calidad del agua en tacna
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expo de la calidad del agua en tacnaTRANSCRIPT
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AGUA: CALIDAD Y CONTAMINACION
NATURAL
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Consumo humano
Uso industrial
Uso agricola
Ambiental
CALIDAD DEL AGUAMedida de las condiciones en relacion al uso que esta destinada
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Consumo humano
Microorganismos (virus, protozoos y bacterias)
Contaminantes inorganicos (sales y metales)
Contaminantes organicos (industria, mineria, petroleo, etc.).
Contaminacion agricola (pesticidas, herbicidas, fertilizantes)
Material radioactivo.
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Determinan la CALIDAD DEL AGUA
ecosistema, geologia local, uso humano, tratamiento de desechos (desagues), contaminacion industrial, contaminacion termica, volumen (disponibilidad),precipitacion,escorrentia,percolacion, etc
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Rain
Stormwater
NitratosPestHerb
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Uso industrial
Solidos disueltos, solidos en suspension,silicatos, gases disueltos, alcalinidad, metales (Fe, Mn)bacterias
DUREZA: Alto contenido de minerales. Ca y Mg forman depositos duros (carbonatos) y blandos (sulfatos) pH > 7
AGUA BLANDA: Bajo contenido de minerales. pH < 7
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Ca(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO3)2 CaSO4 NaHCO3 MgSO4 + R – Na ----> Na2SO4 CaCl2 NaCl MgCl2 NaCl
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Uso agricola
Solidos Disueltos Totales
Calcio-Magnesio-Sodio (SAR)
Bicarbonatos
Cloruros
Boro
E. coli - E. coli 157H7
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AG TEST UNITS OPTIMUM
pH pH units 6.5 - 8.3
Specific Conductance (E.C.) mmhos/cm Less than 0.75
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ppm Less than 500
Calcium (Ca) ppm 20 - 60
Magnesium (Mg) ppm 10 - 25
Sodium (Na) ppm Less than 70
Potassium (K) ppm Less than 5
Iron (Fe) ppm Less than 0.300
Manganese (Mn) ppm Less than 0.050
Chloride (Cl-) ppm Less than 70
Sulfate (SO4=) ppm 30 - 90
Nitrate-Nitrogen ppm 1 - 10
Nitrate as NO3 ppm 5 - 50Alkalinity ppm CaCO3 Less than 250
Boron (B) ppm Less than 1.0
Total Hardness ppm CaCO3 Less than 500
Carbonates & bicarbonates meq/l Less than 5
Adj. Sodium Adsorption Ratio meq/l Less than 6.0
Solids applied per acre foot/water pounds
Nitrate applied per acre foot/water pounds
K applied per acre foot /water pounds
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RiosLagosOceanos
Condiciones ambientalesEcosistemaImpacto ambiental
Calidad Ambiental
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SALES: Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn (cloruros, sulfatos, carbonatos, silicatos)METALES: As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, Zn
TDS Conductividad Electrica, EC Material disueltoTSS Solidos en suspension Material no disuelto
AlkalinidadColorNTUpHSaborOlorTemperatura
Microorganismos. Materia fecal. E.coli.Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium
Carbono Organico Total (TOC)Carbono Organico Disuelto (DOC)
Organicos Volatiles y SemivolatilesPesticidas, Herbicidas, etc.Radioactivos. Radon
Farmaceuticos. Hormonas
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Contaminacion por As en las aguas subterraneas por movilizacion del As natural de los sedimentosORPIMENTA (Sulfato de As)
ARSENOPIRITA (FeAsS)OXIDO DE As (As2O3)
ARSENICO
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ARSENICO
Sales minerales en solucion, meteorizacion de rocas y suelos, movilizacion en fuentes naturales, origen geotermal. (condiciones quimicas apropiadas)
Afecta la salud: cancer, piel, riñones, etc.
LIMITE MAXIMO PERMISIBLEAntes: 50 ug/L (ppb)Ahora: 10 ug/L
ug/L, microgramos por litro = ppb, partes por billon
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El arsénico se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en la corteza terrestre y puedeencontrarse combinado con el oxígeno, cloro y azufre formando compuestosinorgánicos.
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Arsenato As(V): Aguas superficiales aerobicas
Arsenito As(III): Aguas subterraneas anaerobicas
ESPECIACION
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En plantas y animales se combina con el carbono y el hidrógeno para formar complejos orgánicos.
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As en el medio ambiente no se destruye, solo cambia de estado de oxidación.
As del aire precipita y deposita en el suelo.
La lluvia ayuda al cambio de estado, muchos de sus compuestos se solubilizan.
Hombre y animales: Expuestos al As por ingestion de alimentos, agua o respirar aire contaminado.
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As en su estado de oxidacion 3 es mas peligroso por su afinidad con las proteinas y enzimas.
As en su forma 5 tiene semejanza con el fosforo. Puede subsistuir el fosfato en el AND.
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As Oceános: 1,5 µg/L
Aguas subterráneas: <0,5 y 5.000 µg/L
Aguas continentales (evaporación) → 25,000 µg/L
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El riesgo de morir de cáncer de hígado, pulmón, riñón o vejiga por beber 1 litro por día de agua con 0.05 mg/L As durante toda la vida puede ser de 13 por cada 1000.
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Maximum Contaminant Levelin parts per million (ppm)MCL = 0.010 ppm
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MCLG = 0 ppm
Health EffectsSkin damage or problems with circulatory systems, and may have increased risk of getting cancerSources of contaminationErosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards, runoff from glass & electronic production wastes
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The acceptable level as defined by WHO for maximum concentrations of arsenic in safe drinking water is 0.01 mg/L.
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The new standards set an "action level" of 10 parts per billion inorganic arsenic found in apple juice.
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Volcanism in the Andes haslead to arsenic contamination of groundwater in Chile andArgentina
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Mining activities have been found to contribute to arsenic contamination in Latin American groundwater.
Mining activities may cause the oxidation of sulphide minerals resulting in the release of arsenic into groundwater.
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In the USA MCL was 50 μg/L. At that level the lifetime risks of dying from cancer due to As in drinking water was 21 in 1000 adults.
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For a concentration of 2.5 μg L−1 the risk would still be 1 in 1000 adults, which they found comparable to the lifetimecancer risk of passive smoking
The maximum likelihood for US populations exposed to 10 μg of arsenic per litre to get bladder and lung cancer are:
12 and 18 per 10 000 population for females
23 and 14 per 10 000 population for males
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Some countries have adopted stricter arsenic guidelines fordrinking water than the current WHOguidelineIn Denmark,the national guideline has already been lowered to 5 μg L−1
American Natural Resources Defense Council (2000) advises that the drinking water standard be set at 3 μg L−1.
Australiahas a drinking water guideline for arsenic of 7 μg L−1
In Europe,arsenic concentrations are below the WHO and EUguideline of 10 μg L−1,
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Source of arsenic Arsenic concentration (μg/L)
Arsenic-rich sediments (e.g., Bangladesh, Vietnam, China) 10–5000
Groundwater contaminated by mining activities (e.g., Ghana) 50–5000
Geothermal influenced water (e.g., USA, Argentina) <10–50 000
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