capitulo 6 de compras. v enezuela s imÓn b olÍvar (1783-1830) caudillo de la independencia...
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Capitulo 6
DE COMPRAS
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VENEZUELA
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SIMÓN BOLÍVAR (1783-1830)
Caudillo de la independencia hispanoamericana
(Caracas, Venezuela, 1783 - Santa Marta, Colombia, 1830). Nacido en una familia de
origen vasco de la hidalguía criolla venezolana, Simón Bolívar se formó leyendo a los
pensadores de la Ilustración (Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu…) y viajando por
Europa. En París tomó contacto con las ideas de la Revolución y conoció personalmente a
Napoleón y Humboldt. Afiliado a la masonería e imbuido de las ideas liberales, ya en 1805
se juró en Roma que no descansaría hasta liberar a su país de la dominación española. Y,
aunque carecía de formación militar, Simón Bolívar llegó a convertirse en el principal
dirigente de la guerra por la independencia de las colonias hispanoamericanas; además,
suministró al movimiento una base ideológica mediante sus propios escritos y discursos.
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PRETERIT TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
►Spanish has two simple tenses to express the past: The preterit and the imperfect ( el pretérito y el imperfecto)
►The preterite is used to talk about actions or states completed in the past.
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PRETERIT TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
Comenzamos la clase a las diez. (We start the class at ten)
Terminé de comer y comenzamos a estudiar después.(I finished eating and we started studying right after)
The nosotros/as forms of the preterit of –ar and –ir verbs are the same as their present tense forms. Context will help you determine if a nosotros/as verb form is present or past.
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PRETERIT TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
►–Ar and –er verbs that have a stem change in the present tense do not have a stem change in the preterite.
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PRETERIT TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
buscar busqué
llegar llegué
Sacar ---} saqué
empezar empecé
Verbs that end in –car, –gar, and –zar have a spelling change in the yo form of the preterite. All the other forms are regular.
►Ver is regular in the preterite, but none of its forms has an accent. ver vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron
►Creer, leer, and oír have spelling changes in the preterite.Creer creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creísteis, creyeron
Leer leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leísteis, leyeron
Oír oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron
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EXPRESSIONS TO USE WITH THE PRETERIT TO DENOTE PAST TIME
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EXPRESSIONS TO USE WITH THE PRETERIT TO DENOTE PAST TIME
Anteayer empecé una dieta baja en calorías
El año pasado tu compraste un coche nuevo
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PRETERIT OF IR AND SER
The preterite forms of ser (to be) and ir (to go) are irregular, so you will need to memorize them. None of these forms has an accent mark.
The verbs ir and ser have identical forms in the preterit.They are used often in speaking and writing, and the context will help you determine the meaning.
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PRETERIT OF IR AND SER
Lina fue a ver una película.
La película fue muy interesante.
Lina went to see a film.
Fui a Barcelona el año pasado.
Fue un viaje maravilloso.
I went to Barcelona last year.
It was a wonderful trip.
Since the preterite forms of ser and ir are identical, the context clarifies which verb is being used.
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INDIRECT OBJECT NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
An indirect object is
the noun or pronoun
that answers the
question to whom or
for whom an action
is done. In this
example, the
indirect object
answers this
question: ¿A quién
le prestó Roberto
cien pesos? To
whom did Roberto
loan 100 pesos?
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INDIRECT OBJECT NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
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INDIRECT OBJECT NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
Since le and les have multiple meanings, a + [noun] or a + [pronoun] are often used to clarify to whom the pronouns refer.
Unclear: Ella les vendió ropa.
Clear: Ella les vendió ropa a ellos.
She sold clothing (to them or to you all).
She sold clothing to them.
Indirect object pronouns usually precede the conjugated verb. In negative sentences, place the pronoun between no and the conjugated verb
Te compré un abrigo
No te compré nada
Indirect object pronouns tell to whom or for whom an action is done, in other words, who is affected by the action
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INDIRECT OBJECT NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
Use the indirect object pronouns even when the indirect object noun is stated explicitly.
Yo le compré un bolso a Ana
To eliminate ambiguity, le and les are often used with the proposition a + pronoun
Nunca les aconsejo a a ellos mal.
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When an infinitive or present participle is present, there are two options for indirect object pronoun placement: before the conjugated verb, or attached to the infinitive or present participle. When a pronoun is attached to a present participle, an accent mark is added to maintain the proper stress
?Vas a comprárle un regalo a Lía?¿Le vas a comprar un regalo a Lía?Are you going to buy a gift for Lía?
Estoy mostrándoles las fotos a ellos.Les estoy mostrando las fotos a ellos. ¿I’m showing them the photos
Indirect object nouns and pronouns
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INDIRECT OBJECT NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
The irregular verbs dar (to give) and decir (to say; to tell) are often used with indirect object pronouns.
Dar is almost always used with indirect object prononun. Notice the difference in meaning between dar (to give) and regalar (to give as a gift).
Other verbs of tranmission (of things,ideas, words) that are generally used with idirect object pronouns include: decir, describir, escribir, explicar, mostrar, prestar, and vender.
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INDIRECT OBJECT NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
Ella le da un beso a el
Isabel le regala un gato a Miguel
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GUSTAR AND SIMILAR VERBS
Me gusta ese champú.
¿Te gustan los deportes?
That shampoo is pleasing to me.
Are sports pleasing to you?
I like that shampoo.
Do you like sports?
Me gusta(n) and
te gusta(n)
express the
concepts of I like
and you (fam.)
like. The literal
meaning of
gustar is to be
pleasing to
(someone).
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GUSTAR AND SIMILAR VERBS
Me gustan esos zapatos
?Te gustó mi regalo?
The most
frecuently used
forms of gustar in
the present tense
are gusta and
gustan and for the
preterit gustó and
gustaron. If one
thing is liked use
gusta/gustó. If two
or more things are
liked, use
gustan/gustaron
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LECCIÓN 6
FIN