cac tinh than giao duc cua the ton - ht chon thien

8/3/2019 Cac Tinh Than Giao Duc Cua the Ton - HT Chon Thien

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Cc Tinh Thn Gio Dc Ca Th Tnv S Lin H Gia Ngi vi Cc Hng T, Chu

Thin, Ac Ma v Ngoi o

HT. Chn Thin---o0o---Ngun

http://thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 10 8 - 2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected]

Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.orgMc Lc

Nim Tin Gio DcMc Tiu Gio DcTinh Thn Trch Nhim C NhnTinh Thn Thc Tin, Thc TiTinh Thn Ph PhnTinh Thn Hng DnTinh Thn Khch LTinh Thn T Tn, T Ch

Tinh Thn c Lp, Tr N LGio Dc Con Ngi Ton DinTiu chun gi tr l hnh phc ch khng phi lun lVn con ngi vi vn ha truyn thngGio Dc Thin nhTinh Thn Gio Dc Trung oTinh Thn Khng Chp ThTinh Thn Ty Duyn Bt BinTinh Thn Lc Ha v T NhipTinh Thn Gio Dc, Ging Dy Nu Th D C ThTh Tn v Tn Gi X-Li-Pht

Th Tn v Tn Gi Mc-Kin-LinTh Tn v Tn Gi i Ca-Dip (Maha-Kassapa)Th Tn v Tn Gi UpliTh Tn v Tn Gi A-Nan (Ananda)Th Tn v Cc Tn Gi A-Nu-Lu-, Ca-Chin-Din, Ph-Lu-Na v.v...Th Tn v Cc Tn T KheoTh Tn i vi Cc N Tn Gi KhcTh Tn i vi Cc N C S v Nam C S
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Tam%20Benh/Con%20Cai/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Tam%20Benh/Con%20Cai/


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Th Tn vi Cc Vua ChaTh Tn vi Cc Ngoi o B-La-MnTh Tn v c MaLin h gia Th Tn v Ch Thin

---o0o---Vit v Th Tn, cc nh nghin cu Pht hc thng cp n Ngi nhmt ng Gio ch tm ra con ng gii thot v ch r con ng ycho nhn loi, hoc cp n Ngi nh mt nh i t tng, mt nh cchmng x hi, v.v... Nhng c rt him nhng lun vn, cng trnh cp n

Ngi nh mt nh gio dc t tng, v gio l ca Ngi nh l mt hthng t tng gio dc ton din v tin tin.

Trong tit ny, chng ta tm hiu Th Tn qua lng knh gio dc.

Nh chng ta bit, gio dc l nn vn ha v vn minh ca loi ngi.Pht gio, qua hn hai mi lm th k nh hng, ng gp nhiu vovn ha nhn loi, nu khng mun ni Pht gio c th lm nn ci gi lvn ha Pht gio cho nhn loi. S kin ng gp ny soi t Pht gionh l mt h thng gio dc. Chng ta hy tm hiu c th:

Gio dc, hiu theo ngha rng ri, nh l con ng hai chiu ca dy vhc ca con ngi k t lc sinh ra cho n khi cht, v c mt ba mi

trng sinh hot: gia nh, hc ng v x hi.

Thuyt Nghip ca nh Pht xem s hnh thnh ca thn Ng un ny nh lkt qu ca cc hnh ng trong qu kh. T y "Nghip mi" c hnhthnh qua cc hnh ng c ca thn, khu, . Ch trng ca Pht gio lgii thot nghip: chuyn i t nghip c qua nghip thin, v t nghipthin n gii thot. Th c ngha: Pht gio l con ng gio dc conng hai mt nhn thc v hnh ng, t khi sinh ra cho n khi cht, khp cc mi trng sng.

y l im gp g th nht v ngha qung ng gio dc v mitrng gio dc gia Pht gio v gio dc, th m mi cho n hu bn thk hai mi gio dc mi bt gp Pht gio.

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Nim Tin Gio Dc

Ni n gio dc l ni n nim tin cn bn ca ni, ci nim tin m hngpht trin mun thu. Gio dc tin rng trong con ngi c mt kh nng

gn nh v tn, c th tip thu nhiu kin thc, v c th iu chnh milch lc ca tm l, vt l, sinh l v t duy ca t thn. y l l do m hcng m dy rt nhiu mn hc cho mi ngi, gm c nhng ngichm tr.

Ngun kh nng y, Pht gio gi l kh nng gic ng m mi ngi uc th vn dng qua n lc ca t thn. o , trong T ca Pht gio,l con ng vn dng kh nng y. C th ni y l ci thy bit v lnim tin v ng c m ra t li dy ca Th Tn "Nht thit php v ng"(Sabbe dhamm anatt - Dhp. 279).

Do nhn thc l v ng, v cc php l v ng nn mi c th thc hin schuyn ha nhn thc v chuyn ha cc php, v mi c cc cng trnhsng to.

Nu cc php, gm nhn thc, l hu ng, th khng bao gi c th c ngunsng to xut hin, v khng bao gi cng cuc gio dc c th c thchin. Gio l v ng ca Pht gio, nh th, qu dng nn nim tin cn

bn ca gio dc, hay ni cch khc, nim tin ca gio dc Pht gio. y l

im gp g th hai.

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Mc Tiu Gio Dc

Mt ng hng gio dc tt lun lun nhm n hai mc tiu: o to conngi x hi v con ngi chnh n. Con ngi x hi p ng cc nhu cux hi nh: kinh t, vn ha, gio dc, quc phng, chnh tr. Con ngichnh n l con ngi ton din ca vt l, tm l, sinh l, ch, tnh cm v

tr tu ang tri chy. Mt h thng gio dc thiu mt trong hai mc tiu yl mt nn gio dc khng hon chnh.

Th Tn gio dc con ngi y cc mt y. V mt x hi, KinhSingal (Trng B Kinh s 31; Hn tng: Kinh Thin Sinh, Trng A-hm) ni ln vic xy dng su mi tng giao tt ca x hi: Tng giao


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gia cha m v con ci; gia thy v tr; v v chng; c nhn v b con,lng ging, bn b; ch v th; tu s v c s.

Kinh Tng Chi, Chng By Php, cp n by iu lm cho mt qucgia cng thnh, Php C S ni n mt chnh ph tt cn thc hin ttmi iu gi l "Thp vng t php" (Php C S v Jataka).

Kinh Chuyn Lun Thnh Vng S T Hng, Trng B Kinh III - s 26,cho rng ngho i l nguyn nhn chnh ca trm cp, hung c, th hn,

bo ng v v lun. ci thin tnh trng x hi y, cn phi ci thinkinh t bng cch cung cp ht ging v phng tin canh tc cho nng dn,cung cp vn u t cho thng gia, v tr lng thch ng cho cng nhn.By gi, Th Tn dy, cc l t n cn c thay th bng cc cuc ichn th cho nhn dn.

V mt c nhn, Th Tn dy n hnh phc ca i sng gia nh. Mi cnhn cn thc hin : (1)

- Gii tay ngh, sing nng, bit iu hnh cng vic.- Bit qun bnh chi, thu (gi cho s thu ln hn s chi).- Bit lm ra ca ci hp php bng sc lao ng ca mnh.- Bit u t.- Bit lm bn vi thin (C gii, Tn v Tu).- Bit qun bnh sc kho v tm l.- Bit lo cho i sau: tu Tn, Th, Gii v Tu.- Bit sng trong hin ti, lm ch suy t, khng tic nui qu kh, khngmng tng tng lai....

Vi ni dung gio dc , ch c nh trng hin i ca cui th k haimi, vi mt h thng gio dc hon m gm gio dc tm l, sinh lv m thut, mi bt gp tinh thn v ni dung gio dc ca Pht gio.

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Tinh Thn Trch Nhim C Nhn

Trc tin l tinh thn trch nhim c nhn. Th Tn khng dy con ngiphi l thuc Ngi, phi ph thc i mnh cho bt c mt quyn nng noc. Ngi dy "Ngi phi lm cng vic ca ngi, v Nh Lai ch dy conng" (Dhp XX 4). "Ngi l ni nng ta ca chnh ngi, khng ai


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khc c th l ni nng ta". (Dhp. X II 4). " dn u cc php, l ch, to..." (Dhp. I, 1).

Ni v nghip, Tng Chi v Trung B Kinh ch r: "Ngi l tc nhn, chnhn ca nghip, l k tha t ca nghip" (2).

Nu khng c tinh thn trch nhim c nhn th nhn qu ca Pht giokhng c g bn n na, Pht gio khng cn c l do c mt i.

Nu khng c tinh thn trch nhim c nhn th hc ng cng khng ththit lp gio dc, v lut php x hi s khng c ch thi hnh, cuc i si loi.

Tinh thn gio dc trch nhim c nhn lun lun phi c thc hin tttrong mt h thng gio dc hon b.

Tinh thn gio dc ny bt gp tinh thn gio dc ca Pht gio t hn haimi lm th k qua.

---o0o---Gio Dc C Nhn

Phng thc gio dc hu hiu v hp l nht ca hc ng hin i lphng thc gio dc c nhn m khng phi l gio dc tp th. Bi mihc vin c cc iu kin tm, sinh, vt l, tnh cm, tr tu v iu kinsng khc nhau, nn cn c n nhn cc iu kin v phng thc giodc khc nhau.

Tinh thn gio dc c nhn ny phn nh tinh thn gio dc "Kh c" caPht gio. c Th Tn thc s p dng nguyn tc kh c t bui ugio ha. Hnh nh h sen c nhng cng sen cha ra khi bn, c nhngcng sen va ra khi bn, c nhng cng sen lng chng nc, cng cnhng cng sen vn ra khi mt nc, tip thu c nh sng mt tri vta ngt hng. Cng th, con ngi c nhng cn tr bt ng, c ngi

chng hiu, c ngi chm hiu, c ngi nng v tham, c ngi nng vsn, c ngi nng v si, c ngi thch tnh, c ngi thch hiu ng v.v...

Nhng tt c, qua qu trnh gio dc, ln lt s nh cnh sen vn ra khinc trc tip tip thu gio l gii thot. Th l Th Tn khng ngn ngiln ng ging dy, gio ha tu theo cn c, khch l khin cho mi ngiu c li ch, an lc v gii thot. Thut ng Pht gio thng ni c n84.000 php mn tu, thch ng vi 84.000 cn c khc nhau ca con ngi.


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V sau, trong thi k pht trin ca Pht gio Bc tng, tinh thn "Kh c"li c xin dng qua cc gio l "Ng tha", "Tam tha", "Nh tha" v"Nht tha" ca Kinh Php Hoa.

Th Tn vn dng rt thin xo tinh thn "Kh c" vo c mt ngn ngdin t, cung cch din t v tm l thch ng i vi i tng nghePhp, m chng ta gp rt nhiu qua kinh in ca cc b phi Pht gio.

Khi n vi nng dn, Th Tn dng ngn ng v hnh nh nh nng; nvi chng St--li, B-la-mn, Th Tn biu hin cung cch v ngn ngca chnh h.

Ngoi vic ni Php ng i tng nghe, Th Tn cn ni Php ng thi

v ng ch, khin cho tc dng ca thi Php c tng thm hiu qu. ngha ny cng c gm vo tinh thn "Kh c" y.

Gii lut cng c Th Tn thit lp trn nguyn tc Kh c: Tng, Ni,Nam, N c s c gii lut ring.

Cc i tng tu tp Thin ch v Thin qun cng c dy khc nhau ivi cc cn c khc nhau (Phn dn chng s c trnh by chng PhpBo).

thy r tc dng ca tinh thn Kh c ny, chng ta c th trng dn vd n gin sau y:

Cm l thc n dinh dng cho mi ngi (y l ngha "Kh l"). Nhnglng cm phi dng khc nhau gia ngi ln v tr em, gia lc kho vilc bnh (y l ngha "Kh c"). Cm n vi mnh lc no khc vi lci. y cng thuc ngha "Kh c".

Gio dc hin i vn dng nguyn tc "Kh c" vo vic dy hc, vo

vic chn mn hc, ngnh hc, ngh nghip cho hc vin vi mt k thuttt gi l k thut gio dc. K thut gio dc i km theo vi tm l giodc l im ni bt tn k, tin b ca gio dc hin i. im gio dc KhC ny ca Pht gio phi ch n hu bn th k hai mi, con ngi mivn dng vo hc ng, mi bt gp n.

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Tinh Thn Thc Tin, Thc Ti

Mt tinh thn gio dc c sc khc m Th Tn truyn dy l tinh thn"Thit thc hin ti", hay tinh thn thc tin, thc ti.

Phm "Cy Lau" dy: (3)

"Khng than vic qua,Khng mong vic sp ti,Sng ngay vi hin ti,Do vy, sc th diu,

Do mong vic sp ti,Do than vic qua.

Nn k ngu ho mn,Nh lau xanh la cnh".

Kinh "A-nan Nht D Hin" ghi : (4)

"Qu kh khng truy tm,Tng lai khng c vng,Qu kh on tn,Tng lai li cha n,

Ch c php hin ti,Tu qun chnh l y...".

Vi kip sng ca con ngi th ch hin ti l c thc (tng i). Sng cngha l sng vi hin ti, sng vo hin ti; hay ni cch khc, ch c hinti l sng. Sng ngay vi hin ti l tinh thn thit thc. Than th tic nuiqu kh, hay m c tng lai chng nhng mnh ri vo ch phi thc,cn mnh vng mc vo ri lon tm l, kh au v nh mt hin tiang l, ci hin ti sng ng, mi m, y sng to, y ngha sng, v cth hin ti l vnh cu nu mnh bit nhip phc (xa tan nim v thi

gian).

Nu khng bit chp nhn hin ti nh n ang l, vn dng hiu qu khnng v tr tu ca mnh i n an lc, hnh phc v gii thot, th, nh ThTn dy, dung sc cu mnh s kh ho nhanh chng nh lau xanh lacnh. Hnh phc v i mnh cng kh ho nh th.


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Nu i vo tm l gio dc hin i, nht l ngnh tm l tr liu(Psychotherapy), chng ta s bt gp lin kt qu ny, phn ln cc ri lon,su mun ca tui tr (hay ca con ngi, ni chung) u do t duy ca conngi gy ra, nht l nhng t duy v nhng qu kh khng thit thc, vnhng tng lai ho huyn. C nhng kt qu thng k ca gio dc ktlun rng: C th 90% cuc sng mnh b nh mt bi cc t duy v mngtng sai lm y.

Tht l d hiu! Nhng s kin bt nh xy n vi mnh, gy phin muncho mnh th t, m t duy ca mnh v cc s kin y quy ry, phin hmnh th nhiu. V li, ngh nhiu v qu kh v tng lai khng thit thcch nh mt thi gian v nng lng, ci thi gian v nng lng ng lc dng vo cc vic em li an vui cho mnh v ngi.

Nh th, hin ti v ti y nh l hn o an ton m Th Tn ch chocon ngi nng ta khi b ri chm vo trong i dng phin munca vng tng, v t c th i vo ngha sng, hnh phc m nghnnm con ngi i tm kim.

Sau khi tr v vi hin ti, con ngi phi bit lm ch t duy v dc vng(Tn gi Ca-chin-din ct ngha kinh Nht D Hin Gi): Mun hay khngmun nhng g, t duy hay khng t duy nhng g c li ch thit thc.

Trong kinh Cla-Mlunkyaputta (5), Mlunkyaputta t ra mi cu hisiu hnh hi Th Tn (Th gii thng hay v thng? Nh Lai c tnti sau khi cht? v.v...) Th Tn im lng khng tr li. Ngi ni choMlunkyaputta nghe cu chuyn mt ngi b mi tn c. Vn cp thitl gii phu gii c ngay, ch khng phi l vn tm cho ra ngn ngnhmi tn v ngi bn mi tn trc khi chu gii phu. Cng th, vn cpthit ca con ngi l nh mi tn "kh au" ch khng phi i tm nhngcu tr li cho cc vn siu hnh khng thit thc.

Mt ln Kosambi (Tng ng B Kinh V), Th Tn dy cc T-kheo:

"Nhng g Nh Lai bit v nh rng l Simspa, cn nhng g m Nh Laiging dy th t nh nm l trong tay, nhng y l nhng phng thc trkh". y l tnh cht thc tin, thc t, rt thit thc hin ti ca nhng liging dy ca Th Tn.


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cc kinh khc, ngha thit thc hin ti cn c Th Tn ct ngha:Qun st t thn, t tm thy r tham, sn, si on tr l thit thchin ti.

Ging dy v hnh phc i sng gia nh, nh trnh by phn trc, ltnh cht rt thc t ca tinh thn gio dc ca Th Tn, Th Tn khngh ch cho hng t i vo cu nguyn hay t l trn ng tm kim hnh

phc. Ngi dy: T n c ngha l t n b th, gip tha nhn v tn c ngha nht l s tu tp gii thot ca chnh t thn. (6)

Tinh thn thc tin, thc t l mt tinh thn gio dc ni bt ca tm l giodc hin i. Qua tinh thn thc tin y, Pht gio ni bt ln sc thi rt l"gio dc".

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Tinh Thn Ph Phn

Mt tinh thn ni bt khc rt "i hc", rt "khoa hc", lm kinh ngccc nh nghin cu tn gio, l tinh thn ph phn cn c vo th nghimca chnh t thn gia cuc sng tri chy ny. Khi khuyn bo nhngngi Klama ang hoang mang nghi ng trc li tuyn b ca ngoi och cho gio l ca mnh l ng, l s mt, Th Tn dy: "Ny cc Klama,ng b dn dt bi nhng bo co, hay bi truyn thng hay bi tin n.ng b dn dt bi thm quyn kinh in, hay bi l lun sung, hay bisuy l, hay bi s xt on b ngoi, hay bi v thch th trong nhng llun, hay bi nhng iu 'tung nh' c th xy ra, hay bi ngh 'y l

bc o s ca chng ta'. Nhng ny cc Klama, khi no cc ng t mnhbit chc chn rng nhng vic y l thin l tt, hy chp nhn v theochng". (7)

Th Tn dy cc t xem xt ngay c Th Tn thy r chn gi tr caNgi.

Tinh thn ph phn lun lun gn lin vi thc t, thc ti, rt khchquan, rt hiu bit khng cho nhn thc ca con ngi chu n l di btc mt sc mnh, quyn nng no. Hin nay, tinh thn ph phn lm chuncho cc tinh thn i hc.

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Tinh Thn Hng Dn

Nh trng dn, Th Tn xc nhn Th Tn ch l ngi ch ng, cnmnh phi lm ly cng vic ca chnh mnh. Kinh Venaka Moggallna

(Trung B III) Kinh i Nit-bn (Trng b II; Hn tng: Bt Nit bn)chp: Vo thi im sp t gi cuc i, Th Tn t chi vai tr lnh oTng chng khi Tn gi A-nan xin Th Tn cho li di gio ca bc lnh o,v Tn gi bn khon rng sau khi Th Tn nhp dit, Tng chng s khngc ai lnh o. Th Tn dy: "Nng ta Php, Php lnh o". Php y

phi c hiu l con ng a n an lc, hnh phc, gii thot. Trn bnmi lm nm gio ha, Th Tn lun lun l ngi ch ng m khng

bao gi ra lnh hoc bt p ai tun phc Ngi.

Tinh thn hng dn ca Tm l gio dc hin i, ngnh gio dc ch o,

l tinh thn cn bn ca gio dc mi, nhn bn. Theo , mt nh gio ttphi l mt hng dn vin tm l.

Nh th, chnh Th Tn m ng cho mt nn gio dc tin tin t hnhai mi nm th k trc, qua tinh thn gio dc hng dn rt ngi, rtnhn bn trong thi hiu bit.

Bc tng nhn Th Tn nh mt v vua thy thuc, xem bnh chng sanh vcho thuc. y cng ch l tinh thn ch ng. Nikya v A-hm, Th

Tn cao phng php gio ha thn thng, qua thn gio v khu gio,bng quan st v phn tch thc t. Mc ch vic ging dy ca Ngi l gipngi nghe t mnh nhn ra con ng v t mnh thc hin con ng.

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Tinh Thn Khch L

Tinh thn gio dc "hng dn" vn l mt tinh thn gio dc c sc lic Th Tn vn dng kho lo song song vi s khch l tm l, s khch

l m con ngi cn nh l dng kh.

Nikya v A-hm thng ghi li: "Th Tn thuyt php v khch l,lm cho mi ngi u c li ch. Cho n cc bc Thnh hu hc vncn cn c Th Tn khch l".


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Cc phm "Dc Tho D", "Th K", "Ph Hin" ca Php Hoa cng lmsng li tinh thn khch l y ca Th Tn.

n gi pht cui cng ca cuc sng ny, Th Tn cn khng qun khchl ch Tng: "Cc php hu vi l v thng, hy tinh tn ln, ch c phngdt", v khch l v th gi thn qu ca Ngi: "Ny A-nan, ch c su mun,khng bao lu na ng s chng c nhng g cha chng c". (Kinh iBt Nit Bn, Trng B I, 1991).

T chuyn mn ca ngnh Tm l gio dc hin i gi s khch l y l"Encouragement" v nhc nh cc nh gio, cc nh tm l tr liu, ng

bao gi qun rng: Hc tr ca mnh v thn ch ca mnh ang cn skhch l.

Tht l l lng, cch y hn hai mi lm th k Th Tn vn dngthin xo s khch l tm l trn ng gio ha ca Ngi.

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Tinh Thn T Tn, T Ch

Khch l l chun b xy dng tinh thn t tn v t ch ca hng t.

Bn cnh s trnh by gio l tht minh bch v kh, kh tp, kh tp dit,v kh tp dit o, Th Tn xc nhn rng bng n lc ring ca mnh, conngi c th thc hin c gii thot ngay trong i ny. Ch cho conngi tr v nng ta chnh mnh l dy con ngi tr v vi t tn.

Lng t tn khng th thiu c i vi ngi tu tp gii thot. N cngkhng th thiu i vi ngi i. Khng tin ngi khc th mnh c thsng c, nhng khng tin mnh th tht l kh sng, hoc gi nu c thsng th cng nh mt ngha sng.

Trong l trnh tu tp chuyn i tm l, Th Tn dy tn l khi u cho h,lc, khinh an... Thnh Tu--hon c nh ngha nh l c lng tin btthi con ng tu tp gii thot ca mnh.

S kin Th Tn ra i v tu tp cho n lc thnh o l s kin thitlp t tn ca con ngi ang gia vng sinh t m mt, bao la.


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Ngoi nhng li dy khch l trc tip cc t, Th Tn cn vn dng cchnh thc gin tip nh cc trng hp Ngi tuyn b chng c tr ca mts t nh tui (Sa-di). in hnh l trng hp t ca Tn gi X-li-

pht v t ca Tn gi A-nu-lu- (Trng lo Tng k), qua mt s t nhp o khi tui gi, mt s cc ngoi o u Pht, mt s trnghp cc Ni nh Tn ni Patcra, ngi chu kh au ch trong cucsng n tuyt vng (Trng Lo Ni K) v.v...

Vic chn Tn gi X-li-pht lm "Tng Qun Chnh Php", Tn giMc Kin Lin lm v " t th hai" ca Th Tn (hai Tn gi ny tu saumt ngn t khc v tui i nh hn nhiu v khc) v Tn gi Upli(ngi th ht tc) ch tr v Lut, cng ni ln mt ngha khch l no na, ngoi thc cht gi tr ca cc Tn gi ny. y l nim tin v s khchl m Th Tn dnh cho Tng chng rng: Gic ng khng hn lin h n

thi gian tu hnh, tui i hay giai cp x hi. Ai cng c th c Tu gicti thng, ty theo n lc tu tp ca mnh.

Trng hp Th Tn Tn gi Nan- (Nanda) l mt trng hp inhnh khc ni ln tc dng tm l khch l ca Th Tn.

Tn gi Nan- vn m nhan sc ca ngi v mi ci (cha hp cn) nnkhng tu hnh c. Th Tn phng tin vn dng thn thng a Nan-xung ha ngc. Ti qu ngc ch Nan- thy cho du si v bo rng:"Cho du ny ang ch Tn gi Nan-, ngi ang li bing tu tp".on, Th Tn a Nan- ln ving "Tam thp tam thin". Ti y, ccTin n dim l ha ch Tn gi Nan- cng chung sng, nu Tn gising nng tu hnh. Tr v tri t Tn gi Nan- khng cn nh v na,ch ngh n cc tin n v n lc tu tp, sau , c lun Thnh qu.

Ty theo tm l m Th Tn khch l, Trng lo Tng K ghi mttrng hp ni bt mu sc khch l khc, trng hp b m ca Tn giX-li-pht.

Sinh thi, khi Tn gi l trng t ca Nh Lai, b vn thng ry la Tngi l di, b giu sang m i xin n vt v. D bit m theo ngoi o, thPhm thin nhng Tn gi khng c m bng thn gio v khu gio,v khng tm thy c phng cch no hn l chu ng s la ry ca m,mi lc Tn gi gp b. Cho n ngy sp nhp Nit Bn, Tn gi tr v nhthm m v th hin i chy. Cc vua Tri Dc gii ln lt n xin lm thgi hu Tn gi trong gi pht cui cng. C n vua Tri Phm Thin cng


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n xin hu h, Tn gi t chi tt c. Sau khi cc vua Tri ra i, b m mihi Tn gi v cc vua Tri y. Tn gi ni: "ng vua Tri n sau cng lvua Tri Phm Thin, v m m tn th". B m mng r trong kinh ngc,nhn ra rng con mnh chc c o ln. Lng b chi xit hn hoan... Bitl thi im m n, Tn gi thu nhip thn tm thanh tnh v niPhp cho m nghe. B lin c ngay qu Tu--hon, nh c phn khchl trc , Tn gi lin nhp Nit Bn ngay ti ch y.

Trong iu kin tm l hn hoan, h, lc, gio l gii thot rt d c nginghe th nhp.

Do vy, cc kinh Bc tng, theo truyn thng y thng ht sc ca ngi, tnthn, khch l ngi th tr, c tng, bin chp v gii ni kinh in. y lhnh thc xy dng t tn cho hnh gi trong bc u vo gii thot.

Kinh Kim Cng v Kinh Php Hoa c th in hnh cho tinh thn khch lt tn y. Mt Kinh Kim Cng ngn m c n mi bn ln Th Tn tnthn cng c ca ngi th tr, c tng, gii ni...

Qua lnh vc gio dc hc ng, t tn l mt c tnh m gio dc ctrch nhim xy dng cho con ngi. Bi thiu t tn th s thiu t ch,sinh li, khng vn dng hiu qu kh nng ca t thn gii quyt vxy dng c nhn.

Thiu t tn th tm l gio dc khng th vn dng cc k thut gio dc gip cho tui tr gii quyt cc vn ca h, v cng khng vn dng ckh nng sng to. Khi m cc vn tm l ca c nhn tui tr khngc gii quyt hu hiu, th vic dy v hc cng khng mt nhiu hiuqu.

i vo vn quc gia x hi, mt dn tc hng cng khng th l kt quxy dng ca nhng th h tr thiu t tn v nhiu su mun.

Ch nhn n gin nh th, ta cng nhn ra c tnh cch quan trng catinh thn gio dc khch l v t tn. Cc tinh thn c Th Tn giodc cc hng t ca Ngi cch y hai mi lm th k.

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Tinh Thn c Lp, Tr N L

Pht gio dy con ngi i vo gii thot, c ngha l i ra khi mi tribuc, mi ch n l. N l ln nht ca hin tng gii l n l chnh dc

vng cu mnh. Gc ca dc vng chnh l v minh. l con ng Btchnh dn n v tham, v sn, v si, thot ly khi mi kh ch. Thc hincon ng ny l thc hin tng bc t tri, t ch, hay lm ch. Mt nngio dc nh th hn s o to nn nhng mu ngi lm ch; sng li chcho bn thn v x hi, v hnh phc ca c nhn v x hi, p v mi chtri buc bn trong v bn ngoi.

Gio dc tinh thn c lp, t ch cho tui tr l mt mc tiu x hi m hcng cn thc hin nghim tc. Tinh thn gio dc ca Pht gio, do ,

ph hp vi cc nn gio dc v vn ha ca cc quc gia.

Khai trin tinh thn gio dc v tham, v sn si, v v si rng thm na,chng ta li bt gp mt tinh thn tch cc khc ca Pht gio ng gp ngha vo cng cuc xy dng x hi tt p.

Tip thu tinh thn v tham, th tui tr s t mnh dp dt hin tng thamnhng ca x hi, hay t nht khng to iu kin thun li cho tham nhng

pht sinh. Nhn danh i sng tm linh, tham nhng d b loi tr hn lnhng nhn danh gio dc khc.

V sn th s dp tt c mt s hin tng ni lon, tranh chp, gy lntrong x hi.

V si s gip m rng ng vo tr tu v sng to nhng nhn t ca vnhoa tt, v ca vn minh nhn loi.

Tht l ng tic nu mt ng hng gio dc cu Pht gio tt p vtch cc nh th khng c vn dng hu hiu vo hc ng mi hinnay.

Trn y khng phi ch l mt s tinh thn gio dc Pht gio c rt tamt cch ri rc, m l nm trong mt ci nhn nht qun, c tnh ton dinv ton vn.

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Gio Dc Con Ngi Ton Din

Mt nn gio dc ch dy nhng kin thc chuyn mn mt chiu png cc mc tiu x hi th khng phi l gio dc ton din.

Mt nn gio dc ch cung cp kin thc, rn luyn sc kho v mt s vn lun l, o c, y c l cng khng phi l ton din.

Mt nn gio dc trao truyn kin thc, th dc, c dc, m dc, sinh l vlao ng cng cha ni ln c ngha ton din. Vn ng hnggio dc ny tr nn ton din hay khng l do c ci nhn nht qun vton din v con ngi hay khng.

t vn nh th l t vn v mu ngi gio dc. Con ngi l g cnc xc nh trc khi quyt nh ni dung phi dy con ngi nhng g vdy nh th no.

Cc ng hng gio dc tin tin vn thng bt n trong vic xy dngmu ngi ny.

Pht gio c bit ni bt tr tu, nhn thy con ngi v s vt nh tht,nn hy vng s bt c mt mu ngi kh d l tng.

Th gii ny do Duyn sinh. Con ngi cng do Duyn sinh. Th gii vcon ngi c cng chung tnh Duyn sinh y nn cng c mt trong mttng quan bt nh. C nhn, gia nh v x hi u trong s tng quan

bt nh .

Th Tn nh ngha ci gi l con ngi ch l tp hp ca Nm un (sc,th, tng, hnh v thc). Nm un y cng chnh l th gii, theo li dyca Th Tn (Tng ng B Kinh IV, phm Migajla v nhiu Kinh khc).Gio dc con ngi l gio dc ton din Nm un y.

V sc un, ch r v con ngi v th gii vt l, s sinh thnh, tn ti vhoi dit ca n. Tng t i vi bn un cn li. Nm un y trng khng,khng c t ng, chng l hin hu ca tng duyn nn v thng v khau. Tuy nhin, theo tr tu Pht gio, Nm un khng phi l gc kh au.Trng im ca gio dc l ch r lng tham i, chp th, l gc ca kh aum khng phi l th gii vt l thng xuyn tri chy, v ng thi ch r


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gc ca an lc, hnh phc thc s l tr tu hay tr tu gii thot. T y, nhgio dc Pht gio cn xc nh mt s ni dung ca gio dc: Tr tu(wisdom) ch khng phi l kin thc (knowledge). Kin thc ch l sn

phm ca t duy ng tnh, mt phn t ca con ngi, m khng phi l conngi ton din. N khng ni ln thc ti v ng v hnh phc chn tht vng. Ch c khi tr tu (chnh kin v chnh t duy) c mt th con ngiton din mi c mt. Gio dc ton din l gio dc va cung cp kin thcva to iu kin cho tr tu y sinh khi.

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Tiu chun gi tr l hnh phc ch khng phi lun l

Nu chng ta khng th ph nhn mc tiu ca cuc sng l hnh phc, th

tiu chun gi tr ca cuc sng phi l hnh phc, ch khng phi l ccnguyn tc o c hay k lut y c l ca hc ng c. Trong hcng mi, con ngi ton din ch chp nhn v gi li nhng im o l,k lut no ph hp vi hng i v hnh phc y.

V d ni di l xu, theo nguyn tc lun l. Nhng ni di cu kh thkhc. Hc ng trong trng hp ny, phi chn la li ch v hnh phcca x s v con ngi hn l ni tht gy tai hi.

Vn gio dc m thut, tnh cm v sinh l

Cc mn hc v nhc, ha, m thut v.v... tnh cm v sinh l cn c avo hc ng dy cho hc sinh theo tng la tui thch hp. Cc mn y

phi c nh gi cn thit nh l cc mn khoa hc x hi khc.

Mt h thng gio dc m khng nhn ra tm quan trng ca gio dc thmm, tnh cm v sinh l th cn lch lc, khng ton din. Vn ch yuca gio dc l gip tui tr bit nhn v bit sng nh th no em lihnh phc cho mnh v cho x hi.

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Vn con ngi vi vn ha truyn thng


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Vn ha, truyn thng l sn phm ca con ngi. V vy, cn t con ngiv hnh phc ca con ngi trc vn ha v truyn thng. t con ngisau vn ha, truyn thng l t ci cy trc con tru. Th Tn dy:"ng b dn dt bi truyn thng...". Gio dc mi v ton din ch duytr nhng truyn thng tt p, nhng g vn ha c thch hp vi nghng gio dc ny. Chnh vai tr ca nn gio dc ton din l xy dngmt nn vn hoa mi ton din.

---o0o---Gio Dc nh Thc

Th Tn ch l ngi ch ng, con ngi c th thc hin gii thot bngn lc ring ca mnh. Nh th, gio dc Pht gio l ng hng gio dcnh thc. o l con ng gip con ngi nh thc Tu gii thot

vn c sn trong mnh. Dy o c ngha l trao truyn phng php, soisng t duy khi dy ngun sng trong mi con ngi, ch ng vchm nhng g ang che m tm thc.

Mt nn gio dc nh th hon ton khng t nng k c, tn iu, cngkhng t nng kin thc, bi mc ch nhm n l gip ngi hc i rakhi su, bi, kh, u no ang nng tm t h, mt khc gip h thchng vi hng pht trin ca x hi.

Hc ng tin tin ngy nay o to con ngi p ng hai mc tiu: conngi chnh n v con ngi x hi. Nhng chiu hng pht trin c thnhn mnh con ngi chnh n c th tn gc gii quyt cc khng hongtm l v x hi.

Chng ta c th ch quan cho rng: Gio dc Pht gio c th n nh hngpht trin cho mt nn gio dc nhn bn v ton din. Vi tinh thn khoahc v k thut gio dc tin tin, v vi tinh thn ch o gio dc ca Phtgio, hc ng c th hin tt hai mc tiu chnh ca gio dc y.

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Gio Dc Thin nh

Gio dc Thin nh l sc thi gio dc c bit ca Pht gio, cha cthc s vn dng vo trong bt c mt h thng gio dc hin i no.


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Phng php gio dc Thin nh rt gin d, rt ngi, nhng a nnhng kt qu ln, kt qu tt v mt gio dc tm l, tnh cm, hon b tinhthn gio dc t tr t ch, t tn, trch nhim c nhn; ng thi m rnghng sng to, nhn t ca vn ha v vn minh.

V tnh cm, Thin nh a con ngi vo phn khi, hn hoan, h lc, antnh, bung x v tnh thng v.v..

V tm l, Thin nh l qu trnh chuyn i tm l, t tm l th ngsang tch cc; t tham, sn, si qua v tham, v sn, v si; t tht nim quatnh gic v.v...

V cm th, Thin nh a vo cc cm th lc, hnh phc v khc phccc cm th kh ca thn v tm. Trong cm th ny ca Thin nh, hnh

gi hu nh bt gp ci i tng gi l "hnh phc" m con ngi ang mitm kim (s ni thm Chng Php Bo).

Thin nh cn gio dc tt k c, kh nng tp trung. Kt qu ny s giptui tr tip thu kin thc tt.

Cc im tm l t ch, c lp, cnh tnh v kh nng tp trung l cc iukin tt chun b cho cc ngun sng to bung v. T thn cc cnh giiThin l kt qu sng to ca Tm. Trng thi tm l n nh, an ton caThin, khng b vng mc nng vo t duy, ng l trng thi tm l cangi sng to thi im sng to, nh cc nh gio dc kho st v sngto tm thy.

Mt khc, Thin nh gip tui tr loi b cc tm l mt mi, th ng,chn nn, su mun, dao ng.

y l i tng gio dc m ngnh tm l gio dc cn thc hin h trcho vic dy v hc c kt qu tt.

Ngy nay, Nht Bn vn dng Thin vo ha, nhc, thi ca, tr o v nhuo (Judo), Thin nh l sc thi cu vn ha Nht trong cn i v hin i.

Vit Nam, Thin nh hng su m vo vn ha trong sut bn trmnm di triu i nh L v nh Trn, to nn mt giai on lch svng son: mnh v quc phng, sng v vn ha v on kt cht ch lclng dn tc, Triu L th Bc nh Tng, Nam bnh Chim; triu Trn th


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ba ln nh tan qun Nguyn, o qun nh bi c chu u. Lch sVit Nam ghi li thnh cng lch s ca giai on ny nh l kt qu chunh hng ca Thin nh Pht gio.

Trong tp bia k ca vua A-dc (Asoka), "Les Inscriptions d'Asoka" (JulesBloch, Paris, Socit d'dition "Les Belles Letters", 1950), vua A-dc li cho th h ta mt s ngc nhin k th: Vua l mt nh chinh phc lngdanh li gc kim v dng Chnh php (Pht gio) gio dc nhn dn.Gio l m nh vua ging dy cho dn n by gi l Thin nh. Nguynvn bia k ghi: "Tin b ca lut php trong loi ngi ch c hai phn, docc lut l v do Thin nh. Nhng cc lut l th c ch li t, Thin nhth c li ch nhiu hn". (Ce progs de la loi parmi les hommes a t obtenude deux facons seulement, par les rgles de la loi et par la mditation. Maissur ce point, les rgles sont peu de chose, la mditation compte d' avantage)

(p. 171).

Nh vua cho rng Thin nh cn hu hiu hn l gii lut v lut php.

o m Th Tn dy, ni dung l con ng thc hin Thin nh ivo Tm v Tu gii thot.

Li di hun sau cng ca Th Tn l: "y l gc cy, y l cn nh trng,hy n lc Thin nh, ch hi tic v sau".

Gio dc Thin nh nh th c du hiu s l nhn t tt cho mt nn giodc nhn bn v ton din.

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Tinh Thn Gio Dc Trung o

ngha Trung o ca hnh ng l lnh xa hai cc oan: hng th lcdc lc v kh hnh p xc, li bing v n lc qu mc.

Khi dy v tinh tn, Th Tn cho rng tinh tn nh l mt c tnh ch yu hon thnh cc c tnh khc. Tuy nhin, phi hnh ng ng nghaTrung o.

Tinh tn qu mc, tm l s ri vo tro c; tinh tn khng ng mc (yu)th tm l s ri vo hn trm th ng. Th Tn li bi hc lch s


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ca kinh nghim t thn ca Ngi v tinh thn gio dc Trung o y: saukhi t b su nm p xc kh hnh, Th Tn i vo con ng trm t caThin nh v i vo gii thot ton trit.

Gio l ch o sng th hin Trung o l Bt Thnh o: thy ng, suyngh ng, li ni ng, sinh hot ng, hnh ng ng, nh ngh ng, nlc ng, v nng lc tp trung ng. y l gio l ch ng vo mc tiusau cng ca gio dc, hnh phc v gii thot ngay ti y v by gi.

Gio dc Thin nh xut hin nh l ch dn con ng sng th hin haiu gia tim v c, gia c nhn v tp th, gia con ngi v thin nhinv.v...

Hnh phc ca la i, theo kt qu kho st ca ngnh tm l gio dc, ch

n trong s ha iu ca hai ngi v cc mt vt l, tm l, sinh l, tnhcm v t duy.

Kinh nghim sng cho thy mt bn i ha tu tuyt diu l kt qu camt th hin ha iu ca cc m thanh khc nhau ca nhiu nhc c khcnhau. Cuc sng ha iu cng th, s tit ra ngha phong ph ca s sngy tnh ngi v tnh ngi.

Ti y chng ta cha i vo ngha Trung o nh l gii thot mi phmtr nim, Trung o nh l thc ti nh thc.

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Tinh Thn Khng Chp Th

Tinh thn "V chp th" rt quen thuc vi hu ht mi Pht t Nam tng vBc tng. Ai cng hiu rng do chp th m tham i sinh, sn hn sinh, khsinh. Ngay c s chp th gio l gii thot cng ch em li rng buc khau.

Th Tn dy "Gio l Ta nh l chic b qua sng ch khng phi m gi" (Nikya v A-hm). Kinh Kim Cng cng dy cng ngha y:"Gio l nh phit d gi. Chnh php thng ng x, h hung phi php".

Cc ni khc ca Gio l Bc tng thng ni: "Nht thit Tu-a-la gionh tiu nguyn ch" (Ht thy kinh in nh ngn tay ch mt trng).


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Thnh kin, c chp l biu hin ca chp th. Chng ngn cn cm thng,tin b v gii thot.

Hnh phc tuyt i hay Nit-bn, theo li dy ca Th Tn, l loi b honton chp th. Hnh phc tng i ca con ngi trong hin ti v tnglai l tu thuc vo mc loi b chp th y, nh nhng g cha ngtrong php b th. Tinh thn v chp y chng nhng em li an lc cho cnhn m cn em li an lc cho tha nhn, tp th.

Nh nh hng tinh thn gio dc v chp ny m i L Trn thc hinc s on kt keo sn ca dn tc, thng nht Tam gio. Nh v chpm Trn Quang Khi snh vai vi Trn Hng o, b mi th nh hphi, lo vic nc. u c v chp, c cm thng, on kt v

thng yu.

y cng l mt tinh thn gio dc nhn bn c vn dng vo mc tiuon kt dn tc.

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Tinh Thn Ty Duyn Bt Bin

y l tinh thn x s, hnh ng uyn chuyn thch nghi vi hon cnhsng ty thi, ty ch, ty ngi (ty duyn), min l s uyn chuyn linhng y mang li iu tt p cho c mnh v ngi (bt bin). Ni khc i,hnh thc v phng tin hnh ng c th uyn chuyn, nhng dng vkt qu ca hnh ng phi l thin, ng php. Thi sng ny lun lunkhng ri khi lng t, lng nhn v lun lun c soi sng bi tr tu haychnh kin... Nm c tinh thn hnh ng ny l nm c ci trc quayca s sng. Chic o khng quan trng m quan trng l tm lng. Citm ca con ngi gi lng mnh hp o l ngha ca bt bin, linh ngha mnh vo cuc sng l ngha ca tu duyn.

i vo lnh vc gio dc v x hi, ci gi l Vit Nam hay Vit tnh l tinhthn, thi sng, thi nhn thc m khng phi kiu o, mu o, kiutc v.v... Tinh thn c lp bt khut l thuc Vit tnh, tinh thn uynchuyn sng tn ti v pht trin l thuc Vit tnh (c th gi l tinh thndung ha).


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Ngi Vit Nam c th tip thu cc nn vn minh phng Ty, nhng nidung cn c Vit ha (chuyn thnh ci ca Vit Nam), nhng khng nh mt Vit tnh. y l ngha ca tu duyn bt bin.

hnh ng, tinh thn ty duyn ph v tnh cu n c chp, v tinh thnny c m bo gi tr nh ng c ca tm l hnh ng v nh ch chm hnh ng nhm n.

Tinh thn gio dc hnh ng tu duyn bt bin l tinh thn rt tch cc,gip con ngui ca thi i c nhiu bin i nhanh chng, c iu kinrng ri hnh ng thch nghi vi nhng nhn duyn mi, khai thngnhiu b tc do ch ngha em li.

Thut ng Pht gio c ngha tng ng vi tinh thn ty duyn l

"Phng tin thin xo" m Th Tn vn dng dn dt cc t i dnvo gii thot. Tinh thn phng tin li c lm sng li Kinh Php Hoaqua phm "Phng Tin".

Tinh thn gio dc tu duyn s gip hc ng soi sng, ch li hnh ngtt cho tui tr.

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Tinh Thn Lc Ha v T Nhip

Ch o i sng tp th, Th Tn ging dy nguyn tc Lc Ha, Kinh XDi Thn ch r nguyn tc sng chung ca ch Tng gm c su im: (8)

1. Thn ha ng tru c s ha hp, hp l v ch n, ch , kho an trthn nghip.

2. Khu ha v trnh: li ni ha hp, khng tranh ci, kho an tr khunghip.

3. Gii ha ng tu: cng nhau gi gn mt gii lut chung, an tr gii, githanh tnh gii.

4. Li ha ng qun: cng san s cc li dng.

5. ha ng duyt: an tr nghip, ha hp thng nht.


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6. Kin ha ng gii: cng vi cc v ng tu nui dng nhng tri kinthnh thin a n xut ly kh.

Th Tn dy gi A-nan: su php ha ny s a n on t, khng tranhlun, ha hp, ng nht v a n cho con ngi an lc v hnh phc ludi.

Nu ng dng nguyn tc: "Lc ha" vo sinh hot nhm hay tp th, chngta thy rt thch ng vi cc nguyn tc tm l m cc nh gio dc tm lhin i gio dc cho cc sinh hot tp th.

Bi hc th nht l, nu hc ng p dng ngha "ha" ca "Thn ha" vong phc cho hc sinh th s gip cho tui tr on kt, thn mt nhau, n

gn nhau hn, khng phn r thnh nhiu nhm do n mc xu, p, sang,hn khc nhau. Tui tr cn c gio dc tinh thn ha hp, on kt ngayt by gi.

Bi hc th hai, trong sinh hot tp th, trong gi bn bc, tho lun, tui trcn c gio dc nguyn tc "Khu ha", bit cch pht biu kin camnh nhng ng thi cng phi bit tn trng kin ca cc bn khc,khng c nng li ch trch, kch v.v...

Thi ch trch, kch ch em li khng kh nng n, bt ha cho sinhhot tp th, v lm tr ngai ni dung ca ti tho lun. Tri li, trongkhng kh ha hp, tng knh ca tho lun, mi ngi s n nhn ccm gic an n, hnh phc ca sinh hot tp th.

Bi hc th ba, hc ng cn dy tinh thn "Kin ha". S khc bit vmu o cng khin tui tr tch ri thnh nhiu nhm nh, hung chi ls khc bit v t tng hay tn ngng. T tng hay tn ngng l mu oca tm hn tui tr. Hc ng cn nhn r vai tr gio dc ca mnh lgieo thm thc on kt dn tc cho tui tr, cn phi t nh to ra mt

nhn thc xem nh l mt loi trit l gio dc, lm th no cc em, trongiu kin khc bit v t bit v t tng, tn ngng c th n gn nhau,thn mt, ha hp, on kt. y l ngha "kin ha ng gii".

Bi hc th t l bi hc v nguyn tc "Li ha". Cc em hc sinh cnc hng ng ng u cc quyn li vt cht, hc hnh, thi c nu c


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hc ng. S khc bit v quyn li ch l vic i ngc vi tinh thn giodc ha hp v on kt.

Bi hc th nm v "Gii ha". Cc em hc sinh u t mnh trong mt klut chung ca hc ng, cng n lc tn trng k lut, bo v k lut hcng vic hc v dy c hiu qu tt. Trong iu kin sng ging nhau, cc em d gn nhau, d ha hp v on kt.

Bi hc th su l v " ha". Hc ng cn dy tui tr thnh tht vinhau, chp nhn nhau, knh trng nhau, cng nhau xy dng tinh thn hahp, on kt. C thnh xy dng, hc tp nh th th mc tiu gio dcca hc ng mi thc s thnh tu.

C mt bi hc quan trng hn na ca "Lc ha" l khi ni n Ha l xcnhn s bt ng. Hc ng va tn trng c nhn, c tnh ca tng ngi,nhng va gio dc th no c tnh pht trin tt trong khng kh ha hpy. Ha m khng ng th nh mt ht mi ngha gio dc. Do , hcng mt mt gio dc tui tr bit knh trng suy t, tnh cm, t tngv.v... ca k khc, mt mt bit ha hp trong tp th nhng c tnh khc

bit y.

V mt lnh o tp th, Th Tn dy nguyn tc "T nhip" (Trong TngChi IV, phm Gia Ch Hatthaka) l nguyn tc m c s Hatthaka ngdng thnh cng tt p trong vic lnh o mt chng c s nm trmngi.

Ty theo trnh , c tnh v nhu cu cu mi c nhn m bin php tm l nhip ha, thu phc c th hin khc nhau.

-- i vi nhng ai cn s gip v vt cht, kin thc, an i, kinh nghimsng, kinh nghim tu hc, th Hatthaka p dng nguyn tc "B Th". Do cs gip m s cm thng, cm mn c mt. Do c s hiu bit, cm mn,

Hatthaka thu phc c nhng c nhn ny v ging dy cho h c kt qu.

-- i vi nhng ai tm l thch "i ng uot;, thch nghe nhng li n dudng, ha i d nghe, thnh thc, khn kho... th Hatthaka dng "i ng" cm ha, nhip phc h. Thng thng, mi ngi u thch i ng vkh chu vi nhng li l nng n, thiu t nh v.v... Ngi lnh o munthnh cng phi bit vn dng "i ng".


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-- Vi nhng ai cn "Li hnh", cn khch l, cn gip trong cng vic,th Hatthaka p ng h. Do li hnh a n cm mn v chu s lnh o.

-- Vi nhng tm l no cn phi cng lm vic, cng n, cng v.v.. cnc thi gian gn gi, th Hatthaka p dng nguyn tc "ng s uot;. Cging vi ngi, c cng lm, cng lo chung cng vic mi c iu kin chia x, cm thng. T y, tnh cm tt, tng giao tt ny sinh. C ngs th d nghe nhau ni v d ni cho nhau nghe. Do , ngi lnh o migy c lnh o ca mnh.

- Vi nhng ai cn phi hp cc nguyn tc trn nhip ha, th ngi lnho ty duyn m vn dng.

Nh tm l gio dc hin i trong ngh thut vn dng tm l t mctiu gio dc cng khng lm g khc hn bn nguyn tc y.

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Tinh Thn Gio Dc, Ging Dy Nu Th D C Th

Nh gio gii l nh gio kho ging, kho lm cho hc tr chng hiu cnhng g mnh dy. Mt ni dung ging dy tt nu khng c truyn t

bng mt k thut truyn t tt th cha tht tt.

Li truyn t t tng tt l li truyn t sng sa, r rng v c th chod ni dung truyn t tru tng.

Th Tn, trong phng php ging dy ca Ngi, va ng dng nguyn tc"Kh c", "Kh l", "Kh thi", va "Khch l"... li va vn dng cc th dvi cc hnh nh c th, quen thuc vi ngi nghe, soi sng cho nginghe hiu iu Ngi mun ni.

Tht l phong ph vi rt nhiu hnh nh v d trong kinh in Nam tng vBc tng Pht gio.

Hnh nh v d thi danh, hu nh quen thuc vi hu ht cc ngi hcPht, l hnh nh Th Tn v d gio l Pht gio nh chic b (Kim Cng,


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A-hm v Nikya) qua sng m khng phi mang trn vai. Hoc l vd gio l nh ngn tay ch mt trng, hay gio l nh bn ch ng.

Ni n hng v, sc thi c bit ca ni dung gio l Pht gio, Th Tndy: "Nh bin ch c mt v: V mn ca mui; cng th, gio l ca Ta chc mt v: v gii thot".

Cc tn Kinh ca Nam v Bc tng cng ni bt ln hnh nh v d. NhKinh Phm Vng (v d nh ci li), Kinh Bnh Mt (chic bnh mt),Kinh X D (v d nh con rn), Kinh G Mi (v d g mi), Kinh KhcG (v d nh khc g tri sng v bin)... Kinh Kim Cng (v d so snhvi kim cng), Kinh Php Hoa, Hoa Nghim, a Tng v.v...

Th Tn s dng phng php ging dy rt sng ng, c th, d hiu,

hp dn, thu ht s ch ca ngi khc v c tc dng nh mnh vo tmthc ca ngi nghe. Km theo vi phng php ny, Th Tn cn gingnhng ti c duyn s v bi cnh sng ng ca n (tng t nh liging dy ngy nay theo s sp xp ca chng trnh, thi kha biu, nnngi ta thng hay dng ln bi cnh tc dng ging dy cng hu hiuhn na).

Ta hy ly mt v d in hnh:

Kosambi, bn b sng Gang (Hng H), khi thy mt khc g lnh bnhtrn mt nc, Th Tn lin gi cc T-kheo li, ch khc g v ging dyv con ng gii thot. Ngi dy: "Nu khc g khng h nt trong rut,khng tp vo hai bn b, khng b vng vo nc xoy, khng b loingi hay cc loi khc nht, th nht nh khc g y tri thng v bin.Cng th, ngi tu s nu khng nh khc g h rut (ch t kin ca ngitu, hay ch cc ngoi o), nu khng tp vo hai b (c ngha l khngvng mc vo cc cn, cc trn), nu khng mc vo nc xoy (nukhng ng mn), nu khng b ngi ta nht (nu khng b rng buc nhiuvi ngi i, c s), nu khng b phi nhn, ch Thin nht (ch ngi tu

cu sanh Thin hng cc phc lc), th nht nh ngi tu s y s nhkhc g, tri thng v bin, s vo bin Thnh, thnh tu Phm hnh, chngng gii thot Nit-bn". Trong khi Th Tn ging nh th, mt ngi chn

b tn l Nanda ng cnh y nghe ln. Nanda hiu r ngay con ng tutp, lin xin Th Tn xut gia v bch: "Con nguyn s l ngi tu hnh nhkhc g khng mc nt tri xui v bin. Xin Th Tn cho con th igii". Th Tn hoan h nhn li. Qu thc, ch sau c mt thi gian ngn,


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Nanda lin chng c A-la-hn (Kinh Tng ng B IV, Phm Rn c, vd v khc g).

Trong cc Kinh, nhng on m u bng ch "V d" v bt u phn ktthc cu on bng ch "Cng th" l nhng on Th Tn so snh, v d.

y, ch trng dn mt s v d trong Kinh Php C v Kinh Php Hoalm in hnh:

Nh mi nh vng lp,Ma c th thm vo;Cng vy, tm khng tu,Tham dc d xm nhp -- (Php C cu 13).

Nh mi nh kho lp,Ma khng th thm vo;Cng vy, tm kho tu,Tham dc khng xm nhp. -- (Php C cu 14)

C khi hnh nh v d va c th li va thi v, khng n iu, khng gycm gic chn nn ngi nghe.

Ai sng i ny,i dc c hng phc,Su ri khi ngi y,

Nh nc ri l sen. -- (Php C cu 336).

Nhng li dy ca Th Tn c khi rt c th, rt ngn gn, rt gin d,nhng vn ni ln ngha thm su v cha ng c ni dung gio l Phtgio:

C lm hi rung vn,Tham lm hi ngi i,

B th, ngi la tham,Do vy c qu ln -- (Php C cu 356).

C nhng khi Th Tn dy va c th, r rng, thi v, li va rt trit l.Bin ca ngi i l mt trong vng nc rng, cn bin trong gio l ca

Ngi th:


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"Ny cc T-kheo, mt l bin ca ngi... Tai, mi, li, thn v l binca ngi... Ai vt qua c cc bin y vi nc xoy, vi sng ln, vic mp, La-st... th n b bin (Nit-bn)" (Tng ng B Kinh IV, phmBin).

Khi mun lm ni bt ci nguy him ca sinh t, Th Tn dy: "Tt c, nycc T-kheo, u b bc chy. Mt b bc chy; mi, tai, li, thn v u

b bc chy. B bc chy bi ci g? Bi la tham, la sn, la si, la sanh,gi, bnh, cht, su, bi, kh, u, no". (Tng ng B Kinh IV, phm Bcchy).

Gia khi cc t b rng buc bi ci "c" ca mnh vo cuc i th lidy ca Th Tn xut hin nh mt ting sm khin tm thc vng dytrong cn bng hong ca chp th:

"Ny A-nan, tt c cc th gii ny l trng khng. Sc, th, tng, hnh,thc l trng khng (v chng v ng)" (Tng ng IV, phm Channa, mcTrng Khng, v cc Kinh khc).

Kinh Php Hoa th nu ln nhng hnh nh y biu tng, y v nhngrt c th v ni ln c diu php ca Th Tn:

- Phm Th D, tam gii nh ngi nh la ang bc chy ni ln li gingdy phng tin, quyn bin ca Th Tn, ng thi gii thiu gio l Nhttha.

- Hnh nh "Cng t" tht l sng ng, lm ni bt thn phn ca nginghe, ngi tu, khin h nhn ra cn c thp km ca mnh v thc tnh i vo Diu Php.

- Phm Dc Tho D, v c Th Tn ni php nh cn ma, cy ln thmnc nhiu, cy nh ht nc t, nhng tt c u thm nhun nc.

Cc hnh nh sng ng trn y tuy khc nhau, nhng tt c u phc vni dung ni ln diu l ca Kinh.

Phng php ging dy bng nhiu th d ca Th Tn l mt phng phprt khoa hc v rt tm l, khin cho vic ging dy em li nhiu kt qutt, c th l phng php mu mc, ch o cho hc ng mi. Th Tn


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xut hin nh mt nh gio dc rt nhn bn v l tng qua cc tinhthn v phng thc gio dc c trnh by trn.

Cn nhiu bi hc v gio dc khc na ca Th Tn m chng ta s cpthm phn tip theo: Lin h gia Th Tn v cc hng t, ngoi o,c ma v ch Thin.

Lin H Gia Th Tn v Cc Hng T Ca Ngi

Hnh nh tng qut ca Th Tn t khi Thnh o

Ngay sau khi Thnh o, Th Tn c mi Nh Lai lc v bn V s u(Trung B I Tr. 71-B), tuy nhin, Th Tn suy ngh mt cch y khimtn rng: "Tht l kh khn sng khng cung knh, khng vng li. Vy ta

hy cung knh, nh l v sng y ch vo mt Sa-mn hay mt B-la-mn...Nhng Ta khng thy mt ni no trong th gii ch Thin v loi Ngi cmt Sa-mn hay B-la-mn no c gii, nh, tu, gii thot v tri kin giithot y hn Ta m Ta c th cung knh, nh l, v sng y ch... ri Tasuy ngh, vi Php m Ta y ch vo Php y" (9).

Trn ng Th Tn i n Lc Uyn chuyn bnh xe php, du s ngoio Upaka hi v bc o s ca Ngi v Ngi tr li:

"Ta khng c o s!Bc nh Ta khng c.Gia th gii Nhn, ThinKhng c ai bng Ta..." (10)

Upaka nghi ng v cao mn ca li ni Th Tn nn b i. y khng phil li t cao hay t hnh din v mnh (V Th Tn on tn mi kits) m l li tuyn b s tht v a v ti thng ca Th Tn.

Sut bn mi lm nm gio ha, Th Tn i chn khng vi mt bnh bt

v ba y nh cc T-kheo t ca Ngi. Hng ngy Th Tn i kht thc,ngi Thin v thuyt php; bui sng sm thng thuyt php cho cc vThin, bui chiu ti thng thuyt php cho cc hng t. Ngi thng ihong ha mt mnh, hoc c chng T-kheo i theo. Khi ngh ngi ti mtgc cy, Th Tn t i nht l kh lt tho ta (mt tm c an) ngi,hoc c mt t nht h; cho n khi trng tui Ngi mi c th gi.


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Th Tn th trai vi chng T-kheo bt c ni no c th ch thnh mi. Saumi ln th trai, Th Tn ni ln mt bi php ngn tu h hay chc lnh.

Trong cc ma an c, Th Tn cng chng T-kheo (c gii hn) ngh ccTnh x do c s Cp C c, n c s Visk hay vua Tn-b-sa-la xy ctcng dng. Ti y, c cc Pht t cng dng sut ma kit h (mama n )

Th Tn hng ngy ngi Thin v ging dy Pht php. Th Tn ni phpcho nhng ai mun nghe v mun t vn . C ln, mt du s ngoi o i theo Ngi trn ng vo lng kht thc v cu mong Ngi tr li mt scu hi. Sau ba ln thnh cu, Th Tn dng li thuyt ging cho du sngoi o y. Ngi thuyt php khng phn bit giai cp, gii tnh, tui tc...

Ngi tng nhn li th trai cng chng T-kheo t tht ca mt k n.

Mt ln khc, Ngi dy cc T-kheo hy cho nng Patacar, mtngi lon tr v au kh, khng c mt mnh vi che thn, n gp Ngi.By gi cc T-kheo ngn nng li. Khi va thy Th Tn, nng lin tnhto v ly mt mnh y do cc T-kheo nm n che thn v sp ly, khcdi chn Th Tn, cho n khi nhn c nhng li dy vng ngc (11).

Ngi tip chuyn v ging dy cho cc vua cha, i thn v nhn li thnhmi th trai ca h.

Ngi mc nhin vn p vi cc c ma v ngoi o. C nhiu trng hp vli ch sanh, Th Tn kn o s dng thn thng xut hin trc cc hichng St--li, Sa-mn, B-la-mn, ch Thin v.v... trong hnh nh, cungcch v ngn ng ging h; ni chuyn v khch l h, khin h c an lc,li ch. Khi Ngi ri h ra i (bin mt) th cc hi chng y khng bit Ngil ai, t u li. (Tiu B Kinh: "Pht thuyt Nh Vy").

C ln Ngi lm bnh nng nh mt s t ca Ngi. Lc trng tui, Ngithnh thong b rm mnh, au lng, i khi phi ngng ngay gia thi

thuyt php v nh Tn gi X-li-pht ni tip. Lc gi, Ngi nh mingi, lng hi cng, da nhn, cc cn u b bin i. Trc khi th tch,trong ba cm cui cng do ngi th st Thun- dng cng, Ngi dng

phi mt loi nm rng kch c, b i chy. Ngi phi dng nh lc caNh Lai nhip phc cn bnh. ang cn kht, Th Tn dy Tn gi A-nan ly nc l t dng sng bn cnh cho Th Tn dng (Kinh Nit-bn).


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Th Tn v li ch ca ch Thin v loi Ngi, dy cc cn c, trnh ;vi mt s i tng, Ngi dy tu phc c sanh Thin; vi mt s,

Ngi dy hnh phc thit thc i: nh hnh phc ca i sng gia nh,vi v con v trang im, nh nhng iu cn thit ca mt s c du vnh chng, nh th no l ngi v tt, ngi chng tt, nh th no l mtnh lnh o tt, ngi th tt, ngi hc tr tt, ngi lng ging tt, v.v...

Ngi dy con ngi t mnh tu tp m khng phi cu nguyn hay t l.

Th Tn l ai m Ngi c kinh nghim thit thc gio ha cc hi ch: Ch Thin, Cn-tht-b, loi Ngi v.v... ? Tng Chi B Kinh IIA, tr. 51(Bn dch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu, 1980) ghi li li xc nhn ca Th Tnv Ngi rng: "i vi nhng ngi cha on tn lu hoc, Ta c th lch Thin vi cc lu hoc on tn..., Ta c th l Cn-tht-b vi cc

lu hoc on tn..., Ta c th l D-xoa vi cc lu hoc on tn...,Ta c th l ngi vi cc lu hoc on tn... V nh bng sen xanh,

bng sen hng hay bng sen trng sanh ra trong nc, ln ln trong nc,vn ra khi nc, ng thng, khng b nc thm t. Cng vy, sanh ratrong i, ln ln trong i, Ta sng chinh phc i, khng b i thm t,ny B-la-mn, Ta l Pht, hy ghi nh nh vy".

C mt im biu hin bn ngoi na ca Th Tn khc bit vi ngi il: Ngi c sanh khi b m ng, c sanh ra di gc cy, tu tp di

gc cy, thnh o di gc cy, chuyn bnh xe php di gc cy, vnhp Nit-bn cng di gc cy. Thin nhin nh gn lin vi Ngi quacc mc im lch s ca i Ngi.

c ci nhn r hn v Ngi qua nhng sinh hot trong cuc sng, gi ychng ta i vo tm hiu mi tng h gia Th Tn vi cc t ca Ngiv cc i tng nghe Php.

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Th Tn v Tn Gi X-Li-Pht

Sau khi c Th Tn , Tn gi X-li-pht c A-la-hn qu bn tun lsau, khi cng tr vi Th Tn g Sukarakhata Vng X (Rjagaha)(Trng Lo Tng K).


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Tn gi X-li-pht c Th Tn xc nhn trc Tng chng l v ttr tu nht ca Ngi (12).

Mt ln Th Tn dy: "T kheo nu hy cu mt cch chn chnh, s hy cunh sau: 'Mong rng ta s nh X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin'. y l cncn, ny cc T kheo, y l o lng i vi cc t T-kheo ca Ta,tc l X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin" (Tng Chi I, tr. 102).

Tn gi X-li-pht thng c mt bn cnh Th Tn trong nhiu thi phpca Th Tn, Tn gi thng cng vi Tn gi Mc-kin-lin ging dy,hng dn trc tip chng T-kheo, tn T-kheo, thay mt Th Tn.

y l mt li khen in hnh ca Th Tn dnh cho Tn gi: "Ai l ngikhng ngu si, khng c tm, khng si m, khng lon tm li c th khng

hoan h i vi X-li-pht? Ny A-nan, X-li-pht l bc hin trit, l bci tu, l bc qung tu, l bc h tu, l bc tip tu, l bc li tu, l bcquyt trch tu. Ny A-nan, X-li-pht l bc tri tc, l bc thiu dc, l

bc vin ly, l bc bt cng tr. Ny A-nan, X-li-pht l bc hin ti, ngheli trung ngn, co ti trung thc, ch trch c php" (13).

Mt hm Tn gi X-li-pht n hu Th Tn v hi Th Tn v nghai nhn. Th Tn dy: "Vi tm gii thot, ny X-li-pht, Ta gi l inhn. Khng c tm gii thot, Ta khng gi l i nhn". C nhng lctng t, Tn gi c vn trong vic gio ha, thng n xin li dy caTh Tn; c khi c vn cn ging dy, Th Tn li gi Tn gi n.Trc Th Tn, Tn gi lun lun l mt t rt khim tn. Mt ln

Nlanda, Tn gi tn thn Th Tn vi tt c tr tu v lng tn knh:"Nh vy l lng tnh tn ca con i vi Th Tn. Khng th c, khngth s c, khng th hin c mt Sa-mn hay B-la-mn no khc c th vi hn, thng tr hn Th Tn v Chnh gic" (Tng ng V, phm

Nlanda Th Hai). Sau khi Tn gi nhp Nit bn khng lu, Th Tn nhnchung quanh chng T-kheo im lng v ni ln li cm thn ny: "Ny ccT-kheo, chng ny ca Ta c xem nh trng khng. Nay X-li-pht v

Mc-kin-lin mnh chung, ny cc T-kheo, chng ca Ta thnh trngkhng. Phng hng no X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin tr, phng hng khng cn c vng g."(Tng ng V, phm Nlanda Th Hai).

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Th Tn v Tn Gi Mc-Kin-Lin

By ngy sau khi xut gia, ti Magakka, sau khi nh Th Tn khch l, Tngi Mc-kin-lin nhip phc c hn trm thy min. Lin , khi nghe

Th Tn dy v Gii, Tn gi c A-la-hn, Tn gi c Th Tn tuyn bl bc c thn thng nht v c chn lm t ln th hai ca ThTn.

Ti thnh Vng X, khi Tn gi lm bnh nng, au n kch lit, Th Tnn thm, ni php Tht gic chi. Nghe xong, Tn gi thot khi bwnh.nh hng ca Tn gi Mc-kin-lin trong Gio hi tng t nh nhhng ca Tn gi X-li-pht, thng c Th Tn ca ngi. S mnhchung ca Tn gi li mt ch trng ln trong Gio hi, theo ghi nhnca Th Tn.

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Th Tn v Tn Gi i Ca-Dip (Maha-Kassapa)

Tn gi Ca-dip l ngi c Th Tn nhip ha trc Tn gi X-li-phtv Tn gi Mc-kin-lin, c Th Tn tuyn b trc Thnh chng l"u- nht". Sau khi xut gia, Tn gi hnh u-, ch tm ngy saulin c qu A-la-hn (14).

Lc Tn gi b au nng kch lit hang ng Pipphali, Th Tn, vo mtbui chiu, sau khi xut Thin, n thm Tn gi v ni v Tht gic chi.Nghe xong, Tn gi lin khi bnh (15).

Lc Tn gi v gi, mt hm n hu Th Tn, Th Tn dy: "Ny Kassapa,ng nay gi ri, y phn to, vi th ca ng c nt, ng c qung

b. Vy ny Kassapa, hy mang nhng o do cc gia ch cng, th dng ccmn n c mi v hy gn bn ta" (16).

Tn gi bch: y l hnh sng rng, hnh mang ba y, hnh thiu dctri tc, hnh tinh tn, vin ly ca Tn gi, v li ch ca t thn v v lng tmn lm gng cho chng sanh sp n. Th Tn ty h.

Tn gi Ca-dip l v t khi thuyt php, gio gii cho ch T-kheo. Cc vT kheo, Tng v Ni tr khng nhn ra chn gi tr ca Tn gi nn mt lnTh Tn tn thn Tn gi gia i chng T-kheo rng: "Ty theo


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mun, Th Tn ra vo cc cnh Thin, chng cc thn thng v cc minh.Cng th, ty theo mun, Tn gi Ca-dip vo ra cc cnh Thin, chngcc thn thng v cc minh" (Tng ng II, phm Kassapa).

Mt hm, Tn gi thut cho Tn gi A-nan nghe v lin h thy tr mt thitgia Th Tn v Tn gi: Khi Th Tn ngi ngh mt gc cy, Tn gidng cng Th Tn mt y Tng gi-l do t tay Tn gi ct may (by gi lngy xut gia th tm) lin sau khi Tn gi c hnh phc v an lc ludi, Th Tn t mn n nhn v trao tm y c bng vi th phn tong c qung b ca Th Tn cho Tn gi. Tn gi tip: "Nu c ai niv Ta mt cch chn chnh, th ta l con rut Th Tn, sanh ra t ming, doPhp sanh, do Php ha sanh, tha t Chnh php, v nhn c tm y

phn to lm bng vi gai th ng c qung b t Th Tn" (Tng ngII, phm Kassapa).

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Th Tn v Tn Gi Upli(Trng Lo Tng K v Tng Chi IIIB, phm Upli).

Tn gi Upli (u-b-ly) vn l ngi th ht tc cho cc hong thn cadng h Thch Ca. Noi gng xut gi ca cc Tn gi A-nu-lu-... Tngi xut gia v xin Th Tn c tu rng. Th Tn dy: "Nu ng sngtrong rng, ng ch pht trin c mt vn . Nhng nu ng sng vichng ta, ng s tr thnh thun thc c kinh hc v Thin qun". Ngivng theo li dy ca Th Tn, tu Thin qun, v sau mt thi gian ngnchng qu A-la-hn.

Th Tn ging dy cho Tn gi v Lut. V sau, Tn gi c Th Tntuyn b l v nht tr lut ca Gio hi. Tn gi c Th Tn giao vicx l v tuyn lut.

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Th Tn v Tn Gi A-Nan (Ananda)

Tn gi A-nan l ngi hong tc, xut gia khi Th Tn v thm vua TnhPhn v hong tc.


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Tn gi l mt trong mi v i t ca Th Tn. Trong hai mi nmu, Th Tn khng c th gi ring. Nm nm mi su tui, Th Tn ng cn th gi, Thnh chng c Tn gi A-nan. Tn gi hoan h lm th giTh Tn vi iu kin Th Tn t chi bn vic v chp nhn bn vic:

- T chi, khng cho Tn gi y, n, phng ring v mi n

- Nu Tn gi c mi th trai, Th Tn cho php i; nu c ngi t xan xin yt kin Th Tn, Th Tn bng lng cho gp khi A-nan gii thiu;Th Tn cho A-nan yt kin khi A-nan gp iu kh x; Th Tn ging linhng gio l Ngi dy nhng khi A-nan vng mt.

Th Tn chp nhn li yu cu ca Tn gi (Trng Lo Tng K).

Cng vic th gi ca Tn gi A-nan gm: em nc, em tm xa rng, rachn, qut phng, i theo Th Tn; ban ngy cnh Th Tn bch ThTn nhng iu cn lm; ban m, cm n v gy i quanh phng ThTn; sn sng khi Th Tn gi. Ti Jetavana, Th Tn xc nhn Tn gi lv T-kheo nht v nm phng din: a vn, cnh gic, sc kho i b,kin tr v hu h chu o. Tn gi ch c A-la-hn sau khi Th Tn nhpdit vo m trc ngy kit tp u tin (Trng Lo Tng K).

Tn gi A-nan c cp n trong rt nhiu kinh Nikya v A-hm, lbc kho ni, c c ch rt tt p trong x giao, l th gi rt trung thnh, rttn ty, hc rng bc nht v c tr nh bc nht. Kinh i-Bt-Nit-Bn ghi li rng Tn gi rt au xt mi ln Th Tn b mt hay b bnh. Tn gi khc vt v khi Th Tn nhp dit.

Trc khi th tch, Th Tn ht li ca ngi, tn thn v khch l Tn gi.Th Tn nhn mnh, Tn gi A-nan thng hn th gi ca ch Pht qu kh mt im l: A-nan bit Th Tn mun g p ng trc khi Th Tndy, cn th gi ca ch Pht qu kh th ch bit khi ch Pht dy mthi.

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Th Tn v Cc Tn Gi A-Nu-Lu-, Ca-Chin-Din, Ph-Lu-Nav.v...


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Cc Tn gi i t ny u c cp n trong nhiu kinh v u cTh Tn tn thn v hnh ti thng v i tu. Cc Tn gi u ht lng tnknh v hu h Th Tn trong cc Pht s ca Gio hi: truyn b Chnh

php v hng dn cc v tn T-kheo.

Thnh thong Th Tn mt mnh gh li ch tu hnh ca cc Tn gi hithm sc kho. Mt ln n thm Tn gi A-nu-lu- (Anuruddha), Tngi Nan- (Nandida), Tn gi Kim-t-la (Kimpila), Ngi dung d n ngi gi vn khng bit Ngi l Th Tn, ngn cn Ngi i vo vn, chon khi cc Tn gi bit, ra cung thnh Th Tn. Li thm hi ca Th Tnm u l: "Ny cc T-kheo, cc ng c c an lnh khng? Sng cyn vui khng? i kht thc c mt khng?" (17)

Khi bit tin cc Tn gi au m, Th Tn n ving thm khch l v thuyt

php cc Tn gi sinh khi h lc m thot cn bnh nng (18).

Tn gi A-nu-lu- l v ch tr lo vic ha tng, thiu X li lc Th Tnnhp dit.

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Th Tn v Cc Tn T Kheo

Mt s cc tn T-kheo do Th Tn thu nhn, mt s do cc v i t thunhn. Hu ht cc tn T-kheo v sau u do hai Tn gi X-li-pht vMc-kin-lin trc tip hng dn. Bn cnh cc i t, cc tn Ty- kheovn thng c nghe Th Tn thuyt php v khch l. Th Tn rt quantm n vic ging dy v khch l cc tn T-kheo, d c cc i tca Ngi hng dn.

Kinh Tng ng IV, phm Bnh ghi rng: Khi Th Tn nghe bch c T-kheo mi tu b bnh nng, Th Tn lin i n thm. Khi thy Th Tn n,T-kheo b bnh nng gng dy trn ging nhng Th Tn lin ni: "Thi

ch c gng dy, Th Tn c ch ngi y ri". Ri Th Tn thm hibnh tnh, an i v ni php khch l. V tn T-kheo ny lin c Tu--hon ngay trn ging bnh.

Th Tn n thm nhiu tn T-kheo b bnh nh th.

Th Tn i vi N Tn Gi Ma-Ha Ba-X-Ba-.


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N Tn gi Ma-ha Ba-x-ba- vn l m nui ca Th Tn, v sau, n Tngi cng vi nm trm Thch-ca n xin xut gia. Th Tn xt theo s khncu ca Tn gi A-nan, chp thun cho xut gia vi iu kin chp nhn BtKnh Php.

c Pht thuyt php cho n Tn gi nghe. Sau mt thi gian tinh cn tutp, n Tn gi c A-la-hn. Nm trm T-kheo-ni th c su Thnh tr,sau khi nghe Tn gi Nandaka gio gii (do Th Tn c). Th Tn tuyn

b Tn gi l ngi c kinh nghim nht ca Ni chng, sng c hnhphc gii thot, Nit-bn.

Trong li tuyn b chng ng ca t thn, n Tn gi ht lng cung knhv tn thn hnh c ca Th Tn (Trng Lo Ni K).

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Th Tn i vi Cc N Tn Gi Khc

Th Tn tuyn b v tn dng hnh bc nht ca mt s n Tn gi(nh trnh by phn trc). Mt s n xut gia, Th Tn thu nhn, hoccc i t ca Th Tn gii thiu v chuyn qua Ni chng, di s hngdn ca Tn gi Ma-ha Ba-x-ba-. Mt s ln do chnh cc n Tn gi t.

Cc n Tn gi c hnh bc nht u l cc v c i tu, c qu A-la-hn.

- Trng hp Vimal v Ambapli l hai k n v sau c A-la-hn (TrngLo Ni K).

- Trng hp Kisgotam l mt c gi nh ngho, c gia nh v b khinhthng, sc khe km. Khi nng c con th c gia nh chng knh trng.

a con va bit chy th cht. Nng au kh m xc con n tnh x ThTn xin thuc ci t hon sinh. Th Tn thy cn c nng n thi imnhp o lin dy: "Hy i n nh no khng c ngi cht (cha tng cngi cht) xin v y mt ht ci, Th Tn s gip cho nng". Sau , nngtnh ng, bit l Th Tn dy kho nng, nn nng em con vo ngha a,ri xin Th Tn xut gia. Th Tn dy:


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Tm ai b m say,Con ci v sc vt,T thn bt ngi y,

Nh lt tri lng ng. -- (Dhp 287).

Nng lin c Php nhn ngay ti ch (Trng Lo Ni K).

- N Tn gi Khem, thuc hong tc Ma-kit-, c nhan sc tuyt trn,l hong hu ca vua Tn-b-sa-la. Khi Th Tn ti Trc Lm, nng cngcc ngi hu cn n hu Th Tn. Th Tn ha hin mt tin n p hnc nng, ng hu qut Th Tn. Trc mt nng, tin n bng tr nn gism ri ng xung t, khin nng thc tnh, tiu tan tt c kiu mn vnhan sc ca mnh. By gi Th Tn dy:

"Ngi m say cc dc,Nh nhn sa li dt,B mi kh khng mng,T lao mnh xung dng,

Ngi tr ct tr n". -- (Dhp. 347).

Nng chng c A-la-hn ngay ti ch ri mi xut gia.

- N Tn gi Dhammadinn l v ca mt ngi c a v trong x hi, ngViskh. Khi Viskh nghe Th Tn dy, lin c A-na-hm v xut gia.

Nng cng xin xut gia nhp tht, khng bao lu lin c A-la-hn, qu vcao hn c Viskh (ngi chng c). N Tn gi l v Ni thuyt php giinht (Trng Lo Ni K, v Trung B I).

- N Tn gi Patcr vn con nh giu, v sau lp gia nh vi chng traigip vic v trn nh ra i. n lc sinh c hai con (trong mt iu kinrt kh) th chng b rn cn cht, mt a con b diu tha, mt a con bnc cun tri, cha m v cc em b cht trong cng mt m bo t. Quau kh, nng b in. Trn ng in lon, nng gp Th Tn v hi tnh.

Th Tn thuyt php t nng. V sau nng c A-la-hn qu v thuytphp c nm trm v Ni khc cng c qu (Trng Lo Ni K).

Trn y ch l mt s trng hp in hnh. Th Tn cho php thnh lpon th n gii u tin trong lch s nhn loi. Xc nhn n gii ngng vi nam gii v mt chng c gii thot, c kh nng c A-la-hnqu, on tn v minh. y l ting ni ca nhn bn, dn ch, bnh ng


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nht v sm nht trn gian, gii phng n gii ra khi vng rng buc v titm ca cuc sng, b nng bi cc vn ha chm tin.

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Th Tn i vi Cc N C S v Nam C S

Hng t ca Th Tn gm c bn chng: T-kheo, T-kheo-ni, nam c sv n c s.

Th Tn bng tinh thn kh c, bng thin xo phng tin, gio ha rtnhiu nam v n c s cc giai cp, cc thnh phn x hi v cc la tui.Hng t ti gia c cc hnh. Th Tn tn thn cc hnh bc nhtca cc c s (nh trnh by phn trc). y, ch gii thiu mt s

trng hp in hnh v mt s gio l in hnh dnh cho cc c s ti gia.

1. Trng hp Singla (Thin Sinh) (Trng B Kinh, 31), Th Tn dychng thanh nin nh l su phng trong lut ca bc Thnh (Pht gio) lnh l su mi tng quan ca con ngi: cha m - con ci; thy tr; v -chng; ch - th; c nhn - b bn, b con, lng ging; v tu s - c s.

i tng ca nh l phi l i tng thing ling nn su mi tng htrn c Th Tn dy l su mi tng h thing ling, cao qu ca conngi. i tng nh l ny va rt thit thc, va rt nhn bn, bi v nidung ca nh l chnh l th hin nhng g m con ngi phi lm thitlp tng giao tt, c ngha, em li an vui, hnh phc cho mnh v chongi:

* Bn phn ca cha m i vi con ci l gio dc tt con ci, hng dncon ci vo ng thin, gip con ci i n hn nhn tt.

* Bn phn ca con ci i vi cha m l sn sc cha m lc tui gi, gidanh d v truyn thng gia nh, gip cc vic khi cha m cn, gi gn ti

sn ca cha m.

* Bn phn ca thy gio l dy gii, hng dn hc sinh chn bn v chnngh, dy ngh hc tr c vic lm khi hc xong. y chnh l trchnhim ca hc ng ngy nay, vi tinh thn dy chuyn mn v dy nghl tinh thn gio dc hin i nht v thit thc nht.


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* Bn phn hc tr th knh trng, vng li thy, hc hi v gip khi thycn.

* Lin h v chng: V chng phi thng yu v knh trng nhau; ngiv phi va l v, va l ngi yu, va l bn, v c khi l ch hay em(hoc m); ngi chng phi va l chng, va l ngi yu, va l bn, vc khi l anh, em (hoc l cha), ngi chng thng sn sc cc nhu cu,hay sm qu tng cho v; ngi v phi qun xuyn cc vic trong nh, chai phi trung thnh vi nhau.

Tht l l lng! Cch y hn hai ngn nm trm nm m Th Tn li quannim v hn nhn v tnh yu ca tui tr rt l c bit, tin tin. Ngy naycon ngi vn cn bi ri gia ngha ca hn nhn v tnh yu. C ngiquan nim hn nhn khc hn vi tnh yu, ngi v khc hn vi ngi

tnh. Tch ri hn nhn khi tnh yu l quan nim thiu thc t, ch lm chotui tr thm bi ri. Th Tn gio dc tnh cm mt cch thin xo:Tng quan gia v chng chnh l tng quan ca tnh yu, va l tnh

bn, va l v chng, v c khi c hai ngi cn i hi th tnh cm csn sc, nung chiu na, l th tnh cm m ngi v phi gi vai trca ngi ch, ngi m hoc ngi em gi ca chng, v ngi chng phigi vai tr ngi anh trai, em trai hay ngi cha ca v. Tng h ny ytnh ngi, hnh phc v rt l xy dng, thit thc!

R rng y l mt ch hng gio dc "l tng" v tnh cm, tm l, hnnhn v tnh yu!

Trong Tng Chi IV, Tng ng I, v Trng B Kinh II (nh c trchdn phn u ca gio dc c nhn ca Pht gio, chng I, tit VI), ThTn dy r cch sng nh th no c hnh phc ca i sng gia nhtrong hin ti. Trong , Th Tn dy n i sng kinh t ca gia nhtrong hin ti, i sng qun bnh sc khe, tnh cm, suy t, tm l. Qu lmt tinh thn hng dn gio dc y thc t!

2. C mt ln, Th Tn gio dc nng Sujt, du ca c s Cp C c(Anthapindika), ngi khng vng li cha m chng, hay to ting, ln tingtrong gia nh. Th Tn k cho nng nghe c by hng ngi v: V nhngi st nhn, v nh ngi n trm, v nh ngi ch nhn, v nhngi m, v nh ngi ch, v nh ngi bn, v v nh ngi n t. Saukhi ni r ni dung, thi sng ca mi hng ngi v, Th Tn kt lun:V nh bn, nh m, nh ch, nh n t th c c hnh v sau khi cht s


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c sanh Thin; cn ba hng v kia th sau khi cht s sanh vo a ngc.Tip theo Th Tn hi Sujt, "Trong by hng ngi v y, con thuc hngngi no?" Sujt tnh ng v bch: "Bch Th Tn, k t hm nay, i vichng con, con s l ngi v n t".

y l thi gio ha ca Th Tn, quan tm n an lc hnh phc ngii. y li l tinh thn gio dc rt nhn bn v tin tin: Th Tn ch trnh

by by hng ngi v, ri cho nng Sujt t suy xt v chn la (TngChi IV, chng By Php).

3. ni khc, c s Uggaha thnh Th Tn th trai. Sau khi Th Tn traixong, c s bch xin Th Tn dy cho ngi con gi ca ng ta sp v nhchng, nng phi lm g sng tt p, hnh phc (Tng Chi IIA, tr. 262-

263, 1981).

4. V quan nim giai cp x hi, Th Tn dy cho cc c s v bnh nggiai cp. V hnh phc tng lai, Th Tn dy cho c s v tn, th, gii vtu. V cc c s c thc tu, thc hc, c th lnh o chng c s, nh c sHatthaka, Th Tn dy thm v "Bn nhip php" (B th nhip, i ngnhip, li hnh nhip v ng s nhip).

5. V hai c s h Tng c lc l Cp C c v nng Viskh, Th Tn dy o gii thot. Sinh thi, hai c s ny chng "Php nhn" (Thnhqu Nhp lu).

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Th Tn vi Cc Vua Cha

* Vua Tn-b-sa-la (Bimbisra) l v vua u tin yt kin Th Tn ti u-lu-tn-loa (Uruvela) - khi Gio hi va mi c mt ngn v t - nghe

php, hiu php, dng cng Th Tn tnh x Trc Lm (Veluvana), v cung

thnh Th Tn cng ch T-kheo th trai.

Nh vua c hong hu nhan sc tuyt trn, xut gia do thy r v thng,v tr thnh mt A-la-hn; y l n Tn gi Khem, l v tr tu bc nhtca Ni chng.


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* Vua Ba-t-nc (Pasenadi) nc Kiu-tt-la (Kosala) c Th Tn xcnhn l thin hu, thin giao du (Tng ng I, phm th hai, Tng ngKosala).

Mt hm, vua Ba-t-nc n hu thm Th Tn v t mt s cu hi: "Tngi Gotama c t cho mnh chng V thng Chnh ng Chnh gickhng?"

- Tha i Vng: "Ti chng V thng Chnh ng Chnh gic".

- Tha Tn gi Gotama, c nhng v Sa-mn, B-la-mn l cc v hi ch,gio trng c danh vng, khai m cc gio phi, c qun chng tnsng, nh: ngi Purana Kassapa, Makkhali Gosla, Nigantha Ntaputta,Sanjaya Belatthiputta, Kukudha Kaccyana, Ajita Kosakambala (y l Lc

s ngoi o). Khi con hi cc v y: "C t xem l chng V thngChnh ng Chnh gic khng?" th cc v y tr li: "Khng". Vy lmsao Tn gi Gotama, tr tui, sanh sau mun, v ch mi xut gia, li tcho mnh nh vy?"

- "Tha i vng, c bn loi khng nn khinh thng, hay khng nnmit th v chng l tr. Tha i vng, St--li tr.., con rn tr.., ngnla tr..., v T-kheo tr.. " (Tng ng I, Tng ng Kosala).

By gi vua Ba-t-nc tn thn Th Tn v xin quy y Pht, quy y Php, quyy chng Tng, xin trn i quy ngng.

* Vua A-x-th (Ajtasattu) l v vua git cha chim ngi, cng vi-b-t-a (Devadatta) chia r gio hi ca Th Tn, tch ri nm trm vT-kheo thnh lp Gio hi ring. Sau , Tn gi X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin gio ha c nm trm v T-kheo y quy hng Th Tn.Vua A-x-th bit li mnh v cng quy y vi Th Tn. Ti mt thi thuyt

php, Th Tn dy mt s T-kheo rng: "Nu khng phm ti git cha,th ngay ti y A-x-th c Tu--hon qu". (Kinh Sa-mn Qu,

Trng B I).

Theo Kinh Sa-mn Qu (Smanna - Phalasuttam), vua A-x-th pht biunhn xt ca nh vua v Gio hi ca cc Gio phi ng thi, v htlng tn dng Gio hi ca Th Tn vi kt qu rt thit thc hin ti cahnh Sa-mn.


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Trc hin tng x hi, c nhiu p bc, bt cng ca mt s lnh ththuc n ng thi, Th Tn dy mi iu m mt nh vua vtriu thn cn thc hin em li hnh phc cho nhn dn:

1. Vua lng, bc i, b th, khng kht i, khng tham lam tin ca, tisn.

2. Gi gii: khng st sinh, khng bc lt, khng trm cp, khng t dm,khng ni di, khng say sa.

3. Hy sinh tt c cho li ch dn chng. V y (vua) sn sng t b mi tinnghi c nhn, danh ting v ngay c s sng.

4. Thnh tht v lim khit.

5. Hin t v ha i.

6. Khc kh trong np sng.

7. Khng c sn hn, khng c t th.

8. Nhn nhc trc mi kh khn, ch trch, m khng mt bnh tnh.

9. Bt hi: khng hi ngi, cao ha bnh, ngn chn chin tranh vnhng bo ng ph hoi s sng.

10. Khng chng li mun ca nhn dn, thun dn (KinhDhammapadatthaka v Bn Sinh - Jkata).

Tng Chi B Kinh (IV-A, tr. 13, Bn dch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu) ghiby iu dy ca Th Tn lm cho mt x hi cng thnh:

1. Ho hp trong dn chng.

2. Dn chng on kt.

3. Php lut cng minh v c truyn thng dn tc.

4. Dn chng sng o c v bit knh trng ngi ln tui.


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5. X hi an ninh, khng c cc hin tng h hip bt cc, cng p ccthiu n, ph n.

6. C tn ngng v tn trng truyn thng tn ngng.

7. Knh trng v ng h ch Tng.

Trong Kinh "Chuyn Lun Thnh Vng S T Hng" (Trng B KinhIII, s 26), Th Tn xc nhn nguyn nhn ca cc hin tng ti c trongx hi nh trm cp, v lun, ni di, bo ng, th hn hung c l do nghoi.

Kinh Ktadanta (Trng B Kinh III), Th Tn gii thch cc hnh phtkhng hu hiu, khng li ch v khng thnh cng bng s ci thin kinh

t. ci thin kinh t, Th Tn dy:

1. Cung cp cc th ht ging v phng tin canh tc cho cc nh nng.

2. Cung cp vn cho nhng ngi kinh doanh u t, tr lng thch ngcho cng nhn.

3. i b th cho nhn dn thay th cc l t n.

Khi m dn chng thu hoch li tc, s va lng, s khng s hi hay lolng, v kt qu s l x s c thanh bnh, ra khi ti c.

Th Tn cng gin tip tr li mt s cu hi m s thn ca vua A-x-th t ra thm d kin Th Tn v vic c nn tin qun nh ncVajji (Bt-k) hay khng. Kt qu l li dy ca Th Tn ngn chn ccuc chin tranh y (vua A-x-th thuc dng Cu-li-Kobiyas, cn Vajji ththuc dng Thch-ca-Skyas).

Cc quan i thn ca cc nc ln cn x Vajji vn thng n ving thm

Th Tn, hi o v quy y. Mt s con trai v con gi ca cc quan i thn tr nn cc t xut gia ca Th Tn v chng Thnh qu (xemTrng Lo Tng v Ni K).

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Th Tn vi Cc Ngoi o B-La-Mn

c Pht gic ng nh mt vng thi dng sng chi lm lu m ht thynhng vng trng sao ca ngoi o. V th, mt s gio ch ngoi o v

cc tn ngoi o th quy Th Tn, mt s th tr nn th hn.Chng ta s dn i vo hai mi tng h gia ngoi o v Th Tn.

V mt chng i, i ngoi o thc hin nhiu hnh thc: vu khng,tuyn truyn xuyn tc lm gim nh hng ca Th Tn v on thTng-gi, thch thi th thn thng, tranh lun v vn nn, cho ngi nmvng trong t chc ca Gio hi tm hiu s tht ca Th Tn, v.v...

1. Tiu B Kinh, Kinh Pht T Thuyt (Udna) 43, chp rng: "By gi Th

Tn tr X-v (Svatth), ti Tnh x K Hon (Jetavana), khu vn cang Cp C c, c nhiu ngi cung knh, tn trng, nh l, cngdng.. Cc du s ngoi o ganh ght bn by mu c cho n du sSundari thng lui ti K Hon, ri cho ngi git Sundari v chn vo mtci mng ti Jetavana (K Hon). Sau n bo co vi vua Ba-ta-nc(Pasenadi) rng: "N du s Sundari b mt tch sau nhiu ln lui ti KHon". Nh vua cho php cc du s ti tm kim K Hon. Th l h oxc Sundari ln, t trn mt ci ging, ri i khp cc ng ba, ng tng ph X-v (Savatth) cho cng chng xem v tuyn truyn rng: "Cc

ngi hy xem cng vic lm ca cc Thch t v lim s, c php, cgii ...".

2. Bn sanh (Jtka), li k chuyn mt ngoi o by mu cho mt n tn lui ti nghe Th Tn ging. Sau mi bui ging, nng c lng vng gntnh x ca Th Tn gia khi mi ngi ra v. Sau n bng gi c thaiv i Th Tn gii quyt ci thai y. Th Tn yn lng. Vua tri Thchhin thn thng lm b s man tr y trc cng chng. Nng h thn

bng mt chy. Va chy ra khi o trng th t t nhin nt ra v chnsng nng (tr. 337, bn dch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu).

Nhng m mu xu xa l liu nh th ca ngoi o khin tr thc ngthi chn ngn, cng hng v Th Tn nhiu hn; vic truyn o ca ThTn cng kt qu nhanh chng hn.

3. Tiu B Kinh, Kinh "Pht T Thuyt" s 61, chp: "Khi Th Tn i bgia dn chng Kiu-tt-la (Kosala) vi i chng T-kheo th mt nhm


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thanh nin B-la-mn n gn Th Tn v v c lng m Ngi. Th Tn ynlng, v ngay ti ch y Ngi ch ni ln li cm hng:

"Li ni ca k tr,Khi bi ri lung cung,Ci g dn dt h,H u c bit r". -- (Tr. 358).

4. Kinh "Thanh Tnh" (Trng B IV), ngoi o ch trch Th Tn a cc t vo am m v cc h lc thp hn (ly tham, tch tnh).

5. Ngoi o ch trch rng: "Th Tn ch c tr tu siu vit v qu kh, mkhng c tr tu siu vit v tng lai". Th Tn gii thch: "V qu kh,

Nh Lai nh xa nh mun, v v lai, Nh Lai do tr tu sanh, bit rng y

l i sng cui cng, khng cn i sng no khc na".

6. Mt s ngoi o li ch trch rng: "Cc Thch t sng khng gi lptrng". Th Tn gii thch: "Cc t ca Ngi lun lun hng n mtmc tiu ti hu l gii thot, Nit-bn".

7. Kinh "Ma-kin-" (Trung B II), du s ngoi o Mgandiya (Ma-kin-) cho rng: "Th Tn l mt ngi ph hoi s sng". Th Tn hi Ma-kin-: "C phi v Th Tn dy nhip phc mt, mi, tai li, thn v m Ma-kin- cho rng Th Tn ph hoi s sng khng?" Ma-kin-p: "Phi". Ri Th Tn nh tan ng nhn .

8. Li na, mt hm ngoi o B-la-mn Bhaddiya n bch Th Tn rng:"Ti nghe d lun cho rng Th Tn l mt nh huyn thut li cun cc t ngoi o. Khng bit s tht c huyn thut nh th no?" (19). Th Tndy Bhaddiya: "Ch c tin v nghe theo bo co, ch c tin v theo truynthng, ch c tin v nghe theo tin n, ch c tin v rng kinh Tng truyntng, ch c tin v nhn l lun, ch c tin v nhn nh l,... ch c tin vSa-mn l bc o s ca mnh. Nhng ny Bhaddiya, khi no ng t mnh

bit r nh sau: Cc php ny l bt thin v.v..." Sau khi Th Tn gii thchrng ri cu ni trn, Bhaddiya sinh lng ngng m Th Tn v xin lm t ca Th Tn. Th Tn bn hi Bhaddiya c phi Th Tn dng huynthut quyn r Bhaddiya khng? Bhaddiya bch: "Tha khng, bch ThTn, nhng nu gi l huyn thut, th tht l hin thin huyn thut y.Con mong rng cc b con huyt thng ca con gp c "huyn thut" d


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d ny. Nh vy; cc b con huyt thng ca con s c an lc, hnh phclu di....".

9. Li na, mt hm n B-la-mn Bhannanjni tn thn Th Tn, B-la-mn Bhradvja, mt hc gi ngoi o, tc ti mng: "Con m ti tin kiali bung li tn thn lo Sa-mn trc u y. Ta s lun ph o s cangi".

Bhradvja i n Th Tn, bc tc hi:

"Git vt g c lc?Git vt g khng su?C chng mt php g,

Ngi tn ng git hi,

Tn gi Gotama?"

Th Tn hoan h p:

"Git phn n c lc,Git phn n khng su:Php y bc Hin Thnhtn ng s git hi,git php y khng su,

Ny B-la-mn kia". -- (Tng ng B Kinh I, tr. 179).

Bhradvja khi lng ngng m, xin xut gia vi Th Tn, sau khnglu c A-la-hn.

By gi B-la-mn Akkosaka nghe tin Bhradvja xut gia vi Th Tn,lng phn n, i n Th Tn v mng nhic Ngi. Th Tn n tn hi:"Ny Akkosaka, nu c ngi em qu biu B-la-mn m B-la-mnkhng nhn th ngi y lm th no nh?" "- Ngi y em v " "- Cngvy, ny Akkosaka, nhng g m ng em n cho Ta". Akkosaka xin xut

gia vi Th Tn, n lc tu tp v chng c A-la-hn sau mt thi gian.

10. Li na, Ksi-Bhradvja, mt nng dn theo B-la-mn ngoi o hiTh Tn: "Ny Sa-mn, sao Sa-mn khng cy rung m sng?".


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Th Tn ni: "Ta c cy: Lng tin l ging; u- l ma, tr tu l ci cy,tm qu l cn cy, tinh tn l sc mnh cy, a Ta n ni an n khich nn" (20).

Ri B-la-mn Ksibhradvja dng Th Tn mt bt cho sa v tha:"Tha Tn gi Gotama, hy dng cho sa, Tn gi l ngi i cy! Tn giGotama i cy qu bt t!" Sau Ksibhradvja xin xut gia vi Th Tn,v sau cng c A-la-hn qu.

11. Mt trng hp khc, B-la-mn Pokkharasti, rt danh ting Ukattha,sai Ambattha, mt t bc nht, rt thng minh, tinh thng ba tp V-,c xem ngang hng vi bc thy, n yt kin Th Tn xem h thcth no v danh ting c n i ca Ngi. Thi tip xc vi Th Tnca Ambattha rt ngo ngh. Ambattha th ch trng phn bic giai cp,

Th Tn th quan nim bnh ng gia cc giai cp. Sau ln gp g ny,Ambattha tuyn b: "Th Tn qu thc l bc Nh Lai, ng Cng.... ngnh tin n rng, Th Tn c ba mi hai tng tt ca mt i nhn".(Trng B Kinh I, Kinh A-ma-tr).

12. Mt B-la-mn khc, Sonadanda, ngi dng di B-la-mn rt giu c,rt thng thi, p trai, kh i, c tng tt ca mt i nhn, c vua Tn-

b-sa-la v qun chng knh trng, ngng m v.v... ng ny ng ti ytkin Th Tn, nhng cc t ca Sonadanda cho rng: "Th Tn yt kinSonadanda mi phi". Sonadanda l ngi c ti lun thuyt li n ni trangnh cao thng, chng minh cho cc t bit cc c tng v c tnhca Th Tn vt xa Sonadanda, tht l xng ng Sonadanda yt kinTh Tn.

Sonadanda k n hai mi mt u im ca Th Tn. Tng chng tacng cn bit qua ngi ngoi o lng danh thi by gi hnh dung nhth no v Th Tn trc khi din kin Ngi. Hai mi mt u im caTh Tn, theo Sonadanda l:

1/- c Gotama t b hong tc v ngai vng xut gia.2/- T b rt nhiu vng bc, chu bu.3/- Ngi quyt tm ra i gia ting khc than v y nc mt ca song thn(Ph vng v Hong hu).4/- c Gotama p trai, kh i, trang nh, tun t, cao thng, lm plng ngi.5/- y gii c, thin c.


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6/- Xng ng l bc Tn s ca hng Tn s.7/- on tuyt tham i v xao ng ca tm.8/- Xut gia t chng tc cao qu: St--li.9/- c Gotama ch trng v Nghip.10/- V s dn chng vt sui bng ngn n hc o vi Sa-mnGotama.11/- Hng ngn Thin, Nhn quy y Th Tn.12/- L bc Th Tn, A-la-hn, Chnh ng Chnh gic, v.v...13/- C ba mi hai tng qu ca mt bc i nhn.14/- Li cho n ca Th Tn thn thin, tao nh, trang trng, chn thc,li ni c dn chng.15/- c bn chng tn sng, ngng vng.16/- Ti ni no Th Tn th cc loi Phi nhn khng lm hi loi Ngi.17/- L Gio t c tn l ti thng trong cc Gio t.

18/- Danh ting ca cc B-la-mn th da trn nhng cn c khng u,cn danh ting ca Th Tn da trn tr tu v thng ca Ngi.19/- Vua Tn-b-sa-la cng c Hong tc v truyn thn u quy y v trngvng Th Tn.20/- Vua Ba-t-nc cng Hong tc v triu thn u quy y v ngng vngTh Tn.21/- B-la-mn Pokkharasdi l mt Gio ch, ngoi o thi danh, cngvi gia nh, v con, th gi, thn cn quy y, knh n v ngng vng ThTn.

Ri Sonadanda cng i chng B-la-mn n yt kin Th Tn. Sau khic Th Tn thuyt php, khch l Sonadanda tn thn Th Tn: "Tht lk diu! Th Tn nh ngi dng ng nhng g b qung ng xung...Con xin trn i quy ngng Th Tn" (21).

13. Lo th Kassapa mt ln hi Th Tn: "C phi Ngi ch trch kh hnh,tuyt i ph bng, mt st kh hnh?" Th Tn p: "Li ni khngng vi li ca Th Tn" Th Tn ct ngha rng c nhng kh hnh ixung a ngc, c th; c nhng kh hnh i ln cc ci Tri, thin th.

Nhng chc chn khng c kh hnh no bng con ng tu Gii, nh,Tu ca Th Tn v cc t ca Ngi. By gi Th Tn ngh viKassapa: "Ny Kassapa, c mt s B-la-mn, Sa-mn bc hc, bin ti....Ta n cc v y v ni: "Hy yn nhng quan im bt ng. Cc v ctr hy m lun trao i cc im ng ...." Ny Kassapa, s tnh ny xyra: mt phn ln cc v tn thn chng ta rng: "Cc Tn gi, S trng kia


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ch x ly mt phn cc php nhim, khng xng ng bc Thnh, cn Tngi Gotama th x ly hon ton...".

Th Tn gii thiu con ng Gii, nh, Tu cho Kassapa. La thKassapa xc ng tn thn: "Bch i c Gotama, ai c th sau khinghe Th Tn thuyt ging li khng hoan lc vi nim hoan h ln nht ...Bch Th Tn, con xin xut gia vi Th Tn". (S, tr. 176 - 177).

14. Ngoi o s Ni-kin T (Niganthaputta Saccaka) (Trung B Kinh I,Kinh Saccaka, tr. 229) l ngi a lun chin, c ti bin lun thin xo,c s ng knh trng, thng t c, tuyn b khoc lc trc Hi chngca ng ta T-x-li (Vesli) rng: "Ta khng thy c mt Sa-mn hay B-la-mn no, d l Gio ch, l A-la-hn, Chnh ng Gic... khi i thoivi ta li khng run s, khng khip s, khng tot m hi nch. D l ct

tr v tnh, khi i thoi vi ta cng run s...." ng tip: "Sa-mn Gotamanu i thoi vi ta, th s nh mt lc s nm cht lng di ca con cu, koti, ko lui, vn quanh; cng th, ta dng li ni ko ti, ko lui, vn quanhSa-mn Gotama".

Ri mt hm Saccaka Niganthaputta i cng vi nm trm ngi Licchavitr thc mong nh bi Th Tn ti Trng Cc ging ng. Cu hi utin ca Saccaka l: "Tn gi Gotama hun luyn t nh th no? Nhng

b mn no Sa-mn Gotama ging dy cho t?". Th Tn trnh by nmun l v ng... cn Saccaka ch trng Nm un l c t ng, thuc t ngca ta. Khi Th Tn chng minh lp lun ca Saccaka l khng hp l,khng c cn c, th Saccaka hong s, tot m hi, nhng gi im lng,khng tr li cc cu hi hp l ca Th Tn. Th Tn bn nhc choSaccaka bit rng, theo truyn thng, khi Th Tn hi mt cu hi hp ln ln th ba m ngi i thoi khng chu tr li th thn D-xoa(Yakka) s nh mt chy Kim cang lm u v thnh by mnh; ri ThTn t li cu hi n ln th hai. By gi ch c mt mnh Saccaka thyThn D-xoa nghim ngh vi chy Kim cang ng trc mt, Saccakarun s, hong s, ch bit nng ta vo s che ch ca Th Tn, lin bch:

"Th Tn hy hi, ti s tr li".

Kiu kh ca Saccaka trc nm trm ngi Licchavi tan thnh my khi, phi tht ln li xng tn Th Tn, tuy tnh kiu ngo ca ng ta ang mundm su trong lng s khm phc ca ng ta i vi Th Tn: "i! ThaTn gi Gotama, chng ti tht l l mng, chng ti tht l khinh xut, dm dng li lun chin vi Th Tn. Rt c th c s an ton cho mt


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ngi chin u vi con voi in, nhng khng th c s an ton cho mtngi chin u chng Tn gi Gotama. Rt c th c s an ton cho mtngi chin u chng m la hng... chng con rn c hung hn, nhngkhng th c s an ton cho mt ngi chin u chng Tn gi Gotama".

15. B-la-mn ngoi o Brahmay (Trung B Kinh II, Kinh Ma-kin-) lngi by gi sng th mt trm hai mi tui thng sut V-, thng sutch thut, thng thi ngn ng cng Thun th lun v i nhn tng,

phi thanh nin Uttara, mt t xut chng, cng tinh thng ba tp V-,gia nhp Gio hi ca Th Tn, sng gn Th Tn sut by thng xemTh Tn c tht s nh li n tn thn v Ngi.

Sau by thng khng ri khi Th Tn (bm st Th Tn), Uttara bo cocho Brahmay bit rng: "Th Tn chng nhng tt p nh ting n tt

p v Ngi, m Ngi cn nhiu c tnh hn th na".

Brahmay cng vi Hi chng ca ng ta i n yt kin Th Tn. Thyr ng s tht v Ngi, Brahmay p y, u mt st t nh l Th Tn,u i cung knh ly tay xoa ln bn chn Th Tn v t xng tn mnh:"Bch Tn gi Gotama, con l B-la-mn Brahmay". Hi chng caBrahmay rt kinh d tht: "i tht l vi diu, tht l k diu! i thn lcca Sa-mn Gotama khin cho B-la-mn Brahamay vi y danh vng,y ting tm, h mnh ti a nh vy!".

Brahmay tip tc c nghe Th Tn thuyt php v bn Thnh v sxut ly cc php. By ngy sau , Brahmay c A-na-hm v mnhchung.

16. B-la-mn Cank Bhradvja (Trung B Kinh II, Kinh Cank) l B-la-mn ni ting bc nht ti nc Kiu-tt-la (Kosala) by gi, cng vinm trm B-la-mn danh ting khc hi hp bn cch nh bi ch trng

bnh ng giai cp ca Th Tn v nu cao ch trng phn bit c bn giaicp ca h.

Tt c nm trm ngi ca h cng Cank i n yt kit Th Tn. H trt nhiu cu hi trong c cc vn : h tr chn l, hnh tr chn l,chng ng chn l (Thanh nin Bhradvja l ngi c Cank i m)ng ra t cc cu hi. Th Tn ct ngha: "Ny Bhradvja, nu c ngichp nhn mt quan im v ni: "y l s chp nhn quan im ca ti.

Nhng ngi y khng ch trng ch y l s tht, ngoi ra l sai lm.


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Nh th ny l ngha h tr chn l". Sau khi gim st mt v T-kheothuyt php thm su, tch tnh... vt ngoi lun l sung.... v bit r v ythuyt php khng do tham i, khng do sn hn, khng do si m. Sau khiquan st i n thn cn giao thip, ri lng nghe... ri th tr... ri tm hiu...ri hoan h chp nhn... ri sinh c mun tinh cn thc hin. Nh tinh cn,v y chng ng chn l cao c nht, cho n mc ny, ny Cank, l ngha gic ng chn l... nhng cha phi l chng t chn l. NyBharadvja, nh tu tp, luyn tp nhiu ln chn l mi c chng t.

Nh th ny l ngha chng t chn l". (Trung B II, tr. 174 A-B. Bndch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu).

Nghe xong, Bhradvja thay i quan im v ni ln li ca ngi Th Tn:"...Tht s Tn gi Gotama lm cho con khi ln lng knh trng, i knhcc Sa-mn ( t ca Th Tn). Tht l vi diu! Mong Tn gi nhn con

lm t c s, t y cho n mnh chung, con trn i quy ngng".(Sd, tr. 171).Th l mi chin dch chng Th Tn ca cc Gio phi ngoi o u tht

bi, ch lm tng uy tn ca Gio hi Pht gio, khin cc gii tr thc chnnn ngoi o v quy hng Th Tn.

Qua cc hnh thc chng i y, ta c th hnh dung ra cc kh khn trnng hong o ca Th Tn. S kin cc phi ngoi o hong ht tmch ng v nh hng cho chnh mnh bng vic tm mi cch hi uy tnca c Pht ni ln gi tr cao c ca gio l gii thot.

S kin cc ngoi o quy hng Th Tn ni ln s trng rng, mt nntng ca gio l ca h, v ng thi ni ln gi tr u vit v thi gingdy v ni dung ging dy ca Th Tn.

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Th Tn v c Ma

c ma l tiu biu cho cc hng c c i, nghing nng v cc c hnh.H cng c mt t thn thut, php thut, thng xut hin i v gieo khau cho i. H thng quy ph i sng tu hnh ca cc Sa-mn. Tuy th,Th Tn vn ty duyn m thuyt php cm ha h.


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C rt nhiu phm kinh v on kinh lin h n c ma. y, ch giithiu mt s trng hp tiu biu:

1. Khi Th Tn tr ti Gaya, Tamkitamanca, a phng ca D-xoaSciloma v Khara. H n c xt vo Th Tn, Th Tn trnh n, h bo:"C phi Sa-mn s ta?" Th Tn dy: "Ny Hin gi, Ta khng s ngi,nhng xc phm ngi l c". - "Ny Sa-mn, ta s hi ng, nu ng khngtr li, ta s lm cho tm ng in lon, hay bp nt qu tim ca ng, haytm chn ca ng nm qua bn kia b sng Hng". Th Tn ni: "Ny Hingi, Ta khng thy c mt ai trong th gii... li c th lm cho Ta inlon... Tuy th, ng c hi Ta nh ng mun" Sciloma hi:

"T nhng nguyn nhn no,Tham v sn khi ln?

Khng a thch, a thch,S hi t u sanh?T u c sanh khi,Cc suy tm ca ,

Nh a tr c c,Th cho con qu bay?"

Th Tn p:

"T nhng nguyn nhn nyTham sn c khi lnKhng a thch, a thch,S hi t u sanh?T y c sanh khi,Cc suy tm ca ,

Nh a tr c c,Th cho con qu bay".

v:

"Hy nghe ny D-xoa!Nhng ai m r bitT u khin sanh khi,H ty sch nhn y,H vt qua dng nc,Chy mnh kh vt ny,


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Trc cha c vt qua,Khng cn c ti sanh?" (22)

c ma thng n vi Th Tn vi thi hung hn v y sn si. Ha h, Th Tn vn dng mt thi thch ng: va mm do nhng bva cng rn, chng t cho h bit s bt lc ca h trc Th Tn.

2. Mt trng hp x s khc ca Th Tn i vi D-xoa lavaka:

Khi D-xoa Alavaka xut hin v ra lnh cho Th Tn i ra, i vo nhiu lnnh l tr chi tru ct ca n, Th Tn t bi lm theo mnh lnh ca n.n lt th t, khi n ra lnh y, Th Tn bo: "Ny Hin gi, Ta khngi, ng cn g hy lm".

Alavaka ln ging cn d ca loi c ma: "Ta s hi ng, nu ng khngtr li, ta s lm cho tm ng in lon, ta s bp nt tri tim ng..." - "NyHin gi, Ta khng thy mt ai trong th gii c th lm tm Ta in lon...Tuy vy, ng c hi nh mun".

Alavaka hi:

" i ti sn gL ti thng ca ngi?Ci g kho thc hnhem li chn an lc?Ci g trong cc vL v ngt ti thng?

Np sng nh th noL np sng hn c?".

Th Tn p:

" i ny lng tin

L ti sn ti thng.Chnh php kho tu tpem li chn an lc.S tht l v ngt.Hn ht trong cc v.

Np sng vi tr tuL np sng hn c". (23)


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3. Mt ln khi Th Tn tr thnh Vng X (Rjagah), trn ni LinhThu (Gijjhakta), D-xoa tn l Sakkadi n ni vi Th Tn rng:

"Tht khng tt lnh g,Mt Sa-mn nh Ngi, on mi phin trc, sng chn gii thot,Li tip tc ging dy,

Nhng k khc tu hc."

Cc D-xoa thng khng mun Th Tn tr th v Ngi em nh sng ncho i, ch ng cho con ngi ra khi cc tri buc ca c ma.

Th Tn dy cc c ma rng, Ngi tr th sinh v lng t mn (Tngng I, phm Tng ng c ma).

4. Ti T-x-ly (Vesli), khi Th Tn ngh tra ti n Cpla, c ma i nba ln thnh cu Th Tn nhp dit (trc Th Tn ba ln gi choTn gi A-nan thnh cu, nhng Tn gi d khng kp gic tnh thnhcu).

Th Tn bc b hai ln, n ln th ba Th Tn nhn li: "Ny c ma, hyan tm, khng bao lu Nh Lai s dit . Sau ba thng k t hm nay, NhLai s dit " (Kinh i Bt-Nit-bn, Trng B Kinh III, tr. 115).

c ma l th, khng bao gi h mun o Pht c truyn b, khng baogi h mun cc Thnh nhn ra i, ch bi v h l c.

Tuy nhin, mt s cc c ma vn c kh nng i v gic ng. Mt s c madi thi Th Tn thc hnh Pht php v c hnh ng h tr php. inhnh nh trng hp sau y:

Khi ti Thng Lm, vn ca ng Cp C c, thnh X-V, Th Tnang thuyt php cho chng T-kheo v mt vn lin h n Nit-bn,

by gi mt n D-xoa d con nn nh vy:

"Hy gn gi im lng, ny Uttarika!Hy gn gi im lng, ny Pulappasu! m c nghe php,


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o s ti thng - Pht.Th Tn ging Nit-bnThot ly mi trin phcM i vi php yTht cc k i lc" (24)

Ln u tin khi ng Cp C c n yt kin Th Tn, lc tri cha sng,ngang qua ngha a Svatthik, c cc phi nhn m ca. By gi tri tism li, Cp C c hong s mun i lui, D-xoa Svaka n mnh ni lnli khch l ny:

"Trm voi v trm ngaTrm xe do nga ko,C trm nghn thiu n,

c trang sc bng taiKhng bng phn mi suMt bc i ti ny.C s hy tin ti!C s hy tin ti!Tin ti tt p hn,C c li, li bc!"

Nhng s kin lin h gia Th Tn v c ma, phn ln xy ra khi Th Tntr ti tr x thuc c ma qun l. Chng ta khng cn nghi ng rng trongnhng i tng Th Tn gio ha c chng c ma.

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Lin h gia Th Tn v Ch Thin

Ch Thin l mt trong cc i tng c Th Tn gio ha. Cc bn kinhthng ghi "Th Tn ra i v hnh phc cho ch Thin v loi Ngi".

Rt nhiu phm kinh ca Nikya v A-hm cp n vic ch Thin thnhgio Th Tn. Cc kinh Bc tng cng thng ghi c ch Thin trong ccthnh chng cu hi. Qua Nikya v A-hm, ch Thin thng n hu ThTn v nghe php vo sng sm, trc lc tri hng sng. Mt s trnghp khc, Th Tn n gio ha cc cung tri (cc i t ca Ngi cngth), mt s trng hp ch Thin n mch Th Tn mt s Pht s cnlm hay mt s tin tc Pht s.


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Ch Thin Dc gii, Sc gii v V sc gii c nhng v l nhng ThnhNht Lai ( Dc gii), nhng Thnh Bt Lai ( Sc gii), c nhng v cchnh kin v Pht php, v con ng gii thot. Sau y l mt s trnghp tiu biu v mi lin h gio ha ca Th Tn i vi ch Thin.

1. Ngay sau khi Th Tn thnh o, gia lc Th Tn ang lng l chuynbnh xe php th Phm thin Sahampati thng xut hin trc Th Tn,p thng y, cung knh nh l v thnh cu Th Tn tr th, chuyn bnhxe php v li ch cho chng sinh (Tng ng I, phm Ch Thin).

Khi Th Tn khi ln ngh: "Ta cn phi sng y ch, cung knh v tntrng php m Ta c Chnh ng Chnh gic" (Tng ng I, phmCh Thin) th Phm thin Sahamapati cng xut hin trc Th Tn cung

knh bch Th Tn rng, ch Pht qu kh cng th, sng y ch, cung knhv tn trng Chnh php.

2. Mt s ch Thin, khi m gn mn, n hu Th Tn v bch ThTn v nhng trng hp ca h, trc y ci ngi sng thiu cungknh ch Tng, hoc v h l ch Tng nhng khng sng trn tinh thn Lcha nn sanh v ch Thin, m l nhng ch Thin thp km (Tng Chi BKinh III-A, tr. 360).

3. Khi Phm thin Paka khi ln t kin: "y l thng hng khng sanh,khng gi, khng cht" th Th Tn lin ri khi Thng Lm X-v vxut hin trc Phm thin Paka, ch dy cho Paka con ng gii thot(Tng ng I, phm Ch Thin).

4. Mt ln khc, mt Phm thin cho rng khng c mt Sa-mn, B-la-mnno n c Phm thin gii. Th Tn bit c, lin ri khi X-v, hinra Phm thin gii, ngi kit-gi gia h khng, trn u Phm thin y,ton thn phun la. Cc Tn gi Mc-kin-lin (Moggallna), i Ca-dip(Mahkassapa), i Kip-tn-na (Mah Kappina), A-na-lut, A-nu-lu-

(Anurud-dha) vi Thin nhn thanh tnh, bit Th Tn ang Phm thingii, lin ri khi X-v, xut hin Phm thin gii, ngi kit-gi gia hkhng, pha di Th Tn

cac tinh than giao duc cua the ton - ht chon thien

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