caclopchuyende.2.1 2011

[ ]thng 07 nm 2012 / Kha hc Tam o 2011 / aFD 145

2.1. Phn bit dn tc v gii: phng php o lng v

phn tchAxel Demenet IRD-DIAL, Jean-Pierre Cling i hc Paris 13, Christophe Jalil Nordman IRD-DIAL, Mireille Razafindrakoto

IRD-DIAL, Franois Roubaud IRD-DIAL

Phn bit dn tc v gii l mt vn mu cht ti Vit Nam: n gii ti Vit Nam c thc s c i x tt hn so vi n gii ti cc nc ang pht trin khc nh ngi ta vn thng ni hay khng? Lm th no gii thch cho khong cch ngy cng ln gia dn tc Kinh a s v cc dn tc thiu s khc v vn xa i gim ngho vi s quan st trong thi gian trung hn? Vn tng t cng c nu ra trn quy m khu vc ng Nam , hay rng hn l cc nc ang pht trin.

Mc tiu ca lp hc chuyn l gii thiu v ng dng cc phng php lun do cc nh kinh t hc pht trin nghin cu vn ny. Da vo cc s liu iu tra h gia nh ca Vit Nam (iu tra mc sng h dn c (VHLSS-Vit Nam Household Living Standard Survey) v iu tra Lao ng v Vic lm (LFS Labor Force Survey), cc hc vin c lm quen vi cc phng php chun o lng phn bit (l thuyt v nhng hn ch ca tng phng php) v thc hnh trn my tnh (s dng phn mm Stata). Ngoi ra cn c phn m rng p dng kt qu thu c vi cc lc a khc, c bit l chu Phi, m rng phn tch.

(Ni dung g bng)

ngy hc th nht, th hai ngy 18/7

Gii thiu cc ging vin v hc vin (xem danh sch hc vin cui chng v l lch ging vin)

[Mireille Razafindrakoto]

Khi nghe cc bn ni mong mun hc phn mm Stata, iu ny khin ti phi nhn mnh vi cc bn rng mc tiu chng ta t ra khng n thun l s dng thnh tho cng c tin hc ny m cn hiu r cch tip cn v phn tch ti ny trong thi gian din ra kho hc. Lp chuyn ca chng ta s da ch yu vo vic trao i kin thc v kinh nghim.

[Franois Roubaud]

Chng ta s phn tch vn dn tc v gii ti Vit Nam v mt nh lng, ngoi ra cng s m rng phn tch i vi cc nc v khu vc khc trn th gii.

[ ] thng 07 nm 2012 / Kha hc Tam o 2011 / aFD146

Ch ca lp hc chuyn nm 2011 l mt ch th v. N cho php hiu c nhiu vn x hi ra cc chnh sch pht trin. Vn gii l vn mang tnh ton cu, cn vn dn tc li phn nh tnh a dng trong tnh hnh ca tng quc gia. Chng ta c th m rng phn tch cc nhm giu v ngho theo cc tiu ch khc nh: cc nhm tn gio, cc nhm x hi, cc nhm tui, v.v. Nhng ni dung m chng ti gii thiu vi cc bn trong tun ny v ch dn tc v gii c th p dng vo nhng ch , ti nghin cu khc nhau.

Mn khoa hc kinh t, khoa hc x hi nh lng pht trin cc cng c o lng cc cuc iu tra v cc phng php phn tch k thut phn tch khong cch v gii v dn tc. y l nhng cng c hu hiu nhm l gii nh lng cho nhng vn khc bit. Chng ti s dng cch tip cn nh lng, ngoi ra s kt hp vi phn tch nh tnh nghin cu vn theo chiu su.

Chng trnh lp hc chuyn bao gm hai phn: t th hai n sng th nm l phn ging kin thc v trao i kinh nghim, t sng th nm n ht kha hc dnh cho phn nghin cu theo nhm. Cc bn s lm vic theo nhm, phn tch v trnh by kt qu nghin cu trc lp chuyn ca chng ta cng nh c bi bo co thu hoch ti bui tng kt vo sng th by.

Mt ngy hc c chia thnh bn na bui: hai na bui sng v hai na bui chiu. Chng ti s lng ghp gia cc bui hc cc ni dung khc nhau nh ging l thuyt khi nim, kt qu cc phng php v thc hnh v tnh ton trn phn mm Stata.

y l chng trnh lp hc chuyn :

- Hm nay chng ta s hc v thng k gii.Ti sao cn phi lm thng k v gii v lm thng k v gii nh th no? Ta s s dng d liu ca cuc iu tra lao ng v vic lm ti Vit Nam nm 2007. Cui ngy hm nay, chng ti s gii thiu v vn gii ti Vit Nam;

- C ngy th ba, chng ta s nghin cu cc ch s ca th trng lao ng gn vi vn gii: gia nhp vo th trng lao ng, khi nim th trng lao ng, tht nghip, thiu dng lao ng, v.v. Sau chng ta s chuyn sang phn ng dng bao gm phn phn tch cc ch s v tho lun kt qu. Bui chiu s dnh gii thiu thc trng vn dn tc ti Vit Nam v khu vc ng Nam . Cui bui chiu, chng ta quay tr li ng dng vi Stata phn tch cht lng vic lm theo gii v dn tc;

- Na bui u tin ca ngy th t s gii thiu cc k thut phn tch: nguyn tc, cch p dng?

- Chiu th t v sng th nm s kt thc phn trnh by v cc k thut phn tch;

- Chiu th nm bt u lm vic theo nhm, cc nhm tip tc lm vic n sng th su. Cc bn c nhim v nh gi tnh hnh gii v dn tc ti mt trong su tnh ca Vit Nam, mi nhm s lm mt khu vc. Cc bn s s dng cc c s d liu thng k tin hnh phn tch. Sau , mi nhm phi chun b mt bo co gii thiu kt qu phn tch v tnh hnh dn tc v gii ti khu vc c phn cng.

Vic hnh thnh cc nhm phi m bo tiu ch a dng, lin ngnh, a quc tch v gii tnh.

- Cc nhm s trnh by kt qu nghin cu trc lp vo chiu th su;

- Cui cng chng ta s hon thin phn tng hp cc nghin cu ca cc nhm trnh by kt qu lp hc (s do hai bo co


vin trnh by) ti bui tng kt vo sng th by trc ton th hc vin v ging vin ca Kho hc Tam o 2011.

chun b thc hnh vi phn mm Stata, b d liu iu tra lao ng vic lm c ti v tng my c nhn.

2.1.1. pht trin thng k gii

[christophe Jalil nordman]

Chng ta s tip tc bui hc vi phn ti liu ca Ngn hng Th gii v vic pht trin thng k gii [8].

Da vo phn l lun trn y, chng ta thy rng thng k gii l mt loi thng k lin quan n ton b cc lnh vc khc nhau trong thng k. chnh l vic xc nh, thu thp, cng b v phn tch s liu nhm tm hiu v sao vn gii li nh hng ti tng c nhn v ton th x hi.

l mt cch cho thy nhng khc bit v gii tnh nh hng nh th no n s pht trin kinh t v x hi ca cc quc gia.

Gii tnh khng hon ton trng khp vi khi nim gii, tuy nhin, hai khi nim ny thng b nhm ln. Khi nim gii tnh phn nh s khc bit sinh hc gia nam

V sao phi pht trin thng k gii?

Ngun: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Statistics Division. World Bank Institute - Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division. 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE.

[8] Ton b cc minh ho v s dng trong phn trnh by ny c ly t ti liu sau: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Statistics Division. World Bank Institute - Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division. 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE.

Nh ng th ng k v gi i khng th c s l m t l nh

v c nghin c u. V gi i th c g c bi t ?

Ngy nay, n gi i c ng c nh ng c h i

nh nam gi i. V y v n n m u?

T i t n c chng ti, vai tr c a n gi i khng c

t thnh v n . Chng ti c nh ng kh kh n v

ngu n l c v chng ti c n ph i t p trung vo nh ng

v n khc

Chng ta khng mu n b t p ng i tr l i

nhi u qu. Chng ta

thi u khng gian

Nh ng th ng k v vi c lm khng lin quan n v n

gi i

Tuy nhin t t c cc s li u u c phn chia theo

gi i !

hnh 20


gii v n gii, cn khi nim gii l mt khi nim x hi theo nam v n c vai tr ring trong x hi. V vy, chng ta cn phn bit hai khi nim ny, khc bit v gii tnh l khng th thay i c cn khc bit v gii c th thay i c ty vic p dng cc chnh sch.

Thng k v gii khng ch lin quan n n gii m cn v vai tr ca ph n v nam gii trong x hi. Chng ta s cng nhau phn tch v d ca s liu thng k ca Anh nm 2005, c th l t l dn s hot ng kinh t theo kt qu iu tra lao ng vic lm.

T l c vic lm ca nam gii cao hn cht t so vi n gii, theo ngn ng thng k, ngi ta cho rng s khc bit ny khng c ngha. S khc bit gia t l c vic lm ca hai gii ch l 8%, tuy nhin, khi ta xem xt

k lng bng phn tch ch tiu ny khi a yu t gii vo, c th l xem cc c th c con phi nui hay khng th ta thy kt qu tr ln rt khc bit.

Hiu v th trng lao ng V d ti nc Anh. T l vic lm ca nam v n nm 2005

Ngun: Labour Force Survey, Spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK.

N Nam

Hi u v th tr ng lao ng V d t i n c Anh T l vi c lm gi a nam v n n m 2005

%

71 % 79 %

hnh 21


T l c vic lm tng i cao i vi nhng ngi c con phi nui so vi nhng ngi khng phi thc hin ngha v ny. Cn trong nhm nhng c nhn phi nui con, t l c vic lm gia nam v n chnh nhau l 22%.

Phn trm ph n i lm gim cn 68% cn nam gii t l ny mc 90%.

Cng nhau xem xt mt v d khc cng cho ta thy rng ngay c khi ph n tham gia vo lc lng lao ng, mc tham gia ca n cng khc so vi nam gii.

Hiu v th trng lao ng V d ti nc Anh. Tl vic lm theo a v ca cha m nm 2005

Ngun: Labour Force Survey, Spring 2005, Office for National Statistics, UK.

Hi u v th tr ng lao ng V d t i n c Anh T l vi c lm theo a v c a cha m n m 2005

Khng nui con C nui con T t c

a v c a cha m

N Nam

Ti c vo nm 2005, hn mt na s lao ng n hng lng phi chm con lm cng vic bn thi gian. Con s ny ch l 5% lao ng nam gii c hng lng. T l nam gii lm bn thi gian khng ph thuc vo s con phi chm, trong khi t l n gii lm bn thi gian tng t l thun vi s con phi nui dy.

Tm quan trng trong cng bng gii tnh khng n thun l mt ch tiu trong thng k lao ng vic lm m n cn c lng ghp trong cc lnh vc thng k khc. Cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cn phi kt hp

vi cc nh thng k cng nhau xc nh cc khu vc, lnh vc c s khc bit v kinh t v x hi gia nam v n. Cc lnh vc quan tm ch yu ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch l ngho i, gio dc, y t, gia nh, bo lc, xung t v trang v c bit l xung t sc tc mt s nc, kinh t, quyn lc, nng lc ra quyt nh ca cc c nhn, nhn quyn, truyn thng, vn ti, th thao v gii tr. Ton b cc lnh vc ny u lin quan n thng k gii.

Tm quan trng ca thng k gii c tha nhn ti i hi ph n th gii ln th

hnh 22


t t chc ti Bc Kinh nm 1995. Chng trnh hnh ng c thng qua ti i hi ny tr thnh cng lnh cho cc nghin cu v gii. Vic thu thp s liu thng k c tc ng n s pht trin v ci thin cht lng cc khi nim, nh ngha, phn loi v cc phng php.

Tt c d liu lin quan n con ngi cn c thu thp v ph bin di hnh thc phn tch theo gii tnh. Ngoi ra, cng cn

nhc li l nhng s liu c nhn theo gii khng ch c thu thp trong cc lnh vc kinh t v x hi m thng k ca cc doanh nghip cng cn quan tm n phn tch s liu theo gii. iu ny c ngha l thng k theo gii khng ch cn thit i vi thng k dn s v x hi m n cn c ngha ln i vi cc lnh vc khc nh thng mi, nng nghip, vn ti, cng ngh mi, v.v.

Hiu v th trng lao ng v d ti c

Ngun: Federal Statistical Office, Germany.

Developing Gender Statistics Advocacy

2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Avec 1 enfant

Avec 2 enfants

Avec 1 enfant

Avec 2 enfants

C 3 con ho c h n

Nam gi i theo s con v t l vi c lm n m 2005

C 1 con

C 2 con

N gi i theo s con v t l vi c lm n m 2005

C 1 con

C 2 con

C 3 con ho c h n

Ton th Bn th i gian i gian


Developing Gender Statistics Advocacy

2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Avec 1 enfant

Avec 2 enfants

Avec 1 enfant

Avec 2 enfants

C 3 con ho c h n

Nam gi i theo s con v t l vi c lm n m 2005

C 1 con

C 2 con

N gi i theo s con v t l vi c lm n m 2005

C 1 con

C 2 con

C 3 con ho c h n



hnh 23


Cc phn tch truyn thng a ra nhiu gi thit theo phn tch theo gii khng phi l phn tch chun mc nht: cn c nhiu tng tc x hi khc quan trng hn cn phn tch; s tin b ca ph n trong x hi thng da vo s thng tin ca ngi chng v vy khi phn tch tin b ca nam gii s cho php c c thng tin v mc nng ng ca ph n trong x hi. Khng c qun rng mc ch l cung cp thng tin v vic thc thi chnh sch pht trin v nghin cu, cung cp thng tin cho cc cuc tho lun trong cng chng trn cc phng tin i chng v cc cng c truyn thng khc.

Thng k v gii l c s ct li theo di v nh gi hiu qu chnh sch cng, l yu t cu thnh cc c ch, th ch cn thit pht trin chnh sch bnh ng gii. Cng cn thit xem xt yu t gii ca cc chnh sch ngay c khi chnh sch ny v b ngoi khng lin quan n vn gii. Cui cng, iu quan trng l cn yu t gii hin hu r nt trong cc c s phc v qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch.

By gi, chng ta cng nghin cu v thng k lao ng trong mi quan h vi yu t gii, y l phn trnh by v nhng cch lm hay thu thp thng tin.

Tm quan trng ca thng k gii

Ngun: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Statistics Division. World Bank Institute - Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division. 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE.

Phn tch cc s li u theo gi i

hnh 24


S liu thng k lao ng gm nhng s liu g v v sao cn a yu t gii vo? Mc tiu chnh ca thng k lao ng l m t c th quy m, cu trc v c im ca nhng i tng tham gia vo th trng lao ng v din bin ca th trng lao ng. y l lnh

vc c nhiu s khc bit gia nam v n v cn thit phi phn tch su s khc bit ny. Khc bit c th lin quan n nhng ni dung sau: gi lm vic, loi cng vic, thu nhp, v.v.

Biu cho thy s phn b vic lm nm 2008 theo lnh vc kinh t, gii tnh v khu vc ca nhiu nhm nc. Biu th hin s khc bit gia t trng ca vic lm cng nghip trong tng vic lm ca nam v n. C s khc bit ny trong tt c cc khu vc nhng mc khc bit l khc nhau ty

tng chu lc: t 0,5% ti ng n 20% trong tt c cc nc pht trin, c bit l Lin minh chu u. V d nh ti chu Phi cn sa mc Sahara v Nam , khu vc nng nghip chim hn 60% trong s vic lm ca n gii.

Phn b vic lm theo lnh vc, theo gii v khu vc nm 2008

Ngun: ILO, Trends Econometric Models, January 2009.* 2008: kt qu s b

Phn b vi c lm theo l nh v c, theo gi i v khu v c n m 2008

1

2

3

Cng nghi p (1) D ch v (2) Nng nghi p (3)

Ph

n ch

ia th

eo t

ng v

ic

lm

Cc n c pht tri n v EU

Trungng u

v CIS , khng tnh EU

ng Nam M La tinh v Ca ri b

Trung

ng

NA v TBD

B c Phi C n Sahara

, Nam,

hnh 25


Biu ny gii thiu s phn b ca n gii theo v tr cng vic trn th trng lao ng nm 2007 ca mt s lng ln cc nc. y, chng ta khng c hnh nh phn b ti mt thi im c th m l nhng im phn trm tng ng vi nhng thay i, c ngha l s bin ng trong giai on 10 nm t 1997 n 2007. i vi n gii, vic lm hng lng c t trng ln nht, tip sau l cng vic c lp vi mc tng cao, tip l vic ni tr c mc gim mnh. y l s liu ca khong mt trm nc ly t Vn phng Lao ng Quc t ILO.

Nhng ngun s liu tng t cng cho thy ph n ch chim 7% thnh vin hi ng qun tr trong cc doanh nghip c quy m a quc gia. Ti cc nc Ty u, ch c 7% lnh o doanh nghip l n. Nm 2005, ti cc nc Trung v ng u v cc nc thuc cng ng cc quc gia c lp, t l n chim ti 32% trong lnh vc cng nghip.

Khi s liu thng k lao ng phn bit r s khc bit v cng vic ca nam v n gii,

ngi s dng thng tin c th hiu v phn tch c tnh hnh v cc hn ch, nhng ch khi no s khc bit ny c o lng theo phng thc thng k th lc mi c th nh dng n mt cch chnh xc.

Chng ta cng nhau nghin cu hai yu t ct li, l bao ph v vai tr ca gii:

- bao ph cho ta bit c th ni dung o lng ca thng k lao ng. iu u tin cn lu l vic tham gia ca n gii vo nn kinh t ni chung thng c phn nh thiu y . Nhn chung, thng k lao ng gip xc nh v m t nhng tnh hung cn bn ca lao ng, tht nghip bng cch ch tp trung vo nhng i tng lao ng c vic lm ton thi gian, thng xuyn ti mt doanh nghip thuc nn kinh t chnh thc. Trong trng hp ny, cn bit rng mt phn ln thng tin v lao ng ca n gii khng c thu thp, bi l ph n thng lm nhng cng vic khc bit vi cc loi cng vic m cc cuc iu tra thu thp, vn thng l cc cng vic ton thi gian trong nn

Phn b vic lm theo a v ca ph n nm 2007

Ngun: ILO, Trends Econometric Models, January 2009.* trong ngoc: tng t nm 1997

Phn b vi c lm theo a v c a ph n n m 2007

Lm ch Lao ng t lm

Lao ng h ng l ng Lm cho gia nh

hnh 26


kinh t chnh thc. V vy, cn phi hiu su v vic lm ca n gii v cch nh gi, nhn nhn ca x hi v cng vic ca ph n c th thu thp c s liu thng k lao ng y v chnh xc;

- Vai tr ca gii c tc ng mnh ti vic tham gia ca nam v n vo th trng lao ng v cch o lng s tham gia ny. Chng ta bit tt c nhng vai tr, nhim v m x hi giao ph cho ngi ph n, l ngi ni tr v l mt thnh vin ph thuc v kinh t trong gia nh. Cn nam gii l tr ct trong gia nh v l ngi c quyn ra quyt nh. Tuy nhin, nhng nhim v truyn thng m ph n phi gnh vc thng cn tr ph n i lm. Trong mt s trng hp, ph n s khng th i lm nu khng c chng hoc cc thnh vin nam trong gia nh cho php. Cc ro cn ny c th do hon cnh x hi v gio dc. Mt cuc iu tra c thc hin ti Azerbadjan tm hiu v thi ca nam v n v vic lm. Kt qu iu tra cho thy khi c hi, 36% n gii cho rng ph n khng cn phi i lm nu nh chng kim tin cho gia nh. Ngay c khi hi ph n v vai tr ca mnh trong x hi, ph n thng hng cu tr li ca mnh theo cch nhn nhn ca nam gii v vai tr ca ph n trong x hi.

Vic lng ghp yu t gii vo thng k lao ng bao gm nhng bc g?

- Bc mt, cn xc nh cc ch th cn m t. Cn tp trung vo nhng vn nghin cu m t mt cch bnh ng nht cc hot ng kinh t ca nam gii v n gii. Bc ny gip l gii nhng im ging v khc nhau trn th trng lao ng;

- Trong bc hai, cn nh ngha cc bin v phn loi chng. Tt c cc bin ny cn phn nh cc tnh hung khc nhau gia hai gii;

- Cn bm st theo phng php o lng. Mc tiu ra l m bo tt c cc cng vic trn th trng lao ng c nh dng mt cch r rng v hi ha trong bc thu thp v x l thng tin;

- Bc bn, cn la chn cch ti u gii thiu v cng b kt qu iu tra, nhm nu r nhng s ging v khc nhau cng nh nguyn nhn ca chng.

Bc mt xc nh ti phn tch l bc nn tng trong vic thu thp v phn tch s liu chia theo gii. Tt c cc i tng trong thng k lao ng u c th dng c phn nh s khc bit gia hai gii. ng nhin, cn tp trung vo nhng ni dung phn nh nhng khc bit r nt nht, v d nh vic lm phi chnh thc: khong cch thu nhp, tch bit lao ng, vic lm thi v, ni lm vic, s cn bng gia cuc sng gia nh v s nghip.

Lm th no cp n nhng ni dung ny mt cch tt nht? m t khc bit ca nam v n trong vic tham gia vo nn kinh t, thng k lao ng cn phi bao ph v phn bit phn cng vic c thc hin song song vi vic nh, nh trng hp lao ng nng nghip chng hn. Tt c cc hot ng sinh k, cng vic khng chnh thc, vic nh, thi v cng nh vic cung cp dch v khng c tr cng cn phi c tnh ring.

By gi chng ta cng ni v vn tch bit trong lao ng, mt ni dung thng c phn tch trong kinh t lao ng.


Mi ct tng ng vi s lng hot ng ni n chim mt na s nhn cng trong nm 2004. Trong phn ln cc nc thuc T chc Hp tc v Pht trin kinh t (OCDE), lao ng n tp trung vo mt s ngnh nht nh. Trung bnh, phn na n gii tp trung lm vic trong khong mi ngnh so vi hai mi ngnh i vi nam gii, Cng ha Sc l mt ngoi l.

Cng cn bit u l nhng hot ng kinh t tp trung nhiu nam v n; liu nhng hot ng tp trung nhiu n gii c phi l cc cng vic i hi trnh thp hn, mc

lng khng cao v v th x hi km hn so vi phn vic do nam gii m nhim; liu v th x hi ca cng vic c ph thuc vo gii tnh ngi lao ng.

Chng ta cng nhau xem xt 30 cng vic chnh ti Thy in nm 2005. Cc cng vic ny c biu din bng cc ct nm ngang, ct dc bn tri l t l lao ng n i vi tng loi cng vic, ct dc bn phi l t l lao ng nam. Chiu di ca ct cho bit cng vic ny ch yu do nam hay n m nhn. Chng ta c th a ra nhng nhn nh g?

S lng cc ngh ni lao ng n chim hn na tng, nm 2004 hoc sau

Ngun: OCDE, Babies and Bosses Reconciling Work and Family Life, 2007.

S l ng cc ngh n i lao ng n chi m h n n a t ng, n m 2004 ho c sau

N Nam

hnh 27


Trong trng hp ny, cc hot ng ch yu hoc do n, hoc do nam m nhn: di 1% n lm trong ngnh c kh, cn ngh th k c s lao ng n l 97%.

Chng ta hy cng nhau xem v d v thu nhp. Ph n c mc thu nhp trung bnh bng nam gii hay khng? C s cng bng v thu nhp gia nam v n i vi cng mt cng vic hay khng?

30 ngh chnh ti Thu in nm 2005 (xp theo s lao ng)

Ngun: Statistics Sweden, Women and Men in Sweden, 2006.

30 ngh chnh t i Thu i n n m 2005 (x p theo s lao ng)

N : 1 095 300 Nam: 801 400

hnh 28


Trong nhng nc k trn, trung bnh nam gii c thu nhp cao hn 30% so vi ph n. Ti Gruzia, mc chnh lch ln ti 50%. Th cn tnh hnh ti Vit Nam nh th no? Chng ta s quay tr li ni dung ny sau.

Mt v d khc l quan st bin ng mc chnh lch thu nhp theo chiu phn phi thu nhp. Tnh hung nghin cu l khu vc ch bin ti Maroc.

Chnh lch thu nhp, nm 2004 hoc 2005

Ngun: UNECE Gender Statistics.

Chnh l ch thu nhp, 2004 ho c 2005

Tng chnh lch mc thu nhp trong khu vc ch bin Maroc

* Qung tin cy l 95%Ngun: Nordman et Wolff (2009), sur la base de FACS Maroc, 2000 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejn029).

T ng chnh l ch m c thu nh p trong khu v c ch bi n Maroc

T ng kho ng cch ph n nh c th t n t i hi u

ng y c c

Phn b (vi phn) thu nh p

Chnh l ch thu nh p

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Phn vi

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

hnh 29

hnh 30


Khong cch thu nhp gia nam v n thuc i tng ngho c cng v tr so vi mc phn phi khng? Khong cch thu nhp ca nam v n tng gn nh tuyn tnh dc theo ct phn phi thu nhp: nhng ngi ngho nht c mc chnh lch thu nhp nh nht, nhng ngi giu nht c mc chnh lch thu nhp ln nht. Chng ta thy c s

tng t bin v khong cch thu nhp trong phn trn ca phn phi lng. iu ny phn nh vt cn v hnh ngn cn ph n t c nhng v tr c thu nhp cao, nhng cng vic c khao kht trong x hi: hiu ng y cc . Hiu ng ny cng c minh ha trong trng hp ca Thy in.

Lng trung bnh trong 10 loi ngh nghip x hi chnh ti Thu in nm 2004

Ngun: National Mediation Office; Producteur: Statistics Sweden.

L ng trung bnh trong 10 lo i ngh nghi p x h i chnh t i Thu i n n m 2004

N Nam

Ct gia tng trng cho s tin lng tnh theo ng tin cu-ron. hai bn l s lng theo cch nhn nhn ca cc nhm x hi. Quan st cho thy ti tm trong s mi nhm cng vic chnh, ph n c mc thu nhp trung bnh thp hn nam gii. Nam v n cng lm mt loi cng vic v tr thp nht trong ct thu nhp c mc thu nhp tng i gn nhau. Cn vi mt cng vic i hi trnh hc vn cao th khong cch thu nhp gia nam v n l rt ln.

Mt v d khc thng c nu ra nghin cu vn phn bit gii l s cn bng gia i sng c nhn v i sng ngh nghip. Mt trong nhng ro cn ln nht cn tr ph n tham gia vo th trng lao ng chnh l nhng nhim v m n gii phi m nhn trong gia nh. Tnh trng kt hn, vic c con nh hay c ngi phi chm sc l nhng ro cn chnh cn tr ph n tham gia vo th trng lao ng.

hnh 31


Nhng v d trn cho thy s cn thit phi xem xt li cch thc thu thp s liu v vic lm ca nam v n. thu thp nhng s liu ny, ngi ta tin hnh iu tra lao ng vic lm. i vi rt nhiu nc, l ngun thng tin thng k chnh cho nhng vn ny.

thc hin iu tra, cn xc nh v phn loi cc bin.

Khi nim vic lm cn phi:

- o lng chnh xc cc hot ng thi v, bt thng m ph n m nhn nhiu hn so vi nam gii;

- Gp c nhng i tng ch lm vi gi mt tun, vi v tr x hi nh ni tr, sinh vin hoc ngi v hu;

- o lng sn xut hong ha phi th trng, t cung t cp. y l nhng hot ng ch yu do n m nhn;

- Lng ghp c khu vc phi chnh thc vo.

Ngi ta thng mc phi sai lm trong o lng thu nhp t vic lm. Thng thng, khi nim ny ch bao hm phn lng trc tip, loi tr cc khon thng, ch bng hin vt, dch v v cc li ch x hi khc nh tr cp x hi. Cn o lng cc yu t ny thng qua iu tra hiu thu hn nhng s khc bit v gii.

Phn loi l mt vn khc. Liu cc h thng phn loi c bao hm nhng sai st lin quan n gii? Xin ly mt v d: Phn loi chun quc t v cc ngh c t phn h nh cho cc cng vic do n lm, v d nh ngh th k, trong khi cc ngh khc c t l nam gii tham gia nhiu hn, nh ngh th cng, li c cc phn h chi tit hn.

y ban phn loi cc ngh v khu vc ang nghin cu v nhng sai st lin quan n gii trong cuc iu tra thc hin nm 2001 ti Npal. y ban ny a ra cc m mi cho php phn loi t m hn theo yu t gii.

V d v phn loi cc ngh ca ph n Nepal, nm 2000

Ngun: CBS 2000. Nepal Standart Classification of Occupation, 2000.

V d v phn lo i cc ngh c a ph n Nepal, n m 2000

Bng phn loi ny bao gm nhng hot ng mi chi tit hn c a vo trong bng phn loi cc hot ng ngh nghip: ch bin g, bo qun rau c qu, v.v.

Sau khi lu n cc khc bit v gii thng qua nh ngha v bng phn loi, bc tip theo l la chn phng php o lng ph hp trnh ri vo nhng hnh mu nh hnh. Cc phng php la chn cn c lp

Bng 30


vi nhng nhn nh nh hnh ca nhng i tng iu tra v c nhng nh kin ca cn b iu tra. Thc vy, ngay bn thn cn b iu tra cng lng ghp nhn nh c nhn ca mnh trong cch t cu hi iu tra.

Mt v d khc v phng php lun rt ra t cuc iu tra lao ng vic lm ti Pakistan Pakistans Labour Force Survey. phi thm vo mt lot nhng hot ng mi lin quan n nhng ngi lm vic trong khu vc phi chnh thc, nng nghip, ch bin thc phm, xy dng v may mc, v.v.

T l lao ng ti Pakistan, 2005-2006

Ngun: Pakistans Labour Force Survey.

T l lao ng t i Pakistan, 2005-2006

Bng ny gii thiu cc kt qu thu c khi tin hnh iu tra vi nhng cu hi mu v nhng kt qu nhn c khi hi vi danh mc cc hot ng mi. Khi s dng bng hi mi, ta thy t l tham gia vo th trng lao ng ca n tng hn gp i, t 19% ln 41%, trong khi t l ny vi nam gii khng i.

By gi chng ta hy cng nhau xem xt bc th t, cng l bc cui ca phng php ny: bc trnh by v cng b kt qu. Tt c cc ch tiu u c th c tnh ton trn c s nhiu cch phn tch khc nhau xc nh mi lin h gia tnh trng ngh nghip ca nam v n. Cc ch tiu ny l gii tnh, trnh hc vn, tui, hon cnh gia nh, v.v. Cch trnh by s liu c tc ng ln n cch hiu cc khc bit.

Bng 31


Biu ny cho thy mc tham gia vo th trng lao ng gn nh bng nhau c nam v n ti Thy in t nm 2000 n 2005. Chng ta cng quan st thy hai ng biu biu din t l hot ng ny c qu o gn ging nhau. Ta cng c th biu din t l ny mt cch chi tit hn khi phn ra vic lm ton thi gian v bn thi gian,

ngi tht nghip v ngi khng hot ng kinh t. Chng ta quan st c s khc bit ln trong bin ng theo thi gian ca vic tham gia vo th trng lao ng. N chim t trng ln trong cc cng vic bn thi gian, cn nam chim a s trong cc cng vic ton thi gian.

T l hot ng kinh t ca nam gii v n gii Thy in (2000-2005)

Ngun: UNECE Gender Statistics.

hnh 32

N v nam t 20 n 64 tui, xp theo kiu cng vic v s gi lm vic, 1970-2005

Ngun: Statistics Sweden.

N v nam t 20 n 64 tu i, x p theo ki u cng vi c v s gi lm vi c, 1970-2005

N Nam Ph n tr m Ph n tr m

Khng n m trong l c l ng lao ng Th t nghi p Lm bn th i gian ng n, t 1-19h

Lm bn th i gian di, t 20-34 h

Lm ton th i gian, 35h

hnh 33

T l ho t ng kinh t c a nam gi i v n gi i Thu i n (2000-2005)

N

Nam

T l ho t ng kinh t c a nam gi i v n gi i Thu i n (2000-2005)

N

Nam


kt lun, chng ta cn ghi nh bn cu hi chnh c thng qua ti Hi ngh thng k quc t ln th 17 hp ti Geneva nm 2003 v cc phng php nhm lng ghp yu t gii vo thng k lao ng vic lm:

- Nhng i tng chnh c c bao ph hay khng? , m t cc vn lin quan n gii nh cc cng vic khng c tr lng, vic lm trong khu vc phi chnh thc, v.v.;

- o lng s liu lao ng, liu ton b nhng tnh hung lao ng vic lm c c m t chnh xc hay khng? ;

- Cc bin c c nh ngha v phn loi chnh xc hay khng? ;

- Cc s liu thng k c chi tit phn nh s ging v khc nhau gia nam v n trn th trng lao ng hay khng?

Trong tun ny, chng ta s xem xt cc s liu thng k lao ng chnh thc ca Vit Nam, cc bn s c dp a ra nhng nhn nh ca c nhn bng cch da vo bn cu hi nu trn.

Bui chiu, lp hc bt u lm quen vi phn mm Stata. Cc hc vin chia thnh cc nhm hai ngi la chn trn c s k nng ca cc hc vin m bo trnh hi ha gia cc nhm. Mc tiu ca bui thc hnh ny l cc hc vin lm quen vi cc cu lnh chnh ca phn mm; cc phn gii thch c an xen vi phn thc hnh trn c s d liu iu tra lao ng v vic lm c tin hnh i vi 165 331 ngi lao ng ti Vit Nam. Cc hc vin thc hnh x l s liu thng k ca mt tng th c la chn, lm cc bng cho, v.v.

ti liu tham kho

Albrecht, J., A. Bjrklund, S. Vroman (2003), Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden?, Journal of Labor Economics, no.21:145-177.

Altonji, J. G., R. M. Blank (1999), Race and Gender in the Labor Market, in Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3C, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 3143-3257.

International Labour Organization (2009), Global Employment Trends for Women, March, Geneva: ILO.

Nordman, C.J., F. Rakotomanana, A.-S. Robilliard (2010), Gender Disparities in the Malagasy Labor Market, in Gender Disparities in Africas Labor Market, Arbache J.S. et al. (eds), Chapter 3, Africa Development Forum Series, Washington DC: The World Bank, pp. 87-154.

Nordman, C.J., F. Roubaud (2009), Reassessing the Gender Wage Gap in Madagascar: Does Labor Force Attachment Really Matter?, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 57(4), July, pp. 785-808.

Nordman, C.J., F.-C. Wolff (2009a), Is there a Glass Ceiling in Morocco? Evidence from Matched Worker-Firm Data, Journal of African Economies, 18(4), pp. 592-633.

Nordman, C.J., F.-C. Wolff (2009b), Islands Through the Glass Ceiling? Evidence of Gender Wage Gaps in Madagascar and Mauritius, in Labor Markets and Economic Development, Ravi Kanbur and Jan Svejnar (eds), Chapter 25, Routledge Studies in Development Economics, Routledge.

Nordman, C.J., F.-C. Wolff (2010), Gender differences in Pay in African Manufacturing Firms, in Gender Disparities in Africas Labor Market, Arbache J.S. et al. (eds), Chapter 4, Africa Development Forum Series, Washington DC: The World Bank, pp. 155-192.


United Nations Statistics Division (2008), Mainstreaming Gender in the Production of Labour Statistics, Incorporating Gender into Labour Statistics, Presentations.

World Bank (2001), Engendering Development: Through gender equality in rights, resources, and voice, Washington DC: The World Bank.

2.1.2. thc trng n gii ti Vit nam

[axel Demenet]

By gi, chng ta hy cng nhau phn tch thc trng n gii ti Vit Nam di hai gic b sung cho nhau, l cc hot ng ngh nghip v vai tr ca n gii trong gia nh. Trc tin, hy cng nhau r li cc vn bn php quy quy nh quyn li ca n gii v bnh ng gii, h thng vn bn php quy ca Vit Nam c tnh phn bit hay khng? Chng ta s i su vo phn tch trn c s nhng ch tiu tng hp lin quan n v th ca ph n ti Vit Nam so vi ph n trn th gii. Trong phn th hai, chng ta s cng nhau tho lun cc ch tiu x hi v dn s, gio dc v y t v kinh t nghin cu v vic phn chia cng vic gia nam v n trong gia nh.

Php lut ti Vit Nam c m bo bnh ng nam n?

ng Cng sn Vit Nam lun coi bnh ng nam n l mc tiu cn bn t nhng nm 1930, nm thnh lp Hi Ph n Vit Nam.

- Bnh ng gii c nu trong Hip php- Cng c CEDAW (Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - Cng c Xo b tt c

cc hnh thc phn bit i x vi ph n) c Vit Nam ph chun vo thng 2 nm 1982

- 2006, Lut bnh ng gii 73/2006/QH11- 2007, Lut phng chng bo lc trong

gia nh- Thng 4 nm 2007, ng Cng sn ra

ngh quyt s 11-NQ/TW v lao ng ca ph n.

Trong cc vn bn php lut, bnh ng n gii c cng nhn trong x hi v trong i sng gia nh. Bn cnh Hi Lin hip Ph n Vit Nam vi cc phn hi tt c cc cp hnh chnh trong c nc, cn c y ban quc gia v s tin b ca ph n c thnh lp nm 1993, y ban ny lm vic trn c s phi hp vi nhiu c quan ban ngnh khc nhau.

Cc bn c nhn nh g v tnh hnh n gii ni chung ti Vit Nam?

phm Quang Linh

Vit Nam c khung php l tng i y thc y bnh ng gii, nhng trn thc t vn cn tn ti nhiu yu t bt bnh ng.

[axel Demenet]

Vit Nam ng v tr th 72 trong s 134 nc theo xp loi ca World Economic Forums Global Gender Gaps Index, v v tr th 58 trong s 169 theo Gender Inequality Index.

Chng ta quan tm n cc ch tiu dn s, gio dc v y t.

Trn quan im dn s, vic la chn gii tnh khi sinh t ra vn ln: hin nay, t l gii tnh khi sinh l 110 b trai trn 100 b gi. T l ny tng i khc bit gia cc vng: cc tnh min Trung v Ty Nguyn, t l ny mc cn bng; cn ti vng ng bng sng


Hng, t l ny mt cn bng mc 115 b trai trn 100 b gi.

V cc phn phn tch ny, c gi c th tham kho thm phn tham lun ca Catherine Scornet trnh by ti phin ton th

Trnh hc vn c lin quan n t l sinh v tui kt hn. cp tnh, t l ny t thun vi vi t l m ch, cn tui trung bnh ca ln kt hn u tin t l nghch vi bng cp ca ph n. Khong cch gii lin quan n t l m ch gim mnh t hai mi nm tr li y, gim t 10% nm 1989 xung 4,4% nm 2009.

Khi chng ta kt hp hai yu t c th to phn bit l dn tc v gii, ta thy khong cch tng nhanh: 67% n ngi dn tc ch hc ht cp 1 ri thi hc.

C th a ra nhng nhn nh tng t khi phn tch cc yu t khc nh vic tip cn chm sc y t, v d nh t 2/3 n 3/4 ph n ngi dn tc t ti nh m khng c n h sinh.

By gi, chng ta cng nhau phn tch tnh hnh bnh ng gii lin quan n vic gim ngho theo nh ngha ngho tin t v vic tip cn vn.

Nhng thng tin s liu u tin: i vi nhng h gia nh c ch h l n, t l ngho thp. Tuy nhin, ta cn nh rng cc h gia nh c ch h l n c s lng nh v cc s liu thng k khng lm bt c nhng tnh hung khc lin quan n tnh d v hay hon cnh gia nh, ch khng ch lin quan

n thun n yu t thu nhp: l nhng trng hp ph n ga chng, ly hn hoc b chng b, c th c phi nui con hoc khng. Nu ch s dng yu t ngho tin t th s khng nghin cu c y cc tnh hung.

Tc ng ca ngho i tin t tnh theo gii v ch h gia nh

Ngun: VHLSS 1993, 1998, 2002 v 2004.

hnh 34Tc ng c a ngho i ti n t tnh theo gi i v ch h gia nh

Femmes Hommes Nam N

Ph

n tr

m

Tc ng c a ngho i ti n t tnh theo gi i v ch h gia nh

Femmes Hommes Nam N

Ph

n tr

m

Tc ng c a ngho i ti n t tnh theo gi i v ch h gia nh

Femmes Hommes Nam N

Ph

n tr

m


Vic c vn l cha kha pht trin. cng l mt ngun sc mnh i vi ph n c th tham gia nhiu hn vo vic ra quyt nh. Chng ta hy cng nhau phn tch v vn ny di gic quyn s hu t ai v tip cn tn dng:

- Trn l thuyt, vic phn phi t ai ti Vit Nam c thc hin trn c s bnh ng gia nam v n. Nhng trn thc t, a phn ngi chng ng tn trn s (90%), v vy ph n s khng th s dng s lm ti sn th chp khi vay tin v s ch ng ngoi l trong cc quyt nh trong gia nh;

- Cc h gia nh c ch h l nam c kh nng tip cn vn nhiu hn: 35% so vi 25%. Hi Ph n Vit Nam ng vai tr quan trng trong vic tip cn tn dng, tuy nhin, nhng nhm ngho nh ph n dn tc li t tham gia vo cc t chc on th.

By gi, chng ta hy cng nhau phn tch v th ca ph n trong gia nh, y l ti hay nhng cng rt kh nh gi. Chng ta s phn tch da vo mt nghin cu x hi

nh tnh mi c thc hin (Knodel et alii, 2004). Cc tc gi tin hnh nghin cu da trn kt qu phng vn khong 1300 ngi. Cc tc gi so snh thc trng ca cc h gia nh vo ba giai on khc nhau: 1963-1971 (thi chin tranh), 1977-1985 (sau khi thng nht t nc), 1992-2000 (m ca kinh t).

Trc tin, cn tm hiu yu t no quyt nh vic phn cng vic nh. C th da vo ba yu t di y (Shelton v John, 1996):

- Thi gian rnh. Nu v khng i lm hoc ch lm t thi gian, hot ng ch yu ca ngi v s l trong gia nh. Ti Vit Nam, t l n i lm l kh cao v t ph n b d s nghip gia chng (Haub v Phuong Thi Thu Huong, 2004);

- ng gp vo thu nhp ca h gia nh. tng chung l ngi kim nhiu tin hn th dnh t thi gian hn cho vic nh, chm sc con ci, v.v;

- Quan nim, t tng trong gia nh. Mt vi gi tr s quyt nh vic phn chia vic nh xem o Khng.

Phn chia cng vic trong ba giai on: 1963-1971, 1077-1985, 1992-2000

Phn chia cng vi c trong ba giai o n : 1963-1971, 1077-1985, 1992-2000

% cc c p v ch ng phn chia vi c nh m t cch cng b ng

ho c ch ng l ng i m ng chnh (trong s nh ng ng i Tr l i r ng ch ng ho c v l

ng i chnh lm vi c nh)

% tr l i r ng ng i ch ng lm m t s ho c

nhi u vi c nh

% tr l i r ng ng i v lm nhi u vi c nh

Qu n l ngn sch gia nh

i ch mua th c n

N u n ng

R a bt Lau nh Gi t qu n o Khng lm g trong cc vi c trn

Khng lm g trong cc vi c trn k c qu n l ngn sch

Ngun: Shelton et John, 1996.

Bng 32


C th rt ra nhiu bi hc t nghin cu ny. Phn u nghin cu tp trung vo cch nhn nhn ca cc c nhn v vic phn chia cng vic.

Trong c ba thi k, ph n lm nhiu cng vic gia nh hn so vi nam gii. Trong s cc cng vic lin quan n sinh hot gia nh (nu n, lau dn, git qun o), ch 1/10 ngi c hi cho bit trong gia nh mnh nam tham gia nhiu bng n trong cng vic gia nh. C s mt cn bng ln trong vic tham gia ca hai gii vo cng vic trong gia nh: gn nh tt c n gii lm t nht mt vic nh, con s ny ch l 50% i vi

nam gii. Qun l ngn sch l hot ng m nam gii thng xuyn gp mt: 32% s ngi c hi cho rng nam gii tham gia hot ng ny bng vi n gii. Lnh vc ny c nhn nhn nh mt yu t quyn lc trong gia nh, t nht cng quan trng nh yu t thi gian, v th vic nam gii tham gia nhiu hn qun l ngn sch khng phi lc no cng l du hiu tt cho n gii. Vic so snh ba nhm gia nh s a ra nhng bng chng v s bin ng trong qu trnh phn chia cng vic trong gia nh. S tham gia ca n gii l tng i ng u trong cc lnh vc khc nhau, cn s tham gia ca nam

Phn chia cng vic theo giai on: 1963-1971, 1077-1985, 1992-2000. a ra quyt nh tnh theo gii

Trong nh ng n m u sau k t hn, ai a ra quy t nh trong

cc vi c sau :

Gi i ch u trch nhi m

Tnh theo c p c p v ch ng

Nam N 1963-71

1977 85 1992 -00

S n xu t h gia nh Ch ng l chnh 43.4 30.2 28.6 35.5 45.7 V l chnh 17.8 26.3 32.7 22.0 12.1 V v ch ng bnh ng 29.4 32.0 28.1 31.5 32.4 1 ng i khc ngoi 2 v

ch ng 9.5 11.4 10.6 11.0 9.8

C ngh a th ng k ** * *** Mua nh ng th t ti n

Ch ng l chnh 45.7 36.6 32.8 42.0 48.8 V l chnh 10.8 13.9 22.1 9.9 5.4 V v ch ng bnh ng 36.9 41.8 37.6 41.3 39.0 1 ng i khc ngoi 2 v

ch ng 6.6 7.8 7.5 6.8 7.2

C ngh a th ng k ** *** Quan h h hng v gia nh


ch ng 7.8 9.0 7.7 8.4 9.0

C ngh a th ng k *** ** Trong i s ng XH nh m t c p i


ch ng 2.0 1.6 1.9 2.1 1.4

C ngh a th ng k *** *

M c c ngh a : * p 0.05 ; ** p 0.01 ; *** p 0.001

Ngun: Shelton et John, 1996.

Bng 33


gii li ch tng vt lin quan n vic qun l ti chnh trong gia nh, cn cc ni dung khc th s tham gia mc rt thp, trung bnh ch t ba im. Chng ta c th thy c mt xu hng ti cn bng mc rt thp v nn nh l s liu ny ch c cp nht n nm 2004 v khng c s liu ca thp k trc . Phn tip theo ca nghin cu cp n vic ra quyt nh trong nhng nm u tin sau hn nhn da theo nhn nh ca cc c nhn. V tm quan trng trong tham gia vo ra cc quyt nh, cu tr li rt khc nhau ty theo ngi tr li l nam hay n. C th thy rng trong lnh vc quan h x hi, vic tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh tng i bnh ng gia nam v n. Tuy nhin, c hai gii u cho rng ngi chng tham gia nhiu hn vo vic ra quyt nh lin quan n nhng khon chi tiu ln, lu di v vic sn xut ti h gia nh. Nhng quyt nh ny c th t s lng ln bi c rt nhiu h doanh nghip gia nh ti Vit Nam. Tri ngc li vi xu hng ti cn bng i vi cc cng vic, c th nhn thy rng vai tr ca ph n trong tt c cc quyt nh l tng i m nht trong cc h gia nh tr, cn vai tr ca nam gii c xu hng tng ln.

Nhn chung, ph n m nhim cc cng vic nh nhiu hn so vi nam gii, nhng h li khng tham gia nhiu khi phi ra quyt nh. i vi cc cp mi kt hn, khong cch chnh lch u tin c xu hng gim nh trong khi khong cch chnh lch th hai li c xu hng tng ln. Cc kt qu y mang tnh trc gic nhng cng c d liu s i km, cn b sung nghin cu bng cc cuc iu tra dng thi gian biu o lng thi gian thc t dnh cho cc hot ng khc nhau v cn phn tch su hn theo cc nhm nh (vng, nng thn, trnh hc vn, v.v.).

Nhn chung, bc tranh tnh hnh n gii ti Vit Nam c nhiu tng phn. Khun kh php l rt vng chi bi mc tiu bnh ng gii c ra t rt lu. Cc kt qu trn cc lnh vc dn s, gio dc v y t rt kh quan. V tr php l ca n gii ti Vit Nam lun c cao, khng b phn bit i x, v th ca ph n trn nhiu mt trong x hi tng ng vi nam gii. Tt c nhng yu t ny m bo Vit Nam t c v th cao v ch s tng hp trong cc so snh quc t. Tuy nhin, nhng khong cch trong cc lnh vc cn bn vn tip tc dn rng. La chn gii tnh l mt thc t, c bit vng ng bng sng Hng. Trnh hc vn ca hai gii lun chnh lch nhau. Ph n b hn ch tip cn vi cc ngun vay vn v ngi ng tn trn s chng nhn quyn s hu t ai thng l nam. Cui cng, cn phi k n bc tranh tng phn trong khun kh i sng gia nh: kha cnh ny vn cha c phn tch, cc quan nim v cch ng x khng c s thay i. Cng cn nu r rng bnh ng n thun gia nam v n trong gia nh t thn n khng hn l mc tiu v cng khng c thit k nh vy trong cch tip cn ca chng ti, bi l vai tr khc bit ca tng gii trong gia nh l kt qu ca cc chun mc x hi v l thc o phn nh nhng quy c n su bm r trong t tng ca mi c nhn.

Cn phi c nghin cu su hn trn gic kinh t. Vic ph n tip cn vo th trng lao ng v v th ca ph n trn th trng lao ng l nhng ch tiu quan trng, cng nh khong cch v thu nhp gia nam v n cho cng loi cng vic. Chng ta s cng nhau nghin cu v nhng vn ny trong c tun ny trn c s nhng d liu thng k c.


Mt s sch tham kho

ADB (2005). Vietnam Gender Situation Analysis.

Amin et al. (2009). Ethnic Fertility Differentials in Vietnam, Population Council. http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/pgy/018.pdf

Bich Pham Van (1999). The Vietnamese Family in Change: The Case of the Red River Delta. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.

Education in Vietnam: Evidences from the 2009 Census, UNFPA Factsheet, 2011.

Haub, S., Phuong Thi Thu Huong. (2004). An overview of population and development in Vietnam. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau., 2004.

John Knodel, Vu Manh Loi, Rukmalie Jayakody, et Vu Tuan Huy, Gender Roles in the Family: Change and Stability in Vietnam, PSC Research Report, May 2004.

Shelton, B. A., John, D. (1996). The division of household labor. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 299-322.

Viet Nam Population and Housing Census 2009 (2011). Profile of Key Sex-Disaggregated Indicators from, UNFPA.

ngy hc th hai, th ba ngy 19/7

2.1.3. th trng lao ng. khinim v ch tiu b sung p dng trong phn tch phn bit

[Franois Roubaud]

Chng ti s gii thiu vi cc bn nhng ch tiu v khi nim chnh v th trng lao ng theo gii v dn tc, sau chng ta s cng nhau xem bng hi ca cuc iu tra lao ng, vic lm ca Vit Nam nm 2007, y l cng c chng ta s s dng trong lp hc ny.

Tnh ng n ca vic phn tch phn bit th trng lao ng

[Jean-pierre cling]

V sao ngi ta la chn th trng lao ng cp n vn bt bnh ng gii v dn tc? L do chnh l ti cc nc ang pht trin, phn ln cc c nhn, nht l ngi ngho, ch c duy nht ngun thu nhp t vic lm ca mnh, h khng c vn cng nh khng c tin tit kim. V vy, cn phi quan tm n vn tham gia vo th trng lao ng, loi hnh vic lm, thu nhp t vic lm v v tr cng vic xc nh cc i tng ngho v nghin cu vn bnh ng gii v dn tc. Nhng thng tin v iu kin lao ng cho chng ta nhng hiu bit c th v iu kin sng v cho php thc hin so snh s liu ca cc nhm khc nhau.

Mc tiu ca chng ti l gii thiu vi cc bn nhng ch tiu cn thit cn bn hiu v th trng lao ng. C ba cch tip cn vn ny:

- V tr so vi vic lm v th trng lao ng;- Cu trc th trng lao ng;- c im vic lm v iu kin lao ng.


V tr trn th trng lao ng khi nim

Ngun: tc gi.

Dn s trong tu i lao ng

Dn s ho t ng kinh t Khng lm vi c

C vi c lm Th t nghi p

V tr trn th tr ng lao ng khi ni m

S ny cho php xc nh v tr ca mt c nhn trn th trng lao ng v so vi vic lm, xut pht im l dn s trong tui lao ng. Dn s trong tui lao ng bao gm c nhng c nhn khng hot ng kinh t - l nhng ngi quyt nh khng lm vic: ngi giu, ph n phi chm sc con ci v khng i lm ngoi, v.v. - v dn s c hot ng kinh t bao gm nhng c nhn ang lm vic hoc mong mun lm vic. Dn s hot ng kinh t bao gm c nhng ngi ang c vic lm v c nhng ngi tht nghip.

Chng ta hy cng nhau nh ngha c th tng khi nim:

- Dn s trong tui lao ng: l tng th cc c nhn t 15 tui tr ln (ngng quy nh ca Vit Nam);

- Dn s hot ng kinh t: tng th cc c nhn t 15 tui tr ln tham gia vo th trng lao ng nhng ngi ang lm

vic (c vic lm) hoc ang i tm vic (ngi tht nghip);

- Ngi c vic lm: l nhng c nhn ang lm vic t nht mt gi, c th c tr th lao hoc khng c tr th lao ti k quan st, hoc nhng ngi tm thi vng mt;

- Ngi tht nghip: l nhng c nhn t 15tui tr ln khng c vic lm, ang i tm vic v sn sng lm vic.

Chng ta cng nhau xem xt mt s ch tiu gn vi nhng khi nim trn.

Ch tiu u tin l t l tham gia lc lng lao ng, tng ng vi t l gia tng s ngi lm vic v tht nghip trong tui lao ng so vi tng s dn trong tui lao ng. Chng ta c th t cu hi v nhng yu t quyt nh t l tham gia lc lng lao ng v tm hiu xem t l ny bin i nh th no nhng nhm dn s khc nhau. Chng ta c th hnh dung ra mt s yu t khc nh yu t kinh t, vn ha, v.v. to nn

V tr trn th trng lao ng: khi nim, nhngha, ch tiu

3S


s khc bit gia cc quc gia hay s khc bit gia cc nhm dn s trong cng mt nc. T l sinh ca ph n s nh hng lm tng hoc gim t l tham gia lc lng lao ng cc nc khc nhau. T l ny c mc bin ng khc nhau cc nc t 30% n 80-90%.

Cc bn c bit t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca Vit Nam l bao nhiu khng? iu chng ta quan tm y khng phi l s trung bnh cho c nc m l s liu i vi nam v n, ngi Kinh v ngi dn tc thiu s.

trn phng nguyn

Ti ngh rng t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca n thp hn so vi nam. iu ny bt ngun t nhng quan nim v gi tr truyn thng. R rng l t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca n thp hn so vi nam gii.

[Jean-pierre cling]

Biu ny cho thy khong cch khc bit gia t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca nam v n ca nhiu khu vc trn th gii trong giai on 1998 - 2008.

Chnh lch v vic lm gia nam v n, giai on 1998 v2008 ti cc vng khc nhau trn th gii

Ngun: T chc lao ng quc t.

Chnh l ch v vi c lm gi a nam v n , giai o n 1998 v 2008 t i cc vng khc nhau trn th gi i

Kho

ng c

ch

gia

nam

v

n L

FPR

(i

m p

hn

trm

)

Th gi i Cc n c pht tri n v EU

Trung, Nam, ng u (khng tnh EU) v CIS)

ng N v TBD

Nam M la tinh V Carib

B c Phi C n Sahara

Trung ng

hnh 35


Ti Nam , ch yu l ti n , t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca n l 35% v ca nam l 85%. Chng ta c th nghi vn cch o lng hay nh ngha v t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca n gii nhng ta cng c th thy r mt iu l t l ny c mc bin ng ln cc khu vc khc nhau trn th gii. Chng ta hy xem xt v d ca chu Phi ni c t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca nam v n tng i gn nhau. Chng ta c th ngh rng ti cc nc ngho nht th t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca nam v n rt gn nhau nhng ti mt s khu vc trn th gii, nhng yu t vn ha tc ng n t l tham gia lc lng lao ng trng hp ca Bc Phi ni c s chnh lch ln gia t l tham gia lc lng lao ng ca nam v n. Ti mt s nc Hi gio, ph n c th t i lm hn nam gii v nhng l do vn ha.

Mt ch tiu quan trng khc l t l tht nghip: t l phn trm ca s ngi tht nghip so vi dn s hot ng kinh t (lc lng lao ng). Kh c th phn tch ch tiu ny ti cc nc ang pht trin v ti cc

nc ny cha c bo him tht nghip. Thc t ny khin cho ngi ta kh c th t nhn mnh l ngi tht nghip ti mt quc gia nh Vit Nam. Ch tiu ny cho thy nhng khc bit ln gia nhng nhm dn s khc nhau: v d ti Php t l tht nghip trung bnh l 10% v t l tht nghip ca thanh nin l 25%.

C cu th trng lao ng

Th trng lao ng c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau: theo lnh vc hot ng, theo dng cng vic, theo v tr trong cng vic hay theo lnh vc th ch. ng nhin, cc c cu khc nhau c th c phn tch theo gii v theo nhm dn tc. C cu theo dng cng vic tng ng vi phn m thy Christophe Jalil Nordman gii thiu vi cc bn vo sng hm qua, vi phn gii thiu nhng khc bit v c cu gia nam v n. iu quan trng l cn t ra nhng cu hi nh sau: C phi l nam gii lm vic ch yu trong lnh vc cng nghip, ngi dn tc lm vic trong lnh vc nng nghip? Chng ta s cng tm hiu v c cu vic lm theo khu vc th ch ti Vit Nam.

C cu th trng lao ng khu vc th ch

C c u th tr ng lao ng khu v c th ch

Nh n c

Doanh nghi p n c ngoi Doanh nghi p gia nh H kinh doanh chnh th c Khu v c phi chnh th c

Nng nghi p

T ng

th th Nng thn Nng thn T ng T ng

Ngun: LFS 2007, 2009, GSO. Total: Occupied population; tnh ton ca tc gi.

Bng 34


Nng nghip gi vai tr trung tm v chim phn na s vic lm, khu vc phi chnh thc chim 1/4 s lao ng. y, chng ta c th thy c nhiu khc bit ln v c cu gia nam v n, gia ngi Kinh v ngi dn tc.

iu kin lm vic

iu kin lm vic l yu t cn bn u tin quyt nh vic gia nhp vo th trng lao ng. Tnh trng thiu vic lm l ch tiu cho thy s mt cn bng, tnh trng thiu dng lc lng lao ng - thiu vic lm c th nhn thy r: s gi lm vic thp hn

ngng (35 gi mt tun ti Vit Nam), mong mun lm vic thm v c iu kin lm vic thm. ng nhin, cng c nhiu ch tiu khc lin quan ti iu kin lm vic: lm vic ngoi ng hay ti cng s, iu kin hp ng nh c hp ng lao ng, c ngy ngh c tr lng, c bo him x hi, v thu nhp, v.v.

Bng di y gii thiu vic lm phi chnh thc c nh ngha nh l mt cng vic khng c bo him x hi ti Vit Nam.

Nm 2009, 80% vic lm l vic lm phi chnh thc. Cn ghi nh t trng vic lm phi chnh thc trong cc doanh nghip c th chnh thc, h sn xut kinh doanh, doanh nghip c u t nc ngoi v khu vc cng trn 10% l vic lm phi chnh thc. Vic lm phi chnh thc c mt trong tt c cc khu vc ti Vit Nam ch khng ch trong khu vc nng nghip v khu vc phi chnh thc nh ngi ta vn thng ngh.

iu kin lao ng cc ch s. Vic lm phi chnh thc trong cc cng vic chnh theo khu vc th ch, 2007 v 2009

i u ki n lao ng cc ch s Vi c lm phi chnh th c trong cc cng vi c chnh

theo khu v c th ch , 2007 v 2009

Khu v c th ch c a doanh nghi p (%)

Nh n c Doanh nghi p n c ngoi

Doanh nghi p gia nh

H kinh doanh chnh th c

Khu v c phi chnh th c

Nng nghi p

S l ng C c u

Ngun: LFS 2007, GSO; tnh ton ca cc tc gi. * Tng s vic lm khng ng bng tng vic lm ca mi lnh vc, c 0,3% vic lm khng th thng k theo khu vc th ch.

Phn th hai ca bui sng dnh cho vic thc hnh trn Stata. u tin, thy Franois Roubaud gii thiu cuc iu tra lao ng vic lm ti Vit Nam do Tng cc Thng k thc hin nm 2007 vi s tham gia ca nhm IRD-DIAL. Cuc iu tra ny da vo nhng chun quc t v c nhng thay i cho ph hp vi nhng c th ca th trng lao ng ti Vit Nam.T nm 2011, cuc iu tra c thc hin lin tc trn thc a. C th sn xut ra cc ch s thng, qu hoc nm v c th theo di c th trng hung kinh t trn th trng lao ng. l iu tra h gia nh, cc h

Bng 35


o lng s a dng v phn bit: thch thc, hn ch v ri ro

[Mireille Razafindrakoto]

Chng ta s cp n vn bt bnh ng dn tc trn th gii thng qua mt vi v d minh ha. Mc ch ca phn trnh by ny l tm hiu v khi nim bt bnh ng, nhng thch thc v nhng vn lin quan.

Lm th no x l vn quyn li ca mt s dn tc? Trong nhiu khu vc hin nay, chng ta nhn thy c s suy gim ca nhng chnh sch m nhm mc ch ng ha. C nhiu c ch, chnh sch khc nhau nh c ch tha nhn s khc bit vn ha giao thoa vn ha, cc dn tc tham gia v c i din vo gii chnh tr, hoc c ch ng ha vn ngy cng t i, hoc chnh sch

phn bit i x c li cho ngi dn tc nh tip cn vi vic lm, mua sm cng, o to i hc, v.v. vi ch tiu dnh ring trong cc doanh nghip, trng hc, v.v.

Mc tiu ca nh nghin cu l xc nh nguyn nhn v cc yu t to ra bt bnh ng, vic nghin cu cn a ra nhng gi thuyt v nhng yu t t nhin, c im ca cc c nhn cng nh cc chnh sch v bin php ang c p dng. Cc chnh sch nhm gim thiu bt bnh ng bao gi cng i km nhng bin php gip hi t v hi nhp nhng nhm c nhn khc nhau trong khun kh chung p dng cho tng th dn c, khun kh ny c th khng tnh n nhng c th ca tng nhm, v d nh cc chnh sch hi nhp. Nhng chnh sch ny c ph hp hay khng? Phi chng khng cn tnh n cc c th dn tc gim thiu bt bnh ng? Liu c cn tha nhn khc bit, c th hay to iu kin thun li gip cc nhm hi nhp vo mt khun kh duy nht? Ngc li, nhng chnh sch phn bit i x c li c th c vn : theo nguyn tc bnh ng, chnh sch cng cn c xc nh theo cc tiu ch dn tc, vn ha v phi lu n tnh hp php, s hnh thnh nhng hnh mu c th ko theo phn bit i x nghim trng hn.

C hai phng php o lng s a dng v cc kiu k th: phng php thc nghim hoc th nghim testing v phng php thng k, y l ni dung chnh trong kho o to ny.

- Phng php th nghim nhm xy dng cc cp i ngi i xin vic, ngi i thu nh, v.v. hai c nhn trong cp i ch khc nhau mt c im dn tc, ngun gc, v.v.; nu mt thnh vin b i x t hn so vi ngi kia, th lc c th

gia nh c chn ngu nhin trong tt c cc tnh trong c nc. Sau mi nm, tng c nhn trong h c hi v tnh hnh ca c nhn trn th trng lao ng. S liu ca cuc iu tra nm 2007 c gi kn, i tng c iu tra c la chn theo mu vi t l 25%, tng s lng i tng c hi l 165000 ngi.iu tra vic lm gm hai phn: c im dn s x hi ca cc c nhn tui, gii tnh, dn tc, trnh hc vn, quan h vi ch h, tnh trng hn nhn ; v cc ch tiu lin quan n th trng lao ng.Phn thc hnh trn Stata nhm xy dng cc bin cho php xc nh s lng ngi hot ng kinh t, khng hot ng kinh t v ngi tht nghip. Phn tch s liu c thc hin xc nh v tr tng i ca tng nhm c nhn trn th trng lao ng.


ni h b phn bit theo tiu ch quan st theo kiu c nh tt c cc c im khc.

V d: gi s c bt bnh ng theo ngun gc cc c nhn, gia ngi Php chnh gc v ngi Php gc nc ngoi. To tnh hung i thu nh cho hai c nhn c nhng c im gn ging nhau cng mc thu nhp, trnh hc vn, tui, ni tm li hai ngi c hon cnh gn ging nhau, tr mt c im l ngun gc xut x. Khi quan st tnh hung, nu ta nhn thy c s khc bit trong cc i x vi hai c nhn trong vic thu nh th l bng chng ca phn bit.

Trong nghin cu ca chng ti, chng ti tm cch s dng phng php thc nghim ng thi s dng d liu iu tra thng k chn mu vi s lng mu ln.

- Phng php thng k l phng php nghin cu s dng kt qu iu tra thng k i din vi s lng mu iu tra ln cho php so snh cc nhm v cch hnh thnh khc bit.

Chng ti quan st khong cch gia cc nhm dn tc v tm hiu xem c cc yu t, bin khc c th l gii nhng khong cch

ny hay khng, v d nh liu xut x dn tc c phi l nguyn nhn to khc bit khng? tm hiu, cn kim sot cc bin khc nhau c th l gii khong cch: tui, gii tnh, thu nhp, a v x hi, ni , v.v.

V d v thu nhp t cng vic. Ti Vit Nam cng nh ti rt nhiu nc khc, cc nhm dn tc thiu s c thu nhp thp hn so vi cc i tng khc. S khc bit ny c th mt phn bt ngun t loi cng vic m cc nhm m nhn, s gi lm vic, trnh hc vn, tay ngh, kinh nghim c nhn. Sau khi cn nhc nhng c im ny v c iu chnh, khong cch thu nhp bt li i vi nhm dn tc thiu s l mt ch tiu phn bit.

Mt cu hi quan trng khc. Cn phi bit r ni dung chnh xc mnh mun o lng. Cc tiu ch a ra l g? S dng nhng bin no v cc bin ny c thu thp nh th no? Cc tiu ch phn bit dn tc la chn c chnh xc hay khng? Liu c cn u tin nhng tiu ch ch quan hay khch quan, s dng cc tiu ch b p t hay nhng g cc c nhn ni?


Nhn chung, ti nhiu nc trn th gii, ngi dn tc c t l ngho i cao hn so vi cc nhm dn c khc khong cch khc bit

c th tng gp i (ti Gabon, Peru). S khc bit ny khng c xu hng thu hp, thm ch cn gia tng:

T l ngho T l ngho

CH dn ch Cng-g / 2005

Mexico / 2008

Ecuador / 2006

Guatemala / 2006

Gabon / 2003

Bolivia / 2006

Peru / 2005

Vi t Nam / 2006

CHDCND Lo / 2002

Braxin / 2002

n / 2004

Chi-l / 2006

Trung Qu c / 2002

Ng i b n x (%)

84.8

80.6

78.0

74.8

70.1

69.3

62.3

52.3

50.6

48.0 (a)

43.8

15.2

5.4

Ng i khng ph i b n x

71.7

45.3

46.6

36.2

32.7

46.0

35.0

10.3

25.0

23.0 (b)

22.7

9.1

3.5

Ngun: Ngn hng Th gii (2011), Improving the Odds of Achieving the MDGs, Global Monitoring Report 2011Ghi ch: Head count poverty rate are national.a. Refers to white and black/brow (african origin).b. Refers to white (Telles 2007). Head count poverty rate are national.Ti nhiu quc gia, dn bn x l nhng nhm ngi c gi bng cc thut ng nh tc thiu s, bn x, cc dn tc thiu s, b lc, v.v. (World Bank Operational Directive 4.10)

Bng 36

Bt bnh ng v phn bit dn tc trn th gii: Mt vi v d minh ha


Nu nh ngho i c gim, tc gim ngho ca cc nhm dn tc vn thp hn nhiu.

S nm i hc l mt bin quan trng v l bin bt li i vi nhn dn tc: bin ny c th l gii nhng bt bnh ng v thu nhp v v vy, cn phi tm hiu nguyn nhn khc bit v o to gia cc nhm a s v

nhm thiu s. S khc bit ny lm sng t mt vng lun qun: mt vi nhm dn c c th khng u t vo gio dc nu nh khon u t ny khng gip h nhn c mc lng bng vi cc nhm dn s khc. Chng ta hy cng nhau xem xt nghin cu c thc hin ti n cho thy tc ng ca phn bit.

Tin b v gim ngho trong c dn bn x: kt qu ti thiu

Ngun: Ngn hng Th gii (2011), Improving the Odds of Achieving the MDGs, Global Monitoring Report 2011.

Ti n b v gi m ngho trong c dn b n a : k t qu t i thi u

Ng i b n x Ng i b n x

Ng i b n x Ng i b n x

Khng ph i ng i b n x Khng ph i ng i b n x

Khng ph i ng i b n x Khng ph i ng i b n x

hnh 36


Ni a ha cc hin tng phn bit i x. Kt qu d n thc hin ti n

Ngun: Hoff and Pandey 2009. Ngn hng Th gii (2011), Improving the Odds of Achieving the MDGs, Global Monitoring Report 2011.

N i a ha cc hi n t ng phn bi t i x K t qu d n th c hi n t i n

a v th p a v cao

a v khng c cng b a v c cng b

T l

th n

ghi

m

Nghin cu c thc hin vi mt nhm ngi thuc cc tng lp x hi khc nhau. Lc u, ngi ta khng hi cc c nhn xem h thuc tng lp no v cng thy c khc bit i cht theo hng khng c li cho cc tng lp thp. Tip , ngi ta hi cc c nhn xem h thuc v nhng tng lp no: kt qu cho thy c khong cch ln hn gia hai nhm. Nhng ngi thuc a v cao hn c kt qu tt hn so vi nhng

ngi tng lp thp hn. Kt qu ny buc ta phi ng thi nghin cu c hiu ng h thp ca bn thn nhng c nhn b phn bit i x v ca ng cp cao hn.

Biu di y gii thiu tnh hnh ti bn nc Nam M, khong cch v thu nhp gia nc ngi lao ng thuc nhm dn tc v nhng ngi lao ng khc:

hnh 37


Chng ta phn bit y phn chnh lch thu nhp phn ny c th c gii thch bi nhng c im sn xut v phn chnh lch do phn bit. Ly v d ca Peru nm 2001: ta nhn thy c khong cch thu nhp tuyt i gia nhm dn c dn tc v gia cc nhm khc tng chnh lch th

l 44%. i vi con s ny, khong 20 im phn trm c l gii bng cc c im sn xut, cn li khong t 25 n 26 im phn trm khng th l gii c.

Biu ny phn nh chnh lch thu nhp theo tiu ch dn tc.

Chnh lch thu nhp tuyt i gia lao ng bn a v cc lao ng khc

Ngun: Hall, G.G., Patrinos H.A (dir.) (2006). Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America 1994-2004 (Palgrave Macmillan).

Chnh l ch thu nh p tuy t i gi a lao ng b n a v cc lao ng khc (tnh theo %)

4

Tnh theo ph n tr m

Bolivia, 2002 Nam gi i

Ecuador, 1998 T ng s

Mexico, 2002 Nam gi i

Peru, 2001 Nam gi i

T ng chnh l ch

T l ph n tr m khng th c gi i thch qua cc c i m s n xu t

T l ph n tr m c gi i thch qua cc c i m s n xu t

hnh 38


Chnh lch v thu nhp theo gii tnh v thnh phn dn tc ti Guatemala (2000)

Ngun: Sauma, P., Las desigualdades etnicas y de genero en el mercado del trabajo del Gutermala (Genve, BIT, 2004).

Chnh l ch v thu nh p theo gi i tnh v thnh ph n dn t c t i Guatemala (2000)

Quetzales theo thng

N b n x

N m nghin c u 0-5 tu i 6-8 tu i 9-12 tu i T 13 tu i tr ln

N khng b n x Nam b n x Nam khng b n x

i vi trng hp ca Guatemala, iu rt th v l i vi nhng ngi c trnh hc vn cao, chnh lch thu nhp gia nhm dn tc a s v nhm thiu s rt nhiu.

Cui cng, v d ca Canada cho ta thy iu quan trng l phi n s a dng ca cc tnh hung v khng nn nhm ton b cc dn tc vo mt nhm duy nht.

hnh 39


Ngi ta phn lm ba nhm: ngi da en, ngi Trung Quc v cc dn tc khc n t Nam . iu th v l c s a dng ln v cc tnh hung phn theo tiu ch gii tnh. N c gc Trung Quc hoc Nam c thu nhp cao hn ngi lao ng da trng ti Canada. Biu th hai cho ta bit liu nhng chnh lch c phi bt ngun t trnh hc vn, kinh nghim c nhn hay t nhng c im khc: chng ta u nhn thy mt iu rng chnh lch thu nhp li theo hng c li cho n gc Trung Quc, ngc li chnh lch thu nhp li theo hng bt li i vi ngi da en.

Jean-Luc Maurer

iu quan trng l cn phn bit khi nim phn bit i x vi bt bnh ng, v trn thc t c bt bnh ng nhng khng c ngha l c phn bit i x. Vit Nam c may mn l c th tip cn vi ngun d liu phn theo yu t dn tc. Kh c th tin hnh phn tch su v bt bnh ng v phn bit ti Indonsia trn c s d liu thnh phn dn tc.

Cng nhau ly v d v Tn o, v d c lin quan gin tip n Vit Nam, ti c thi gian lm vic ti Tn o trong mt vi nm v nghin cu v dn tc tiu s Java. Quc gia ny c mt nhm dn tc thiu s c ngun gc Vit Nam nh c t cui th k 19. Nghin cu ca ti da vo cuc tng iu tra nm 1996 chia theo c s sc tc, y l mt cuc iu tra khc vi truyn thng ca Cng ha Php. Ti rt nng lng i cuc tng iu tra cho nm 2004 nhng Tng thng Php quyt nh hy b cuc tng iu tra ny v l do sc tc. V vy, khng th o lng c bin ng v tnh hnh kinh t x hi ca nhm thiu s Java, nhm gc Vit v nhm thiu s Kanak. Trn thc t, cuc tng iu tra b hy nhm mc ch khng o lng bin ng, hay ng hn l tnh hnh khng bin chuyn ca dn tc Kanak. Thng qua v d ny, cc bn c th thy rng cc cuc iu tra phn theo tiu ch dn tc cung cp cho cc nh kinh t hc, cc nh x hi hc nhng s liu rt qu bu gip o lng khc bit gia cc nhm dn s phn theo dn tc.

Chnh lch thu nhp theo tun ca lao ng da trng so vi lao ng khc, Canada 2005

Ngun: Canada, 2006 Census datas (Hou and Coulombe).

Chnh l ch thu nh p theo tu n c a lao ng da tr ng so v i lao ng khc, Canada 2005

Chnh l ch thu nh p theo tu n so v i lao ng da tr ng tnh theo %

ng Nam

Trung qu c

Chnh l ch v thu nh p theo tu n c tnh n trnh h c v n, kinh nghi m

lm vi c v cc bi n khc

ng Nam

Trung qu c

N N

Nam N Nam

N v nam

N v nam N v nam

hnh 40


Grgoire Schlemmer

o lng ni dung g cng phi da vo phn loi. Ti l nh nhn hc v ti nghin cu v cc dn tc, ti i tm hiu cc nhm, loi nhng ti phi th nhn l mnh khng nm bt c cc nhm! Khi ti s dng nhng phn nhm nh sn, iu ny s t ra vn bi l nhng phn nhm l nhng phn nhm nh hnh da trn nh hng x hi. Ti nghin cu mt tnh 160000 dn ti Lo, ti quan st cc chng tc, cc tng lp, cc dn tc thiu s, ngi bn x, cc b tc nhng rt kh c th tin hnh so snh.

Ngoi ra, lun c nhng bin m ta khng th quan st c trong thng k nhng li tn ti trn thc a. Ly v d ti Npal, t nc m ti c dp sng v nghin cu, c mi tng lin cht ch gia thng k dn tc v cc cuc xung t v trang. iu ny khin cho bo lc cc k mnh xy ra trn tt c cc lnh th theo h n, ni tn ti s k th gia cc nhm. Cc cng c ny rt kh c th iu khin.

[Franois Roubaud]

Nhng bnh lun ny nu ba im mu cht dnh cho lp hc chuyn ca chng ta: cn lu nhng phn nhm nh sn ngi ta thng ni c 53 dn tc thiu s ti Vit Nam nhng khi nim ny tr nn m h, v bi khng c cch tip cn ph bnh, vn ct li bn sc dn tc li khng c nghin cu; lu tip theo l khng nn nh ng gia bt bnh ng v phn bit, ti th thin v cch ni l nhng khc bit c th hin di hnh thc bt bnh ng. Cc bn s thy vi cng c nh lng, chng ta c th th xc nh v phn bit r gia bt bnh ng v phn bit; v lu th ba lin quan n cc chnh sch, khi nghin

cu v cc dn tc c ri ro l ta ng cng cc bn sc dn tc v iu ny c th to ra hoc nui dng xung t sc tc, nh ta thy trong trng hp ca Npal.

Mt s sch tham kho

Simon P., Stavo Debauge J. (2004), Les politiques anti-discrimination et les statis-tiques : paramtres dune incohrence , Socits contemporaines, Presses de Sciences Po, n 53, pp. 57-84.

Centre dAnalyse Stratgique (2011), La prise en compte de critres ethniques et culturels dans laction publique, une approche compare , La note danalyse, questions sociales, n220, avril 2011.

World Bank (2010), Assisting Indigenous and Socially Excluded Populations , in Global Monitoring Report 2011: Improving the Odds of Achieving the MDGs, chap. 4, pp.103-123.

Bureau International du Travail (2007), Lgalit au travail: relever les dfis, Rapport du Directeur Gnral, Confrence internationale du travail, 96e session.

Hou F., Coulombe S. (2010), Earnings Gaps for Canadian Born Visible Minorities in the Public and Private Sectors , Canadian Public Policy, 36(1), March 2010, pp. 29-43.

Nordman C., Robilliard A.S., F. Roubaud (2012), Dcomposition du diffrentiel de rmunration selon le sexe et le groupe ethnique dans sept mtropoles dAfrique de lOuest , in De Vreyer P, Roubaud F. (ds), Les marchs du travail urbains en Afrique Sub-saharienne, chap. 13, Editions IRD/AFD, Marseille ( paratre).


Bui hc kt thc vi phn thc hnh trn phn mm Stata: thc hnh tch s liu theo nhm dn tc v gii tnh ton t l c vic lm theo khu vc (nng thn, thnh th), ni v dn tc, v.v.

ngy hc th ba, th t ngy 20/7

[Franois Roubaud]

Bui hc sng hm nay cc bn s nghe gii thiu v vn phn bit, phn trnh by ny s c kt thc vo sng ngy mai. Tip , cc bn s tip tc thc hnh ng dng Stata trn c s nhng kt qu tnh ton ch s v th trng lao ng phn theo gii v dn tc; sau cng, chng ta s phn cc nhm nghin cu tm khu vc a l ca Vit Nam.

2.1.4. phn bit trn th trng lao ng ti cc nc ang pht trin


Chng ta s cp n nhng kha cnh l thuyt v phng php lun m khoa hc

kinh t pht trin l gii s hin hu ca nhng hin tng phn bit trn th trng lao ng; phn tch ca chng ta da trn nhng cch tip cn l thuyt v phn bit; o lng phn bit, cch tip cn thng qua phng php phn tch v mt vi so snh quc t. Chng ti cng s c gng trnh by hai im cui cng lin quan n tc ng ca phn bit n tng trng v phn phi thu nhp v cc chnh sch chng phn bit.

Khun kh php l no iu chnh phn bit? nh ngha khi nim phn bit

Khi nim phn bit ch mi s phn bit, loi tr, hn ch hoc u i no da trn ngun gc, dn tc, sc tc, mu da tui, gii tnh, tn gio, v.v.- vi mc ch hoc c tc dng lm gim hay ph b s tha nhn, hng th hoc thc hnh, trn c s bnh ng, cc quyn v t do c bn ca con ngi v chnh tr, kinh t, x hi, vn ho hoc v bt k lnh vc no khc ca i sng cng cng.

T chc Lao ng Quc t (OIT) a ra nh ngha c th v phn bit:

nh ngha khi nim phn bit

L bt k s phn bit, loi tr, hn ch hoc u i no da trn c s chng tc, mu da, gii tnh, tn gio, ngun gc dn tc hoc x hi, vi mc ch hoc c tc dng ph b hay lm gim bnh ng c hi hoc i x trong lnh vc vic lm v ngh nghip.Cng c quc t v xa b mi hnh thc phn bit chng tc ngy 21/12/1965: http://www2.ohchr.org/french/law/cerd.htm .

Mi s phn bit, loi tr hoc u i khc nhm trit b hay lm gim bnh ng c hi hoc i x trong lnh vc vic lm v ngh nghip m nc thnh vin hu quan s c th ch r sau khi tham kho kin cc t chc i din ca ngi s dng lao ng v ca ngi lao ng, nu c, v ca cc t chc thch hp khc.Cng c s 111 Ca T chc Lao ng Quc t v Phn bit i x trong vic lm v ngh nghip, ngy 25/7/1958: http://www2.ohchr.org/french/law/emploi.htm

4khung


Cc cch tip cn l thuyt trong kinh t hc

Tip sau bi phn tch ca Becker (1957) nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khc tm hiu l thuyt phn bit bng cch quan tm ch yu n nhng khc bit trong thu nhp gia nam v n. Cc nghin cu ny da trn cng mt nh ngha v phn bit nh l cch i x khc nhau vi ngi lao ng c cng nng sut lao ng v c th phn ra hai loi chnh:

- L thuyt da vo nhng hnh thc u i phn bit theo thuyt tn c in: ngi s dng lao ng bit r v nng sut lao ng ca ngi lao ng. Ngi ta ni n thch phn bit (Becker, 1957) bt ngun t ngi s dng lao ng (Bergmann, 1971; Arrow, 1973), ca nhng ngi lao ng nam gii hay ngi tiu dng, t dn n vic khng thch tuyn n hoc ngn cn n gii theo ui nhng cng vic vn dnh cho nam (phn nhm ngh nghip; Bergmann, 1971; 1974);

- Sau nghin cu ca Phelps (1972), phn bit c hiu theo gi thit cho rng ngi s dng lao ng thiu thng tin v nng sut lao ng ca ngi lao ng.

i vi Phelps (1972), vic nh gi nng sut lao ng da vo nhng c im c nhn. Tc gi ni v phn bit thng k. i vi hc gi Arrow (1973), ngi s dng lao ng c nim tin da vo quan st hay nhng thnh kin lin quan n mi tng lin gia gii tnh v nng sut lao ng.

Nhng phn tch su cho ta nhng thng tin b sung v l do c hnh vi phn bit hoc s tn ti lu di ca phn bit bng cch lng ghp l thuyt v vn con ngi hoc nhng m hnh cung cu trn th trng lao ng (Lundberg et Startz, 1983; Stiglitz, 1982; Oettinger, 1996).

o lng phn bit: phng php phn tch

Mt cch o lng phn bit l phng php phn tch. Theo quan im ca chng ti, chng ti o lng mt kha cnh ca phn bit, l phn bit v thu nhp lao ng. Trc khi pht trin phng php lun, xin t ra mt cu hi: vi phng php ny v vi nhng phng php khc m cc bn s ng dng vo Stata, chng ta ch c gng tip cn gn nht o lng phn bit. V sao nhng phng php ny hu ch nhng khng bao gi hon ho?

o lng phn bit, hay ni chnh xc l s chnh lch v thu nhp gia nam v n hoc gia hai nhm dn tc, chng ta cn c bin thu nhp, lng v mt s cc c im X c gi nh o lng nng sut ca ngi lao ng. Hai nh kinh t hc, Oaxaca v Blinder tr nn ni ting vo nm 1973 khi cng b phng php phn tch ca h: hai tc gi hnh dung ra cch phn tch bin thu nhp thnh hai phn, mt phn l do khc bit v nng sut lao ng v mt phn do phn bit v tt c cc hnh thc khc m ngi ta khng o lng c. Bc u tin trong phn tch l lm kinh t lng.

Chng ta c th phi hc kinh t lng trong nhiu thng, v vy phn trnh by ca ti hm nay s rt ngn gn. Cc nh kinh t hc v c cc nh dch t hc pht trin k thut ny nhm thit lp quan h gia cc bin lin quan n cc c nhn, cc h gia nh, cc doanh nghip. Cc nh nghin cu pht trin cc phng php thng k xc nh quan h gia cc bin v ch ra rng vi m hnh thng k, ta thy bin ny s ph thuc vo bin kia.

V d. Chng ta c mt chui quan st v thu nhp bin Y mt chui quan st khc v trnh hc vn ca ngi lao


ng bin X. Kinh t lng s tm ra mi lin h, c th l tuyn tnh gia bin X v Y. tng a ra l bin Y s ph thuc vo s bin thin c bin X v mt h s ngu nhin o lng cc c sc ngoi sinh (nhng g khng lin quan n bin X nhng c th lm Y thay i).

Y = X + u Nu nh ta to phng chiu tuyn tnh X

i vi bin Y, chng ta a ra gi thit rng h s ngu nhin, u , trung bnh bng khng v ta ni rng k vng ca u bng khng.

E(u) = 0 l cch xc nh h s gn vi bin X s

o lng tc ng phn bin thin ca bin X i vi bin Y.

Ta o lng thu nhp ca ngi lao ng i v trnh hc vn ca ngi lao ng i , thm vo l h s o lng c sc ngu nhin l ngoi sinh, khng lin quan n trnh hc vn.

Thu nhpi = hc vni +ui H s cho ta bit nu nh c nhn c

nm nm i hc, mi nm i hc thm s mang li cho anh ta mt h s c tnh bng phn trm tng ln trong thu nhp gi nh nhn gi tr 0,25, ta c th thy rng thm mt nm i hc thm s gip thu nhp tng 25%. l trng hp thu nhp c tnh theo hm lo-ga-rt. Chng ta s hi quy hm lo-ga-rt thu nhp theo cc bin ph thuc v d v hc vn.

Log (thu nhp) = 1 hc vni + 2 kinh nghimi +ui

V d mt bin khc c th l kinh nghim ngh nghip. Ta gi nh l bin thin thu nhp ca c nhn khng ch ph thuc vo trnh hc vn m cn c v kinh nghim lm vic trn th trng lao ng. Tt c cc hnh thc kinh nghim cng tc u l cc

bin ph thuc cn a vo m hnh kinh t lng.

By gi, cc bn c th thy chng ta c hai h s, 1 v 2. 1 l tc ng ngoi bin ca hc vn i vi thu nhp, 2 l tc ng ngoi bin ca kinh nghim cng tc i vi thu nhp. Chng ta c th thy rng hiu ng hc vn v kinh nghim cng tc i vi thu nhp l khc nhau: ta c th tch bit hiu ng ca hc vn ra khi hiu ng ca kinh nghim i vi bin thu nhp.

Cch tip cn ph bin nht nh gi t trng chnh lch thu nhp trung bnh gia hai nhm (nam v n, ngi bn x v ngi nc ngoi, v.v.) c th do phn bit v lng, c ngha l mc chnh lch khng l gii c bi nhng khc bit trong c cu nhn lc. Cch tip cn ny c gii thiu trong nghin cu ca Oaxaca (1973) v Blinder (1973).

Cch phn tch c khuyn co da vo c lng hm thu nhp i vi nam v n. Hm thu nhp c cng thc nh sau:

lnwi = xi + i

Trong lnwi l lo-ga-rt ca t l lng theo gi khi quan st c nhn i, xi l vc-t ca c im quan st, l vc-t h s v i l h s sai s c k vng bng khng.

Chng ta s c lng hm ny cho mt nhm nam v n, chng ta cng c th thc hin tng t i vi cc nhm dn tc. Kt qu cho ra l hai vc-t h s khc nhau. Chng ta c th lm li bi tp ny i vi nhng lnh vc khc bng cch a ra mt cho khu vc chnh thc v mt cho khu vc phi chnh thc.

Chng ta s cng xem xt nhng c im c th l gii s khc bit v thu nhp gia nam v n. Ngoi hc vn, kinh nghim, yu


t no gp phn quyt nh nng sut lao ng ca nam v n?

Yves perraudeau

Trong cc cng trnh nghin cu ti M v Php, tui l yu t quan trng. Ngoi 55 tui, tui tr thnh yu t bt li.

nguyn th Vn

Ti ngh rng thu nhp cn ph thuc vo a im v ni c tr, chi ph sinh hot c th l gii mc thu nhp ca mt c nhn.

L th hng hi

Ti cho rng bin tui ph thuc cht ch vi kinh nghim ngh nghip.

Chng ta c th gi thit rng ta cng nghin cu cc i tng nam v n cng tui. Ti ngh khng nn a bin tui vo hm ny. Ti gi a bin khc vo l dng cng vic.


Ni c tr khng phi l bin o lng chnh xc nng sut lao ng nhng l mt bin o lng s khc bit v thu nhp gia cc c nhn. Trong kinh t lng, chng ta a vo mt lot cc bin c gi l bin kim sot o lng cc hiu ng phi c nhn nhng c tc ng n cc bin. a dng cng vic vo hm ny dng nh khng phi hay v ci m ta cn o lng chnh l tt c cc bin khng ph thuc vo thi phn bit ca ngi s dng lao ng hoc l phn nhm ngh nghip.

phm Quang Linh

La chn bin phi tha mn hai tiu ch: c tc ng trc tip n nng sut lao ng ca cc c nhn v da vo s khc bit gia

nam v n. Ti ngh nn a thm vo hm ny bin sc khe v thi gian rnh ri.


y l mt gi rt ng n. Sc khe l mt yu t cu thnh nn vn con ngi, y l yu t vn t c a vo cc cuc iu tra, nht l cc cuc iu tra v lao ng v vic lm. Ti cng b sung mt s bin khc v d nh c con ci, kt hn hoc c thn.

Chng ta cng quay tr li hm lc trc. Vic o lng mc thu nhp tng i khng hon ho, chng ta khng th gii thch hon ton tt c cc mc bin thin ca bin w. Cn mt yu t gii thch trong kinh t lng m chng ta khng th cht lc thng tin. Vn ny s t ra khi chng ta c c s d liu iu tra chn mu vi c mu mang tnh i din cho ton b dn c. Cn thiu mt s thng tin ni rng ch c s khc bit quan st c trong mc ca bin ph thuc gia hai nhm c nhn l gii tnh hoc dn tc.

Lm cch no to c hai nhm c nhn nam v n, dn tc a s hay thiu s - hon ton ging nhau ngoi tr gii tnh hay dn tc ca h?

C mt phng php rt n gin, l phng php da theo lut s ln. Hy tng tng bn ang ng trn mt con ph ng ngi qua li ti H Ni, bn s phn tt c nhng ngi i qua thnh hai nhm, nam ng bn phi, n ng bn tri, nh vy ta s to c hai nhm mt cch hon ton ngu nhin. Bn s nhn thy mt iu rng nu bn ng lu trn con ph ng c v bn tp hp c mt s lng ln ngi nam v ngi n trong tng nhm, bn to c hai nhm hon ton ging nhau v tui, hc vn v trnh . i vi tt


c nhng c im ny, v iu ny ng i vi nhng c im khc, cc c nhn s c cng trnh trung bnh. Nguyn tc ny da theo lut s ln la chn mt s lng ln cc c nhn mt cch hon ton ngu nhin, ta s c c hai nhm c nhn c nhng c im trung bnh hon ton ging nhau, ngoi tr c im ta cn c vo phn ra hai nhm. Tuy nhin, trong iu tra lao ng v vic lm, ta khng th p dng cch chn ngu nhin ny v nh vy chng ta khng th c hai nhm c nhn hon ton ging nhau xt trn mi kha cnh ch tr bin c th gy ra phn bit m ta mun o lng. chnh l l do v sao phn gii thiu ban u ti c ni rng y l mt cch khng hon ho o lng s phn bit.

Ti cng mun ni thm rng nu chng ta mun o lng s phn bit v thu nhp i vi hai nhm c nhn c hnh thnh qua phng php ngu nhin, n gin ch cn tnh ton s khc bit v thu nhp ca hai nhm. Nh vy, chng ta c phng php hon ho o lng s phn bit nu nh nguyn tc ngu nhin c p dng ng nu nh chng ta dng li lu trn con ph ng ngi qua li v nu nh s lng cc thnh vin trong nhm ln theo lut s ln, v.v.

Mt s sch tham kho

Albrecht, J., A. Bjrklund, S. Vroman (2003), Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden?, Journal of Labor Economics, no.21:145-177.

Altonji, J. G., R. M. Blank (1999), Race and Gender in the Labor Market, in Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3C, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 3143-3257.

Arrow, K. J., (1973), Higher education as a filter, Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 2(3), pages 193-216, July.

Appleton, S., J. Hoddinott, P. Krishnan (1999), The Gender Wage Gap in Three African Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 47, no. 2:289-312.

Becker Gary S. (1957, 1971, 2nd ed.), The Economics of Discrimination, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Bergmann, Barbara R (1971), The Effect on White Incomes of Discrimination in Employment, Journal of Political Economy, 79(2), pp. 294-313.

Bertranou (2001), Pension Reform and Gender Gaps in Latin America: What are the Policy Options, World Development, 29(5), pp. 911-923.

Blinder, Alan S. (1973), Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates, The Journal of Human Resources, 8, no. 4:436-455.

Cotton, J. (1988), On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials, The Review of Economics and Statistics, no.70: 236-243.

Datta Gupta, N., Ronald L. Oaxaca & Nina Smith (2006), Swimming upstream, floating downstream: Comparing womens relative wage progress in the United States and Denmark, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 59(2), pp. 243-266.

De la Rica, Sara., Juan J. Dolado, Vanessa Llorens (2008), Ceiling or Floors? Gender Wage Gaps by Education in Spain, Journal of Population Economics, 21, no. 3:1432-1475.

Jellal, M., C. J. Nordman, F.-C. Wolff (2008), Evidence on the Glass Ceiling in France Using Matched Worker-Firm Data, Applied Economics, 40(24), pp. 3233-3250.

Lundberg, S. J., et R. Starz (1983), Private Discrimination and Social Intervention in


Competitive Labor Markets, American Economic Review, 73, 340-47.

Neumark, D. (1988), Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination, The Journal of Human Resources, no.23:279-295.

Nordman, C.J., F. Rakotomanana, A.-S. Robilliard (2010), Gender Disparities in the Malagasy Labor Market, in Gender Disparities in Africas Labor Market, Arbache J.S. et al. (eds), Chapter 3, Africa Development Forum Series, Washington DC: The World Bank, pp.87-154.

Nordman, C.J., A.-S. Robilliard, F. Roubaud (2011), Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Seven West African Cities, Labour Economics, 18, Supplement 1, pp. 132-S145.

Nordman, C.J., F. Roubaud (2009), Reassessing the Gender Wage Gap in Madagascar: Does Labor Force Attachment Really Matter?, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 57(4), pp. 785-808.

Nordman, C.J., F.-C. Wolff (2009a), Is there a Glass Ceiling in Morocco? Evidence from Matched Worker-Firm Data, Journal of African Economies, 18(4), pp. 592-633

Nordman, C.J., F.-C. Wolff (2009b), Islands Through the Glass Ceiling? Evidence of Gender Wage Gaps in Madagascar and Mauritius, in Labor Markets and Economic Development, Ravi Kanbur and Jan Svejnar (eds), chapter 25, pp. 521-544, Routledge Studies in Development Economics, Routledge.

Nordman, C.J., F.-C. Wolff (2010), Gender Disparities in the Malagasy Labor Market, in Gender Disparities in Africas Labor Market, Arbache J.S. et al. (eds), Chapter 3, Africa Development Forum Series, Washington DC: The World Bank, pp. 87-154.

Oaxaca, Ronald L. (1973), Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor

Markets, International Economic Review, 14, no.3:693- 709.

Oettinger, Gerald, 1996, Statistical Discrimination and the Early Career Evolution of the Black-White Wage Gap, Journal of Labor Economics vol. 14, n 1, pp. 52-78.

Phelps, E.S. (1972), The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism, The American Economic Review (AER), 62(4), 659 - 61. Reimers, C. W. (1983), Labour Market Discrimination Against Hispanic and Black Men, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 65, n4: 570-579.

Stiglitz, J.E. (1982), Alternative Theories of Wage Determination and Unemployment in L.D.C.s: The Efficiency Wage Model, in Gersowitz M. et al. (eds), The Theory and Experience of Economic Development: Essays in Honor of Sir W. Arthur Lewis, Allen & Unwin, pp. 78-106.

World Bank (2001), Engendering Development: Through gender equality in rights, resources, and voice, Washington DC: The World Bank.

Cc hc vin tip tc thc hnh Stata trn c s d liu iu tra lao ng v vic lm: phn tch t l tht nghip, hin tng lm nhiu cng vic, thiu dng lao ng, v.v. Mc tiu ca phn thc hnh l phn tch theo gii v dn tc, a ra cc phn tch trong nhm. Cc hc vin cng kt hp nhiu bin nh tui, trnh hc vn, ni c tr, khu vc th ch, thu nhp thc, v.v.Phn cui bui sng dnh cho phn phn nhm nghin cu theo khu vc a l ca Vit Nam, kt qu ca tng nhm s c trnh by trc ti bui bo co tng kt trc ton th Kha hc Tam o.


ngy hc th t, th nm ngy 21/7

[FranoisRoubaud]

Hm nay, chng ta s kt thc phn gii thiu v cc phng php phn tch m cc bn nghe trnh by t sng hm qua. Cui bui sng nay s dnh lm cc bi tp ng dng trn phn mm Stata, tip cc bn s bt u tin hnh phn tch c im v gii v dn tc ti khu vc a l m cc bn la chn.


Trong bui sng th t, chng ti gii thiu vi cc bn v cc ni dung lin quan n khc bit trn gc php l quc t. Sau , l cc ni dung l thuyt v khc bit trn th trng lao ng, c bit nhn mnh n cc l thuyt kinh t vo nhng nm 1970, v cui cng l phng php phn tch thng qua vic c lng cc hm thu nhp phn theo gii tnh.

Chng ta cng nhau tr li im cui cng ny. Khi ni n hm lng l mun quy chiu n nhng lao ng ang lm vic trong cc doanh nghip t nhn hoc doanh nghip nh nc, c khu vc chnh thc hay khu vc phi chnh thc. Khi ni n thu nhp, l mun cp mt khi nim rng hn lng, bao gm c nhng i tng lao ng t lm, lao ng c lp v tt c cc hnh thc tr cng. Nh vy, chng ta xem xt vn khc bit mt cch tng th trn th trng lao ng.

Chng ta c lng hm thu nhp c bin gii thch l thu nhp ca lao ng i c xc nh thng qua mt lot nhng c im xi. Cc c im x nhm o lng nng sut lao ng mt cch tng qut cng vic v i sng lao ng. H s s c phn

mm Statac lng: phn mm ny s tnh ton mt h s trung bnh i din tc ng trung bnh ca c im x hc vn, kinh nghim, tnh trng hn nhn, s con, v.v. H s s c p dng cho tng c im v s phn nh tc ng trung bnh ca bin i vi hm lo-ga-rt thu nhp. C th hiu n nh hiu ng phn trm ca phn bin thin ca bin X i vi bin gii thch.

Vy th n c lin quan g n phn bit? Trn thc t, biu din cch thc m cc c im ca ngi lao ng c tr cng trn th trng lao ng. l nng sut ca cc c im trn th trng lao ng ca ngi lao ng phn theo gii tnh, dn tc, v.v.

Cng nhau ly mt v d:

> Bn l n, trnh hc vn ca bn mang li cho bn mt nng sut c lin quan vi nhng bng cp bn nhn c, iu ny c ngha l bng thc s ca bn s gip thu nhp ca bn tng thm 10% so vi mc lng m bn nhn c khi cha c tm bng ny;

> Bn l nam, bn c cng trnh hc vn v bn tham gia vo th trng lao ng, nng sut ca bn khng phi l 10% m l 12%. S khc bit hai im phn trm ca nng sut l ci m ngi ta c th phn tch l s phn bit khc bit v nng sut ca trnh hc vn trn th trng lao ng.

tng ca phng php tip cn ny l c lng s khc bit v nng sut ca mt c im trn th trng lao ng - gio dc, kinh nghim. Chng ta s c lng h s cho c lao ng nam v n t gi thit rng s khc bit ny chnh l s phn bit trn th trng lao ng. Chng ta quan tm n s khc bit v thu nhp theo gii. Cc cch phn tch da trn c lng hm thu nhp


dng mincerien i vi lao ng nam v n. Hm c dng nh sau:

ln wi = xi + iln wi l lo-ga-rt ca t l lng theo gi quan st c ca c nhn i; xi l vc-t c im quan st, l vc-t h s v i l sai s c k vng bng khng.

Ni mt cch n gin, vic chuyn sang lo-ga-rt cn chuyn i bin thu nhp, iu ny gip ta o lng c hiu ng phn trm ca cc bin gii thch, hm lo-ga-rt rt ph hp o cc mc bin thin hp l.

Chng ta c mt hm kinh t lng vi h s c lng cho php ta a ra gi thit rng trung bnh bng khng. Nu ta o lng s khc bit v thu nhp trung bnh gia nam v n, chng ta s o lng trn mu trung bnh v cc h ngu nhin s b xa b v b loi khi hm s. Chng ti a ra hm s dng sau:

ln wm - ln wf = xm - xfLc trc, ti c gii thch nh sau: khi ta mun o lng phn bit, vn gp phi l ta tm cch so snh hai nhm v d nh nam v n -, c mt iu chc chn rng l hai nhm c nhn hon ton ging nhau, ch tr mt c im, l gii tnh. p ng yu cu ny, cc nh kinh t lng v cc chuyn gia thng k thng s dng phn phi thu nhp c gi l o, c ngha l l trng hp lao ng n c tr lng nh lao ng nam trn th trng lao ng. Vic phn phi thu nhp o ny c so snh vi phn phi thu nhp quan st (khng o) ca lao ng n nh nhng lao ng trn th trng lao ng. Khi hiu s ca hai hm phn phi trung bnh khc khng (trong trng hp ny l dng), c th ni c hin

tng phn bit v lng bt li cho lao ng n v cn lp hm.

C th, khong cch v lng dng o ny c cng thc nh sau:

ln wm ln wf = m( xm xf ) + (m f ) xf

Phn khc bit c th gii thch c

Phn khc bit khng th gii thch c hay phn khc bit thng c gii thch bng s phn bit

> ln wm v ln wf l lng trung bnh c c lng;

> Cc ch s m v f ch lao ng nam v n;> xm v xf tng ng vi trung bnh cc

c im;> m v f tng ng vi nng sut cc

c im c lng trong phng trnh thu nhp.

Khong cch thu nhp trung bnh (tnh theo hm lo-ga-rt) bao gm:

- Mt phn ng vi hiu s trung bnh ca cc c im trn th trng lao ng (hoc phn gii thch c);

- Mt phn tng ng vi khong cch nng sut ca cc c im ca hai nhm i tng nghin cu (hoc phn khng gii thch c).

Nu nh cu trc ca hai nhm i tng ging nhau i vi cc bin quan st (hc vn, kinh nghim, v.v.), tt c khong cch thu nhp l do c khong cch ca nng sut ca cc c im nghin cu. Nh vy, l tnh hung phn bit lng n thun. Nu nh nng sut bng nhau, khong cch thu nhp trung bnh hon ton bt ngun t cc


hiu ng c cu, c ngha l nhng c im trung bnh,t thn n c th l hu qu ca cc hnh thc phn bit khc, v d nh vic tip cn gio dc.

Nu khng c khc bit v nng sut cc c im trnth trng lao ng, iu ny khng c ngha l s khc bit cc c im khng to ra phn bit. Thng th lao ng n c t kinh nghim cng tc hn nam gii v ph n thng xuyn phi ri khi th trng lao ng thai sn v ngi s dng lao ng ngn ngi tuyn lao ng n hoc k hp ng di hn.

Phn tch trn y thng c s dng trong cc nghin cu t nhng nm 1970. Kh khn ch yu l c th xc nh trc tiu chun khng phn bit nng sut, cc c im c nhn v s dng chun ny o li th ca lao ng nam, bt li ca lao ng n v phn chnh gia cc c im. V d vi gi thit c phn bit v lng, nam gii c th nhn c lng cnh tranh hn lao ng nam c tr lng theo nng sut lao ng cn bin ca mnh nhng lao ng n thng c tr lng t hn. Trong trng hp ny, nguyn tc hay tiu chun

tr cng khng phn bit chnh l nguyn tc p dng cho lao ng nam.

Trong phng trnh u tin, khong cch nng sut c tnh theo trng s trung bnh cc c im ca lao ng n v khong cch cc c im c tnh theo trng s nng sut ca lao ng nam tng ng. Tuy th, chng ta cng c th vo trng hp c u i i vi lao ng nam, lao ng n s nhn c lng u i nhng lao ng nam li c tr lng nhiu hn. Trong trng hp ny, tiu chun phi phn bit l tiu chun p dng cho lao ng n.

Cc nghin cu thc nghim ch ra rng vic la chn trng s c th c tc ng ln n kt qu phn tch.

C th a ra nhiu trng s khc nhau, nht l phng php ca Reimers (1983) v Cotton (1988). Trong nhiu nghin cu mi y, cc tc gi s dng trng s theo khuyn co ca Neumark (1988), tc gi ny xut s dng tiu chun phi phn bit l kt qu c lng ca hm thu nhp ca ton b tng th nghin cu bao gm c hai gii. Phn tch thu nhp trung bnh bao gm ba phn:

ln wm ln wf = * ( xm xf ) + [( m * ) xm + ( * f ) xf ]

Phn khc bit gii thch c

Phn khng th gii thch c hoc do c phn bit

- Phn u ca v phi l phn gii thch c chnh lch lng, s dng trng s l nng sut trung bnh ca tng th mu.

- Phn th hai ca v phi l phn tng thm nng sut ca cc c im dnh cho lao ng nam so vi tiu chun.

- Phn th ba ca v phi l phn gim i ca nng sut cc c im dnh cho lao ng n. Tng phn th hai v th ba l tng phn bit v lng.


V d di y v cc th ca Ty Phi s dng phng php phn tch c lng khong cch gii tnh v dn tc.

Chnh lch thu nhp gia hai gii v cc dn tc (so vi dn tc chim a s) ti cc th kinh t ca Ty Phi nm 2002-2003

Chnh l ch thu nh p gi a hai gi i v cc dn t c (so v i dn t c chi m a s ) t i cc th kinh t c a ty Phi n m 2002-2003

-0.400

-0.200

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

Coton

ou

Ouag

adou

gou

Abidj

an

Bama

ko

Niam

eyDa

kar

Lome

Gender earnings gap - Raw

Gender earnings gap - Withcontrols

Ethnic earnings gap - Raw

Ethnic earnings gap - Withcontrols

Ngu n : PARSTAT 1 -2-3 Surveys ; Nordman, Robilliard et Roubaud (2011).

Ngun: PARSTAT 1-2-3 Surveys; Nordman, Robilliard et Roubaud (2011).

Khong cch c gi tr ln nht (0,8) tng ng v

caclopchuyende.2.1 2011

Documents