Case presentation in infection disease

報告人： I2 李宗穎日期： Jan.16, 2006

Chief CompliantChief Compliant

Female22-year-oldAmericanMultiple ulcerated skin lesions on her face and extremities.

Present illnessPresent illness

According to the statement of the patient, she was relatively healthy previously. She went to Kenya for vacation 2 weeks ago. She returned to Boston after a vacation. Multiple ulcerated skin lesion on her face and extremities was noted.Due to persistent symptoms, she visited a local emergency room for help.

• A Giemsa-stained smear showed monocytes containing small, oval, nonmotile parasitic forms measuring 2 to 3 μm in length.

Skin testSkin test

A skin test was performed and was strongly positive for a hemoflagellate ( 血液鞭毛蟲 )

Questions 1,2,3Questions 1,2,3

1. Which infection does this patient have ？ What is the name of the hemoflagellate causing her infection ？

2. Name the three species belonging to this complex.

3. Which vector is responsible for the transmission of this infection ？

HemoflagellatesHemoflagellates

寄生於血液及組織內，屬於錐蟲科(Trypanosomatidae).須有無脊椎動物和脊椎動物兩種宿主，交替生長，才能完成發育。錐蟲屬 (Trypanosoma) 及利什曼屬(Leishmania) ，對人類關係最密切。

非洲型錐蟲 美洲型錐蟲如 羅得西亞錐蟲 (Trypanosoma brucei rhode

siense) 、剛比亞錐蟲 (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense)

枯西氏錐蟲 (Trypanosoma cruzi)

媒介 采采蠅 (tsetse flies) 錐鼻蟲 (Triatoma, cone-nosed bugs)

感染 屬唾液型：存在於唾液腺中，由昆蟲的唾腺直接注入宿主屬前期感染

屬糞便型：存於昆蟲的排泄物中，昆蟲叮咬後，隨糞便排出於傷口附近，經抓癢而進入感染宿主屬後期感染

繁殖 以細胞外型式的錐體繁殖 多在網狀內皮系統以細胞內的錐體繁殖

寄生於人體中之蟲體

僅錐蟲型 (trypomastigote) 形態於人體出現

在人體組織細胞內，以無鞭毛體 (amastigotes) 之形態繁殖。尚未證實有性生殖

特徵 a. 主要是中樞神經系統感染。b. 抗原具變異性，持續性出現高 IgM 之抗體。c. 產生免疫複合體。

a. Nonmotile amastigotes 可以在心肌細胞內繁殖

b. 不產生免疫複合體。

疾病 昏睡病 (African sleeping sickness, ASS) 。羅得西亞錐蟲→可能胎盤感染。岡比亞錐蟲→頸後三角區之淋巴結腫大稱為溫氏症 (Winterbottom’s sign)

Chagas’ disease ：巨食道、巨結腸，或間質性心肌炎。眼瞼腫大稱為羅曼雅徵候 (Romana’s sign) 。

流行 多發現於非洲 多發現於中南美洲

LeishmaniaLeishmania

具 a) 無鞭毛期 (amastigote)→ 於哺乳類中找到

b) 前鞭毛期 (promastigote)→ 只存於昆蟲媒介體內全由白蛉 (sandflies ，沙繩 ) 為媒介

a) 只有雌蠅才產卵吸血，才具傳染能力 b) 白蛉藉叮咬將 promastigote 注入到人體→

被巨噬細胞吞入後發育為 amastigote 而繁殖 c) 許多種哺乳動物都為其貯存宿主，如狐貍、

貓、狗及囓齒類。

EtiologyEtiology

Several species of Leishmania are pathogenic for man: L. donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar, black disease, dumdum fever); L. tropica (L. t. major, L. t. minor and L. ethiopica) cause cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore, Delhi ulcer, Aleppo, Delhi or Baghdad boil); L. braziliensis (also, L. mexicana and L. peruviana) are etiologic agents of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia, Uta, chiclero ulcer).

Major Leishmania Species That Cause Disease in Humans

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SUBGENUS LEISHMANIA

Species Clinical Syndrome Geographic Distribution

L. donovani complex

L. donovani sensu stricto VL (PKDL, OWCL) China, Indian subcontinent, southwestern Asia, Ethiopia,c Kenya, Sudan, Uganda; possibly sporadic in sub-Saharan Africa

L. infantum sensu stricto VL (OWCL) China, central and southwestern Asia, Middle East, southern Europe, North Africa, Ethiopia,c Sudan; sporadic in sub-Saharan Africa

L. chagasi VL (NWCL) Central and South America

L. mexicana complex

L. mexicana NWCL (DCL) Texas, Mexico, Central and South America

L. amazonensis NWCL (ML, DCL, VL) Panama and South America

L. tropica OWCL (VL) Central Asia, India, Pakistan, southwestern Asia, Middle East, Turkey, Greece, North Africa, Ethiopia,c Kenya, Namibia

L. major OWCL Central Asia, India, Pakistan, southwestern Asia, Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, Sahel region of north-central Africa, Ethiopia,c Sudan, Kenya

L. aethiopica OWCL (DCL, ML) Ethiopia,c Kenya, Uganda

Abbreviations: VL, visceral leishmaniasis; PKDL, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis; OWCL, Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis; NWCL, New World (American) cutaneous leishmaniasis; DCL, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis; ML, mucosal leishmaniasis.

Clinical syndromes less frequently associated with the various species are shown in parentheses.

• Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis also are endemic in parts of Eritrea, but the causative species have not been well established.

• "L. infantum" and "L. chagasi" are synonymous.• L. tropica also causes leishmaniasis recidivans and viscerotropic leishmania

sis.• L. major-like organisms also cause New World cutaneous leishmaniasis.• The cutaneous leishmaniasis syndrome caused by this species is called.

SUBGENUS VIANNIA

Species Clinical Syndrome Geographic Distribution

L. (V.) braziliensis NWCL (ML) Central and South America

L. (V.) guyanensis NWCL (ML) South America

L. (V.) panamensis NWCL (ML) Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

L. (V.) peruviana NWCL→uta Peru (western slopes of Andes)

SymptomsSymptoms- - Visceral leishmaniasisVisceral leishmaniasis

Rapidly eliminated from the site of infection, hence there is rarely a local lesionThey are localized and multiply in the mononuclear phagocytic cells of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa and other organs. One to four months after infection, there is occurrence of fever, with a daily rise to 102-104 degrees F, accompanied by chills and sweating.

The spleen and liver progressively become enlarged With progression of the diseases, skin develops hyperpigmented granulomatous areas (kala-azar means black disease). Untreated disease results in death.

SymptomsSymptoms- - Cutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasis

Papule, 1-2 weeks (or as long as 1-2 months) after the bite. The papule gradually grows to form a relatively painless ulcer. The center of the ulcer encrusts while satellite papules develop at the periphery. The ulcer heals in 2-10 months, even if untreated but leaves a disfiguring scar. The disease may disseminate in the case of depressed immune function.

Ulcerative skin lesions with raised outer borders on the arm of a patient with New World (American) cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Costa Rica. (Photograph courtesy of Dr. A. Wright.)

People in Kabul, Afghanistan, infected with Leishmania tropica, standing in line for hours on a bitterly cold day in February 1997 at a treatment center for cutaneous leishmaniasis. [Photograph courtesy of Dr. R. Ashford and reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science (Lancet 354:1193, 1999).]

http://www.yamagiku.co.jp/pathology/photo/photo176-8.htm

SymptomsSymptoms-- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasisMucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Initial- the same as those of cutaneous leishmaniasis, except that in this disease the organism can metastasize and the lesions spread to mucoid (oral, pharyngeal and nasal) tissues and lead to their destruction and hence severe deformity .

Questions 4,5Questions 4,5

Which stage of this parasite is the infective form ？Which stage of this parasite is seen in human blood smears ？

Questions 6Questions 6

What is the skin test used on the patient ？ How is this test useful in screening the population in areas of endemic infection ？

Montenegro testMontenegro test

A skin test with leishmanin (Montenegro test) is negative during active kala azar, but later becomes positive (after 6 to 12 months). The Montenegro test reflects the suppressed cellular immunity during infection. There is a specific anergy for Leishmania parasites during active disease.

This test is mainly of epidemiological value. To perform the test 0.1 ml is injected intradermally and the local reaction read after 48 hours (>5 mm induration = positive). A positive test eliminates the existence of active kala azar. Cutaneous leishmaniasis produces a positive Montenegro test.

Questions 7Questions 7

Which treatment is recommended for this infection ？

TreatmentTreatment

Most cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis heal within several weeks to 3 years without treatment.Systemic therapy is indicated for infections caused by organisms in the L braziliensis species complex; →prevent mucosal leishmaniasis; and to decrease the morbidity caused by these generally chronic skin lesions.

For cutaneous L braziliensis infection, the CDC recommends treatment with sodium stibogluconate, 20 mg/kg/d intravenously for 20 days, because the cure rate has been only 64% using a lower dosage (10 to 13 mg/kg/d). Common side effects include increases in hepatocellular enzyme levels, pancytopenia, and ECG changes consisting of T-wave inversion and prolongation of the QT interval.

Questions 8Questions 8

How is the diagnosis of this infection made ？

DiagnosisDiagnosis

History of exposure to sandfiesSymotomsGiemsa-stained slides of the tissue→most commonly used to visualize the parasite.In vitro culture of infected tissue →unsuccessful because of contamination of the skin with yeast before the biopsy sample was takenA skin test (delayed hypersensitivity: Montenegro test) Detection of anti-leishmanial antibodies by immuno-fluorescence

• Three examples of Leishmania spp. amastigotes from a skin ulcer. Note each amastigote contains a nucleus and the bar-shaped kinetoplast. These preparations have been stained with Giemsa stain.

Leishmania tropicaLeishmania tropica amastigotes from an impre amastigotes from an impression smear of a biopsy specimen from a skin lession smear of a biopsy specimen from a skin lesionsion

In A, an intact macrophage is practically filled with amastigotes (arrows), several of which have a clearly visible nucleus and kinetoplast; in B, amastigotes are being freed from a rupturing macrophage.

Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis includes ulcers due to mycobacteria, cutaneous diphtheria, 白喉tertiary syphilis, yaws, cutaneous carcinoma and deep or subcutaneous mycosis. Acid fast bacilli can be made visible using the method of Ziehl-Neelsen. Field sore (cutaneous diphtheria) and tropical ulcers (fusobacteria + Borrelia) are painful, particularly in the early phase.