Vit Nam thng gp .......21

6.1 Nt chnh trong xut khu Vit Nam ....................................................................21

6.2 Cc ro cn thng mi tc ng mnh n mt s ngnh hng xut khu ch lcca Vit Nam ................................................................................................................23

a. Hng thu sn: lut IUU, hip nh SPS, Farm Bill 2008........................................29

Ro cn k thut trong hot ng ngoi thng 1


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b. G v cc sn phm g: tiu chun REACH, o lut LACEY, o lut FLEGT.. .29

7 Cc gii php vt ro cn k thut trong thng mi ca doanh nghip xut khu VitNam ..................................................................................................................................29

7.1 Nng cao nhn thc v ro cn k thut trong thng mi ....................................307.2 p dng cc tiu chun cht lng quc t ...........................................................31

7.3 Gn nhn sinh thi cho hng ha ...........................................................................33

7.4 i mi cng ngh v nng cao trnh qun l k thut nng cao cht lngsn phm ......................................................................................................................34

8 Cc kin ngh i vi Nh nc gip cc doanh nghip vt ro cn k thut ........36

8.1 K kt cc hp nh song phng v a phng v ro cn k thut trong thngmi ...............................................................................................................................37

8.2 Tuyn truyn, gii thiu cho cc doanh nghip v ro cn k thut ca cc qucgia .................................................................................................................................39

8.3 T chc o to i ng qun l cht lng v k thut cho doanh nghip ..........41

8.4 Xy dng h thng cc tiu chun quc gia cho sn phm v thnh lp cc c quankim tra cht lng v k thut i vi hng xut khu ...............................................42

LI KT.........................................................................................................................45

TI LIU THAM KHO...............................................................................................47



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4/47


LI M U

Hin nay, nn kinh t Vit Nam v ang trn con ng hi nhp v t c

kh nhiu thnh tu ng k. Trong my nm gn y nn kinh t lun tng trng vi tc

cao. c bit, xut khu ca Vit Nam c s tng trng mnh v gp phn to ln

cho s pht trin ca t nc. Kim ngch xut khu hng nm ngy cng tng, c bit

nm 2010 l nm c ch s xut khu tht n tng. Tng kim ngch xut khu nm 2010

c t khong 71,6 t USD, tng 25,5% so vi nm 2009 v vt 18% so vi ch tiu

Quc hi ra. y c th coi l 1 tin mi cho s pht trin.

Bn cnh , nn kinh t th gii ang trong thi k hi nhp vi xu hng ton

cu ho khu vc ho, hnh thnh cc khi mu dch t do v hin nay trn th gii cc

tp on a quc gia c nh hng rt ln ti nn kinh t th gii. Theo xu hng , Vit

Nam cng ang tng bc hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii v khu vc. C th l Vit

Nam tng bc tr thnh thnh vin ca ASEAN, APEC, AFTA v WTO.

Hi nhp kinh t mang li rt nhiu c hi cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam: cc ro

cn thng mi c d b theo hip nh c k kt gia cc quc gia thnh vin ca

cc t chc, vic tip cn th trng d dng hn, thng tin c cung cp y hn.

Nhng cc doanh nghip cng ng trc nhiu thch thc: cc quc gia thay v s dng

thu, giy php xut nhp khu, hn ngch bo v th trng dng nn mt loi

ro cn mi tinh vi , phc tp v kh vt qua hn nhiu. l ro cn k thut. Ro cn

k thut tht s l thch thc ln cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam bi trnh k thut ca

nc ta cn thp, cc doanh nghip cn cha thc c tm quan trng ca cc ro cn

. Do vy, cc doanh nghip nc ta gp rt nhiu kh khn khi tip cn v xut khu

hng sang cc th trng c s dng ro cn k thut. Vy ro cn k thut trong thng

mi l g, c tc ng th no ti thng mi quc t ni chung v xut khu ca Vit Nam

ni ring, thc tin p dng cc ro cn k thut ca cc nc trn th gii nh th no,

cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn lm g vt qua cc ro cn trn thm nhp th

trng cc nc? Nhm sinh vin chng em s trnh by c th cc vn t ra.



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Tuy nhin, khng th trnh c nhng sai st trong qu trnh t tm hiu v tho lun,

nhm sinh vin mong nhn c s hng dn, gp thm t Ging vin hng dn.



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1 Khi nim ro cn k thut trong thng mi

Trc ht chng ta c th hiu ro cn thng mi chnh l bin php bo h mu

dch ca 1 quc gia trong kinh doanh quc t bng cc bin php nh: Bin php hnh

chnh, bin php k thut, thu kim sot, iu tit sn phm xut nhp khu. Ty

theo cc gc phn tch kinh t khc nhau, v ngi ta phn ra thnh cc loi ro cn

nh sau:

1.1 Cc loi hnh ro cn thng mi

1.1.1 Hai loi hnh chnh: ro cn thu quan v ro cn phi thu quan:

- Ro cn thu quan (Tariff Barriers): thu GSP (mc thu sut v tiu ch loi tr),

thu tuyt i, thu ph thu, thu VAT, thu chng bn ph gi, thu chng tr cp,

thu mi trng, ...

- Ro cn phi thu quan (Non-Tariff Barriers): SPS, TBT, hn ngch thu quan, quy

nh v xut x v truy xut ngun gc, quy nh v nhn mc, quy nh v bao b

ng gi, tiu chun tip th v h thng phn phi hng ha, tiu chun mi

trng, bin i kh hu, iu kin v lao ng, trch nhim x hi, bo h s hu

tr tu, quy nh bo v ngi tiu dng, th tc hi quan, cc tiu ch v bin i

kh hu, cc quy nh ring ca cc tp on, h thng bn l, cc chng trnh h

tr xut khu, tr gi, xc tin qung co ...

Ro cn k thut nm trong nhm ro cn phi thu quan.

Ngoi ra cn c cc loi ro cn k thut c th sau y:

1.1.2 Cc loi ro cn cng v mm:

- Cc loi ro cn cng l ro cn c quy nh ti cc vn bn php quy ca

EU v ph hp vi cc nh ch ca WTO (lut ha) c lc cn c gi l ro

cn theo chiu ngang;



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- Cc loi ro cn mm l cc loi ro cn c th hin ti cc vn bn di

Lut, cc tiu chun k thut ngnh, tiu chun ca mi quc gia thnh vin EU,

tiu chun ring ca cc h thng phn phi, siu th...cn c gi l ro cn theo

chiu dc.

1.1.3 Ro cn ti bin gii v ro cn bn trong lnh th

- Ti bin gii: th tc hi quan, cc h thng kim tra cht lng, kim tra v sinh

an ton thc phm khi lm th tc nhp khu, cp php, quy nh i vi hng tm

nhp, ti xut, tiu chun kho ngoi quan, h thng cnh bo...;

- Bn trong lnh th: cc quy nh v bo h ngi tiu dng, v v sinh an ton

thc phm, v tip th v h thng bn l, v tiu ch v phng th nghim, cc

nghin cu nh gi ri ro, nghin cu khoa hc...

1.1.4 Ro cn v hnh

L nhng ro cn nhm lm tng sc cnh tranh hng ni a thng qua cc gi tr

cp, in hnh l cc chng trnh qung b cht lng sn phm EU c gn vi thnthin mi trng, m bo v sinh thc phm v nht l h thng vn bn php quy ca

EU quy nh hn ch nhp khu v cng phc tp v qu nhiu vn bn khc nhau...

1.2 Mt s khi nim v ro cn k thut

C th hiu Ro cn k thut trong thng mi thng qua mt s khi nim nh sau:

Trong thng mi quc t: cc Ro cn k thut i vi thng mi(Technical Barriers to Trade) l cc tiu chun, quy chun k thutm mt

nc p dng i vi hng ho nhp khu v/hoc quy trnh nh gi s ph hp

ca hng ho nhp khu i vi cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut (cn c

gi chung l cc bin php k thut bin php TBT).

Cc bin php k thut ny v nguyn tc l cn thit v hp l nhm bo v nhng

li ch quan trng nh sc kho con ngi, mi trng, an ninh... V vy, mi nc



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thnh vin WTO u thit lp v duy tr mt h thng cc bin php k thut ring i

vi hng ho ca mnh v hng ho nhp khu.

Trn thc t: cc bin php k thut c th l nhng ro cn tim n i vithng mi quc t bi chng c th c nc nhp khu s dng bo h cho

sn xut trong nc, gy kh khn cho vic thm nhp ca hng ho nc ngoi

vo th trng nc nhp khu. Do chng cn c gi l Ro cn k thut

i vi thng mi

Nhn chung, y l hnh thc bo h mu dch ca 1 quc gia trong kinh doanh quc

t thng qua vic nc nhp khu a ra cc yu cu v tiu chun i vi hng honhp khu c thng quan vo th trng ni a. Cc ch tiu c th l nhng

thng s vn hnh ca my mc, v v sinh an ton thc phm, v bo v mi trng

sinh thi, iu kin lao ng. Nu hng nhp khu khng t mt trong cc tiu chun

trn u khng c nhp khu vo ni a.

2 Phn loi ro cn k thut

Hip nh v cc ro cn k thut i vi thng mi ca WTO phn bit 3 loi bin

php k thut sau y:

2.1 Quy chun k thut (technical regulations): L nhng yu cu k thut c gi

tr p dng bt buc (ngha l cc doanh nghip bt buc phi tun th).

Bao gm nhng quy nh v c tnh ca sn phm hoc quy trnh v cc phng

php sn xut ch bin sn phm c nh hng ti c tnh ca sn phm, bao gm tt choc ch lin quan ring n thut ng chuyn mn, cc biu tng, yu cu v bao b,

m hiu hoc ghi nhn, c p dng cho mt sn phm, quy trnh hoc phng php sn

xut. Cc quy nh k thut mang tnh php l v vic tun th l bt buc.

in hnh:

+ H thng qun l cht lng ISO 9000 tr thnh yu cu bt buc i vi

cc cc doanh nghip xut khu sang cc nc trn th gii;



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+ Chng loi sn phm chu s chi phi ca cc ch th c lin quan n

cch tip cn mi vi h thng hi ho k thut phi c nhn CE mi

c php bn trn th trng EU.

2.2 Tiu chun k thut (technical standards):

L ti liu, cc yu cu k thut do cc t chc c cng nhn c thm quyn

ban hnh. l cc quy tc, hng dn hoc c tnh ca sn phm; cc quy trnh v

phng php sn xut sn phm , tuy nhin vic thc thi l khng bt buc. N cng

c th bao gm tt c hoc ch lin quan n mt trong cc yu t nh: thut ng chuyn

mn, biu tng, yu cu v bao b, m hiu hoc ghi nhn, c p dng cho mt snphm, quy trnh hoc phng php sn xut.

in hnh:

+ Hng thu sn nhp khu vo EU phi p ng cc tiu chun v lng

nit di dng ammoniac v PH trong 1 gam sn phm.

+ Mt s loi rau qu v ht mun xut sang M th phi p ng cc quynh ca M v phm cp, kch thc, cht lng v chin.

2.3 Quy trnh nh gi s ph hp ca 1 loi hng ha vi cc quy nh/tiu

chun k thut (conformity assessment procedure):

L bt c th tc no p dng trc tip hoc gin tip, xc nh xem cc yu

cu c lin quan trong cc qui nh k thut hoc tiu chun c c thc hin hay

khng. Cc th tc ny bao gm cc th tc v chn mu, th nghim v kim tra, nh

gi, thm nh v m bo ph hp; ng k, cng nhn v chp nhn hoc l s kt hp

ca tt c cc yu t trn.

2.4 Cc tiu chun k thut ch yu lin quan n hng cng nghip, nguyn liu

th v u vo ca ngnh nng nghip.

Cc nhm ni dung ph bin, thng c nu trong cc quy chun- tiu chun k thut:



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- Cc c tnh ca sn phm;

- Cc quy trnh v phng php sn xut (PPMs) tc ng n c tnh ca sn

phm;

- Cc thut ng, k hiu ring bit;

- Cc yu cu v ng gi, nhn mc p dng cho sn phm

Cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi quc t rt a dng v c p dng rt khc

nhau cc nc tu thuc vo iu kin c th ca tng nc. Cc ro cn ny c th

c chia lm cc loi hnh sau:

2.5 Cc tiu chun, quy nh k thut, an ton v sinh dch t:

C quan chc nng t ra cc yu cu lin quan ch yu n kch thc, hnh dng,

thit k, di v cc chc nng ca sn phm. Theo , cc tiu chun i vi sn phm

cui cng, cc phng php sn xut v ch bin, cc th tc xt nghim, gim nh,

chng nhn v chp nhn, nhng quy nh v cc phng php thng k, th tc chn

mu v cc phng php nh gi ri ro lin quan, cc yu cu v an ton thc phm,

c p dng. Mc ch ca cc tiu chun v quy nh ny l nhm bo v an ton, v

sinh, bo v sc kho, i sng ng, thc vt, bo v mi trng,

in hnh:

Cc tiu chun thng dc p dng trong thng mi l HACCP i vi thu sn v

tht, SPS i vi cc sn phm c ngun gc a dng sinh hc,

2.6 Cc tiu chun ch bin v sn xut theo quy nh mi trng:

y l cc tiu chun quy nh sn phm cn phi c sn xut nh th no, c

s dng nh th no, c vt b nh th no, nhng qu trnh ny c lm tn hi n

mi trng hay khng. Cc tiu chun ny c p dng cho giai on sn xut vi mc

ch nhm hn ch cht thi gy nhim v lng ph ti nguyn khng ti to.



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Vic p dng nhng tiu chun ny nh hng n chi ph sn xut, lm tng gi

thnh v do tc ng n sc cnh tranh ca sn phm.

in hnh:

+ Lut V sinh thc phm v Lut trch nhim sn phm hay cc lut v cc quy

nh tng t bo v cho quyn li ngi tiu dung c p dng ti EU, M,

Canada.

+ Giy chng nhn ISO 14000 l 1 yu cu bt buc khi xut hng sang nc khc,

c bit l khi xut hng sang cc nc pht trin.

+ Th trng EU yu cu hng ho c lin quan n mi trng phi dn nhn theo

qui nh (nhn sinh thi, nhn ti sinh) v c chng ch c quc t cng nhn.

V d, tiu chun GAP (Good agricultural Practice - Sn xut nng nghip tt))

v cc nhn hiu sinh thi (Ecolabels) ang ngy cng c ph bin, chng t

cc cp khc nhau v mi trng tt. Ngoi ra, cc cng ty phi tun th h

thng qun l mi trng (cc tiu chun ISO14000) v cc b lut mang tnh x

hi v o c. Tiu chun v trch nhim x hi (SA 8000 - the Social

Accountability 8000) s cng tr nn quan trng trong nhng nm ti.

2.7 Cc yu cu v nhn mc:

Bin php ny c quy nh cht ch bng h thng vn bn php lut, theo cc

sn phm phi c ghi r tn sn phm, danh mc thnh phn, trng lng, ngy sn

xut, thi hn s dng, thi hn bo qun, xut x, nc sn xut, ni bn, m s mvch, hng dn s dng, hng dn bo qun Qu trnh xin cp nhn mc cng nh

ng k thng hiu ko di hng thng v rt tn km, nht l M. y l mt ro cn

thng mi c s dng rt ph bin trn th gii, c bit ti cc nc pht trin.

2.8 Cc yu cu v ng gi bao b:

Gm nhng quy nh lin quan n nguyn vt liu dng lm bao b, nhng quy

nh v ti sinh, nhng quy nh v x l v thu gom sau qu trnh s dng, Nhng



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tiu chun v quy nh lin quan n nhng c tnh t nhin ca sn phm v nguyn

vt liu dng lm bao b i hi vic ng gi phi ph hp vi vic ti sinh hoc ti s

dng.

Cc yu cu v ng gi bao b cng nh hng n chi ph sn xut v sc cnh

tranh ca sn phm do s khc nhau v tiu chun v quy nh ca mi nc, cng nh

chi ph sn xut bao b, cc nguyn vt liu dng lm bao b v kh nng ti ch mi

nc l khc nhau.

2.9 Ph mi trng:

Ph mi trng thng c p dng nhm 3 mc tiu chnh: thu li cc chi ph phi

s dng cho mi trng, thay i cch ng x ca c nhn v tp th i vi cc hot

ng c lin quan n mi trng v thu cc qu cho cc hot ng bo v mi trng.

Cc loi ph mi trng thng gp gm c:

Ph sn phm: p dng cho cc sn phm gy nhim, c cha cc ho cht c

hi hoc c mt s thnh phn cu thnh ca sn phm gy kh khn cho vic thi

loi sau s dng.

Ph kh thi: p dng i vi cc cht gy nhim thot vo khng kh, nc v

t, hoc gy ting n.

Ph hnh chnh: p dng kt hp vi cc quy nh trang tri cc chi ph dch

v ca chnh ph bo v mi trng.

Ph mi trng c th c thu t nh sn xut hoc ngi tiu dng hoc c nh sn

xut v ngi tiu dng.

2.10 Nhn sinh thi:

Sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi nhm mc ch thng bo cho ngi tiu dng

bit l sn phm c coi l tt hn v mt mi trng. Cc tiu chun v dn nhn

sinh thi c xy dng trn c s phn tch chu k sng ca sn phm, t giai on tin



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sn xut, sn xut, phn phi, tiu th, thi loi sau s dng, qua nh gi mc nh

hng i vi mi trng ca sn phm cc giai on khc nhau trong ton b chu k

sng ca n.

Sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi, thng c gi l sn phm xanh, c kh

nng cnh tranh cao hn so vi sn phm cng chng loi nhng khng dn nhn sinh

thi do ngi tiu dng thng thch v an tm khi s dng cc sn phm xanh hn. V

d, trn th trng M, cc loi thu sn c dn nhn sinh thi thng c gi bn cao

hn, t nht 20%, c khi gp 2-3 ln thu sn thng thng cng loi.

3 Mc tiu Hip nh v cc Ro cn k thut trong ngoi thng

3.1 Hip nh v cc Ro cn K thut i vi Thng mi

- Hip nh v cc Ro cn K thut i vi Thng mi (Hip nh TBT

Agreement on echnical Barriers to Trade) l mt trong cc hip nh ph tr cho

Hip nh chung v thu quan v thng mi GATT, thuc h thng vn kin php

l ca WTO.

- Vic thng qua Hip nh v cc Ro cn K thut i vi Thng mi trong

khun kh WTO nhm mc ch khng nh cc quc gia thnh vin tha nhn s

cn thit ca cc bin php k thut ng thi kim sot cc bin php ny nhm

m bo cc nc thnh vin s dng ng mc ch v khng tr thnh cng c

bo h.

- Hip nh a ra cc nguyn tc v iu kin m cc nc thnh vin WTO phitun th khi ban hnh v p dng cc quy chun, tiu chun k thut hay cc quy

trnh nh gi hp chun, hp quy ca hng ho.

- Hip nh ny m rng v lm r Hip nh v Hng ro K thut trong Thng

mi c k kt ti vng m phn Tokyo. Hip nh tm cch m bo rng

cc kt qu m phn v tiu chun k thut, cng nh l qui trnh kim tra v cp

giy php khng to ra nhng ro cn khng cn thit i vi thng mi.



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- Hip nh cng nhn rng cc nc c quyn thit lp cc mc bo v hp l cho

cuc sng, sc khe ca con ngi, ng thc vt v mi trng, v khng b

ngn cn a ra cc bin php cn thit p dng c cc mc bo v .

Chnh v vy Hip nh khuyn khch cc nc s dng tiu chun quc t ph

hp vi iu kin nc mnh, nhng n khng i hi cc nc thay i mc

bo v do s tiu chun ha ny.

3.2 Cc loi hng ho thng l i tng ca cc bin php k thut

3.2.1 My mc thit b

+ Cc cng c lp rp v xy dng chy in+ Cc thit b ch bin g v kim loi

+ Thit b y t

+ Thit b ch bin thc phm

3.2.2 Cc sn phm tiu dng

+ Dc phm

+ M phm

+ Bt git tng hp

+ in gia dng

+ u my video v tivi

+ Thit b in nh v nh

+ t

+ chi

+ Mt s sn phm thc phm

3.2.3 Nguyn liu v cc sn phm phc v nng nghip

+ Phn bn

+ Thuc tr su

+ Cc ho cht c hi



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4 Nhng nguyn tc p dng trong Hip nh TBT

4.1.1 Hin ti, cc nc thnh vin WTO cha th thng nht v mt b cc bin

php k thut chung cho bt k loi hng ho no:

TBT th hin nhng mc tiu khc nhau ca mi nc (bo v li ch cng cng,

cam kt x hi, thc y thng mi)

TBT phn nh nhng c trng khc nhau ca mi nc (c bit v iu kin a

l, trnh pht trin, nhu cu thng mi v ti chnh).

Tuy nhin, Hip nh TBT cng nhn mnh yu cu hi ha ho cc bin php k thut

gia cc nc theo hng:

Khuyn khch cc nc thnh vin tham gia vo qu trnh hi ho ho cc tiu

chun v s dng cc tiu chun c chp thun chung lm c s cho cc bin

php k thut ni a ca mnh;

Khuyn khch cc nc nhp khu tha nhn kt qu kim nh s ph hp vitiu chun, quy chun k thut p dng ti nc xut khu.

Vic hi ho ho cc bin php k thut ny c WTO khuyn khch bi n s to iu

kin thun li cho vic lu thng hng ho ca doanh nghip v ngi sn xut; ngi

tiu dng cng c li t s thng nht ny.

4.1.2 Mi nc thnh vin WTO u phi m bo rng vic p dng cc quy nh

v ro cn k thut i vi hng ho theo Hip nh TBT

Khng phn bit i x;

Trnh to ra ro cn khng cn thit i vi thng mi quc t (nu c th dng

cc bin php khc t hn ch thng mi hn);

Hi ho ho;



16/47


C tnh n cc tiu chun quc t chung;

m bo nguyn tc tng ng v cng nhn ln nhau (vi cc nc khc);

Minh bch;

y l nhng cng c quan trng m doanh nghip c th s dng bc u nhn bit

mt bin php k thut c tun th WTO hay khng t c bin php khiu ni,

khiu kin hp l nhm bo v li ch chnh ng ca mnh.

in hnh:

Trong cc quy nh v v sinh v an ton cho ngi tiu dung th giy chng nhn

tiu chun xc nh tnh trnh nguy him HACCP l mt quy nh bt buc i vi

cc doanh nghip xut khu

Cc doanh nghip xut khu cn tun th nghim ngt tiu chun thc hnh sn xut

tt GMP Good Manufacturing Practice i hi ngi cng nhn, nh my, cc

phng tin ch bin, cha, ngun nc phi m bo an ton v sinh.

5 Vai tr v hn ch ca cc ro cn k thut i vi quc gia, doanh nghip

5.1 Vai tr

5.1.1 i vi quc gia nhp khu:

Vi vic a ra cc ro cn k thut, quc gia nhp khu s t c mt s li ch sau

y:

a ra ro cn k thut vi cc bin php bo v s an ton v sc khe con ngi.

Nhng tiu chun c t ra bo v an ton v sc kho ca c nhn nh cc

tiu chun v thit b in, hoc cc quy nh v s dng cc vt liu chm chy

trong sn xut g gia dng (nh gh s pha hoc gh ta); Cc quy nh v

cht lng sn phm thc phm, ung v thuc l (v d cc yu cu khng s



17/47


dng cc nguyn liu gy nguy him sn xut sn phm, ghi nhn chnh xc v

hm lng, trng lng v con s o lng chnh xc v.v...). Trong trng hp

sn phm thuc l, cn phi in bn cnh bao ht thuc l c hi cho sc kho

Cc bin php bo v s sng sc khe ca ng vt v thc vt gip bo v cc loi

ng thc vt qu him. Mi quc gia c th nghin cu v a vo p dng ngay cc

bin php bo v cc loi sinh vt nguy him, hoc bo v cc loi cy qu

him.

Do , mt s nc, cc sn phm t mt s loi thy sn nht nh c bo

v (v d c voi, mt s loi c). c bit, mt s nc pht trin, vic bun bncc sn phm t mt s ng vt cng c nhng quy nh c th, nh ng voi

hoc dc phm ly t ng vt cng b cm.

Cc bin php bo v mi trng: Hin nay vn v mi trng ang c cc

nc cng nghip ngy mt quan tm hn lin quan n ph thi v yu cu cn ti

ch, iu ny dn n vic tng chi ph ca cc nh sn xut.

Vic a ra ro cn k thut quy nh v kh thi t xe t, cc bin php an ton

v vn chuyn cc nguyn liu gy nguy him v vic to ra cc nguyn liu gy

hi cho mi trng nh chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)

Cc bin php khc:

Cc qui nh bo v cng chng, ngi tiu dng hoc cung cp d liu

phc v cho vic kim sot cht lng, nh cc thng s ghi trn nhn mc snphm, cc quy nh v cht lng ca sn phm khi a ra th trng s gip cc

c quan kim sot c r rang hn khi hng ha nhp khu thng quan.

5.1.2 i vi doanh nghip ni a (ti nc nhp khu)

Vi vic quc gia a ra nhng ro cn k thut, doanh nghip trong nc c

hng li t vic bo h nn sn xut trong nc, bo v hng ha ca chnh quc



18/47


gia sn xut ra trc s cnh tranh khc lit ca cc loi hng ngoi nhp vi

a dng mu m, chng loi v gi c,

Vic tng bc tip cn v p dng cc tiu chun quc t cng to cho cc doanhnghip ni a sc p phi ci tin, nng cao trnh qun l, cng ngh, tng

cng kh nng tip cn th trng mi cho sn phm cng nghip

5.2 Hn ch ca cc ro cn k thut

5.2.1 Hn ch ca cc ro cn k thut i vi nc xut khu ni chung, Vit

Nam ni ring

Hin nay, kh khn ln cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ni chung v cc doanh

nghip cng nghip ni ring khi tham gia vo cc th trng quc t l cc nc ngy

cng c xu hng t s dng nhng bin php bo h mang tnh l liu nh p t lnh

cm, hn ch s lng hoc p t thu sut nhp khu cao.

Thay vo , cc bin php bo h, cc tiu chun k thut, cc vn v mi trng

c lng vo vi nhng l do chnh ng. Nhiu quc gia coi tiu chun quc gia l tiuchun bt buc, phi tun th i vi hng ha nhp khu. Cc nc c trnh cng

ngh cao thng c xu hng a cc yu cu k thut cao vo tiu chun quc gia.

Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vi trnh cng ngh thp s phi chu p lc cnh

tranh ngy cng gia tng, c bit l cc nc Trung Quc, n v cc nc

ASEAN, l nhng nc sn xut nhiu sn phm mang tnh cnh tranh vi hng

cng nghip Vit Nam v c trnh pht trin khoa hc, cng ngh cao hn sovi chng ta.

Nh vy, nu mt nc p t mt quy nh hoc mt tiu chun ln mt sn

phm c bit, th cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c th vo th bt li, do phi ci

tin sn phm p ng tiu chun ny. Do vy, doanh nghip phi mt thm

nhiu chi ph cho nghin cu v u t thm dy chuyn sn xut.



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V d, i vi doanh nghip sn xut dy cp in, y l mt mt hng khng kh

sn xut. Tuy nhin, nu mun xut khu, doanh nghip phi nghin cu, tm hiu cc th

trng xut khu khc nhau, v mi nc u c cc tiu chun v quy nh khc nhau

v: vt liu cch in c th dng c, tnh cht chy ca vt liu cch in, dy ca

lp cch in, kh nng thm nc, mm do...

i vi cc nc ang pht trin ni chung v cc doanh nghip cng nghip Vit

Nam ni ring, vic tm ra cc yu cu v quy nh k thut ti cc th trng xut khu,

ngun nguyn liu u vo sn xut ph hp vi cc quy nh ny v cung cp sn

phm thc s p ng c cc quy nh ca th trng ton cu l rt mt thi gian v

tn thm nhiu chi ph.

Hin nay, cc doanh nghip ch c th chn mt hoc hai th trng chnh v sn

xut cc sn phm ca mnh ph hp vi cc yu cu tiu chun k thut ca

nhng th trng chn la

Mt nguyn nhn na gp phn to nn cc ro cn i vi cc sn phm cng

nghip, l s hn ch trong vic cp nht cc quy nh v tiu chun mi c thayi nhng nc m doanh nghip c sn phm xut khu.

5.2.2 Hn ch i vi ngi tiu dng ti cc quc gia p t TBT (nc nhp

khu)

Ngi tiu dng ni a t c c hi la chn sn phm t cc quc gia khc nhau

do chnh sch u tin dng hng trong nc;

Hng ho s km a dng t chng loi, xut x, c tnh v cc yu cu, tiu

chun k thut nghim ngt bi cc ro cn thng mi t nc nhp khu.

5.2.3 Hn ch i vi doanh nghip ni a ti nc xut khu, c bit trong lnh

vc nng-lm-ng nghip

Mi trng sng khng ngng thay i theo chiu hng xu nh bnh tt, ho

cht len li trong ngun nc, thc vt, s xut hin cc loi dch bnh l, cc



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tiu chun v sn phm, c bit l nhm nguyn liu v sn phm phc v cho

nng nghip lun c nhng i hi ngy cng kht khe, vic cp nht cc thay i

mi nht t cc ro cn thng mi i hi phi c cp nht thng xuyn, lin

tc v chnh xc.

Quy trnh tip cn cc thng tin mi nht v bin php k thut ca cc nc tn

nhiu thi gian, chi ph ca doanh nghip trong vic theo di, tm hiu, tin hnh

thc hin c bit i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh, cc nc nng nghip

chm pht trin.

a s cc bin php k thut cc th trng c p dng mt cch n nh,thng xuyn v lin tc (khng phi bin php bt thng v khng mang tnh

trng pht). Hng ho t tt c cc ngun u phi p ng cc iu kin ny. V

vy, v nguyn tc, khng c bin php phng trnh hay i ph m ch c bin

php duy nht l tun th.

Vic rm rp tun th cc bin php ny i khi i hi nhng thay i quan trng

khng ch i vi hng ho thnh phm xut khu m c qu trnh nui trng, khaithc ngun nguyn liu, quy trnh ch bin, ng gi, vn chuyn sn phm.

y l vic kh nhng phi lm bi nu khng p ng cc iu kin k thut,

hng ho li c th b t chi nhp khu. Nghim trng hn, trong mt s

trng hp, nu vic vi phm xut hin qu nhiu v kh kim sot, nc nhp

khu c th tng cng cc bin php kim sot hoc thm ch cm nhp khu

hng ho tng t t tt c cc doanh nghip ca nc xut khu lin quan (dmt s doanh nghip khng vi phm) do nh hng dy chuyn.

Cc doanh nghip xut khu tun th trong tnh trng b ng, lng tng



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6 Thc trng cc ro cn k thut ph bin m doanh nghip Vit Nam thng

gp

6.1 Nt chnh trong xut khu Vit Nam

(Ngun: Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam VCCI s liu nm 2010)

Mt hng xut khu chnh: du th, hi sn, go, c ph, cao su, tr, may mc, giy

dp.

Bn hng xut khu chnh:

i tc xut

khu

Hoa

K

Nht

Bn

Trung

Quc

Australi

a

c

T trng(%) 21.43 11.44 7.27 4.434.2

7

Hoa K v EU l th trng p dng cc ro cn k thut nhiu nht so vi cc

nc khc trn th gii, ng thi cng l 2 th trng xut khu ln ca Vit Nam; c



22/47


bit sau cuc khng hong ti chnh v suy thoi kinh t th gii t cui nm 2007, cc

nc ang pht trin trong EU l in hnh c xu hng tng cng p dng cc ro

cn thng mi nhm bo h th trng v sn xut trong nc di nhiu hnh thc

khc nhau.

Bng s liu cc mt hng xut khu chnh nm 2010

Ngnh hng xut khu Nghn tn Triu USD

Hng dt, may 11,172

Giy dp 5,079

Thy sn 4,953

Du th 7,982 4,944

in t, my tnh v LK 3,558

G v sn phm g 3,408

Go 6,828 3,212

My mc, thit b, DC, PT khc 3,047

qu, KL qu v sn phm 2,855

Cao su 783 2,376C ph 1,173 1,763

Than 19,231 1,549

Phng tin vn ti v ph

tng 1,507

Dy in v cp in 1,313

Xng du 1,867 1,271

Ht iu 194 1,136Sn phm cht do 1,051

St thp 1,222 1,004

S p dng Ro cn k thut TBT



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6.2 Cc ro cn thng mi tc ng mnh n mt s ngnh hng xut khu ch

lc ca Vit Nam

6.2.1 Hng dt, may da giy: o lut CPSIA, lut TFPIA, GMP



24/47


- EU l th trng c nhiu quy nh k thut kht khe, vi mc ch l bo v tt

nht sc kho con ngi, bo v mi trng, pht trin bn vng...

- Nht Bn a ra ro cn k thut l vic yu cu cc sn phm phi c chng ch

sch v thn thin mi trng.

- iu kin xut hng dt may, da giy sang cc th trng ny ti thiu phi t

Giy chng nhn tiu chun xc nh tnh trnh nguy him HACCP, chng nhn

H thng qun l cht lng ISO 9000, Giy chng nhn ISO 14000, tiu chun

thc hnh sn xut tt GMP Good Manufacturing Practice

- i vi cc loi vi la, EU lp ra mt h thng thng nht v m hiu cho bit

cc loi si cu thnh nn loi vi hay lu c bn ra trn th trng EU. Bt c

loi vi hay la no c sn xut ra trn c s hai hay nhiu loi si m mt

trong cc loi y chim ti thiu 85% tng trng lng th trn m hiu c th

tn loi si km theo t l v trng lng, hoc tn ca loi si km t l

ti thiu 85%, hoc ghi cu thnh chi tit ca sn phm. Nu sn phm gm hai



25/47


hoc nhiu loi si m khng loi si no t t l 85% tng trng lng th trn

m hiu t nht cng phi ghi t l ca hai loi si quan trng nht, km theo tn

cc loi si khc c s dng

- Hoa K cng a ra o lut v bo v mi trng cho ngi tiu dng

nhm vo hng dt may. Theo o lut ny cc l hng xut khu vo M phi c

giy kim nghim ca bn th ba xc nhn sn phm s dng nguyn liu m

bo cho sc khe ngi tiu dng. Nh sn xut s phi chu trch nhim v bt k

thit hi no gy ra cho ngi tiu dng. Theo ro cn k thut ny, Vit Nam phi

c phng th nghim hin i tiu chun c pha M cng nhn v cp

giy chng nhn.

- Hoa K ban hnh o lut ci tin an ton sn phm tiu dng (CPSIA) c

hiu lc t 10-2-2010 p dng i vi ngnh dt may, trong danh mc cc sn

phm b hn ch nhp khu ngy mt di ra. y l mt o lut rt phc tp, c

tnh bt buc chng nhn tiu chun cao hn so vi lut c, nu vi phm c th

dn n cc mc pht dn s v hnh s, ng thi Chnh ph M c th ra lnh

tiu hy sn phm nu vi phm.

- Vic kim nh v cp giy chng nhn t chun phi c thc hin bi mt c

quan nh gi c lp do CPSC cng nhn. Giy chng nhn ny phi km theo

sn phm hay chuyn hng xut khu sn phm v phi c sn cho CPSC v

Hi quan M kim tra khi c yu cu.

- Nhng ro cn thng mi ang gy kh khn cho hng dt may, da giy xut

khu ca Vit Nam th trng Hoa K, EU hin nay tp trung cc hnh thc:

+ Cc tiu chun an ton sn phm i vi cc sn phm dt may;

+ Cc nguy c kin chng bn ph gi, chng tr cp.

in hnh:



26/47


1. L hng trn 2 triu sn phm ni tht c s dng nguyn liu dt ca Cng ty

c phn ch bin g Long Thnh va c xut sang M phi c dn nhn theo

cc quy nh caLut nhn dng sn phm si dt (TFPIA), c gim st bi U

ban Thng mi Lin bang (FTC). Sn phm phi c ng du, dn nhn hoc ghi

mc vi nhng thng tin: tn, t l phn trm trng lng ca cc loi si c chim

trn 5% trng lng theo th t gim dn; % ca cc loi si theo quy nh c ghi

l "cc loi si khc"; tn nh sn xut do FTC cp, tn nc sn xut.

Sn phm khng p ng yu cu chng nhn th s b t chi nhp khu ngay ti

cng. Trc y nhng sn phm khi b pht hin khng t tiu chun th b yu cu

ti xut, nhng nay nhng sn phm vi phm ny s khng c php ti xut m

phi b hy b. V ng cho rng, nu nhng sn phm ny c ti xut th c ngha

l n s c tiu th mt nc th ba no khc, vi mc gi r hn. Nh vy s

gy nh hng ti ngi dn nc th ba . Do vy, chnh ph M yu cu phi

hy b nhng sn phm khng an ton, v h thy rng nu ngi dn M khng

c m bo an ton th cng s khng c s an ton i vi nhng ngi dn

nc khc. Mi chi ph cho vic tiu hy (bao gm nhn cng, vn chuyn, kho bi...)

s c tnh cho ngi s hu hng ha . Nu khng tr nhng khon ph ny, h

s b ghi n v s khng c php nhp khu trong tng lai cho ti khi thanh ton

ht nhng khon ny. Mc hnh pht cng rt cao. CPSIA gia tng mc pht dn s

ln n 100.000 USD cho mt ln vi phm v ln ti 15.000.000 USD cho gp chung

nhiu ln vi phm.



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2. Gn 200 ha cht b cm nhp ln s dng trong ngnh dt may v da giy, vic

thc hin ng k ha cht ang gy lng tng rt ln cho cc doanh nghip xut

khu sang M do vic tm hiu cc quy nh v th tc c th rt kh bi cc doanh

nghip khng bit cch xc nh ha cht trong sn phm ca mnh nh th no mi

ng.



28/47


Kim ngch xut khu da giy sang cc nc (Ngun: Tng cc Thng k)

Da giy Vit Nam xut khu st gim, c bit l vo th trng EU, do mt phnnguyn nhn l do tc ng ca vic nh thu chng bn ph gi giy m da ca

Vit Nam nhp khu vo EU cng nh vic bi b ch u i thu quan (GSP) i

vi tt c sn phm giy Vit Nam nhp vo th trng ny (tuy nhin, EC ngng

p thu chng bn ph gi da giy Vit Nam t cui thng 3/2011 l mt tn hiu

ng mng cho ngnh cng nghip da giy Vit).



29/47


6.2.2 Hng nng sn

Kim ngch xut khu mt s hng nng sn qu 1/2011 (n v: triu USD)

(Ngun: B NN&PTNN)

a. Hng thu sn: lut IUU, hip nh SPS, Farm Bill 2008

Quy nh v v sinh: cc nc mun a hng thu sn vo EU phi nm trong danh

sch cc nc c xut khu vo EU. Tng l hng phi km theo giy chng nhn

p ng cc yu cu ca EU do c quan chc nng ca nc xut khu cp.

Quy nh v cht lng v an ton thc phm : theo cc quy ch 91/492/EEC v

91/493/EEC, cc sn phm phi p ng cc tiu chun c th v v sinh gm ti,

sch, mc nhim vi sinh ti a (bao gm cc vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc vi sinh vt

ch th), d lng ho cht (kim loi nng, khng sinh v thuc tr su), cht c, c

t sinh hc bin v k sinh trng.

EU ban hnh 16 quy nh v v sinh an ton thc phm i vi cc loi thu sn

nhp khu v tiu chun nui trng, ch bin, tn tr, v vn chuyn; v h thng

kim tra HACCP, v d lng ti a cc cht c hi trong sn phm.

C cc bc kim tra:Ro cn k thut trong hot ng ngoi thng 29


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7.1 Nng cao nhn thc v ro cn k thut trong thng mi

Ro cn k thut l mt vn kh khn i v i n c nc ta. V nhn

thc ca cc doanh nghip v ro cn k thut l thp, nht l cc

doanh nghip va v nh. C doanh nghip cn khng c cht khi

nim g v ro cn k thut. C doanh nghip th bit nhng khng

thc c mc nh hng ca ro cn k thut i vi bn thn

doanh nghip cng nh i vi thng mi ni chung. V th cc doanh

nghip khng my quan tm n vic i mi sn xut nng cao

cht lng sn phm, m bo tiu chun v sinh, dch t, m bo

cc yu cu v m bo mi trng c th y mnh xut khu,

m rng th trng, thm nhp nhng th trng kh tnh. M cc doanh

nghip hin nay ch sn xut theo kh nng vn c v tiu th

nhng th trng d tnh chp nhn nhng sn phm .

Mun vt qua c cc ro cn k thut th trc ht cc doanh nghip

phi hiu r ro cn k thut l g, cc hnh thc v tc ng ca n.

Do , gii php u tin v rt quan trng l phi nng cao nhn

thc v ro cn k thut cho cc doanh nghip, cho cc thnh vin ca

doanh nghip. Mun vy, trc ht, nhng nh qun tr ca cc doanh

nghip cn c mt nhn thc y v su sc v ro cn k thut

v nh hng ca n ti thng mi ni chung v ti doanh nghip mnh

ni ring. Cc nh qun tr cn nm r cc quy nh, tiu chun c

th ca tng th trng nhp khu i vi loi hng ho ca doanh

nghip mnh v cc bin php m doanh nghip cn p dng. Sau ,



31/47


cc nh qun tr s tuyn truyn, gio dc cho tng thnh vin trong

cng ty v cc ro cn k thut v li ch ca vic p dng cc h

thng qun l cht lng quc t, vic tun th cc yu cu v mi tr-

ng v v sinh i vi doanh nghip trong vic gip doanh nghip vt

ro cn. Mt khi tng thnh vin trong doanh nghip hiu r v ro

cn k thut v tc ng ca n ti doanh nghip mnh th h s t

thc v n lc nng cao cht lng hng ho ca doanh nghip

mnh, p ng cc i hi ca th trng nhp khu.

Tm li, nng cao nhn thc ca doanh nghip l mt bin php rt

cn thit v hiu qu gip doanh nghip c th vt qua cc ro cn k

thut. V n lm cho tng c nhn, thnh vin trong doanh nghip, d

v tr no cng c thc r rng v trch nhim ca mnh trong

vic gip doanh nghip vt qua cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi v

cnh tranh c trn th trng th gii.

7.2 p dng cc tiu chun cht lng quc t

Trong iu kin hin nay, trc tnh trng cc doanh nghip ca

cc nc ang pht trin ang phi i u vi nhng i hi chng

nhn ph hp vi nhng yu cu v cht lng, mi trng, v sinh v an

ton thc phm c quy nh trong cc tiu chun, quy nh k thut

ng thi cng l ro cn ca cc nc pht trin, vic p dng cc h

thng qun l cht lng theo tiu chun quc t tr thnh yu cu

bt buc cho cc doanh nghip nu mun bc chn vo cc th trng

ny.

Hin nay, cc doanh nghip c th p dng cc h thng cht lng c

cng nhn rng ri trn th gii nh h thng qun tr theo tiu chun

ca t chc quc t ISO 9000, h thng qun l cht lng ng b

TQM, h thng qun l cht lng theo HACCP, GMP cho cc x nghip

sn xut dc phm, thc phm, nng sn v thu sn, h thng qun



32/47


tr mi trng theo ISO 14000... p dng cc h thng tiu chun quc

t s gip cc doanh nghip ci thin hnh nh ca mnh, to nim tin

cho bn hng v ngi tiu dng. Vic p dng cc h thng ny s em li

cho doanh nghip nhiu ci li so vi s u t ban u.

Trong thi gian ti, cc doanh nghip cn ch trng hn na ti vic p

dng cc h thng qun l cht lng quc t doanh nghip mnh v

nhng h thng ny s gip cho cc doanh nghip cng nh sn phm

ca doanh nghip c cng nhn ton cu v c th vt qua cc quy

nh v cht lng, v sinh v mi trng ca cc nc nhp khu ng

thi cng c ngi tiu dng a thch hn. i vi cc doanh nghip va

v nh cha c iu kin p dng cc h thng ny th Nh nc cn c

s h tr, bn cnh , doanh nghip cng phi t mnh tm ra cc gii

php thch hp tu iu kin ca mnh. u t p dng cc h thng

tiu chun quc t khng nhng gip doanh nghip c th tho mn

yu cu ca nhng th trng kh tnh m doanh nghip cn c th

kim sot, qun l cht lng tt hn, gim nhng sn phm khuyt ttng thi tit kim chi ph kim tra, kim sot v sa cha cho

doanh nghip.

C th ni hin nay, vic p dng cc tiu chun cht lng quc t

tr nn ph bin v l mt mt iu kin khng th thiu cho cc

doanh nghip xut nhp khu v d nh: giy chng nhn ISO 9000 c

xem l ngn ng m bo ch tn v cht lng gia cc doanhnghip, ISO 14000 c coi l tm h chiu xanh cho hng ho v

HACCP l mt tiu chun bt buc i vi thc phm xut khu

sang th trng cc nc pht trin. V th, c th tn ti v pht

trin c trong tng lai th cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khng cn s

la chn no khc l phi p dng cc h thng tiu chun cht lng

quc t.



33/47


7.3 Gn nhn sinh thi cho hng ha

Thng mi - mi trng chnh l xu hng pht trin trong tng lai ca

thng mi quc t. Cc quc gia ngy cng quan tm n vic bov mi trng sinh thi nhm m bo s pht trin bn vng ca quc

gia mnh v ca c th gii. Mt cng c m cc nc trn th gii hin

nay ang s dng dung ho gia yu cu pht trin thng mi

quc t v bo v mi trng l nhn sinh thi.

Nhn sinh thi (hay cn gi l nhn xanh) l mt trong

nhng ni dung quan trng ca B tiu chun ISO 14000. l mtchng ch c cc c quan chng nhn cp cho sn phm, hng ho,

chng nhn sn phm, hng ho t gy tn hi n mi trng (ni

cch khc l thn thin vi mi trng). Nhn sinh thi l s khng

nh uy tn ca sn phm v ca nh sn xut trong lnh vc bo v

mi trng. Cc sn phm c gn nhn sinh thi rt c ngi tiu dng a

chung v thng c gi bn cao hn cc sn phm cng loi. Nhn sinh

thi chnh l mt yu t quan trng nng cao nng lc cnh tranh

ca cc doanh nghip, nht l vi cc doanh nghip ngoi thng, ng

thi, n cng l cng c gip hng ho ca cc nc ang pht trin vt

qua ro cn k thut ca cc th trng kh tnh. V hin nay, cc nc

cng nghip pht trin thng s dng cc yu cu v bo v mi trng

hn ch hng nhp khu t cc nc khc. V ro cn ny thng gy

nhiu kh khn cho cc doanh nghip, nht l doanh nghip ca cc ncang pht trin.

C h i pht tri n cho cc h ng ha c dn nhn sinh thi l r t l n

nhng t i th tr ng Vi t Nam i u n y cn r t m i m m c d vic s

dng nhn sinh thi cho mt s mt hng cc doanh nghip xut

nhp khu cng c bt u nghin cu, xem xt t nm 2002.



34/47


Theo thng k ca B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng, ti Vit Nam ch c

khong 5% hng ha tiu chun dn nhn sinh thi v tnh n nay th cha c mt

hng no c dn nhn sinh thi. Vit Nam cng ang xy dng nhng tiu chun c

th dn nhn sinh thi cho hng ha. Theo k hoch th n nm 2020 s c 10% s sn

phm xut khu v 50% hng ha tiu dng ni a c cp nhn sinh thi. Nh vy,

con ng cho cc hng ha Vit Nam c chng minh l cc tiu chun mi

trng cn rt di.

Hin nay trn th gii, c khong hn 30 quc gia trong ni bt l M, EU, Nht

Bn v trong khu vc ng Nam th c Thi Lan, Singapore l c nhn sinh thi

trn cc sn phm ca nc mnh.

Vic gia nhp WTO cng thc y Vit Nam phi nhanh chng a cc quy nh v

nhn sinh thi vo p dng nu khng mun b tht li su hn so vi cc nc khc.

Nhng chnh sch t pha chnh ph s l tin cho cc doanh nghip mnh dn hn

trong chin lc pht trin sn phm ca mnh

7.4 imicng ngh v nng cao trnh qun l k thut nng cao chtlng sn phm

Khi cc nc cng nghip pht trin s dng cc ro cn k thut v

cht lng, mi trng, v sinh bo h th trng trong nc th cc

doanh nghip ca cc nc ang pht trin gp phi nhiu kh khn. Do

trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi thp, my mc, thit b lc hu,

trnh qun l khng cao nn sn phm sn xut ra khng tho mncc yu cu cht lng v k thut kht khe cc th trng pht trin t

ra. Cng ngh lc hu li khng c kinh ph lp t cc thit b

x l nc thi, rc thi, kh thi gy nhim mi trng nn hng ho b

ngi tiu dng cc nc pht trin ty chay cng nh khng p ng c

cc tiu chun bo v mi trng ca cc nc pht trin. V th m hng

ho ca cc doanh nghip cc nc ang pht trin nh nc ta khng

thm nhp c vo cc th trng kh tnh.



35/47


vt qua cc ro cn v y mnh xut khu, cc doanh nghip

cn u t i mi cng ngh, mua sm mi my mc thit b. iu

ny mt mt lm gim gi thnh sn xut, mt khc nng cao cht l-

ng hng ho, p ng cc yu cu ca cc nc nhp khu v bao b,

ng gi, an ton v sinh, quy trnh ch bin...Nhng cng ngh mi

t gy nhim mi trng va bo v mi trng cc nc sn xut va

gip doanh nghip vt quan ro cn v mi trng trong thng mi. Tuy

nhin vi iu kin ti chnh ca cc doanh nghip nc ta nh hin nay

th khng phi doanh nghip no cng c iu kin i mi

hon ton cng ngh v my mc m cc doanh nghip cn cn c voiu kin c th ca doanh nghip mnh lp k hoch thay th, i

mi cho ph hp. Cc doanh nghip cng nn khuyn khch cc sng

kin i mi cng ngh, cc gii php hu ch cho sn xut ca cng

nhn v cn b k thut trong doanh nghip. Bin php ny gip

doanh nghip c th tit kim chi ph m vn c th i mi phng

php sn xut mt cch hiu qu.

Song song vi i mi cng ngh, doanh nghip cng cn ch trng

vic nng cao trnh k thut v qun l k thut trong doanh

nghip. Doanh nghip cn lin tc o to nng cao tay ngh cho cc

cng nhn k thut ca doanh nghip h c th nm bt, s

dng nhng cng ngh v thit b sn xut mi hin i. c bit,

doanh nghip cn c nhng cn b qun l k thut c trnh , c

kh nng tip thu khoa hc cng ngh mi. Nhng cn b k thut gii

ny s l nhng ngi tip xc v nm bt cng ngh mi u tin sau

h s gip hng dn, o to cc cng nhn k thut cho doanh

nghip. Nhng cn b k thut cng cn hiu bit r v nhng quy

nh, tiu chun trong nc cng nh ngoi nc i vi sn phm ca cng

ty v a ra c cc gii php sn phm c th p ng c cc

quy nh, tiu chun . c c i ng cn b k thut c trnh



36/47


cao th doanh nghip cn c chnh sch o to v bi dng nhn

ti ph hp. Ngoi ra, doanh nghip cng cn c ch i ng c

bit i vi h. Nhng cn b k thut ny s l nng ct gip doanh

nghip tng bc nng cao trnh k thut v nng lc sn xut

trong ton doanh nghip. Nh , cc sn phm ca doanh nghip s

c cht lng ngy cng cao v p ng cc tiu chun kht khe ca th

trng trong v ngoi nc.

i mi cng ngh v o to i ng cn b k thut gii rt cn

thit i vi mi doanh nghip. Bin php ny khng nhng gip

doanh nghip vt qua c cc ro cn thng mi m cn gip tng cht

lng hng ho, tng nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trn c th tr-

ng trong v ngoi nc.

Ngoi ra, cc doanh nghip cn c nhng bin php nh xy dng

chin lc kinh doanh di hn c tnh n cc tc ng ca ro cn k

thut; ch ng trong vic tip cn cc ngun thng tin thng qua cc

phng tin thng tin i chng, h thng truyn thng quc t, cc t

chc trong nc v quc t, cc bn hng... tm hiu v cc ro cn

k thut trong thng mi. Tm li, doanh nghip cn phi c nhng s

chun b k cng c th vt qua cc ro cn thng mi .

8 Cc kin ngh i vi Nh nc gip cc doanh nghip vt ro cn k thut

gip hng ho v cc doanh nghip xut khu ca Vit Nam vtqua c cc ro cn k thut v y mnh c xut khu sang cc th

trng trng im th chng ta cn tin hnh nhiu bin php. Trong

, cp nh nc, Nh nc ta cn thc hin mt s gii php sau:



37/47


8.1 K kt cc hp nh song phng v a phng v ro cn k thut trong thng

mi

Trong tnh hnh hin nay, cc quc gia pht trin ang li dngtrnh khoa hc cng ngh vt tri hn t ra ngy cng nhiu

cc ro cn k thut hn ch nhp khu t cc nc khc, c bit

l t cc nc ang v km pht trin. Do , Chnh ph cc quc gia

ang v km pht trin phi thc hin cc bin php cn thit

bo v quyn li ca mnh. Mt trong nhng bin php hu hiu l

tham gia vo cc din n quc t v vn ny. Khi tham gia vo

cc Hip nh quc t song phng cng nh a phng v ro cn k

thut th cc nc s c c s bo v cng nh gip cn thit t cc

bn lin quan nh s c c s cng bng khi tham gia vo thng

mi quc t. V d nh trong Hip nh ca WTO v ro cn k thut

trong thng mi c iu khon 11 v tr gip k thut cho cc thnh

vin khc quy nh cc thnh vin khi c yu cu phi t vn, tr gip

k thut cho cc thnh vin khc l cc nc ang pht trin trong vicson tho cc quy nh k thut, thnh lp c quan tiu chun ho hay

tham gia vo cc c quan tiu chun ho quc tCc nc ang pht

trin khi tham gia Hip nh ny cn c hng s i x c bit u

i hn cc thnh vin pht trin khc nh thnh vin ang pht trin

c php chp nhn mt s cc quy nh k thut, tiu chun hoc

cc th tc nh gi s ph hp nhm duy tr cng ngh, sn xut trong

nc ph hp vi nhu cu pht trin ca mnh tu theo nhng iu kin

kinh t x hi, cng ngh ca mnh d cc tiu chun cha ph hp

vi tiu chun hay quy nh quc t. Ngoi ra, trong nhng t chc

quc t v ro cn k thut, cc tiu chun, quy nh k thut m cc

quc gia s dng s c thng nht, cng khai v p dng chung cho cc

thnh vin. V vy, cc tiu chun, quy nh s tr nn r rng, minh

bch nh m cc nh xut khu s hiu c cc quy nh v s c



38/47


bin php khc phc trnh tnh trng cc tiu chun k thut khng r

rng, ri rm gy kh khn cho cc nh xut khu.

Vi tnh hnh thc tin ca nc ta hin nay, khi trnh kinh t- x hi cng nh khoa hc - cng ngh cn thp so vi th gii, chng ta

cng gp nhiu kh khn khi phi i mt vi cc ro cn k thut.

Cc tiu chun m nc ta p dng cha ph hp vi tiu chun th gii v

cha c th gii cng nhn cho nn hng xut khu ca nc ta cha p

ng c cc tiu chun m cc nc nhp khu yu cu. gip hng ho

ca ta c th vt qua c cc ro cn k thut, thm nhp vo th tr-

ng ton th gii th Chnh ph ta cn tch cc tham gia m phn,

k kt cc hip nh quc t v ro cn k thut v tiu chun ho

song phng cng nh a phng. Khi k kt cc hip nh ny, nc ta s

c iu kin r sot hip nh, tham gia xy dng cc tiu chun

quc t cho ph hp vi trnh pht trin ca nc mnh v c th tn

dng quyn nhn xt cc tiu chun v cc quy nh quc t, bo v

c quyn li ca nc ta cng nh cc nc ang v km pht trin khc.

n nay, Vit Nam cng hi nhp kh tt trong lnh vc tiu

chun o lng cht lng. i din ca Nh nc v lnh vc tiu chun

ho v cht lng l Tng cc Tiu chun o lng cht lng tham gia

vo 15 t chc quc t v khu vc nh: T chc tiu chun ho quc t

(ISO), U ban k thut in quc t (IEC International

Electrotechnical Commission), U ban t vn ca ASEAN v tiu chuncht lng (ACCSQ Asean Consultative Committee of Standards and

Quality), Din n tiu chun khu vc Thi Bnh Dng (PASC Pacific

Area Standards Congress)Trong qu trnh tham gia cc t chc ny,

Vit Nam cng tranh th c s gip ng h ca cc t chc ny

nhm thc y hot ng tiu chun o lng cht lng trong nc. Vit

Nam cng k cc Hip nh hp tc trong lnh vc tiu chun ho,

o lng v chng nhn, Hip nh tha nhn ln nhau cc kt qu



39/47


chng nhnv th nghim vi Lin bang Nga, Trung Quc, Ucraina Vit

Nam cng ang trn ng gia nhp t chc thng mi th gii WTO, t

s tr thnh thnh vin ca cc Hip nh ca t chc ny v tiu

chun, cht lng v v ro cn k thut nh HIp nh v ro cn k

thut trong thng mi v Hip nh v v sinh v cc bin php v

sinh thc phm. Sau s kin EU a ra mc d lng bng khng i vi

chloramphenicol v nitrofuran trong thu sn nhp khu, cc nc ASEAN

ang tho lun v vic thnh lp mt t chc gi l Codax. C quan

thc phm ny s a ra cc tiu chun chung cho thc phm ca cc nc

trong khi v cc tiu chun ny s c EU, M, Nht Bn cng nhn.

Tuy c nhiu c gng trong vic hi nhp quc t v tiu

chun - cht lng v ro cn k thut nhng Vit Nam vn cn tch cc

hn na trong vic m phn k kt cc hip nh v ro cn k

thut trong thng mi bo v quyn li quc gia khi hi nhp kinh

t quc t.

8.2 Tuyn truyn, gii thiu cho cc doanh nghip v ro cn k thut ca cc quc

gia

Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin cho cc ro cn k thut tr nn kh vt qua

l v cc ro cn ny tn ti di nhiu hnh thc a dng, phc tp, kh nhn bit v

thng xuyn thay i. Cc doanh nghip nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam thng

gp kh khn trong vic tm hiu v thu thp thng tin lin quan n ro cn k thut ca

cc nc nhp khu. Do h thng thng tin cn yu, nn nhng hiu bit ca cc doanh

nghip v ro cn k thut nc m h xut hng sang cn hn ch, m h, khng chnh

xc.

Do , hng ha xut khu ca chng ta b t chi nhiu do khng p ng c

cc yu cu v tiu chun k thut cng nh cc tiu chun v sinh, mi trng m cc th

trng t ra cho hng nhp khu. Vi iu kin nh ca cc doanh nghip nc ta hin

nay th vic tip cn vi cc ngun thng tin trc tip t cc th trng v cc quy nh ni



40/47


chung v v ro cn k thut ni ring l rt kh khn. V th, gip cc doanh

nghip, c bit l cc doanh nghip va v nh c c y cc thng tin cn thit v

cc th trng xut khu th s tr gip ca Nh nc l cn thit. Nh nc cn c nhng

c quan chuyn trch v vn ro cn k thut trong thng mi c nhim v tm hiu

thu thp cc thng tin lin quan n cc quy nh, tiu chun m cc nc t ra i vi

hng nhp khu, c bit l i vi nhng mt hng xut khu ca nc nh. Sau cc

c quan ny s tuyn truyn, gii thiu cho cc doanh nghip bit v cc quy nh cng

nhu tiu chun , gip cc doanh nghip c s hiu bit tt hn v nhng quy nh, tiu

chun m cc mt hng xut khu ca doanh nghip mnh s phi tha mn khi xut hng

sang tng th trng c th, nht l nhng th trng xut khu chin lc ca ta nh EU,Nht, M, Singapore Cc c quan chuyn trch ny nn t chc cc bui hi tho, tuyn

truyn nh k v ro cn k thut ca cc th trng v c nhng thng bo b sung cn

thit cho cc doanh nghip khi cc nc thay i, b sung cc quy nh, tiu chun. T ,

doanh nghip s c nhng bin php cn thit i mi sn xut nng cao cht lng sn

phm, m bo cc yu cu ca th trng nhp khu v tng bc nng cao hiu qu ca

hot ng xut khu ca doanh nghip ni ring v ca c nc ni chung.

Hin nay, nc ta c Phng thng mi v cng nghip Vit Nam

(Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry - VCCI) l t chc h tr

v xc tin cc hot ng thng mi ca Vit Nam. Phng thng mi

v cng nghip Vit Nam cng c vai tr ng k trong vic tuyn

truyn, cung cp cc thng tin cn thit v th trng, trong c

thng tin v cc ro cn k thut cho cc doanh nghip, gip cc doanh

nghip tip cn cc th trng v y mnh xut khu. Ngoi ra, nc tacn c cc c quan i din thng mi ng ti cc quc gia khc cng

c ng gp ln trong vic thu thp v cung cp cc thng tin v cc

tng th trng c th cho cc doanh nghip, gip cc doanh nghip

tip cn v thm nhp cc th trng...

Tuy nhin, cc doanh nghip nc ta hin nay thc s vn cha nhn

c y cc thng tin cn thit v cc th trng, c bit l cc



41/47


thng tin lin quan n cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi nn cn

vp phi nhng cn tr, nhng tht bi khi xut khu hng ho, gy

thit hi, mt uy tn khng ch cho doanh nghip m cn cho c quc

gia. V th m hot ng tuyn truyn, gii thiu v ro cn k thut

cho cc doanh nghip l mt hot ng cn thit m Nh nc ta cn

tin hnh gip cc doanh nghip vt ro cn k thut khi xut khu.

8.3 T chc o to i ng qun l cht lng v k thut cho doanh nghip

Cht lng ca sn phm l yu t quan trng khng ch i vi

doanh nghip m cn quan trng i vi c quc gia. Nhng sn phm

c cht lng s c ngi tiu dng chp nhn v c th ng vng trn

th trng. Hin nay, khi cc nc cng nghip pht trin tng cng s

dng cc quy nh v cht lng v cc tiu chun k thut ca sn

phm lm ro cn i vi hng ho nhp khu th vn cht lng v

tiu chun k thut ca sn phm tr nn quan trng hn bao gi ht.

nng cao cht lng sn phm cn huy ng rt nhiu yu t.

Trong , yu t con ngi ng vai tr v cng quan trng. Cc doanh

nghip cn c nhng cng nhn k thut lnh ngh, c nhng nh

qun l gii, hiu bit v qun l cht lng v thc c tm quan

trng ca cht lng th mi c th thnh cng c. Nhng nc ta hin

nay cn thiu vng nhng cn b gii, c nng lc trong lnh vc qunl cht lng sn phm. Chnh sch o to cn cha thch hp. S lng

cc cn b qun l v cht lng c o to cha nhiu. Cc cn b qun

l ca cc doanh nghip hin nay cng cha c nhn thc su sc v

tm quan trng ca cht lng v tiu chun k thut trong vic vt cc

ro cn k thut ca cc th trng. Nh nc ta cn quan tm n vic

o to cho cc doanh nghip, c bit l cc doanh nghip xut

khu, mt i ng cn b qun l cht lng v k thut gii v am hiu



42/47


v cc ro cn k thut. Cc c quan chuyn trch c th t chc cc

kho hc ngn hn cho cc nh qun l ca cc doanh nghip v vn

cht lng, cc tiu chun k thut v cc bin php vt ro cn bng

vic nng cao cht lng sn phm. Trong di hn th nc ta nn c

chnh sch thu ht v o to mt lc lng cn b qun l c chuyn

mn cao, c bng cp v cht lng p ng nhu cu ca cc doanh

nghip trong tng lai. Nhng cn b qun l cht lng v k thut ny

s gip cc doanh nghip lp cc k hoch ngn hn, di hn v cht l-

ng sn phm v gim st qu trnh thc hin cc k hoch gip cc

doanh nghip tng bc nng cao cht lng sn phm cho doanh nghip.Nh , m sn phm ca doanh nghip c th p ng c cc yu

cu kht khe ca th trng v cht lng sn phm v vt qua c cc

ro cn k thut v mt cht lng m cc th trng nhp khu dng

ln.

Cht lng v cc tiu chun k thut l mt hnh thc ca ro cn

k thut trong thng mi. Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam mun vt qua cro cn ny th cn khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm, lm

cho sn phm tho mn nhng yu cu nghim ngt i vi sn phm

ca cc nc nhp khu. lm c vic ny, cc doanh nghip cn c

cc cn b qun l cht lng v k thut gii v Nh nc cn c chnh

sch o to i ng cn b qun l ny cho cc doanh nghip .

8.4 Xy dng h thng cc tiu chun quc gia cho sn phm v thnh lp cc cquan kim tra cht lng v k thut i vi hng xut khu

Trong iu kin quc t ho nn kinh t th gii nh hin nay th

vic hi ho ho cc tiu chun cht lng ca quc gia vi cc tiu chun

quc t cng l mt xu hng tt yu. hng ho ca nc mnh c th

c chp nhn v tiu th c mi th trng trn th gii m khng

gp phi cc ro cn k thut th cc quc gia u ang n lc xy



43/47


dng cho mnh mt h thng tiu chun quc gia mi sao cho ph hp

vi cc chun mc quc t v c cc nc khc tha nhn. Khi h thng

tiu chun trong nc ph hp vi cc tiu chun quc t th cc sn phm

ca cc doanh nghip trong nc mt khi p ng c cc tiu chun

trong nc th va c th tiu th c th trng ni a va c th

tiu th c cc th trng nc ngoi.

Vit Nam hin nay, theo bo co ca Tng cc tiu chun o l-

ng cht lng nm 2010 th trong s trn 5000 TCVN hin hnh mi ch

c g n 40 % cc tiu chun ph hp vi cc tiu chun quc t. y l mt

t l cha cao d hin gi vic hi ho ho cc TCVN vi cc tiu chun

quc t c ch trng hn. V c s sai khc gia cc TCVN v cc

tiu chun quc t nn phn ln cc sn phm ca Vit Nam khng p

ng c cc yu cu v cht lng v k thut do cc th trng nhp

khu t ra. iu ny hn ch kh nng xut khu ca Vit Nam,

c bit l xut khu sang cc th trng c trnh khoa hc cng

ngh cao v cc th trng ny t ra cc tiu chun rt kht khe chohng ho m cc TCVN hin nay th cha p ng c.

Do , i mi h thng tiu chun Vit Nam cn c c bit

quan tm v phi c xc nh l mt nhim v trng tm trong hi

nhp quc t. iu ny rt c ngha vi Vit Nam v n s gip chng

ta vt qua c cc ro cn k thut ca th trng cc nc cng nghip

pht trin. Chng ta cn xy dng mt h thng tiu chun mi thayth nhng tiu chun lc hu v khng ph hp vi cc yu cu ca

hi nhp. Nhng tiu chun ny s phi c xy dng trn c s khoa

hc, tun th cc chun mc quc t v phi tnh n cc iu kin

c th ca cc doanh nghip trong nc. Nhng tiu chun mi s phi

bao qut ht nhng i hi ph bin ca th gii i vi hng ho nh

cc tiu chun cht lng, tiu chun mi trng, tiu chun v sinh an

ton thc phm...Gii php ny khng nhng gip hng ho Vit Nam



44/47


c th vt qua cc ro cn k thut m cn gip nng cao cht lng

hng ho trong nc, nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca nhn dn.

Ring i vi cc mt hng xut khu, Nh nc cn thnh lp ccc quan kim tra cht lng v cc tiu chun k thut trc khi cho xut

khu. V hin nay, v vic kim sot cht lng hng xut khu ca

chng ta khng cht ch nn s lng hng xut khu khng t tiu

chun v b tr li, b tiu hu hoc phi bn gim gi vn cn cao

gy thit hi cho doanh nghip v mt uy tn cho hng ho Vit Nam.

Chnh v vy m chng ta cn tng cng cng tc kim tra i vi cc

l hng xut khu m bo rng cc l hng ny tho mn nhng

yu cu ca th trng nhp khu v cht lng, cc tiu chun v sinh,

kim dch..., trnh tnh trng hng ca chng ta s b t chi khi nhp

cng. Hin thi, chng ta thc hin kh tt cng tc ny i vi

hng thu sn xut khu.

Nm 1994, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 50 CP ngy

21/6/1994 thnh lp Trung tm kim tra cht lng v v sinh thu sn

(National Fisheries Inspection and Quality Assurance Center -

NAFIQACEN) nay l Cc qun l cht lng, an ton v th y thu sn c

chc nng qun l cht lng v an ton v sinh thu sn t khu nui

trng, khai thc, n ch bin v tiu th. Cc cn c trch nhim

kim tra cht lng v cc iu kin v sinh ca cc c s sn xut

thu sn, cng nhn cc c s iu kin xut khu sang cc th tr-ng c th v cp giy chng nhn v sinh cho cc l hng thu sn.

Nhng l hng no c Cc cp giy chng nhn th s c php xut

khu v s c th trng chp nhn. Nh , thu sn Vit Nam c

nhiu th trng kh tnh nh EU, M, Nht, Hn Quc... chp nhn. Hin

nay, Cc c 6 chi nhnh trn c nc vi nhng trang thit b hin i, c

th kim tra v cp giy chng nhn cho cc c s sn xut, ch bin

v cc l hng mt cch kp thi, nhanh chng.



45/47


Tuy nhin i vi cc mt hng khc th chng ta cn cha thc

hin tt vn ny. Do vy, trong thi gian sp ti, Nh nc nn thnh

lp nhng trung tm tng t cho cc mt hng khc m bo

cht lng v cc tiu chun k thut khc cho cc l hng xut khu.

Ngoi cc gii php trn th Nh nc cn hon thin cc quy

nh, th ch php lut lin quan n vn cht lng nhm t

c mt s qun l thng nht trn c nc. Nh nc cng cn c ch

khen thng i vi nhng doanh nghip, t chc c thnh tu

trong lnh vc qun l cht lng cng nh cn c ch x pht, k

lut i vi nhng doanh nghip, t chc khng chp hnh tt cc

quy nh ca Nh nc v vn cht lng. Nh nc cn c bin php

tr gip v k thut, thng tin... cho cc doanh nghip va v nh

cc doanh nghip ny c th vt qua c cc ro cn k thut. Tm li,

v nc ta l mt nc ang pht trin cn b hn ch v nhiu mt,

hn na, ro cn k thut l mt vn phc tp v kh mi m vi n-

c ta nn Nh nc cn phi hp tc vi cc doanh nghip thc hin ccbin php cn thit gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vt ro cn

thnh cng.

LI KT

Hng xut khu ca VN i th trng cc nc ngy mt kh hn do vng cc

ro cn k thut c nhiu nc dng ln. Ch ng vt ro cn l cch nhiu hip

hi ngnh hng ang lm nhm trnh tnh trng nc n chn mi nhy.

Ro cn k thut l mt hnh thc ro cn thng mi rt tinh vi,

phc tp v rt kh vt qua ngay c i vi doanh nghip ca cc nc



46/47


pht trin. Cc quc gia m hin nay ch yu l cc nc cng nghip

pht trin s dng cc tiu chun, quy nh v cht lng, v sinh v

mi trng ht sc kht khe ngn cn hng ho ca cc nc khc

nhp khu vo lnh th nc mnh. Cc ro cn k thut ny gy

cn tr ln cho thng mi th gii, thm ch cn gy ra c nhng v

xung t thng mi gia cc quc gia. Cc quc gia ang v km pht

trin, trong c Vit Nam l nhng nc chu tc ng ca ro cn k

thut nhiu nht. Mc d trong nhng nm va qua, c bit l nm 2010, Vit Nam

t c ch tiu xut khu vt mc ra nhng vn ro cn k thut vn cn l vn

gy kh khn nhiu cho hot ng xut khu, vn c nhng tnh trng hng ha xutqua b tr v, c bit l hng nng sn. Chnh v vy cc doanh nghip cn phi tm hiu

k hn v ro cn k thut ca quc gia m mnh s thm nhp iu chnh cc ch tiu,

thng s cho thch hp duy tr mi quan h v trnh tnh trng b cm hng ha ca

mnh vo nc nhp khu. Bn cnh , Nh nc cng cn c nhng bin php h tr cc

doanh nghip nh nu trn vt qua cc ro cn k thut ny, tip cn v

m rng th trng, y mnh xut khu gp phn pht trin nn kinh

t t nc.



47/47


TI LIU THAM KHO

GS.TS V Thanh Thu-Quan h kinh t quc t - Nh xut bn thng k - Thng10/2010

Hip nh ca WTO v v sinh an ton thc phm

Quy nh ca WTO v ro cn k thut trong thng mi

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