CARBON CAPTURE & SEQUESTRATION

What Is CO2?

Carbon dioxide (chemical name CO2) is a clear gas composed of one atom of carbon (C) and two atoms of oxygen (O2). CO2 is just one of many chemical forms of carbon on the Earth.

Facts of CO2

When a ton of carbon combines with oxygen, it makes nearly four tons of CO2 gas.

Under normal conditions, CO2 is a gas. At temperatures below -78°C (-109°F), CO2 condenses into a white solid called dry ice. 

CO2 is produced naturally by processes deep in the earth. 

Every day, millions of tons of CO2 are injected into underground geologic zones to help produce oil in a well-known industry practice called "CO2 flooding.

As a major greenhouse gas,CO2 helps create and maintain the natural greenhouse effect that keeps our planet hospitable to life. 

SOURCES OF CO2Natural sources

Decomposition, ocean release and respiration. 

Human sources

cement production, deforestation as well as the burning of fossil fuels 

CARBON CYCLE

Global Warming What is Global Warming?

Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect.

What are the Greenhouse Gases?

water vapor, 36–70%

carbon dioxide, 9–26%

methane, 4–9%

ozone, 3–7%

It is not physically realistic to assign a specific

percentage to each gas because the absorption and

emission bands of the gases overlap

GREENHOUSE GASES The most significant greenhouse gas is actually water vapor, not

something produced directly by humankind in significant amounts.

Even slight increases in atmospheric levels of  carbon dioxide (CO2) can cause a substant

Why is this?

There are two reasons: First, although the concentrations of these gases are not nearly as large as that of oxygen and nitrogen (the main constituents of the atmosphere), neither oxygen or nitrogen are greenhouse gases. This is because neither has more than two atoms per molecule (i.e. their molecular forms are O2 and N2, respectively), and so they lack the internal vibrational modes that molecules with more than two atoms have. Both water and CO2, for example, have these "internal vibrational modes", and these vibrational modes can absorb and reradiate infrared radiation, which causes the greenhouse effect.  ial increase in temperature.

Secondly,  CO2 tends to remain in the atmosphere for a very long time (time scales in the hundreds of years). Water vapor, on the other hand, can easily condense or evaporate, depending on local conditions.

CO2 EMISSIONS TREND

GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTS

Rising Seas--- inundation of fresh water marshlands (the everglades), low-lying cities, and islands with seawater

Changes in rainfall patterns --- droughts and fires in some areas, flooding in other areas

Melting of the ice caps --- loss of habitat near the poles. Polar bears are now thought to be greatly endangered by the shortening of their feeding season due to dwindling ice packs. 

Melting glaciers - significant melting of old glaciers is already observed.

Widespread vanishing of animal populations --- following widespread habitat loss

Spread of disease --- migration of diseases such as malaria to new, now warmer, regions.

Muir Glacier, August, 1941

Muir Glacier, August, 2004

ATMOSPHERIC CO2 PROJECTIONS  2009 2100 

Global CO2 Emissionsgiga tons per year

36.31 Gtons 98.96 Gtons

Atmospheric CO2parts per million

390.43 ppm 882.87 ppm

Global Temperature Increasemean projection relative to pre-industrial

0.81°C1.46°F

4.47°C8.04°F

Source: Climate Interactive CROADS version 3.014 run April 22, 2013 based on confirmed proposals as of April 19, 2013.

CO2 REDUCTION TECHNIQUES

Energy efficient methods

Renewable energy

Alternate fuels

Alternate raw materials

Plantation

Scrubbing towers

CCS

ENERGY PROJECTIONS-2050

WORLD PROJECTION

CARBON CAPTURE & SEQUESTRATION/UTILISATION CCS: Carbon capture and storage (CCS), refers to a set of

technologies designed to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from largepoint sources such as coal-fired power plants to mitigate greenhouse gas production.

CCS technology (or sequestration) involves capturing CO2 and then storing the carbon in a reervoir other than the atmosphere.

An integrated CCS system would include three main steps:

1. capturing and separating CO2;

2. compressing and transporting the captured CO2 to the sequestration site; and

3. sequestering CO2 in geological reservoirs or in the oceans

LATEST IS UTILISATION OF CO2 FOR VARIOUS APPICATIONS

CAPTURING CO2 The first step in CCS is to capture CO2 at the source and produce a

concentrated stream for transport and storage.

Capture of CO2

post-combustion

oxy-fuelcombustion

capture

pre-combustion

POST-COMBUSTION CAPTURE

This process involves extracting CO2 from the flue gas following combustion of fossil fuels or biom

Several commercially available technologies, some involving absorption using chemical solvents.

1 Solvents and Sorbents for CO2 separation

2 Advanced Membranes

Solvents and Sorbents for CO2 separation Advanced Membranes

Absorption of CO2 by MEA at 40°CMEA recovery by desorption at 120°C

Membrane separationFlue gas

Un permeated gas

CO2

P2P1

Polyimide hollow fiber membranes

Hollow-fiber tubes with each individual fiber shaped like a long drinking straw. The fiber membranes preferentially allow small molecules like CO2 to pass through the fiber walls or permeate faster. The fiber is made from cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) polymer. 

Pre-Combustion Capture

Steamreform

ing

Heat exchange

CCS

H2O

H2

CO2

CH4 or N G

This technique is used for internal combustion like GT power plants, IGCC and not for external combustion like in cement plants & ST power plants

This technique is best suited for GT with sequential

combustion because of Nox formation is negligiblePOWER & HEAT

AIR

OXY FUEL COMBUSTION TECHNIQUE

CO2 TRANSPORTATION Pipelines are the most common method for

transporting CO2 Predominately to oil and gas fields, where it is

used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).

Using ships may be feasible when CO2 needs to be transported over large distances or overseas

Rail cars and trucks can also transport CO2, but this mode would probably be uneconomical for large-scale CCS operations.

Costs for pipeline transport vary, depending on construction, operation and maintenance

SEQUESTRATION Placement of carbon dioxide from emissions of factories and power plants

deep into the ground or ocean for storage

Storage possibilities include: Deep ocean Saltwater aquifers Oil and natural gas reservoirs

Pumping CO2 into oil and gas reservoirs to boost production (enhanced oil recovery, or EOR) is practiced in the petroleum industry today.

The advantage of using this technique for long-term CO2 storage is that sequestration costs can be partially offset by revenues from oil and gas production

Carbon dioxide sequestration in basalt involves the injecting of CO2 into deep-sea formations. The CO 2 first mixes with seawater and then reacts with the basalt, both of which are alkaline-rich elements. This reaction results in the release of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions forming stable carbonate minerals

CHEMICAL SEQUESTRATIONElectro catalysis by a copper complex helps reduce carbon dioxide to oxalic acid. This conversion use carbon dioxide as a feedstock to generate oxalic acid.

Mineral Carbonation

Carbon, in the form of CO 2 can be removed from the atmosphere by chemical processes, and stored in stable carbonate mineral forms.

The process involves reacting carbon dioxide with abundantly available metal oxides–either magnesium oxide(MgO) or calcium oxide (CaO)–to form stable carbonates

 The reaction rate can be made faster, for example by reacting at higher temperatures and/or pressures, or by pre-treatment.

BIO SEQUESTRATION Bio sequestration is the capture and storage

of the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by biological processes.

Enhanced photosynthesis : Modifying RuBisCO genes in plants to increase the catalytic and/or oxygenation activity of that enzyme

An algae bioreactor or photo bioreactor is used for cultivating algae on purpose to fix CO2 or produce biomass

Enhanced photosynthesisEnhanced soil carbon trappingAlgal bio sequestration 

This kind of bioreactor is based on the photosynthetic reaction which is performed by the chlorophyll-containing algae itself using dissolved carbon dioxide and sunlight energy.