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CP NC CHO CC TNH MIN NI PHA BC V TY NGUYN BNG

CNG NGH THU NC V BM THY LUN CI TIN Vin Khoa hc Thu li Vit Nam

I. T VN . Ti nguyn t Vit Nam hn ch v s lng, bnh qun din tch t ch t 0,41

ha/ngi, a s din tch li l t i ni dc, trong t dc nhiu (>25o) chim t l ln. Trong tng s 31,121 triu ha t (chim 94,6% din tch t nhin) c quy hoch s dng cho nng lm nghip, c ti 22,127 triu ha (chim 67,3% din tch t nhin) l t i ni dc. Trong t c dc t 25% tr ln dnh cho lm nghip c din tch 12,138 triu ha, t c dc di 25% dnh cho sn xut nng nghip v nng lm kt hp ch c khong gn 10 triu ha. Trong s cc nhm t i ni, t pht trin trn sn phm phong ho ca t bazan v phin cht l nhng nhm t c cht lng cao, tng t mn, dy, xp kh, t dc, t chia ct, phn b tp trung, thch hp vi nhiu loi cy trng, c bit l nhng cy cng nghip lu nm c gi tr kinh t cao nh c ph, cao su, ch, tiu Canh tc nng nghip min ni ch yu l trn t dc vi th mnh l cc loi cy trng cn. a hnh b chia ct, rung nng thng c quy m nh, phn tn trn cc a hnh cao, ngun nc khan him, lng ma tuy phong ph nhng phm b khng u theo thi gian. Din tch t dc s dng cho nng nghip hin nay l 841,3 nghn ha (bng 9,5%) trong nng ry chim ti 380,2 nghn ha, t trng cy lu nm ch c 150,9 nghn ha bng 1,7%.

Trong nhng nm qua vn xi mn, suy thoi t vng trung du min ni do tc ng ca iu kin t nhin v nn ph rng cng nh cc hot ng canh tc nng nghip khng ph hp trn t dc din ra vi tc nhanh. Theo bo co ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (nay l B Ti nguyn v Mi trng) th nc ta c hn 13 triu ha t b suy thoi thnh t trng, i trc, trong din tch b xi mn tr si l 1,2 triu ha. Din tch ny tp trung ch yu vng ni v trung du pha bc (5.2 triu ha), duyn hi trung b (3,8 triu ha), Ty nguyn (1,6 triu ha). Ngoi ra, ti nhng din tch khng c che ph thch hp hoc khng c canh tc hp l, lng t mu m trn b mt b ra tri l 150-300 tn/ha. Vic xi mn t ko theo nhiu tc ng tiu cc v mt mi trng, lm gia tng l lt v hn hn ti nhiu vng trn c nc.

Hin nay, t vng ng bng thch hp cho cy hoa mu lng thc ngn ngy trn thc t c khai thc ti hn. Do vy vic pht trin nng lm nghip trong nhng thp k tip theo ph thuc phn ln vo vic qun l s dng hiu qu v lu bn qu t i ni vn rt a dng, giu tim nng. Mt vn mu cht pht trin nng nghip min ni l gii quyt nc ti cho cy trng v hn ch xi mn t. Hin nay, ti cc vng i ni ca nc ta, h thng cng trnh thu li vi c trng hu ht l cc cng trnh nh mi ch p ng c mt phn nhu cu nc cho pht trin nng nghip. Hn na, ch nhng khu vc c a hnh tng i thun li, c iu kin v ngun nc mi c kh nng xy dng cng trnh. Nhng khu vc t dc giu tim nng trng cy cng nghip v cy n qu thng nm ngoi phm vi phc v ca cc h thng thu li.

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Pht trin h thng ti cho cc khu vc ny thng khng kh thi hoc nu c th th chi ph u t xy dng cng nh chi ph vn hnh v qun l s rt ln v khng mang li li nhun. Do vy, gii php thu tr nc v cung cp nc ti bng cng ngh bm Thy lun ci tin t ra c nhiu u im ni bt cho vng ny.

II. CNG NGH BM THY LUN CI TIN. 1. Gii thiu Cng ngh Bm thy lun ci tin 1.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca bm thy lun Nc trn cc trin sng, trin sui chy t ngun ra bin, i t cao n thp mang

theo n mt nng lng, nng lng ny gi l thy nng. Bm thy lun l my bm dng a nc ln cao do bm v tua bin to thnh,

bm v tua bin c cng mt trc. Khi dng chy qua tua bin, bin thy nng thnh c nng lm quay trc tuabin. ng thi ko bnh cng tc bm quay, bnh cng tc bm bin c nng thnh thy nng, dng nc qua bnh cng tc bm c tng nng lng, do bm nc t thp ln cao.

Bm thy lun c mt s u im sau: - Tua bin v bm l mt khi thng nht, dng chung mt trc nn kt cu rt cht

ch v khng cn b truyn. - C bm v tua bin ngp trong nc nn b qua c qu trnh mi nc ban u,

gim s c h hng. - Lc dc trc do dng nc tc dng vo bnh cng tc ca bm v tua bin c

thit k ngc chiu nhau, nn phn ln lc ny b trit tiu v vy kt cu trc n gin, d ch to v c tui th lm vic cao.

- Gii php bm thy lun thn thin vi mi trng nh s dng nng lng ti to. Chi ph hng nm thp v khng cn nhin liu u vo m ch cn ngun nc sn c. Chi ph cho bo tr, bo dng thit b thp, thit b d vn hnh, s dng (vn hnh hon ton t ng). Thit b ny hon ton ph hp vi trnh dn tr cc tnh min ni pha Bc v Ty Nguyn, vng su v vng xa.

1.2. Phm vi ng dng ca bm thy lun ci tin Trong nhng nm gn y vic trin khai cc sn phm Bm thy lun ci tin do

Vin Thy in v Nng lng ti to ch to tin hnh trn mt s cc tnh Min ni pha Bc, ni m din tch canh tc cn hn ch do thiu nc ti v in li khng n ni c.

Cc sn phm Bm thy lun ci tin c nh gi cao v hiu qu kinh t x hi nng nghip nng thn min ni do c bn v cht lng cao, chi ph vn hnh, bo dng thp.... rt ph hp vi vng trung du, min ni. Cc sn phm ny bc u pht huy hiu qu tt, c th nh sau:

- Tng din tch trng trt cho cc tnh: Lai Chu, Sn La, Ha Bnh, Lng Sn, Tuyn Quang,

- Tng v cho cc vng trng la v hoa mu.

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- Tng nng sut ma v v thu nhp kinh t cho nng dn v a phng vng d n.

- Ngoi vic cung cp nc ti th Bm thy lun ci tin cn c dng cung cp nc sinh hot cho cc cm dn c Min ni. Do vy, phm vi ng dng ca n rt rng.

Cho n nay sn phm Bm thy lun ci tin do Vin Thy in v Nng lng ti to sn xut thay th ton b thit b nhp t Trung Quc, do vy tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm rt cao. Th trng ca sn phm l cc tnh min ni pha Bc v Ty Nguyn, ni cha c in li hoc s dng nng lng khc khng hiu qu.

1.3. Cc ci tin cng ngh ca bm thy lun trong thi gian qua Cc sn phm Bm thy lun ci tin do Vin Thy in v Nng lng ti to sn

xut trong thi gian gn y ci tin v nghin cu a ra c mt s loi bm mi khc phc c mt s tn ti trong bm thy lun thng thng.

V cng ngh bm thy lun ci tin c nhng thay i nh thay i kt cu b phn lm kn bi, la chn vt liu c bn cao nh bc cao su nng cao tui th v thun li cho qu trnh tho lp thay th.

V chng loi sn phm, Vin Thy in v Nng lng ti to nghin cu a ra mt s loi bm mi: HBL10-6, HBL12-6, HBL30-12, HBL40-12, HBL60-12 m rng phm vi s dng bm thy lun nh yu cu ct p cao, lu lng bm ln.

2. Kt qu nghin cu v ng dng thc tin ca bm thy lun ci tin 2.1. Kt qu nghin cu bm thy lun ci tin: - Bng phn mm Fluent, cng ngh thit k bm thy lun ci tin c ti u

ha - Chn phng php lm kn bi tin tin, tng tin cy v tui th t my. - Hon thin tp bn v cng ngh ch to t my. - Hon thin quy trnh ch to t my: ch to khun mu, quy trnh c, quy trnh

gia cng c kh, quy trnh lp rp hon thin. - Xy dng c tnh vn hnh ca 05 loi bm thy lun ci tin BHL 20-6, BHL

30-6, BHL 40-6, BHL 60-6, BHL 60-12 vi kt qu nh sau:

BM BHL20-6

Thng s k thut tua bin Thng s k thut bm v hiu sut chung ca t my

H Q n N q h

(m) (l/s) (v/f) (hp) (l/s) (m) (%)

0.5 61.1 683 0.30 4.54 3 44.6

1.0 86.5 969 0.84 6.43 6 44.6

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1.5 106.1 1187 1.55 7.87 9 44.6

2.0 122.4 1370 2.38 9.11 12 44.6

2.5 136.8 1530 3.33 10.18 15 44.6

3.0 150.1 1683 4.38 11.14 18 44.6

3.5 162.2 1816 5.53 12.00 21 44.6

4.0 173.0 1938 6.74 12.85 24 44.6

BM BHL30-6

Thng s k thut tua bin Thng s k thut bm v hiu sut chung ca t my

H Q n N q h

(m) (l/s) (v/f) (hp) (l/s) (m) (%)

0.5 138 457 0.67 12.1 3 52.8

1.0 195 646 1.89 17.1 6 52.8

1.5 238 740 3.48 21.0 9 52.8

2.0 276 913 5.36 24.2 12 52.8

2.5 308 1020 7.49 27.1 15 52.8

3.0 337 1120 9.85 29.7 18 52.8

3.5 365 1210 12.42 32.1 21 52.8

4.0 389 1291 15.15 34.3 24 52.8

BM BHL40-6

Thng s k thut tua bin Thng s k thut bm v hiu sut chung ca t my

H Q n N q h

(m) (l/s) (v/f) (hp) (l/s) (m) (%)

0.5 242 343 1.2 22.5 3 55.8

1.0 342 485 3.4 31.9 6 55.8

1.5 419 492 6.2 39.2 9 55.8

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2.0 484 685 9.5 45.1 12 55.8

2.5 542 767 13.3 50.4 15 55.8

3.0 592 839 17.5 55.3 18 55.8

3.5 641 908 22.1 59.7 21 55.8

4.0 684 969 26.9 63.7 24 55.8

BM BHL60-6A v BM BHL60-12

Thng s k thut tua bin

Thng s k thut bm v hiu sut chung ca

t my BHL60-6A

Thng s k thut bm v hiu sut chung ca t

my BHL60-12A

H Q n N q h q h

(m) (l/s) (v/f) (hp) (l/s) (m) (%) (l/s) (m) (%)

0.5 546 228 2.9 52.4 3 57.7 25.7 6 56.4

1.0 771 323 8.1 74.3 6 57.7 36.4 12 56.4

1.5 946 396 14.9 91.0 9 57.7 44.5 18 56.4

2.0 1091 457 22.9 105.1 12 57.7 51.5 24 56.4

2.5 1220 512 32.0 117.3 15 57.7 57.5 30 56.4

3.0 1337 559 42.1 128.6 18 57.7 62.9 36 56.4

3.5 1444 605 53.1 138.9 21 57.7 68.1 42 56.4

4.0 1542 647 64.8 148.5 24 57.7 72.8 48 56.4

2.2 ng dng thc t T nm 2002 n nay, Vin Thy in v Nng lng ti to nghin cu sn

xut, lp t th nghim mt s tnh min ni pha Bc v thu c mt s thnh qu c th nh sau:

- Cung cp thit b bm ct nc cao BHL30-6K ti T Xa, tnh Sn La, ti cho din tch 250 ha trn 40 mt. D n c tnh nh gi rt cao v hiu qu kinh t v tng Bng khen.

- Cung cp thit b BHL30-6, BHL40-6 cho mt s huyn thuc tnh Lng Sn pht huy hiu qu tt.

- Cung cp thit b BHL40-6 cho Huyn Lc Sn tnh Ha Bnh. Cc d n ny c Phng Nng nghip ca huyn Lc Sn gi th cm n.

v mt s im th nghim khc cng c kt qu rt tt.

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Vi nhu cu pht trin thy li phc v nng nghip nng thn min ni nh hin nay th th trng cho Bm thy lun ci tin cng c m rng. Hn na, Bm thy lun ci tin cn c th xut khu sang Lo v Campuchia, ni c iu kin ng dng ging Vit Nam. Mt s quan chc Nh nc ca Lo cng sang v lm vic ti Vin Thy in v Nng lng ti to v t vn hp tc v lnh vc ny.

3. Cc vn KHCN cp thit ca bm thy lun cn nghin cu trong thi gian ti

3.1. Tnh cp thit nghin cu hon thin cng ngh ch to bm thy lun ci tin Hin nay, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ang c chng trnh pht trin

Nng nghip cc tnh Min ni, tng cng s dng Bm thy lun ci tin trong nhng nm ti nhm pht trin thy li Min ni, vic nghin cu hon thin cng ngh thit k, ch to, hng dn lp t v qun l vn hnh bm thy lun ci tin l cp bch v c tnh kh thi rt cao.

3.2. Cc tn ti bm thy lun ci ti