capsuls tab

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TabletFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Common disk-shaped tablets

A tablet is apharmaceutical dosage form. It comprises a mixture of active substancesandexcipients, usually inpowderform, pressed or compacted into a solid. The excipients

can include binders, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting;disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavours toenhance taste; and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive. A polymer coating isoften applied to make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow, to control the releaserate of the active ingredient, to make it more resistant to the environment (extending itsshelf life), or to enhance the tablet's appearance.

The compressed tablet is the most populardosage form in use today. About two-thirds ofallprescriptions are dispensed as solid dosage forms, and half of these are compressedtablets. A tablet can be formulated to deliver an accurate dosage to a specific site; it isusually taken orally, but can be administered sublingually,rectallyorintravaginally. The

tablet is just one of the many forms that an oral drug can take such as syrups,elixirs,suspensions, and emulsions. Medicinal tablets were originally made in the shape of a diskof whatever color their components determined, but are now made in many shapes andcolors to help distinguish different medicines. Tablets are often stamped with symbols,letters, and numbers, which enable them to be identified. Sizes of tablets to be swallowedrange from a few millimeters to about a centimeter. Some tablets are in the shape ofcapsules, and are called "caplets". Medicinal tablets and capsules are often called pills.This is technically incorrect, since tablets are made by compression, whereas pills are

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ancient solid dose forms prepared by rolling a soft mass into a round shape. Otherproducts are manufactured in the form of tablets which are designed to dissolve ordisintegrate; e.g. cleaning and deodorizing products.

Contents

[hide]

1 Tabletting formulations 2 Advantages and disadvantages 3 Tablet properties 4 Manufacturing

o 4.1 Manufacture of the tableting blendo 4.2 Direct compressiono 4.3 Wet granulationo 4.4 Dry granulationo 4.5 Granule lubricationo 4.6 Manufacture of the tablets

5 Tablet compaction simulator 6 Tablet presses 7 Tablet coating 8 Pill-splitters 9 See also

10 References

[edit] Tabletting formulations

Capping (top) and lamination (right) tablet failure modes

In the tablet-pressing process, it is important that all ingredients be fairly dry, powderedor granular, somewhat uniform in particle size, and freely flowing. Mixed particle sizedpowders can segregate during manufacturing operations, which can result in tablets withpoor drug or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content uniformity. Contentuniformity ensures that the same API dose is delivered with each tablet.

Some APIs may be tableted as pure substances, but this is rarely the case; mostformulations include excipients. Normally, an pharmacologically inactive ingredient

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(excipient) termed a binderis added to help hold the tablet together and give it strength.A wide variety of binders may be used, some common ones including lactose, dibasiccalcium phosphate, sucrose, corn (maize) starch, microcrystalline cellulose and modifiedcellulose (for example hydroxypropyl methylcellulose).

Often, an ingredient is also needed to act as a disintegrantto aid tablet dispersion onceswallowed, releasing the API for absorption. Some binders, such as starch and cellulose,are also excellent disintegrants.

Small amounts of lubricants are usually added, as well. The most common of these ismagnesium stearate; however, other commonly used tablet lubricants include stearic acid(stearin), hydrogenated oil, and sodium stearyl fumarate. These help the tablets, oncepressed, to be more easily ejected from the die.

[edit] Advantages and disadvantages

Variations on a common tablet design, which can be distinguished by both color andshape

Tablets are simple and convenient to use. They provide an accurately measured dosage ofthe active ingredient in a convenient portable package, and can be designed to protectunstable medications or disguise unpalatable ingredients. Colored coatings, embossedmarkings and printing can be used to aid tablet recognition. Manufacturing processes andtechniques can provide tablets special properties, for example, sustained release or fastdissolving formulations.

Some drugs may be unsuitable for administration by the oral route. For example, proteindrugs such as insulin may be denatured by stomach acids. Such drugs cannot be madeinto tablets. Some drugs may be deactivated by the liverwhen they are carried there fromthe gastrointestinal tract by the hepatic portal vein(the "first pass effect"), making them

unsuitable for oral use. Drugs which can be taken sublingually are absorbed through theoral mucosae, so that they bypass the liver and are less susceptible to the first pass effect.The oral bioavailability of some drugs may be low due to poor absorption from thegastrointestinal tract. Such drugs may need to be given in very high doses or by injection.For drugs that need to have rapid onset, or that have severe side effects, the oral routemay not be suitable. For example salbutamol, used to treat problems in the pulmonarysystem, can have effects on the heart and circulation if taken orally; these effects aregreatly reduced by inhaling smaller doses direct to the required site of action.

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[edit] Tablet properties

Tablets can be made in virtually any shape, although requirements of patients andtableting machines mean that most are round, oval or capsule shaped. More unsusualshapes have been manufactured but patients find these harder to swallow, and they are

more vulnerable to chipping or manufacturing problems.

Tablet diameter and shape are determined by the machine tooling used to produce them -a die plus an upper and a lower punch are required. This is called a station of tooling. Thethickness is determined by the amount of tablet material and the position of the punchesin relation to each other during compression. Once this is done, we can measure thecorresponding pressure applied during compression. The shorter the distance between thepunches, thickness, the greater the pressure applied during compression, and sometimesthe harder the tablet. Tablets need to be hard enough that they don't break up in the bottle,yet friable enough that they disintegrate in the gastric tract.

Tablets need to be strong enough to resist the stresses of packaging, shipping andhandling by the pharmacist and patient. The mechanical strength of tablets is assessedusing a combination of (i) simple failure and erosion tests, and (ii) more sophisticatedengineering tests. The simpler tests are often used for quality control purposes, whereasthe more complex tests are used during the design of the formulation and manufacturingprocess in the research and development phase. Standards for tablet properties arepublished in the various international pharmacopeias (USP/NF, EP, JP, etc).

[edit] Manufacturing

[edit] Manufacture of the tableting blend

In the tablet pressing process, the main guideline is to ensure that the appropriate amountof active ingredient is in each tablet. Hence, all the ingredients should be well-mixed. If asufficiently homogenous mix of the components cannot be obtained with simple blendingprocesses, the ingredients must be granulated prior to compression to assure an evendistribution of the active compound in the final tablet. Two basic techniques are used togranulate powders for compression into a tablet: wet granulation and dry granulation.Powders that can be mixed well do not require granulation and can be compressed intotablets through direct compression.

[edit] Direct compression

Please refer to Direct Compression (DC)

[edit] Wet granulation

Wet granulation is a process of using a liquid binder to lightly agglomerate the powdermixture. The amount of liquid has to be properly controlled, as over-wetting will cause

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the granules to be too hard and under-wetting will cause them to be too soft and friable.Aqueous solutions have the advantage of being safer to deal with than solvent-basedsystems.

Procedureo

Step 1: The active ingredient and excipients are weighed and mixed.o Step 2: The wet granulate is prepared by adding the liquid binder

adhesive to the powder blend and mixing thoroughly. Examples ofbinders/adhesives include aqueous preparations of cornstarch, naturalgums such as acacia, cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose,gelatin, and povidone.

o Step 3: Screening the damp mass through a mesh to form pellets orgranules.

o Step 4: Drying the granulation. A conventional tray-dryer or fluid-beddryer are most commonly used.

o Step 5: After the granules are dried, they are passed through a screen of

smaller size than the one used for the wet mass to create granules ofuniform size.

Low shear wet granulation processes use very simple mixing equipment, and can take aconsiderable time to achieve a uniformly mixed state. High shear wet granulationprocesses use equipment that mixes the powder and liquid at a very fast rate, and thusspeeds up the manufacturing process. Fluid bed granulation is a multiple-step wetgranulation process performed in the same vessel to pre-heat, granulate, and dry thepowders. It is used because it allows close control of the granulation process.

[edit] Dry granulation

Dry granulation processes create granules by light compaction of the powder blend underlow pressures. The compacts so-formed are broken up gently to produce granules(agglomerates). This process is often used when the product to be granulated is sensitiveto moisture and heat. Dry granulation can be conducted on a tablet press using sluggingtooling or on a roll press called a roller compactor. Dry granulation equipment offers awide range of pressures to attain proper densification and granule formation. Drygranulation is simpler than wet granulation, therefore the cost is reduced. However, drygranulation often produces a higher percentage of fine granules, which can compromisethe quality or create yield problems for the tablet. Dry granulation requires drugs orexcipients with cohesive properties, and a 'dry binder' may need to be added to the

formulation to facilitate the formation of granules.

[edit] Granule lubrication

After granulation, a final lubrication step is used to ensure that the tableting blend doesnot stick to the equipment during the tableting process. This usually involves low shearblending of the granules with a powdered lubricant, such as magnesium stearate or stearicacid.

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[edit] Manufacture of the tablets

Whatever process is used to make the tableting blend, the process of making a tablet bypowder compaction is very similar. First, the powder is filled into the die from above.The mass of powder is determined by the position of the lower punch in the die, the

cross-sectional area of the die, and the powder density. At this stage, adjustments to thetablet weight are normally made by repositioning the lower punch. After die filling, theupper punch is lowered into the die and the powder is uniaxially compressed to a porosityof between 5 and 20%. The compression can take place in one or two stages (maincompression, and, sometimes, pre-compression or tamping) and for commercialproduction occurs very fast (50050 msec per tablet). Finally, the upper punch is pulledup and out of the die (decompression), and the tablet is ejected from the die by lifting thelower punch until its upper surface is flush with the top face of the die. This process issimply repeated many times to manufacture multiple tablets.

Common problems encountered during tablet manufacturing operations include:

poor (low) weight uniformity, usually caused by uneven powder flow into the die poor (low) content uniformity, caused by uneven distribution of the API in the

tableting blend sticking of the powder blend to the tablet tooling, due to inadequate lubrication,

worn or dirty tooling, and sub-optimal material properties capping, lamination or chipping. Such mechanical failure is due to improper

formulation design or faulty equipment operation.

[edit] Tablet compaction simulator

Tablet formulations are designed and tested using a laboratory machine called a TabletCompaction Simulator or Powder Compaction Simulator. This is a computer controlleddevice that can measure the punch positions, punch pressures, friction forces, die wallpressures, and sometimes the tablet internal temperature during the compaction event.Numerous experiments with small quantities of different mixtures can be performed tooptimise a formulation. Mathematically corrected punch motions can be programmed tosimulate any type and model of production tablet press. Initial quantities of activepharmaceutical ingredients are very expensive to produce, and using a CompactionSimulator reduces the amount of powder required for product development.

[edit] Tablet presses

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The tablet pressing operation

An old Cadmach rotary tablet press

Tablet presses, also called tableting machines, range from small, inexpensive bench-topmodels that make one tablet at a time (single-station presses), with only around a half-tonpressure, to large, computerized, industrial models (multi-station rotary presses) that canmake hundreds of thousands to millions of tablets an hour with much greater pressure.The tablet press is an essential piece of machinery for any pharmaceutical andnutraceutical manufacturer. Common manufacturers of tablet presses include Fette,Korsch, Kikusui, Manesty and Courtoy. Tablet presses must allow the operator to adjust

the position of the lower and upper punches accurately, so that the tablet weight,thickness and density can each be controlled. This is achieved using a series of cams,rollers, and/or tracks that act on the tablet tooling (punches). Mechanical systems are alsoincorporated for die filling, and for ejecting and removing the tablets from the press aftercompression. Pharmaceutical tablet presses are required to be easy to clean and quick toreconfigure with different tooling, because they are usually used to manufacture manydifferent products.

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[edit] Tablet coating

Many tablets today are coated after being pressed. Although sugar-coating was popular inthe past, the process has many drawbacks. Modern tablet coatings arepolymerandpolysaccharide based, withplasticizers andpigments included. Tablet coatings must be

stable and strong enough to survive the handling of the tablet, must not make tablets sticktogether during the coating process, and must follow the fine contours of embossedcharacters or logos on tablets. Coatings are necessary for tablets that have an unpleasanttaste, and a smoother finish makes large tablets easier to swallow. Tablet coatings arealso useful to extend the shelf-life of components that are sensitive to moisture oroxidation. Opaque materials liketitanium dioxide can protect light-sensitive actives fromphotodegradation[citation needed]. Special coatings (for example with pearlescent effects) canenhance brand recognition.

If the active ingredient of a tablet is sensitive to acid, or is irritant to the stomach lining,anenteric coatingcan be used, which is resistant to stomach acid, and dissolves in the

high pH of the intestines. Enteric coatings are also used for medicines that can benegatively affected by taking a long time to reach thesmall intestine, where they areabsorbed. Coatings are often chosen to control the rate of dissolution of the drug in thegastrointestinal tract. Some drugs will be absorbed better at different points in thedigestive system. If the highest percentage of absorption of a drug takes place in thestomach, a coating that dissolves quickly and easily in acid will be selected. If the rate ofabsorption is best in the large intestine or colon, then a coating that is acid resistant anddissolves slowly would be used to ensure it reached that point before dispersing. The areaof the gastrointestinal tract with the best absorption for any particular drug is usuallydetermined by clinical trials.

[edit] Pill-splitters

It is sometimes necessary to split tablets into halves or quarters. Tablets are easier tobreak accurately if scored, but there are devices calledpill-splitterswhich cut unscoredand scored tablets. Tablets with special coatings (for example enteric coatings orcontrolled-release coatings) should not be broken before use, as this will expose the tabletcore to the digestive juices, short-circuiting the intended delayed-release effect.

[edit] See also

Pharmaceutical formulation

[edit] References

Kibbe, A.H., ed. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 3rd Edition ed. 2000,American Pharmaceutical Association & Pharmaceutical Press: Washington, DC& London, UK.

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Hiestand, E.N., 2003. Mechanics and physical principles for powders andcompacts, SSCI Inc., West Lafayette, In, USA.

United States Pharmacopeia, United States Pharmacopeia / National Formulary(USP25/NF20). 2002, Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia ConventionInc.

[hide]vde

Route of administrations/ Dosage forms

Oral

Enteral/ digestivetract

Solids

CapsulePill Tablet OrallydisintegratingtabletFilm

OROS (osmoticcontrolledrelease capsule)

Liquids

ElixirEmulsion Syrup SuspensionTincture

Respiratory tractInhaler(Metered-dose,

Dry powder) Nebulizer

Circulatory systemSublingualadministration

Eye/ENT Eye drop Ear drop Intranasal

Transdermal

Emulsion (Ointment Cream Lotion Liniment Gel Paste Film) Medicatedshampoo Transdermal implant Transdermalpatch

Injection/parenteralSubcutaneous (SC) Intravenous (IV) Intramuscular(IM) Intraosseous Intraperitoneal (IP) Intrathecal Intracavernosal

VaginalPessary (vaginal suppository) Vaginal ring Douche Intrauterine device

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)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ointmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(rheology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_drug_deliveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_implanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraosseous_infusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrathecalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracavernosalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device


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Capsule (pharmacy)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,searchIn the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of techniquesused to enclose medicines in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing themto, for example, be taken orally or be used assuppositories. The two main types ofcapsules are hard-shelled capsules, which are normally used for dry, powderedingredients, and soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredientsthat are dissolved or suspended in oil. Both of these classes of capsule are made bothfrom gelatine and fromplant-based gelling substances like carrageenans and modifiedforms ofstarch and cellulose.

Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficientmethod of taking medication. For this reason, producers of drugs such as OTC analgesicswanting to emphasize the strength of their product developed the "caplet" or "capsule-shaped tablet" in order to tie this positive association to more efficiently-producedtabletpills. After the 1982 Tylenol tampering murders, capsules experienced a minor fall inpopularity as tablets were seen as more resistant to tampering. [1]

Contents

[hide]

1 Soft gel encapsulation 2 Two-part gel capsules 3 Sizing 4 References

o 4.1 Footnoteso 4.2 General references

5 See also

[edit] Soft gel encapsulation

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Cod liver oil soft gel capsules.

In 1834, Mothes and Dublanc were granted a patent for a method to produce a single-piece gelatin capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution. They used individual

iron moulds for their process, filling the capsules individually with a medicine dropper.Later on, methods were developed that used sets of plates with pockets to form thecapsules. Although some companies still use this method, the equipment is not producedcommercially any more. All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a processdeveloped by R.P. Schererin 1933. His innovation was to use a rotary die to produce thecapsules, with the filling taking place byblow molding. This method reduced wastage,and was the first process to yield capsules with highly repeatable dosage.

The current owner of the RPScherer technology is Catalent Pharma Solutions, the worldslargest manufacturer of prescription pharmaceutical softgels.

Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly solubledrugs. This is because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase solubilityor permeability of the drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients aredifficult to include in any other solid dosage form such as a tablet. Softgels are alsohighly suited to potent drugs (for example, where the dose is


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placing a compressed slug of powder into one half of the capsule, or by filling one half ofthe capsule with loose powder) and the other half of the capsule is pressed on. Theadvantage of inserting a slug of compressed powder is that control of weight variation isbetter, but the machinery involved is more complex.[3]

[edit] SizingIn Canada, starch or cellulose are available in a range of sizes with designations 000, 00,0E, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The respective volumetric capacities are 1.37ml, 950l, 770l,680l, 480l, 360l, 270l, and 200l.[4]

[edit] References

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ Sims, Calvin (1986-02-15). "Despite "mystique" of capsules, many drugs work in otherforms".New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A0DE1D71F3BF936A25751C0A960948260.

2. ^ "History of dosage forms and basic preparations".Encyclopedia of PharmaceuticalTechnology. 7. Informa Health Care. 1998. pp. 304306.ISBN 0824728068.

3. ^ Bill Bennett and Graham Cole (2003).Pharmaceutical Production, an EngineeringGuide. IChemE. pp. 126129. ISBN0852954409.

4. ^ "CapsCanada: Technical Specifications for Gelatin Capsules".http://www.capscanada.com/assets/technical%20specifications%20gelatin.pdf.

Liquid Filled Hard Gelatin Capsules [1]

[edit] General references

L. Lachman, H.A. Lieberman, J.L. Kanig (1986). The Theory and Practice ofIndustrial Pharmacy (3rd Ed.). Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.ISBN0-8121-0977-5.

[edit] See also

Pharmaceutical formulation Pill splitting OROS

[hide]vde

Route of administrations/ Dosage forms

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Oral

Enteral/digestive tract

Solids

Capsule PillTablet Orally disintegratingtablet Film OROS(osmotic controlledrelease capsule)

LiquidsElixirEmulsion Syrup Suspension Tincture

Respiratory tractInhaler(Metered-dose, Drypowder) Nebulizer

Circulatory systemSublingual administration

Eye/ENT Eye drop Ear drop Intranasal

SyrupFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation,searchFor other uses, see Syrup (disambiguation).

Apot of syrup used to makestroopwafels

In cooking, a syrup (from Arabic ,sharab, beverage, viaLatinsiropus) is a thickviscousliquid, containing a large amount of dissolved sugars, but showing little tendencyto deposit crystals. The viscosity arises from the multiple hydrogen bondsbetween thedissolved sugar, which has many hydroxyl (OH) groups, and the water. Technically andscientifically, the term syrup is also employed to denote viscous, generally residual,liquids, containing substances other than sugars in solution. Artificialmaple syrup ismade with water and an extremely large amount of dissolved sugar. The solution isheated so more sugar can be put in than normally possible. The solution becomes super-saturated.

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Contents

[hide]

1 Pharmaceutical syrup 2 Culinary syrup 3 Syrups for beverages

o 3.1 Simple syrupo 3.2 Gomme syrup

4 See also 5 References

6 External links

[edit] Pharmaceutical syrup

The syrup employed as a base for medicinal purposes consists of a concentrated orsaturated solution of refined sugar in distilled water. The "simple syrup" of the BritishPharmacopoeia is prepared by adding 1 kg of refined sugar to 500 mL of boiling distilledwater, heating until it is dissolved and subsequently adding boiling distilled water untilthe weight of the whole is 1.5 kg. The specific gravityof the syrup should be 1.33. This isa 66 Brix solution.

Flavoured syrups are made by adding flavouring matter to a simple syrup. For instance,syrupus aromaticus is prepared by adding certain quantities oforange flavouring andcinnamonwater to simple syrup. Similarly, medicated syrups are prepared by adding

medicaments to, or dissolving them in, the simple syrup.

[edit] Culinary syrup

Golden syrup is a by-product of the process of obtaining refined crystallized sugar.Molasses is a syrup obtained at a different stage of refining.

[edit] Syrups for beverages

A variety of beverages call for sweetening to offset the tartness of some juices used in the

drink recipes. Granulated sugar does not dissolve easily in cold drinks orethyl alcohol.Since the following syrups are liquids, they are easily mixed with other liquids in mixeddrinks, making them superior alternatives to granulated sugar.

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Bottles of syrup used for flavouring drinks in a coffee house.

[edit] Simple syrup

A basic sugar-and-water syrup used to make drinks atbars is referred to by severalnames, including simple syrup, sugar syrup, simple sugar syrup, and bar syrup.

Simple syrup is made by stirring granulated sugar into hot water in a sauce pan until thesugar is dissolved and then cooling the solution. Generally, the ratio of sugar to water canrange anywhere from 1:1 to 2:1.

This type of syrup (often with additional flavourings) is also commonly used atcoffeebars, especially in the United States, to make flavoured drinks.

[edit] Gomme syrup

Gomme syrup is an ingredient commonly used in mixed drinks. It is also commonlyused as a sweetener for iced coffee in Japan. Like bar syrups, it is a sugar and watermixture, but has an added ingredient ofgum arabic which acts as an emulsifier. Gommesyrup is made with the highest percentage of sugar to water possible, while the gumarabic prevents the sugar from crystallizing and adds a smooth texture.

[edit] See also

Agave nectar Barley malt

syrup Birch syrup Brown rice

syrup

Chocolatesyrup

Corn syrup

Fruit syrup Golden Syrup Hickory syrup Honey Inverted sugar

syrup

Kithul treacle

Maple syrup Molasses Palm syrup Peanut butter Sorghum

syrup

Squash(drink)

Sugar beetsyrup

Torani Treacle Yacon syrup

Syrup OfMaidenhair

[edit] References

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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrup&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_barhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_barhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_barhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrup&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_drinkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrup&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave_nectarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_malt_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_malt_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rice_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rice_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shagbark_hickory#Hickory_Syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithul_treaclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toranihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacon_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup_Of_Maidenhairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup_Of_Maidenhairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrup&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1883_syrup_bottles.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrup&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_barhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_barhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrup&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_drinkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrup&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave_nectarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_malt_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_malt_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rice_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rice_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shagbark_hickory#Hickory_Syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kithul_treaclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toranihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacon_syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup_Of_Maidenhairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrup_Of_Maidenhairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrup&action=edit&section=7

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