GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 1 I.QU TRNH LY TM. 1.1 Khi nim. -Ly tm l mt qu trnh phn ring cc cu t c khi lng ring khc nhau trong mt hn hp lng khng ng nht di tc dng ca lc ly tm. 1.2 Phn loi qu trnh ly tm. -Lytmphnringhaichtlngkhngtanvonhau:nhhnhtngnc trong du hoc h nh tng du trong nc. -Lytmtchpharnrakhiphalng(huynph):lmtrongncqutrong qu trnh sn xut nc qu trong. C = Rm2e Trong : m: khi lng kg e: tc thng quay m/s R:bn knh ca thng quay. -Nu R v ca thit b ly tm cng ln th tc chuyn ng ca cc ht phn tn trong hnh tng hoc huyn ph s cao.V vy, s gip cho chng ta rt ngn thi gian ly tm v nng cao c mc phn ring. 1.3 C s khoa hc ca qu trnh. -Da vo ng dng chnh ca qu trnh ly tm m qu trnh ly tm c cc c s l thuyt nh: Cscaqutrnhlytmlphnringhaichtlngkhngtanvonhau(nh tng) -Trong qu trnh phn ring hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau. Nu lin tc cho hn hp hai cht lng ny vo mt ng hnh tr c bn knh r v chiu cao l h vi tc quayl (rad/s).Khichtlngckhilngringlnhnsphnbst vo thnh ng. Cn cht lng c khi lng ring thp hn s phn b gn tm ng. Gia hai cht lng ny s hnh thnh b mt phn chia gia hai pha, b mt phnchianyrt quantrngtrong thitkthitb xcnh vtrca ng dn vt liu v x ra ngoi. Nhng trong thc t th b mt phn chia gia hai pha ny khng r rng. Theo cng thc:B AB A Anrr =2 22 -Trong : l khi lng ring. rl bn knh. -ChngtakhiuAlchtlngckhilngringlnhn,Blchtlngc khi lng ring nh hn. -Numuntchmtchtlngckhilngringnh(B)rakhichtlngc khi lng ring ln hn (A), v d nh tch cht bo ra khi sa th thi gian lu GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 2 trong vng vnh khuyn A phi di hn thi gian lu trong vng vnh khuyn B. Khi mt phn chia pha c xu hng chuyn v pha tm ca ng ly tm th tch ca vnh khuyn A vt tri hn so vi vnh khuyn B. Lc , cht lng B s chu tc dng ca lc ly tm trong mt khong thi gian ngn, cn cht lng A chutcdngcalclytmtrongthigiandihn.iunytckhibn knhRA gimbnknh Ri gim.thchinqutrnhtchchtlngArakhi chtlngBqutrnhnysdinrangcli.Sthayivtrca mtphn chiaphacththchincvinhngkhongcchrtnh(ctht25-50 m).Tuynhinvichiuchnhvtrnyphthucvoktcucathitb. Vic hiu chnh v tr ca mt phn chia pha cng c th c thc hin bng cch thay i lu lng ca dng ra.

C s ca qu trnh ly tm tch pha rn ra khi pha lng ( huyn ph )

-Trongqutrnhlytmphnringhhuynph.Khihuynphccungcp vo thit b c dng hnh tr t y, th di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc ht rn trong h ny s dch chuyn v pha thnh ng. Nu cc ht rn ny chuyn ng vphathnhngtrckhirakhingthchngscgilitrongngv tch ra khi h huyn ph. Nu nh ht rn khng dch chuyn n thnh ng th nvnlitrongdungdchvirangoinglytm.Tlgialnghtrn c gi li trong ng v lng ht rn i ra khi ng ly tm ph thuc vo tc nhp liu. Phng trnh th hin mi quan h gia tc nhp liu, tc ly tm v kch thc ca ng ly tm nh sau:( ) | |((((((

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=2 / 1 222122212 /ln 218) (2R RRgVD gqp se q

GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 3 -Phng trnh ny c d dng tnh ton lu lng dng nhp liu trong ng ly tm hnh tr khi bit kch thc v tc quay ca ng ly tm.

Trong : q: lu lng ca dng dung dch g: gia tc trng trng s : t trng ca huyn ph 1: t trng ca dung dch q: nht ca dung dch e: tc gc ca ng ly tm R1 bn knh trong ca vnh khuyn to thnh bi cht lng R2: bn knh trong ca ng ly tm V: th tch ca phn cht lng c gi li trong ng ly tm 1.4 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ly tm - nht ca pha lng: nht l mt yu t quan trng nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ly tm. Khi tc dng cng mt lc, nu nht ca mi trng cng ln th tr lc ca n cng cao v th m tc ly tm cng chm. Nu mun qu trnh ly tm c nhanh hn th phi lm cho nht ca nguyn liu vo cng thp. tciunythnhitlyutquantrngtiptheonhhngnqu trnh ly tm. Tuynhin cng cn phi ch , khi gia tng nhit cho sn phm cn ch n ccthnh phn nhy cm vi nhit nh(vitamin, protein,). - chnh lch khi lng ring: nu chnh lch khi lng ring ca hai cu t cng ln th qu trnh phn ring cng d dng v ngc li. Trong qu trnh phn ringhaichtlng,chnhlchkhilngringcahaichtlngkhngnn thp hn 3%. -Ngoi ra cn mt s yu t khc nh hng n qu trnh ly tm nh: oVn tc ly tm. oBn knh ly tm. oThi gian lu. 1.5.Thit b: My ly tm c phn thnh 3 nhm: -My ly tm phn ring hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau. -My ly tm lm trong cht lng bng cch loi b s lng nh cht rn (ly tm lc). GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 4 -My ly tm cho h huyn ph c t l pha rn cao

Phn ring hai cht lng khng tan vo nhau -Thit b ly tm ng: Thit b ny bao gm mt ng hnh tr c ng knh l 0.1 mvdi0.75m.Vntcquaybntrongnglytmcthtt15000-50000 vng/phtvphthucvongknh.Tcquaycnglnngknhng phi cng nh. thit b ny th nguyn liu c a vo trong ng t pha di. Haiphalngctchratrongngvcthuhinhtrncanglytm thng qua c cu chy trn. Tu thuc vo i tng cng nh hiu qu ca qu trnh phn ring c th lp thm c cu a trng lc. -Thitblytmda:Thitbccutobaogmchnxoaythanhnhtrc ng knh t 0.2-1.2m, baogm nhng thanh kimloi xp chng ln nhau to thnh hnh nn v khong cch gia hai thanh kim loi l 0.5-1.27 mm vi tc quay l 2000-7000 vng/pht. -Trnccacspxpsaochocthtothnhmtdngchytatrn xungacuicngcachnxoay.Tikhongtrnggiaccthanhkimloi, di tc dng ca lc ly tm, pha nng s di chuyn ra xa tm a cn pha nh s di chuyn vo gn tm ca a v c y ln trn nh ca chn xoay thu hi. Thitbnycsdng tch kem t sa v lmr ccloidu,chit xut c ph v nc tri cy.

GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 5 Ly tm lm trong cht lng bng cch loi b s lng nh cht rn (ly tm lc). -Thit b ly tm c chn xoay dng cn: cu to gm mt chn xoay dng cn quay quanh mt trc thng ng. Tt c c t trong v c nh. Nguyn liu i vo y ca chn xoay, di tc dng ca lc lytm, cc huyn ph s di chuyn v thnh ca chn xoay v bm trn . Phn dung dch s di chuyn ln pha trn v chytrnrangoi.Trongccloi viphun,chtrn lintcc thi quacc l nh ngoivi cabt v c cha trongmt bnh cha,khibdythitb cngnghotng,lpbctchbngdaovthorangoibngcax caychnxoay. Trongccloivan, cc l ctrangb vi van mnhk. Thit b ny c th p dng cho huyn ph c 3% rn. u im ca thit b ny l hn ch tn tht pha lng v nng cc cu t thuc pha phn tn trong dng b c th tng cao hn.

Ly tm cho h huyn ph c t l pha rn cao. -Thit b ny gm mt chn xoay hnh tr, c mt u dng cn, bn trong c trc vis. thit b ny th trc vis v chn xoay quay cng chiu vi nhau, nhng tc cachnxoaycaohntccatrcvis.Khiy,chtrnscyra thnh ca chn xoay v c trc vis y v pha u cn v thot ra ngoi, cn pha lng s di chuyn n u cn li v thot ra ngoi.

GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 6 1.6.ng dng ca qu trnh ly tm oCh bin sa: trong cng ngh ch bin sa, qu trnh ly tm c s dng tch cht bo ra khi sa. Tu theo mc ch m c th tch mt phn hoc hon ton cht bo. sn xut cc sn phm sa gy, qu trnh ly tm c th lm gim lng bo trong sa xung thp hn 0,05% -tchchtborakhisa,ngitasdngthitblytmdnga.Thitb gmcthnmy,bntronglmtthngquaycnivimtmotortruyn ng bn ngoi thng qua trc dn. Cc a quay c ng knh dao ng t 20-120 cm v c xp chng ln nhau. Cc l trn da ly tm s to nn nhng knh dntheophngthngng.Khongcchgia2alytmlintipl0,5-1,3 mm.Thitbhotngtheophngphplintc.utinsanguynlius c np vo my ly tm, tip theo sa s theo h thng knh dn chy vo cc khongkhnggianhpgiaccalytm.Ditcdngcalclytm,sa cphnchiathnh2phn:phncreamckhilngringthpschuyn ng hng v pha trc ca thng quay, phn sa gy c kh lng ring cao s chuyn ng v pha thnh thng quay. Sau cng c hai dng cream v sa gy s theo nhng knh thot ra ngoi. Hm lng cht bo trung bnh trong sa gy l 0,05%. Trc khi a vo tch bo sa thng c gia nhit ln 55-650C.

oSnxutdutinhluyn:trongqatrnhtinhluyndu,duthcxlvi nc,axithockimloiccphosphatidevccchtgum.Saukhixlxong, duscemilytmtchcctpchtra.Nuqutrnhtchgumbng axit th sau khi tch gum, du s c em i ly tm tch cc tp cht ra. Nu qatrnhtchgumbngaxitthsaukhitchgum,duscralibngnc nngvncranycngctchrabngphngphplytm.Saudus ctiptcemitrunghovccchtxphngsctchrabngphng phplytm.Dutiptccrabngncnngvncracngctchra bng phng php ly tm. oSnxutbia:Trongcngnghsnxutbia,phngphplytmcthcs dnglmtrongdchnhavbia.Qatrnhlytmcngcthcngdng tch nm men c trong bia. Trong qu trnh ly tm bia , cn m bo kn ca thit b,vnukhngsgyratnthtCO2 ngthiO2 cthxmnhpvobia,lm gimbncasnphm.Qutrnhnysdngkhilngnmmenctrongbia cn lc rt nhiu (ln men ni, chu k ln men ngn). u im ca qu trnh ny l rt ngn thi gian v c th s dng trc khi a bia vo ln men ph. Vi phng php GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 7 lytmchophpgimlngnmmenxungthn500.000tbo/ml.Tuynhin, phng php ny cng c nhc im l: Vn u t cao My ly tm cn c bo dng thng xuyn C nguy c ho tan O2 Hao ht nhiu p sut tng t ngt (cn phi c thng iu khin p sut).

oSnxutruvang:qutrnhlytmcnhiungdngtrongqatrnhsnxut ruvang.Qutrnhlytmcthsdnghockthpviqutrnhlc.lm trong dch nho sau khi p, ta cth s dngphng php ly tm. tch nmmen sttrongruvangcngcthsdngphngphplytm.Trongsnxutru vang,qatrnhlytmcngcthcpdngtchnmmenvtpcht trc khi cho vo thng .

oCh bin rau qu: Trong cng ngh sn xut cc loi rau qu, qa trnh ly tm ng vaitrkhquantrng.Qutrnhlytmcthcsdngtchccloicht nhykhisnxutncptcitrushayquda.Ncngcthcsdng tchcctpchttrongqutrnhlmtrongccloincqusnxutncqu trong.Ncnngdngtrongsnxuttinhdutccloiqucmi.Dchtrch ng c cha 0,5-3% w/w tinh du. Hn hp ny tip tc c ly tm ln 2 tch tinh du c tinh sch cao hn.

oTrong cng ngh sn xut ng: khai thc. y l giai on tch tinh th ra khi mt bng lc ly tm trong cc thng quay vi tc cao. Sau khi ly tm nhn c ng, mt nu v mt trng. Nguyn tc thc hin: my ly tm quay sinh lc ly tm lm cho mt vng ra qua li ly tm bn thnh my, cn ng ct ht to khng lt qua li nm li. Kh nng tch mt phthucvoloingnonvtnhnngmylytm.Qutrnhlytmcchia thnh hai giai on: X l ng non trc khi ly tm ng non c a xung cc thit b kt tinh lm lnh. Thi gian kt tinh lm lnh i vi ng A khong 2 3h, ng non B: 6 8h, ng non C: 22 32h. Sau c xxungmngphnphikhuyuvphnphinccmylytm.Mngphn phi ng non l mt thng hnh ch U nm ngang, bn trong c cnh khuy loi vt ti quayvitc1vng/pht.tinhthngkhnglngxungymng,phadi lp thm mt cnh khuy nh c co quay vi tc 3 vng/pht.Mng t nghing v phamylytmvcmngxngnonxungmylytm.ivingnonC, mngphnphilthitbhaivnngnhitngnonlnkhong2-50Cnhm gim nht ng non. Nh lc ly tm phn ln mt c tch ra gi l mt nguyn Ru Rhum c sn xut t nguyn liu chnh l nc ma hoc r ng ma. GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 8 oTrongsnxutruRHUM:lytmnhmchunbchoqutrnhchngct, hon thin gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Qutrnhlytmnhmtchbbmenvnhngchtkhnghotanrakhidchdm chn trc khi chng ct. thc t cho thy, nu cc nh sn xut chg ct dch dm chn khngqualytmththnhphnhohccadchctthuccthayiichtso vi trng hp s dng dch dm chn c qua ly tm. Kt qu l ru Rhum thnh phm c hng v gn ging vi ru Cognac v b mt i hng v c trng ca n. Trong qu trnh ny ly tm s phn ring b nm men v mt s cht khng tan ra khi pha lng ca dch dm chn. Sau qu trnh ly tm, t trng ca dch dm chn s thay i. Thit b: c th s dng thit b ly tm phn ring h rn-lng. Trongsnxutproteinconcentratetunnh(SoyproteinConcentrate-SPC). Trong qu trnh ny ly tm c ng dng nhm mc ch khai thc Qu trnh ly tm s thu nhn dch chit, ng thi loi b phn b khng ho tan ra khi dch chit.Cc bin i ca nguyn liu Gim th tch v khi lng ca bn thnh phm Thay i trng thi t dng huyn ph sang dng dung dch Tn tht mt t protein, vitamin, cht mu theo b. Phng php thc hin: S dng ly tm lc tch b. Phn rn thu c sau khi ly tm ln 1 c a vo trch ly ln 2 nhm tch kit cc cht ho tan cn st trongb, sau ly tm ln 2 loi b. Trong sn xut tinh bt sn: ly tm c ng dng trong qu trnh tch dch bo. Nhm mcchloidchbohnchqutrnhoxyholmchuynmutinhbtvcc phn ng ho hc, ho sinh khc nh hng n cht lng ca tinh bt thnh phm. tch dch bo c th s dng my ly tm da v ly tm lc. Nhng kh khn thng gp trong khi ly tm: Ngoi trng hp my b o do xung ngnonkhngu,hocccbphntavgimxchhng,lilytmb thng, cn gp cc trng hp ly tm kh do thnh phn cc cht khng ng trong ng non nh hng n s tch mt khi ng, hoc do nht ln, ng non nu GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 9 khng t, thng phi ly tm lu, hoc dng lng nc v lng hi nhiu, ra lu, do tinh khit mt ly tm cao, tng tn tht ng. Trong trng hp c th gim thi gian ra hi hoc tng lng nc, ng thi ch hi vo v thng quay tng tc chy ca mt. C trng hp cn cho khng kh nng vo v thng y kn trnh ng b ngui v tng tc chy ca mt. Ngoi ra qu trnh ly tm cn ng dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc khc nh tch b sau khi trch ly trong qu trnh sn xut sa u nnh, lm trong cc loi syrup, tch nc sau khi lngtinhbt,tchchtbotthtxay,tchnctrongcphnhnsaukhiracaph trong qa trnh s ch, tch cc tinh th trong qu trnh c c, kt tinh. II.QU TRNH LC: -Qutrnhlclqutrnhtchccchtrnkhngtant1huynphbngcch cho huyn ph i qua vt liu dng l xp (hoc gi l vch ngn). Kt qu phn cht lng s i qua vch ngn c gi l cht lc(dch lc) v cht rn c gi li gi l b lc (bnh lc). 2.1. C s khoa hc ca qu trnh lc: -Khi phn dch huyn ph i qua my lc. Nhng phn u tin s ng vai tr l mtcibytrongmitrnglctclccphntckchthclnstli thnh1mhocnhnghtnhbvngvonhnghtlnkhngquavch ngncvktqunlmgimdintchtrongvchngnvkhngchocc phn sau i qua. Khi h huyn ph c tnh cht keo th sau mt thi gian, trn lp mnglcxuthinmtlpgelcthlmbtcclcamng,nhngmnh vy c gi l lp mng th cp ( secondary membrane hay layer).

-iunylmtnglccncalulngchtlngvchnhlchpsut cng cao hn, v vy cn phi duy tr tc dng chy ca cht lc. Tc trong qu trnh lc c biu th nh sau:

Lc truyn( chnh lch p sut ngang qua my lc)Tc trong qu trnh lc = Lc cn dng chy

GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 10 Gisblckhngbnnpthtrlccadngchyquamylcscsdng cng thc: (

) Trong : R (m-2) = tr lc ca dng chy i qua vch ngn ( Nsm-2) = nht ca cht lng r ( m-2) = tr lc ring ca b lc V (m3) = th tch dch lc Vc (m3) = th tch phn b lc c trong huyn ph cn phn ring A (m2) = din tch b mt lc ca vch ngn L (m) = dy ca vch ngn v lp b lc Trong trng hp tc lc khng i, tc dng chy qua vch ngn c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Trong : Q (V/t) (m3s-1) = tc chy ca dch lc (Pa) = chnh lch p sut 2 bn vch ngn t(s) = thi gian lc -Phng trnh ny c dng xc nh mc thay itrong qu trnh lc tc lc l mt hng s. Trong trng hp p sut lc thay i, tc dng chy qua vch ngn s gim dn do tr lc b lc tng dn. phng trnh tr c vit li nh sau:

Davodc

vgitr

,chngtacthxcnhctrlcringcab lc, chiu dy ca b v vch ngn. Trong trng hp b lc b nn p, tc tr lc ring ca b thay i theo p sut lc, ta c:

Trong : r: tr lc ring ca b vi s chnh lch p sut l 101.103Pa S: nn ca b. -Trongmtstrnghp,ngitacnthchinqutrnhrablc.Nusnphm cnthunhnldchlcthvicrablcltnthuccchthatanvphndch lng cnst litrongb. Cn nu sn phm cn thu nhn lb lc th qu trnh ra b nhm mc ch lm sch b, ra tri cc cht ho tan trong pha lng cn ln trong b. GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 11 2.2. Mc ch cng ngh v phm vi thc hin: - Mcchkhaithc:trongcngnghipthcphm,qutrnhlcnhmmcchphn ring huyn ph, gi li nhng cu t cn thit to nn sn phm, ng thitch b cc tp cht trong hn hp ban u. Theo quan im ny, qu trnh lc c mc ch cng ngh l khai thc. Vd:trongcngnghsnxutsinhkhinmmenbnhm,sauqutrnhlnmen chngtasthucmtcanhtrnglngdnghuynph.Qutrnhlcsgip chng ta tch b pha lng v thu nhn c sinh khi nm men. Trong cng ngh sn xut sa u nnh qu trnh lc nhm loi b b u v thu ly dch huyn ph sa, gip cho qu trnh truyn nhit tt hn trong cc giai on sau. -Mcchhonthin:qutrnhlcgipcithinmtschtiuchtlngsnphm nh trong, tch b cn cn st li nn c mc ch cng ngh l hon thin. V d: trong cng nghip sn xut ru vang, sau qu trnh tng tr, ru vang vn cn cha mt t cn l lng. l cc hp cht keo c bn cht l protein b bin tnh do qu trnh tng tr din ra nhit thp. Qu trnh lc gip chng ta loi b cn, ci thin trong ca sn phm. Tng t nh qu trnh lc bia, vi mc ch lm trong bia sau qu trnh ln men ngi ta lc bia loi b mt s tp cht, cn b lm bia trong hn. Trong cng nghip thc phm, qu trnh lc thng c s dng trong sn xut cc sn phm ln men (bia, ru vang, nc gii kht ln men...), nc rau qu, thc ung dng pha ch, syrup, sn xut cc loi ng (glucose, maltose), maltodextrin, tr v caf ha tan, du thc vt, mt s sn phm t sa 2.3. Cc yu t nh hng v bin i ca nguyn liu: - Vt l: khi lc huyn ph, chng ta s thu c dch lc v b lc. Mt s ch tiu vt l ca dch lc s thay i so vi huyn ph ban u nh t trng, trong -Hahc:qutrnhlckhnggyranhngbinihahctronghuynph.Tuy nhin, nu chng ta thc hin qu trnh lc nhit cao hoc trong iu kin tip xc vi khng kh th cc cu t trong nguyn liu c th b bin i hoc tng tc vi nhau v to ra mt s hp cht ha hc mi. - Ha l: qu trnh lc huyn ph s phn ring 2 pha lng v rn.Thng thng khng xyraschuynphatrongqutrnhlc.Tuynhin,mtscutdbayhinhcc hp cht mi trong dch lc c th b tn tht. - Sinh hc: qu trnh lc khng gy ra nhng bin i sinh hc. Nu thi gian lc huyn ph ko di th h vi sinh vt c sn trong huyn ph hoc cc vi sinh vt t mi trng sn xut b nhim vo huyn ph s pht trin. hn ch vn ny, cc nh sn xut thc phm cn tin hnh lc nhanh v trong iu kin kn. Cc yu t nh hng: Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh lc c th c chia thnh ba nhm lin quan n tnh cht ca vch ngn, tnh cht ca huyn ph v iu kin thc hin qu trnh. -Tnh cht ca vch ngn: GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 12 Tnhchtquantrngcavchngntrongqutrnhlchuynphlkhnnggipha rn v kh nng cho pha lng khuch tn qua vch ngn. Khnnggipharn cxcnhbngtlphntrmlngpharnbgilitrn vch ngn so vi tng lng pha rn c trong huyn ph ban u. Gi tr ny ni ln hiu qucaqutrnhphnringbivchngn.Khnnggipharncavchngncng cao th hiu qu phn ring ca qu trnh lc s cng cao. Khnngkhuchtncaphalngquavchngncxcnhbitcdngdch lc. Gi tr ny gip cho chng ta d on thi gian thc hin qu trnh lc. Cctnhchtnyphthucvobnchthahcvcutrchnhhccavchngn. Ty theo tng trng hp c th m cc nh sn xut cn la chn vt ngn ph hp thc hin qu trnh phn ring. -Tnh cht ca huyn ph: Pha phn tn: t l phn trm khi lng ca pha phn tn trong huyn ph v cctnh cht ca pha phn tn nh kch thc, hnh dng, kh nng chu nn, s nh hng n tc lc v phn ring. Trong qu trnh lc, b lc s c hnh thnh t pha rn ca huyn ph. Ngi ta chia b lc thnh hai nhm: khng b nn p v b nnp. Tr lc vlngphalngcnsttronghailoibnysthayitheonhngquylutkhc nhau. Pha lin tc: thnh phn nh tnh v nh lng cc cu t c trong pha lin tc, gi tr pH, nht, s nh hng n tc lc v phn ring. iu kin lc: p sut lc nh cp phn trn, ng lc ca qu trnh lc l s chnh lch p sut 2bnbmtcavchngn.Chnhlchpsutnycnglnthtclcstng theo. -Trong qu trnh lc, vic hnh thnh lp b lc s lm tng tr lc cho qu trnh v tc lc s gim dn. tng tc lc, cc nh sn xut thng tng chnh lch p sut hai bn b mt vch ngn, tc tng p lc bm huyn ph (trng hp lc p lc) hoc to p sut chn khng su hn t pha dch lc ( trng hp lc chn khng). Tuy nhin, cn ch l nu b lc thuc dng b nn p th vic tngplcbmhuynphcthlmchoccmaodntrongbbgimkch thc.Ktqultrongkhongthigianutngpsutthtclcstng ln,nhngsau,tclcbchmli.Ngoira,victngplcbmhuyn ph qu ln hoc to chn khng qu su t pha dch lc c th lm tn thng cu trc ca mt s vch ngn. Nhit lc: nhit s nh hng n nht ca pha lng trong huyn ph. Khi tng nhit,nhtgim,khnngkhuchtncacccuttrongphalngsgiatng nntclccngtngtheo.Tuynhin,nusdngnhitcaothstngchiph GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 13 nng lng cho qu trnh lc.Ngoi ra, nhit cao cn lm tn tht cc cu t mn cm vinhitctrongthcphm,ngthicthxyramtsphnnghahckhng mong mun trong huyn ph.Trong cng nghip thc phm, ty thuc vo bn cht ca nguyn liu m cc nh sn xut s la chn nhit lc thch hp. V d: trong sn xut bia, sau qu trnh nu dch nha, ngi ta thc hin qu trnh lc nhit 76-780C tch b b malt. Cn sau qu trnh ln men ph, ngi ta tin hnh lc bia 2-40C nhm mc ch tch b cn men v cc tp cht l lng dng keo. 2.4. Thit b: -Trong cng nghip thc phm, qu trnh lc c th c thc hin trn cc thit b hot ng gin onhoc lin tc. i vi cc thit b hot ng gin on, qu trnh lc thng gm 5 giai on: chun b huyn ph, lc huyn ph, ra b, tho b, v sinh thit b sn xut cho m sn xut tip theo Da vo phng php to ra s chnh lch p sut hai bn b mt vt ngn, cc thit b lc cchia lm banhm: thit b lc hot ng nh p sut thytnh, thit b lc p sut v thit b lc chn khng.

2.4.1. Thit b lc nh p sut thy tnh: -Thit b dng nyt c s dng do thigian ko di. u im quan trng ca thit b l cu to n gin, d vn hnh v t tn chi ph nng lng cho qu trnh lc. Trong cng nghip thc phm, thit b lc nh p sut thy tnh hin nay ch c s dng cho mt vi trng hp nh lc nc cng ngh phc v cho sn xut,lcncthiquaxltrckhithirasngh,hoclcdchnha tch b malt trong sn xut bia. Vic s dng ni lc ( lauter tun) tch b malt sauqutrnhnudchnhahinnayvnphbinnhiunhmybiatrnth gii. Trong phng php ny, ngi ta dng b malt lm vch ngn v chiu cao phn dch lng trong ni lc lm ng lc cho qu trnh phn ring. u im ca vic s dng thit b lc nh p sut thy tnh trong sn xut bia l c th c gii ha v t ng ha qu trnh lc. 2.4.2. Thit b lc p sut: Thit b lc p( filterpress) :thit b lmvic gin on.Vic np huyn ph vo thit b v tho dch lc ra khi thit b c th thc hin lin tc trong mt khong thi gian, tuy nhin vic tho b lc d c thc hin theo chu k. Thit b gm c hai b phn chnh l khung v bng vi tit din hnh vung.Khung c chc nng cha b lc v l ni bm huyn ph vo.Cn bng lc vi chc nng to nn b mt lc vi cc rnh dn dch lc. Vchngnsdngtrongthitblcpcdngtmvititdinxpxtitdinca bng v khung. Nguyn tc hot ng: u tin, ngi ta s t hai tm vt ngn ln hai b mt ca mt bng, sau s xp xen k cc khung v bng ln h thng gi . Khi p cc khung v bng st li vi nhau th GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 14 cc l trng ti bn gc ca khung v bng s hnh thnh nn ng dn huyn ph vo v ng tho dch lc ra. Trong qu trnh lc, vic p cht cc khung bng l rt quan trng gi cho p sut lc cnnh.Huynphcbmvothitbvcphnphivobntrongcc khung. Khi , pha rn s b gi li trong khung bi vch ngn. Cn pha lng s i qua vchngnvtheoccrnhtrnbngtptrungvngthodchlcrichyra ngoi thit b. Khicckhungchayb,chngtacndngqutrnhlcvtinhnhrab.Qu trnh ra b c th thc hin xui chiu hoc ngc chiu qu trnh lc. u im ca thit b lc p l vn hnh n gin, chi ph u t thit b khng nhiu. Nhc im chnh ca thit b l tn nhiu nhn cng trong vic tho b, v sinh v lp rp thit b trc mi m lc. Thit b lc p s dng da lc:thit b c dng hnh tr ng hoc nm ngang. B phn chnh ca thit b l cc da lc vi tit din hnh trn. Mi da lc c h thng gi bng li. Pha bn ngoi gi c ph mt lp vch ngn. Pha bn trong lknhdndchlc.Ngitasgnccdalclnnghnhtrtothnhh thng knh tho dch lc. Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b nh sau: utin:Bmhuynphvothitb.Cccutcapharnsbgilitrnbmt vchngncaccdalc.Ringphalngschuiquavchngnivoknhdn bn trong da lc ri chy tp trung v ng thu hi thot ra ngoi. Trong qu trnh hot ng, ng thu hi hoc cc da lc c th xoay nh ng c. Theo thi gian s dng, cc cu t pha rn s bm y b mt vch ngn trn da lc. v sinh da lc, ngi ta s ln lt tho thn tr, sau tho cc da ra khi ng hnh tr. Thitblcpsdngctlc: thitbcdnghnhtrng.Bphnchnhca thitblccctlchnhtr.Mictlccmtgi hnh ng c lm bng thp khng r v c l trn thn.Phabnngoigicphmtlpvtliu lc,cnphabntronglknhdndchlc.Ccct lccgntntm.Tmchiathitbthnh2 khoang:khoangtrnchahuynphvkhoang di cha dch lc. Thit b c trang b 2 ca, ca phatrnlnibmhuynphvothitb.Ca pha di l ni tho dch lc. Np y gn trn thn c th tho lp c.Trong qu trnh hot ng, ngi ta s bm huyn ph vo ca pha trn. Cc cu t pha rn s b gi li trn b mt nhng ct lc. Pha lng s chui qua vch ngn trn b mt cc ct lc v theo knh dn i xung khoang pha bn dirithotrangoithitbtheocaphadi.v GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 15 sinh cc ct lc, ngi ta s to np ra khi thn hnh tr, ri tch ct lc ra khi tm . 2.4.3. Thit b lc chn khng: Hin nay c nhiu dng thit b lc chn khng. C 2 dng thit b thng dng nh sau: Thit b lc chn khng dng thng quay: ylthitbhotnglintc.Nguyntchot ng nh sau: Thng lc dng hnh tr nm ngang, trn thn thng c c l v b mt ngoi c ph mt lp vch ngn.Ngi ta c th ph ln mt lp bt tr lc ln b mt ngoicalpvchngntchcctpchtckch thcnhrakhihuynph.Bntrongthngc chiathnhnhiungnringbit.Mingncng dn ni vi ng trung tm ti trc ca thng quay. Cc ngdnvngtrungtmstonnmththng ng ng ht chn khng v dn dch lc. Thng lc c t bn trong b cha huyn ph mt sucnh.Mtctngangvunggcvitrccathnglccchiathnh6 vng.ng lc ca qu trnh lc c to ra l nh bm chn khng. Khi thng lc quay trong b huyn ph, p lc chn khng s lm cho phn dch lc c ht qua vch ngn chy vo bn trong thng ri i theo ng trung tm thot ra ngoi. Cc cu t pha rn ca huyn ph s b bm li trn b mt vch ngn. Thit b c cu to hin i khi c vngrablcvthobkhivchngnnhhthngncravdaocobc thit k ngay trn thnh thit b. Thit b lc chn khng dng da quay: ycnglthitbhotngtheophngphplin tc. B phn chnh ca thit b l cc da lc c xp song song theo phng thng ng v gn trn mt trc nmngang.Ccdacthxoayxungquanhtrcnm ngangny.Vchngncphthnh1lpbnngoi xungquanhda.Midaucbphnthob ring.Bn trong da cng c chia thnh nhiu khoang v mi khoang u c ng dn ni vi ng trung tm thotdchlc.Trongqutrnhlc,midashot ngtngtnhnguynlcathitblcchn khng dng thng quay. GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 16 2.5. ng dng ca qu trnh lc: Qu trnh lc c s dng lm trong cc cht lng bi v qu trnh lc tch mt lng nh cc cht khng tan( v d t ru, bia) V d : Qu trnh lc trong sn xut sa u nnh:

NcNcu nnh Phn loi CnNgmLcBc v Xayng ha un nng ng chai Thanh trng BSn phm GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 17 Thuyt minh qu trnh lc: Saukhixaytacmtdungdchhuynph,gmcdungdchkeovnhngchtrn khng tan trong nc. Mc ch ca qu trnh lc l: -Loi b thnh phn b u, thu ly dch huyn ph sa -Gip cho qu trnh truyn nhit tt hn trong cc giai on sau. -Ci thin gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Cch tin hnh. Sau khi nghin, ta thu c mt hn hp rn- lng (huyn ph). dch huyn ph vo thitblcthudchsa.Trongqutrnhtchccdungdchkeorakhichtrns xyrahintngccchtrnsgitrnbmtnnhngtiuphnkeo,vvyphi dng nc ra li 2-3 ln phn b. Lng nc dng ra b khng nn qu nhiu. Trong giai on lc nn qua hai bc: lc tinh v lc th. => Lc l qu trnh quan trng quyt nh hiu sut thu hi sn phm, dch sa thu c phimbotiuchunhmlngccchtkh,cbitlhmlngproteinv lipit. Sau khi lc xong dch sa c mu c trng ca sa u nnh, tinh th ng nht, khng c cn hay ln cn. i vi qu trnh lc, tch b ra khi dch sa u, ta cn phi lu khng nn vt cn kit dch sa v nu lm nh vy th lng dch sa u thu c c tng ln nhngng thi cng s lm tng hm lng cc thnh phn cn trong dch sa, gy gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Thit b c th s dng l thit b lc ly tm hoc thit b lc khung bn. Trong cng nghsnxut ng ma: vimc ch l khai thc,qu trnh lc vimc ch tn thu phn ng st cn trong nc bn. Trong qu trnh lc nc bn, ngi ta thng b sung thm mt phn cc x mn lm cht tr lc, gip qu trnh lc d dng hn v tn km hm khi mua cc cht tr lc. Cc dng thit b thng dng: thit b lckhungbnvlcchnkhngthngquay.Ngoiracnsdngthitblcdav thit b lc ng. Qutrnhlctrongsnxutngmchnha:vimcchcngnghlhonthin. Qu trnh lc gip ph ring2 pha, pha phn tn gm cc ht than hpph cc cht GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 18 mu v mt s tp cht b ln trong dung dch thy phn, pha lin tc l dch ng nha c tinh sch. Thit b thng sdng:thit b lc khung bnvimng lc vic phmt lp bt tr lc diatomite, ngoi ra cng c th s dng thit b lc chn khng thng quay. i vi thit b lc khung bn, ngi ta s dng bm a nguyn liu vo thitblc,tclcdaongtrongkhong200-400L/m2.gi,khiqutrnhlckt thc ngi ta thi khng kh sch vo thit b tn thu phn dchlc cn st trong b lc. Qu trnh lc ng dng trong sn xut ko: vi mc ch l khai thc hn hp sau phi trn.Hnhpsauphitrncgianhitgimnht,saulcloicctp cht hay cc ht ng cha ha tan ht.Qu trnh lc cn hn ch c hin tng kt tinh ng khng mong mun trong qu trnh lm ngui sau ny.Nhit khi lc khong 700C. Sn xut Protein concentrate t u nnh( cn gi l Soy Protein Conentrate SPC), qu trnhlccsdngllcUF(Ultrafiltration),vimcchcngnghlkhaithc, tch b cc thnh phn ng ha tan, mui ra khi dung dch, lm tng t l hm lng protein u nnh so vi tng hm lng cht kh ca bn thnh phm.-Ccbininguynliu:vvtl:bnthnhphmsbgimthtchvkhi lng.Vhahc:gimhmlngcarbohydrat,mui,vitamintrongdng retentate. -Phng php thc hin: -Thitb:sdnghthngsiulcUFvikchthclmngdaong trong khong 10-4-103m, p sut 1- 10 bar. -Dungdchivohthngsiulccnngchtkhkhong9-10%, dng retentate thu c c nng cht kh khong 25- 30%. -Nhit dung dch trong qu trnh siu lc phi ln hn 600C v nh hn 64-650C. -Trong qu trnh siu lc, cc nh sn xut c th hi lu dng retentate v thit b membrane v b sung nc vo dng ny vi t l 9:1 (v/v) nhm mcchtchkitccchthatancphntlngnhrakhidng retentate. ng dng qu trnh lc trong sn xut nc ung pha ch (thc ung khng c cn): vi mc ch cng ngh l hon thin, qu trnh lc s tch b cc tp cht v than hot tnh, lm tng trong ca syrup. Khi lc cc tp cht s b gi li trn b mt ca mng lc, GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 19 phn bt tr lc bm trn b mt ca mng lc s gip chng ta loi b c cc tp cht mn b ln trong syrup. Thit b c s dng l thit b lc p ( lc khung bn). Nguyn lhotng:utindungdchsyrupcchathanhottnhvbttrlccbm quathitblckhungbn,cntinhnhhiludchlcchonkhidchlctrnn trong sut th bt u thu nhn sn phm. ng dng qu trnh lc trong sn xut nc ung pha ch (thc ung c cn): qu trnh lc nhm mc ch hon thin, qu trnh lc s tch b phn cn mn xut hin trong qu trnh tang tr ln 2, t ci thin trong ca sn phm. Khi lc phn cn mn s b gi li trn mng lc, pha lng s chui qua h thng mao dn ca mng lc v to nn dch lc.Thitbthngsdng:thitblccdnghnhtrngnhthitblcps dng ct lc hay thit b lc p s dng da lc, qu trnh lc cn c thc hin nhit phng v trong iu kin kn. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng c th s dng thit b lc p (lc khung bn) vi mng lc vi, c dng thm bt tr lc diatomite. Thit b lc p c chi ph vn hnh thp, tuy nhin trong qu trnh lc, bi v vi sinh vt d xm nhp vo sn phm. ng dng trong sn xut bia 2 giai on: -Giai on lc dch nha v ra b malt: vi mc ch cng ngh l khai thc. Qu trnh lc phn ring dch nha(pha lng)v bmaltcha cc hp cht khng tan (pha rn). Thit b s dng l ni lc vi li lc pha di v c b phn nh ti b lc bn trn gip qu trnh lc d dng hn, nhanh hn. Nguyn l hot ng: u tin dch nha s c bm vo thit b, cho cnh khuy hot ng trong mt thi gian ngn ri tt cnh khuy cho b malt lng trn li lc v hnh thnh mt lpvtliulc.Cnhiluphndchlcutinchonkhidchlct trongtheoyucuthbtuthunhndchnha.rab,ngitabmnc nng (780C) vo thit b. Cho cnh khuy hot ng nh ti b, gip ha tan cc cht chit cn st li trong b vo nc ra. Sau , tt cnh khuy v ch ti hnh thnh lp vt liu lc ri thu nhn phn dch lng. -Giai on lc bia: mc ch cng ngh l hon thin, gip tch cc cn b, cc cu t rn ra khi bia, lm trong bia, ci thin cht lng bia. Thit b s dng l thit b lc p s dng ct lc hay thit b lc p s dng da lc, cc vt liu lc thng c ph thm mt lp bt tr lc diatomite hoc polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) tchcccutthtmnhocpolyphenol.Trongmtstrnghp,ngitas dngkthpnhiuthitblcvinhaumbochobiathnhphmc GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 20 trong t yu cu. Qu trnh lc bia cn c thc hin trong iu kin kn hn ch s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt v oxy khng kh vo bia. Qu trnh lc trong sn xut ru vang: vi mc ch l hon thin, ci thin trong casnphm.Khilccctbonmmenvcccutllngctchrakhi ru vang.Thit b thng s dng l thit b lc p s dng ct lc hay thit b lc p sdngdalchnhtrkn,lpvtliulcthngcphthmbttrlc diatomite sn phm t c trong nh yu cu. Ngy nay, mt s nh sn xut cn s dng thit b phn ring bng membrane tch vi sinh vt ra khi sn phm. Cn lu qu trnh lc ru vang cn c thc hin trong iu kin kn hn ch s xm nhp vi sinh vt t mi trng bn ngoi vo bn trong sn phm, v vy thit b lc cn t trong mi trng kn, v trng ng dng qu trnh lc trong sn xut rurhum: tng t nh qu trnh lc trong sn xut ru vang. Sn xut c ph ha tan: vi mc ch cng ngh l hon thin. Qu trnh lc s loi b cc tp cht khng tan c trong dch trch c ph nng cao cht lng ca sn phm. Thng thng, dch trch ly cn ln b c ph do b khng c gi li hon ton khi dng dch trch ra khi thit b trch ly. Qu trnh lc s loi b cc tp cht ny, m bo khi ha tan sn phm s dng khng c cn xut hin. Phng php thchin:Qutrnhtchtpchtkhngtantrongdchtrchcththchinbng phng php ly tm hoc lc khung bn. Phng php lc khung bn thng c s dng v hiu qu kinh t cao hn so vi phng php ly tm. Tuy nhin, cn ch l b c ph l b nn c, nn trong qu trnh lc, cn b sung bt tr lc hn ch hin tng tc nghn b mt lc. III. QA TRNH P: 3.1. Khi nim: Qutrnhplqutrnhthuhiccthnhphncgitrbntrongnguynliubng cchsdngplcphvcutrcnguynliuvlmchocutthuhithotra ngoi. Qutrnhpthngsdngclp,hocphikthpviccqutrnhkhctng cng hiu qu thu hi cc cu t cn thit c trong nguyn liu. Trong thc phm, ngi ta chia qu trnh p ra lm hai nhm: GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 21 Qu trnh p khng c qu trnh h tr: phng php ny thng p dng i vi cc loi nguyn liu c cu trc mm, d ph hu hoc cc loi nguyn liu c m cao nh cc loi tri cy. Qutrnh p c qu trnh h tr: Qu trnh h tr thng l qu trnh nghin hoc x l nhit. Phng php ny thng dng cho cc loi nguyn liu c m thp, c cng ln v d nh cc loi ht c du. 3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh p: Nguyn liu: Nu nh nguyn liu a vo qu trnh c bn c hc cao th cn phi c qu trnh tin x l h tr cho qu trnh p nh vy nng sut p gim khi cu trc ca nguynliucngcng.Ngoicngcanguynliu,mtsyutkhccngnh hng n nh: kh nng n hi ca nguyn liu, nht ca dch p (khi nht ca dchpcnglnthtrlccngcao,dchpkhkhuychtnrabnngoi),khnng lin kt mt s thnh phn trong nguyn liu. nu mun qu trnh p t thun li th cn cqutrnhxlcclinkttrongnguynliu.Vd,khipchtbotronghtu nnh, trc khi p u nnh cn c nghin v chng sy. Qu trnh chng sy lm cc lin kt gia lipit v thnh phn khc trong u nnh yu i v d thot ra ngoi. xp ca nguyn liu: Khi p nguyn liu c xp cng cao th qu trnh p s cng hiuqu.Ngoira,khixpcao,tbonguynliucngdbphvkhichutc dng ca lc p, nh vy th nng sut ca qu trnh s tng cao. p lc p: lc p l yu t nh hng rt ln n qu trnh. Khi ta to p lc p khng ln th chng ta s khng khai thc c ht nhng cu t m ta mong mun nh vy s lngphnguynliu.nutasdnglcpquln,hmlngcccutkhngmong mun trong dch p s cng nhiu Ngoi p lc, nhit lyu t quan trng khng km. Nh chng ta bit, khi nhit cngtng,nhtcachtlngcnggim,dchpsthotracngnhiunhng cng tu vo tng loi nguyn liu m chng ta c th s dng hay khng s dng nhit . Khi chng ta pmt s loi tri cy th khng cn phi gia nhit v khi gia nhit s nh hng n nhng vitamin, ng thi lm tng chi ph cho qu trnh p. Nhng khi p nhnghtcduthqutrnhpthngcthchinnhitcaohnnhit nng chy ca chtbo tng ng c trong nguyn liu Ngoi ra, cng cn mt s yu t khc nh hng n nh: tc tng p lc, qu trnh tin x l. GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 22 Mt s bin i ca nguyn liu: Thayichyuvmtvtl,qutrnhpsgimthtchvttrngcththay i.khi p cn ch mt s thnh phn d b phn hu ( nh vitamin, polyphenol) thot ra khi t bo, tip xc vi khng kh v d dng b oxy ho. hn ch hin tng ny c th tin hnh x l nhit nguyn liu v hot cc enzyme ho nu. Khng thay i nhiu v ha sinh, ha hc, sinh ha (c th tn tht vitamin ). Tuy nhin, i vi dch p tri cy sau khi p xong dch p cn c a i ch bin trnh nhim vi sinh vt. 3.3. Thit b i vi thit b trong qu trnh p th c chia ra lm hai loi: thit b p gin on v thit b p lin tc. Thit b p gin on: Thit b p dng tank: y l mt thit b hnh tr, t nm ngang. Bn trong thit b c chiathnhhaingnbngmtmngchtdo,lpdctheochiudicatank.Nguyn liu sau khi c a vo mt phi ca tank th kh nn s c a vo pha cn li v p ln khi nguyn liu.Nh vy, cht lng trong nguyn liu s thot ra ngoi qua cc l trn tank khu vc nn.Sau khi p xong, kh s c x ra v tank s quay lm cho b c nh ti rav thot ra ngoi qua knhtho b. Thitb ny thng c s dng trong qu trnh p gin on vi nng sut t 3600 kg/m n 25000 kg/m. u im ca thit b ny l lm vic t ng v nng sut cao. Ngoi ra, cn mt s thit b p khc nh: thit b p khung bn, thit b p dng hnh tr. GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 23 Thit b p khungbn Thit b p dng hnh tr Thit b p lin tc: Thit b p trc vis (screw press): thit b ny bao gm bung p hnh tr di, bn trong ctrcvisbngthpkhngg.Trnbungpccclnhdchpcththotra ngoi.B p s thot ra cui thit b thng qua l tho liu v c th hiu chnh p lc thng qua vic thay i kch thc ca l tho liu ny.Lc p c th thay i bng tc catrcvis.Trongqutrnhvnhnh.Lcmastcthlmgiatngnhitca khi nguyn liu m khi nhit tng th nht mi trng s gim. Do , dch p s d dng thot ra ngoi. Tuy nhin cng phicn thnv nhit s nh hng n cc thnh phn nhy cm vi nhit c trong nguyn liu. Khi s dng thit b ny th phi s dng chung vi qu trnh lc hoc ly tm v cc b mn c th ln trong dch p. Thng thng, thit b ny vn hnh vi tc trc vis l 5-500rpm, p lc 138-276NM/m2. GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 24 Thitbptrc:Cutocathitbnybaogmcctrchnhtr,thngclm bngkimloinng.Trnbmtcctrccccrnh.Khinguynliuiquakhehp giahaitrcthlcpstcdnglnnguynliuvdchpsthotrangoi.Thng thng thit b ny c thit k bao gm nhiu trc ni tip vi nhau tng hiu qu hn. Thit b p bng ti: c u im l nng sut ln nhng kh v sinh v bo tr, chi ph u t thit b t. Mt s thit b khc nh: p vt: p qu , ht c du sau khi nghin v chng sy Thy lc: Thch hp cho vt liu cng( ht c du)Trc: Vt liu cng v c si( ma) Kh nn: Vt liu cn trnh v nt( cc loi qu) 3.4. ng dng ca qu trnh p: Qutrnhpcmcchlkhaithc,thuhinhngcut,thnhphnmtamong mun. V th, m qu trnh ny c ng dng rt nhiu trong cng ngh thc phm. Trong cng ngh sn xut du bo, thu hi cht bo trong ht c du, phng php p thngcsdng.tnghiuququtrnhpdu,cchtcduthngc nghin s b v x l nhit (chng sy) tng hiu qu qu trnh p du. Ngoi ra, tng hiu qu thu hi du, qu trnh p c kt hp vi qu trnh trch ly. Nguyn liu sau khi c s l s b v p s tip tc c trch ly tn thu cht bo trong b p. Trongcngnghchbinrauqu,thuhidchqu,qutrnhpthngcs dng. Thng thng,i vi cc loi tri cy, nguyn liu thng khng c x l trc GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 25 khi p. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh p cc loi tri cy, cn ch n cht lng ca dch pvtrongqutrnhpccchtkhngmngmuncbitlccchtngcthi vo sn phm v lm nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm. Sau qu trnh trch ly, c mt lng dung mi v cc cu t mong mun cn gi li trong nguynliu.tnthungitathngemnguynliusaukhitrchlyip.Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny cn tnh n hiu qu kinh t ca qu trnh thu hi cc cu t mong mun. Trong sn xut ng: Giai on khai thc nc ma nhm ly kit lng nc a trong cyma.Giaionkhaithcncmalgiaionutinvquantrngcady chuyn sn xut ng ch tiu quan trng ca giai on ny l nng sut p v hiu sut p ma. ly nc ma cn ph v cc t bo ca cy ma bng cch dng lc c hc x ti v p dp thn cy. Giai on khai thc nc ma chia lm 2 bc x l v p ma: X l maNhm to iu kin cho qu trnh p d dng hn, nng cao nng sut v hiu sut p. p ma Da vo phng thcb sung ncm qutrnh pma c chia thnh hai nhm: p thm thu hoc p khuch tn Trong cng ngh sn xut bt ca cao: ca cao sau khi rang s c p thu hi cht bo nhm hiu chnh hm lng cht bo trong bt ca cao. i vi sn phm bt ca cao, hm lngchtbothngthphnsovihmlngchtboctrongnguynliu.Hm lng cht bo trong bt ca cao thng dao ng khong 10-20% Do , sn xut bt ca cao, th cn thc hin qu trnh p tch bt hm lng cht bo c trong ca cao sau khi rang v kim ho. Trong sn xut SURIMI: sau qu trnh ra, m trong tht tng ln n 92%. Theo yu cu, m ca tht c cho qu trnh phi trn v lnh ng l 80-82%. Do , cn phi loi b bt nc c trong tht c. C thsdng thit b p trc vis loib nc ra khi c. Trong sn xut ru vang: p c p dng vo qu trnh p v tch b nho. GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 26 Mc ch cng ngh: khai thc Sau qu trnh ln men, phn dch lng s c bm qua thit b tang tr, cn phn b nho s c em p tn thu cc cht chit cn st li trong b nho. Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: p l mt qu trnh phn ring tch v thu hi mt phn dch lng b ;n trong b nho. Thit b Phn b nho gm c v nho, mt phn cung nho v mt phn dch lng, s dng thit b vi hai bng p thng ng v c xp song song nhau. Trong cng ngh sn xut bt cacao: Qu trnh p c ng dng trong giai on p b. Mc ch cng ngh: khai thc Cacaosaukhirangscpthuhichtbonhmhiuchnhhmlngchtbo trong bt ca cao thnh phm. i vi sn phm bt ca cao, hm lng cht bo thng thp hn so vi hm lng cht bo c trong nguyn liu.Hm lng cht bo trong bt ca cao thng dao ng trong khong t 10-20%.Mt s sn phm c th c hm lng cht bo cao hn hoc thp hn. Do , sn xut bt ca cao, th cn thc hin qu trnh p tch bt hm lng bo c trong ca cao sau khi rang v kim ha. Cc bin i ca nguyn liu GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 27 Trong qu trnh p ca cao, bin i quan trong nht l hm lng cht bo trong ca cao s gim.Hm lng cht bo cn li trong ca cao ph thuc vo yu cu ca sn phm. Phng php thc hin v thit b Trong qu trnh p b ca cao, c 2 loi thit b p thng c s dng l thit b p thy lc v thit b p trc vis. Thit b p thy lc thng c s dng sn xut bt ca cao c hm lng bo cao v p ca cao c ha lng. Thit b p vis thng c s dng sn xut bt ca cao c hm lng bo thp v p dngvtliuri.Btcacaokhicsnxutbngthitbptrcviscththm lng cht bo thp hn 8%. Cc thng s cng ngh Kch thc ca nguyn liu ng vai tr quan trng.Kch thc nguyn liu ca cao cng ln th hiu sut p cng thp. Nhit ca ca cao: trong qu trnh pb,nhit cng cao th hiu sut p tng v nhit cao, chtbos chuynsang trng thi lng v d khuchtn ra ngoi. Thng thngthcacaokhngcnphigianhittrckhipmcacaokhinghinsc em i p ngay. p lc p: p lc p cng cao th hiu sut p cng cao. p lc p trong qu trnh p phu thuc vo tng loi thit b c th. IV. TRCH LY BNG DUNG MI: 4.1.Gii thiu v trch ly:Trchlylqutrnhhatanchnlcmthaynhiucutctrongmunguynliu bng cch chonguyn liu tip xc vi dung mi. ng lc ca qu trnh trch lyla s chnh lch nng ca cu t trong nguyn liu v trong dung mi. y l mt qu trnh truyn khi. Mtshotnglinquannvictchccthnhphncthcathcphmurtquan trng trong mt s ng dng, bao gm c vic sn xut ra cc loi sn phm nh: -Ccloiduthcphm,ccloiductnhnngcbittccloihtging thc vt GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 28 -Cc loi hng v v cc loi tinh du thit yu t cc nguyn liu (v d nh : ht tiu en, bch u khu, inh hng, gng, hoa bia, rau mi ty, vani,) -Caf-ng-Loi b caffeine t caf v tr Mtvisnphmsaukhictchratthcphmbngdungmi,cthcs dng trc tip (vd: du n) hoc mt vi sn phm khc tip tc c x l bng phng php c c. Nhiu phng php trch ly rt gn vi nhit mi trng xung quanh, nhng cng c khi nhit cao l tc nhn xc tc qu trnh trch ly din ra nhanh hn. C rt t thit hidonhitgyravnhitcngnhhngkhngngknchtlngcasn phm. Mt s loi dung mi ch yu c s dng trch ly nh nc, mt s dung mi hu c hoc carbon dioxide siu ti hn. 4.2.Gii thiu v dung mi:Chn dung mi l mt vn quan trng thc hin qu trnh trch ly. Ngi ta thng da vo nhng tiu ch sau y chn dung mi. oDungmickhnnghatanchnlc,tccutcnthunhntrongmu nguyn liu c ha tan cao trong dung mi. Ngc li, cc cu t khc c trong munguynliucntrchlythkhnghatanctrongdungmihocc ha tan km. oDung mi phi tr vi cc cu t c trong dung dch trch ly. oDungmikhnggyhintngnmnthitb,khchyvkhngcvi ngi s dng oDung mi c gi thnh thp, d tm, cc nh sn xut c th thu hi dung mi sau qu trnh trch ly ti s dng. GVBM: Trn Trng V2012 Cc qu trnh phn ring Nhm 4 D09_TP01Page 29 Bng 4.1: Dung mi s dng trch ly cc thnh phn thc phm: Thc phmDung miNng cht tan cui Nhit ( oC) Caf cha tch cafein Carbon dioxide siu ti hn, nc hoc methylene chloride, N/A30-50 (CO2) Gan c, cc sp ph t tht Acetone hay ethyl ether N/A30-50 Trch ly hoa bia CO2 siu ti hnN/A