calis 第六届国外引进数据库培训周

SAE Digital Library

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1940 Technical Department, Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS)


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Committee List () ChairmanProf. G.J. HancockIndependentProf. G.T.S. DoneCity University, LondonDr N.S. FergusonInstitute of Sound and Vibration Research,SouthamptonMr J.S. HowesCivil Aviation Authority, GatwickMr S. NelsonBAE SYSTEMS, BroughMr G.E. SmithIndependentMr P.G. ThomassonCranfield University, BedfordshireMr M. Tobak*NASA, Ames Research Center, USAProf. M.A. WoodheadLoughborough UniversityProf. J.E. CooperUniversity of ManchesterProf. R.J. Zwaan*Independent, The Netherlands


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Aerodynamics is the study of fluid flow around an object and the pressures, and hence the forces exerted on it. In the Aerodynamics Series, the object considered is typically a component of an aircraft or missile, such as a wing, tail, or body.

The ESDU Aerodynamics information contains a wide and ever-increasing range of data and methods applicable to the project design of aircraft, guided weapons, space rockets, etc. Data are given concerning general aerodynamics, including properties of the atmosphere; aerodynamics of airframe components, including the effect of powerplant/airframe interactions for propeller-powered and jet aircraft; aerodynamics of the effect of surface imperfections on drag; aerodynamics of controls, flaps and leading-edge devices; aircraft stability, including derivative estimation; and aerodynamics of internal flow systems, including propulsion systems. Aircraft Noise is the unwanted part of sound. The Data are used for predicting, analysing, and reducing aircraft propulsion and airframe noise; reducing industrial and traffic noise.

Aircraft Noise is of concern in many environments. It is necessary to have reliable methods for the prediction of sound levels generated by various sources and an understanding of the control and suppression of noise. The ESDU Aircraft Noise Series provides validated data on the prediction, propagation and suppression of noise. These data are aimed primarily at the aerospace industry but many data (for example, those on noise barriers and sound propagation) have much wider application. The information provided may be grouped under two main headings: source noise prediction and sound propagation. Aircraft noise sources considered, include jet noise, propeller noise, airframe noise and boundary layer noise. Aspects of sound propagation covered include atmospheric attenuation and ground reflection effects. The attenuation provided by noise barriers is also covered. Information on noise in air-conditioning systems is provided in the Fluid Mechanics, Internal Flow Series. Composites deals with the design and strength assessment of structural components fabricated from laminated fiber reinforced composite materials. The Composite Series provides a comprehensive base of computer programs and accompanying Data Items that greatly ease the design process. The information is not readily available as a concise package from any other source. Composites remains a relatively new science. ESDUs technical committee addresses engineering design related to this topic.

The Composites Series provides a rapidly growing collection of data for use in the design of fibre-reinforced laminated composite materials. The information is provided primarily for use in aerospace, but has wide application to other areas of engineering where composite materials offer benefits. The volumes contain the solutions to many strength analysis problems met in the design of fibre-reinforced laminated composite structures. These include failure criteria, plate vibration and buckling, analysis of bonded joints, and stress concentrations, in addition to the calculation of basic stiffnesses and stresses including built-in thermal stresses. Laminated composites can be specified in very many forms and assembled in a multitude of lay-up arrangements. Because of this complexity the only practical form in which many of the solutions can be provided is as a computer program, and Fortran programs are provided for many of the analysis methods. In addition to the freedom to change the overall geometry the designer in composites has the freedom to arrange the material strength and/or stiffness to meet the local loading. The volumes contain guidance on the factors influencing the design and suggest methods of achieving the desired solution. Dynamics data provides mathematical modelling techniques for the control, stability and response of (some) systems to external inputs and disturbances.Dynamics is a treatment of the behaviour and motion of a system and the resulting stability and controllability of that system, particularly under non-steady conditions where the dynamic nature of the system plays an important part in determining its behaviour.

The ESDU Dynamics Series treats the stability, response and controllability of any system that can be mathematically modelled, for some part of its motion, by linear constant coefficient differential equations. Part of the series is devoted solely to aircraft topics which includes the equations of motion, conversion formulae for rotation and translation of body axes, geometric and kinematic relationships for various axis systems, direction and incidence angles and measures of damping. Lateral aircraft motion covers inertia cross coupling during rapid rolling manoeuvres, including the theoretical background, a discussion of simplified stability boundaries and an estimation of the critical roll rate. The design of linear systems includes a number of Items dealing with stability, response, control and assessment. Methods for the treatment of first- and second-order-systems are provided, together with a variety of methods dealing with mathematical techniques. This Series contains data for the strength analysis of general (non-aeronautical) engineering structures. The data are used in the efficient design of metallic structures, primarily steel, in applications where weight is probably not a prime consideration.

The Engineering Structures Series contains information for the strength analysis of general engineering structures. Strength analysis usually requires the structure to be idealised into simple structural elements or features such as plates, struts, cylinders, lugs, etc. Each section of the series provides data on one group of elements. Typically, maximum stresses and/or deflections, stiffnesses, buckling loads, fatigue strengths, crack growth rates and growth thresholds are covered. In addition to the basic data, notes on their application and practical worked examples are included. The data are for use primarily on steel structures. However, the information on maximum stresses, deflections, stiffnesses and buckling loads may be applied not only to steels but also to other isotropic materials, for example, aluminium and titanium alloys, glasses, rubbers, plastics et cetera. Fatigue - Endurance Data Series provides data and methods for the safe life design of aerospace structural components and joints under cyclic loading. Fatigue Fracture Mechanics Series provides data for damage-tolerant design of aircraft structures and components. Damage-tolerant design is concerned with ensuring that fatigue cracks, which are assumed to be present from the start of a components life, will be found and appropriate action taken before they cause structural failure.

Methods and data are given for strength calculations primarily on aircraft and aerospace structures. The data are principally for use when the design philosophy is one of safe-life design", that is, the structure or component is required to be crack-free for the specified design life. The major part of the data consists of constant amplitude stress-endurance curve (SN curves) for aircraft materials (aluminium and titanium alloys and steels) and structural joints (riveted, bolted or bonded). In addition, a large collection of stress concentration factor data is included and the principles for designing against metal fatigue are explained and illustrated with worked examples. The necessary statistical methods of dealing with small samples in design are also included, and correlated data on loading, resulting from encountering gusts and from taxiing and ground operations, are given. Fluid Mechanics, Internal Flow is the study of flow contained within pipes or ducts. The Fluid Mechanics, Internal Flow Series is concerned with flow and pressure losses in pipe or duct networks, losses in components such as bends, valves, orifices, and tube banks, and noise in ventilating systems.

Methods and data are given for use by the plant engineer, design engineer or consultant in the day-to-day evaluation of fluid flow through various piping systems. Hand calculation methods and computer programs based on empirically derived correlations and numerical methods provide rapid and reliable estimates of fluid flow parameters. The limits of applicability are stated and guidance is given on the maximum tolerance to be allowed on the predictions. The first eight volumes deal with single-phase liquid and gas flows through piping systems and are followed by two volumes treating vapour-liquid flows. Two volumes cover the selection of fans and pumps and provide valuable assistance to both specialist and non-specialist. One volume provides techniques for the measurement and prediction of pressure losses in non-Newtonian flows. One volume is devoted to the prediction of noise in air-conditioning systems, and three volumes provide data and computer programs for the prediction of fluid transients and fluid/structure interaction in various piping systems. Heat Transfer is concerned primarily with heating or cooling within a fluid flow. In aerospace, the data helps in the design of heating and ventilating systems and in cooling electronic equipment. For chemical and mechanical engineering, the data is applied to recovery work, for example.

Methods and data are presented for use by the process plant engineer, design engineer or consultant dealing with the evaluation or prediction of the performance of heat transfer equipment and the costing of heat exchangers. The volumes give step-by-step calculation methods and indicate the limits of applicability and the limits of accuracy of empirical correlations. Many of the methods are presented in a form readily adaptable to computer implementation. The first volume deals with single-phase forced and free convection in straight, annular and coiled tubing, together with the pressure loss and heat transfer resulting from tube inserts and roughened surfaces. Another volume deals with forced convection over cylinders and tube banks and free convection and radiation from simple shapes. Heat pipe design and performance prediction is the subject of a further volume, and the selection of appropriate temperature measuring devices and the requirements for refractory lining materials are also treated. One volume deals with condensation, one with evaporation, and three consider heat exchanger selection and costing, performance and design. Process integration, fouling and vibration in tube banks are each the subjects of single volumes. Mechanisms is concerned with the motion, forces, and power transmission associated with the design and evaluation of the moving components of a machine. These components must be designed to produce the output motion required of them and operate within constraints of space and machine timing while maintaining satisfactory dynamic performance and operating life.

The Mechanisms Series covers methods and data for the design and analysis of cams, gears, linkages and Geneva mechanisms, and also includes contact stress estimation. Methods for the design of parallel axis straight spur and helical gears include the choice of materials, a preliminary estimate of major dimensions and geometric design. A comprehensive set of inter-related Items covers selection of cam and follower type, selection of cam laws, both trigonometrical and polynomial, kinematic analysis, estimation of basic dimensions and the blending of cam profiles. The cam methods also include selection of materials, manufacturing methods and lubricants and further provide an estimation of contact stress and lubricant film thickness. A complete analysis procedure for the design of internal and external Geneva mechanisms is provided, including a derivation of the basic relationships for kinematic and kinetostatic design, estimation of the forces and torques, evaluation of contact stress and calculation of the lubricant film thickness including identification of the lubrication regime. The Handbook provides materials properties for more than 450 aerospace-specification metals covering aluminium, copper, magnesium and titanium alloys, heat resisting alloys, and corrosion resisting and non-corrosion resisting steels. It is primarily used for the design and analysis of aerospace structures and components.

Data concerning aerospace structural materials are widely scattered and, when located, are of variable quality and relevance to industrial applications. The task of collecting and evaluating all the relevant data available on a particular material property is time-consuming and therefore expensive. Even if such a task is performed it is often found that the customer will wish to view the design, not against some locally derived data, but against what can be demonstrated to be the best data that can be ascertained and which are vouched for by a significant cross-section of the engineering and scientific community concerned with both derivation and application of materials data. Accordingly, this Handbook has been prepared to meet design requirements with regard to aerospace structural metallic materials properties for both the designer and his customer and, by serving the needs of many, accomplishes the task at much lower cost and with a higher reliability than could the individual. The methods of analysis and materials data provided in this Handbook are monitored and guided by ESDU Panel M with the approval of the Civil Aviation Authority, Safety Regulation Group. The Handbook is recognised as a valuable source of materials data by the Society of British Aerospace Companies (SBAC). Provides methods and associated data for measuring and estimating aircraft performance i.e. speeds, accelerations, range/endurance, take-off/landing, climb/descent, and maneuverability.

The ESDU Performance series provides data and methods both for the estimation of the performance of a proposed aircraft at every stage of its design, from project stage to operation, and for performance measurement. The information on performance estimation can be used for design and development, project and research studies, pre-flight specification and, finally, the synthesis of precise operational data based on flight test results. In many cases the data give three levels of estimation method: a first approximation requiring minimum data input, a project" method considering the major variables, and comprehensive calculation framework for detailed estimates and synthesis of operational data. Performance measurement information covers methods of handling flight-test measurements, including analysis using the equations of motion, reduction to standard conditions by incremental adjustment and presentations in the form of non-dimensional groups. Information is given on the correction of air-data measurements and methods of in-flight thrust measurement for turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. A suite of programs is available which incorporates the most detailed methods of the Series. The Physical Data, Chemical Engineering Series provides physical properties data for pure compounds and a number of mixtures and elements. The Physical Data, Mechanical Engineering Series, derived almost entirely from the Physical Data, Chemical Engineering Series, contains those Items of particular relevance to mechanical engineering problems.

The ESDU Physical Data Series provide the most reliable correlated data available for the physical properties of a wide range of pure liquids, some gases and mixtures, used in the chemical industry. The data, which are provided as equations and in tabular form, are based on the most reliable experimental data, both reported and unreported. Reliable estimates are provided for properties of compounds within family groups for which experimental data are not available. Uncertainties are stated over the whole temperature range. The Physical Data, Chemical Engineering Series provides the following properties data: Vapour pressure, Liquid density, Liquid heat capacity and enthalpy, Liquid and gas viscosity, Liquid and gas thermal conductivity, Fire hazard properties, Properties of water substance. Additionally, the thermophysical properties of a number of industrially- important fluids, including modern refrigerants, are provided on the saturation line from the melting point up to the critical temperature, together with those of the ideal and dilute gas. This Series is available in Hardcopy only. Electronic conversion is under development. An advanced package of software tools and technology developed to assist in complex process design and retrofit analysis of processing plant and equipment in the oil refining, petrochemical, chemical, steel, textile, food, and paper and pulp processing.

Methods and data are presented for use by the process plant engineer, design engineer or consultant dealing with the evaluation or prediction of the performance of process plant equipment and process systems. Computer software and step-by-step calculation methods that indicate the limits of applicability and the limits of accuracy of empirical correlations are included. The series includes information on the cost-effective design and operability of process plant systems including crude oil pre-heat trains and guides on their environmental impact from the perspective of energy use, water use and fouling. Software and methods for the rapid selection, costing, design, performance and retrofit analysis of process heat exchanger are given. Guidance on the selection, design and performance prediction of rotodynamic pumps, jet pumps and fans is given. Extensive design guidance and correlations for pressure drop and heat transfer prediction are provided for a wide range of pipeline and heat exchanger geometries, components and fittings. Single-phase gas and liquid, two-phase adiabatic, boiling and condensing, non-Newtonian and transient flows are included. The ESDU Sound Propagation Items permit the user to estimate the attenuation of sound as it propagates through the air, both in the free-field and in the presence of a reflecting surface.

The Stress and Strength Series serves the needs of mechanical engineers when they are analysing the strength of the component parts of their products. Approximately 70 percent of all failures are caused by component fatigue, and a similar proportion of the Series is devoted to fatigue strength data.

The Stress and Strength Series treats the stress analysis of components used in general mechanical engineering. The information has been evaluated by engineers to ensure soundly based analysis leading to safe, cost-effective design. The information is divided into three principal types. Firstly, the design of commonly used components such as struts, beams, shafts, plates, pressure vessels, pipes, fastenings, welds and springs is considered. The data include stiffnesses, static stresses and deflections, buckling loads and fatigue strengths. Secondly, data for certain stress intensity factors and contact stresses, are given. Lastly, data are presented on the fatigue strength of materials, both as constant amplitude stress versus endurance (SN) curves and in terms of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The fatigue data are for many low and high alloy and stainless steels made to US, UK, European and other specifications, and the fracture mechanics data include both crack propagation rates, many down to threshold, and fracture toughness values. All information on stresses, deflections, stiffnesses and buckling loads is applicable to the usual metals used in engineering and to other isotropic materials such as glass, rubber or plastic. The Structures Series serves engineers designing aircraft structures. It deals with the detail design of structural features and assumes a design objective that parts must be of the least possible weight while meeting their service loading requirements.

The Structures Series gives comprehensive and continually expanding, rigorously evaluated information for the strength analysis of lightweight structures such as those used in aerospace.Data are given on elastic or inelastic stresses, strains, displacements or buckling loads under static loading. They range from general data, with application regardless of component form, to the analysis of specific components in metallic, compound (sandwich) or composite structures. Examples of general data are metallic material properties, principal stresses and strains, and failure criteria. Examples of specific components are beams, struts, panels, stress raisers (stress concentrations) and joints. The comprehensive range of components and geometries treated is tailored to meet the needs of the structural analyst. It will allow both detailed, accurate analyses of critical components, and initial estimates, with appropriate idealisation, that will facilitate the economic use of finite element or other expensive computational techniques on problems where no specific analysis is currently available. Transonic Aerodynamics is the study of the airflow in which regions of subsonic and supersonic flow exist simultaneously. For the aircraft and missile components considered in the Series, this implies flight speeds between 0.7 and 1.3 times the speed of sound, approximately.

The ESDU Transonic Aerodynamics series is concerned with the flow around aerofoils, wings, bodies and cowls at high subsonic, transonic and (in a few cases) low supersonic speeds. The transition from high subsonic to transonic flow is marked by the development of a local region of supersonic flow embedded in the otherwise wholly subsonic flow and the consequent development of shock waves and shock wave drag. Methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are important in the study of transonic aerodynamics, and information is provided concerning the use of such methods. Example results are given that demonstrate the accuracy that can be achieved for both inviscid and viscous flow. The volumes provide methods of calculating the pressure distribution and loading on aerofoils and wings in high subsonic flow, provide methods of calculating the drag-rise Mach number and/or the wave drag of aerofoils, wings and bodies, and provide exchange rates between pertinent aerofoil and wing design parameters at the drag-rise condition. Almost every mechanical system or machine has parts whose surfaces interact with continuous or intermittent motion. This interaction will limit the life or performance of the system due to friction, wear, and heat.

The Tribology Series covers methods and data for the design, analysis and selection processes associated with lubricants, lubrication, friction, wear and bearings. General guidance is given on choosing the type of journal or thrust bearing to meet the requirements of load, speed and associated environmental and operational factors, including the level of friction expected in industrial bearings. For applications in which a film of fluid cannot be maintained between a bearing and shaft, a step-by-step procedure for the design and material selection of dry rubbing bearing is provided. Selection procedures for the choice of rolling bearings are included to assist in the initial stages of design and include guidance on such aspects as estimation of basic and adjusted life rating, choice of material and lubrication, calculation of bearing loads and load rating, selection of bearing dimensions, limiting speeds, clearance, pre-loading and misalignment. Vibration and acoustic fatigue can lead to structural failure caused by structures being excited by noise and other sources, e.g. jet engines.

The ESDU Vibration and Acoustic Fatigue series provides simple and efficient methods for estimating the response and fatigue life of structures typical of those used in the aerospace industry, including fibre-reinforced composites, when subjected to acoustic loading. Although it is not possible to predict precisely the response of a structure under acoustic loading, the structural parameters of various designs can be compared and the design selected to give the best relative performance for a noisy environment. To assess acoustic fatigue life, knowledge of the natural vibration characteristics of the structure is required. The ESDU Vibration and Acoustic Fatigue Series contains data on the natural frequencies of plate, box and shell structures. The plate data cover both conventional metallic construction and laminated composite materials. These vibration data have a wide application in dynamic design calculations where it is necessary to ensure that the natural frequencies of structural components do not coincide with a high-energy region of dynamic excitation. Wind Engineering is the study of wind and turbulence properties near the ground and of wind effects on and around ground-based structures.

The ESDU Wind Engineering Series provides reliable methods and data for predicting the loads on, and the response of, buildings and structures in the wind. The information includes methods and a computer program for estimating design wind speeds and turbulence properties for all types of terrain including topographic effects on wind speed. Comprehensive prediction procedures are provided for estimating force and pressure coefficients for structures such as stacks, masts, towers (including those with polygonal sections), lattice structures, beams, plates, boundary walls, aerials and regular building shapes. Particular attention has been afforded (where appropriate) to surface roughness effects and high Reynolds number applications. These data are required for estimating both the mean loading and the fluctuating loading due to turbulence in the wind. Methods and computer programs are included for predicting dynamic effects associated with the oscillation of a structure induced by wind effects, such as buffeting by turbulence, vortex shedding and galloping. Methods for obtaining the natural vibration characteristics of frame, shear and sway-frame buildings, needed for the prediction of their response to wind or earthquake, are given in simple procedures or computer programs and a method of estimating the damping of buildings is included.

calis 第六届国外引进数据库培训周

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