Cay thuc an xanh che phu dllai cay lau nam

£)6 hi gi? • Cay trang phu dLfOi cay lau nam la nhCi'ng cay h9 d~u m9c dLfOi nhCi'ng cay lau nam nhLf la cay an qua va cay dua.

£)~ giai quyet ? • H';1n che co d<;li

• Tang d9 mau ma cua dat

• Cung cap thuc an cho gia suc (cay h9 d~u co th§ dung nhLf la nguan thl/C pham co chat ILfC;1ng cao) .

Lo~i cay thuc an • Cay ho d~u ma:

xanh thich hC;Sp? - Sinh trLfong nhanh,

- Thai gian sinh trLfong dai , va

- Co kha nang phat tri§n r9ng

• Lay vi dl,l Arachis pintoi 'Itacambira' va Centrosema macrocarpum 'Ucayali' .

Nhftng dii!U IlIU • Kh6ng c<;lnh tranh dinh dLfang khi cay lau nam

y khac? con nho.

• Vi~c chan tha gia suc co th§ lam hong cay con

Arachis pintoi 'Amarillo' dLfc;lc trang chung voi cay tieu (cay lieu leo quanh cayGliricidia sepium) d§ kh6ng che co d<;li vii cung cap nguan thuc an cho de (North Cotabatu , Philippines) . [WSj

79

Arachis pintoi 'Itacambira'c6 thg dl1<1c trong dQc theo hai ben dl1C1ng dg ch6ng x6i man dat va cung cap nguon thUc an cho gia suc (Malitbog, Philippines) . [WSl

80

Che phu dat chong xoi man

£)0 la gi? • Gay che phu dat chong x6i man la nhling cay d~u, cay hoa thao mQc tren be m~it dat doc

£)6 giai quyet ? • X6i man dat (vLta giam d(> x6i man dat vLta phl,lC hoi dat b! suy thoai)

• Gung cap nguon thUc an bo sung cho gia suc va cai thien d(> mau mB cua dal.

Lo~i cay thLrc an • Gay thUc an xanh hoa thao va cay d~u c6 than

xanh thich hqp? ba va ngan.

• Lay vi dl,l Brachiaria humidicola 'Yanero' va Arachis pintoi'ltacambira'.

NhCtng dieu hili • M~c dau nhling loai cay che phu c6 thg chiu

y khac ? dlfTlg dl1<;1c vi$c gam co lien tuc cua gia suc, tuy nhien chung cling can phai dl1<;1C baD v$ tranh nhling gia suc tha rang khi moi vLta dl1<;1C trong .

Quan Iy cay thCl'c an xanh nhu' the nao?

Quan Iy cay thCtc an xanh nhu the nao?

82

• • • • • • • • • •

QUEln Iy cay thuc an xanh rat de. Neu nong dan trL1dC day chL1a bao gid tr6ng cay thuc an xanh , he;> c6 th~ can tL1 van ve nhLrng yeu cau d~c bi~t cua nhLrng loai cay khac nhau. Cac nguyen t~k qUEln Iy dL1di day se giup nong dan cai thi~n :

• chat 1L1<;mg va nang suat cay thuc an xanh,

• SI! chong ch!u cua cay thuc an xanh va

• nang suat gia suc.

Khi nao thl nen thu cat cay thuc an xanh? Quyet d!nh thdi di~m thu cat khong chi dl!a vao nang suat va chat 1L1<;1ng san pham. N6 con phl,l thu(>c vao nhu cau cua nong dan vao thdi di~m d6, ma dieu nay c6 le quan tre;>ng hdn bat cu mat can nhac nao khac.

Neu chung ta xem xet van de c6 l<;1i cho cay co va gia suc thl vi~c quyet d!nh thoi di~m thu dh la sI! tong h<;1p giCra nang suat va chat hJ<;1ng cua cay co (xem hlnh trang 84). Trong vai ngay dau sau khi cat, cay thuc an xanh tai sinh rat ch~m, VI chung chI c6 m9t vai la d~ nh~n anh sang quang h<;1p. Sau d6, la sinh trLfang nhanh trong vai tuan va mang l<;Ii thuc an c6 chat ILf<;1ng cao. Neu cay thuc an xanh kh6ng dLf<;1C thu cat vao thoi di~m nay, chat ILf<;1ng cua cay thuc an xanh se giam sau d6 VI :

• Cay tr6ng m9c them canh, d~c bi~t khi bat dau ra hoa.

• Kha nang tieu hoa cua canh thap hon nhieu so vbi la.

• Kha nang lieu hoa cua co gia thap hon nhieu so vOi co non,va

• Thanh phan d<;lm giam khi cay ve gla, d~c bi~t doi vOi cay h9 co hoa thao.

83

Thdi di~m tot nhat d~ thu cat la sI! can doi gilia nang suat va chat h/<;mg cua cay thLrc an

Thai ky phat tri~n ch,m

ban dau

Chi c6 1a cay non

C6 ham Iu'c;mg d~m va kha

nang tieu hoa cao

NHlING

cho nang suat ratthap

84

Thai ky phat tri~n la nhanh

C6 nhieu la xanh va canh non

ham Iu'gng d~m va kha n{ing lieu hoa cao

NHlING

nang suat thap

Thai kY phat tri~n la va canh nhanh

C6 nhieu la non nhLtng cOng c6 nhieu canh gia

ham Iu'gng d~m va kha n{ing tieu hoa kh6ng

cao

NHlING

nAng suat caD

Giai dOClln ra hoa va ket hCllt

chi c6 la va canh gia

ham Iu'gng d~m va kha nang tieu hoa

thap

NHlING

nang rat suat cao

Thu ciit cay thli'c an xanh thllong xuy€m co chat 11IQng cao nhung nang suat thap

Khoangcach Nang suat VCK U(%cua a.,m(%) ILradt (tlha/nam) t6ng san 11Iqng)

3tuan 10 60 14

6tuan 15 40 10

9tuan 25 25 7

Vi dl,l khoang cach thu cat co Voi V80 luc 3, 6 ho~c 9 tuan

Vi dl,l ve sl/ thay doi cua nang suat va chat ILlc;lng thuc an theo thai gian sinh trLlClng cua co dLlc;lc me ta trong bang tren . cu 3, 6 ho~c 9 tuan , co Voi dLlc;lC cat m(>t lan . Nang suat cao nhat d<;lt Cl khoang cach 9 tuan 1 lan , nhLlng chat ILlc;lng thUc an l<;li thap nhat.

Neu bl!!n muon co cha't ILft;mg cao, hay cat khi cay con nho.Neu bl!!n muon co nang sua't cao, hay de' cho cay co m{Jc lau hem

Co Voi con non' [JH] Co Voi da gia [JH]

Kha nang hap thu(%)

60

55

45

85

Cat cay thuc an xanh khi cay cao bao nhieu? Tat ca IOSli cay therc an xanh co th~ ch!u dljng dl1Qc khi cat thap nhllng chung se cho nang suat caD hem va song lau hdn neu chllng dLi<;1C cat cao hdn (xem bEing d110i). Khong co phLidng pMp nao co d!nh va ngLidi nong dan tt! pMt tri~n phl1dng therc thu cat khi hq lam quen vOj cay trong moL Lay vi dy, co Voj nen thlnh thoang dLi<;1C cat sat gan vOj m~t dat kich thich nhU'ng choi non phat tri~n tU' m~t dat.

Chieu caD thu cat lJ mQt so loili cay thtic an xanh

L_~ __ c_a_y h~9~d~a_. u _____ -+-_DO

_. c_~c_o~o_c_a_t_'___"_------V_(_d_y_ Cay hq d~u than be ngan 5 - 10 Arachis pintoi

8yi cay than mqc th~ng 20- 30 Stylosanthes guianensis Desmanthus virgatus

Cay than bl,li V8 than go 50 -100 Gliricidia sepium

Cay co hoil thao DQ caD dO cat Vidy

(cm)

Cay co than be ngan 5 -10 Brachiaria humidicola

Brachiaria decumbens

I

I\JhCtng lo~i co khac 10 - 30 Panicum maximum

i Pennisetum purpureum

86

Cat cay thllc an xanh khi cay caD baD nhieu? Khi g~m co, chat dinh dL1C1ng ma gia suc an OL1c;1C quay tro ve oat bang nL1C1C tieu va phan. £lieu nay kh6ng xay ra khi cay co thu cat vamangve chuong gia suc. Tnl khi chat dinh dL1C1ng quay tro l<;li vung oat trong co, neu kh6ng thi nang suat va chat 1L1c;1ng cay thuc an xanh se giam oi nhanh chong.

Trong vi dl,l (xem s6 liE%u phia dL1C1i) co Voi kh6ng bon phan se giam nang suat tU' rat cao ban oau xu6ng con rat thap trong

vong m(>t nam

>; 'ctl Cl c: --N

E --ctl .c --c: ~ctl ~

'<16 :::J tJ)

Cl c:

>ctl Z

Dung phfm chuong d~ b6n cho vung dat dimh thu cat

10 _ _____ _

8 -

6 -

4 -

2 -

I 2

I 4

I 6 8

Thang

I 10

I 12

I 14

M9t vi dl,l ve cay co Voi cat 8 tuan m9t lan ma kh6ng ban phan.

Phan chuong gfup duy tri nang suat cay thCtc an cao. [JH]

87

N6ng dan c~t cay thuc iln xanh lam nguon bo sung thuc iln cho gia suc (Sepaku, Indonesia). [JH]

88

Cay thuc an xanh lay di nhieu chat dinh dLlBng hdn la cay trong nhLl ng6 va lua vi tat ca than cay deu dLl<;1C cat va chuyen di. Trong m(>t vi dl,l (xem bang dLldi) co Voi cat thLlong xuyem trong m(>t nam va che bien dLl<;1c 18 tan/ha chat kh6. Chinh dieu nay da lam thay doi ILI<;1ng Nitd (N), photpho (P) va Kali (K) cOng nhLl nhCl'ng thanh phan dinh dLlBng khac tlI dat ma no van rat dat tien khi phai thay the b~lng phan bon mua a thi trLlong.

H~ thong thu cat lay di rat nhieu chat dinh dU'ong cua dat

Chat dinh dU'ong lay di LU'qng phin ban t.:t1000m 2 tU'ong dU'ong

32 kg Nitd/nam 70 kg/nam Urea

2 kg Phot pho/nam 10 kg/nam TSP

21 kg Kali/nam 42 kg/nam KCI

Vi d~ ve IUclng dinh dUBng do co VoiUha VCK lay di trong h$ thong thu cat

Tift ca deft Vling do, nui i1 EJong Nam a deu can cOi VB neu ch/it dinh dU'Ong khong dLf{1c ph,!C ho, i1 Vling diit trong co dtl thu cat, nang suiit co se giam di nhanh chong

Cay h9 d~u co dinh Nitd nho nhCfng vi khuan c(>ng sinh a re va vi the kh6ng can Nitd co san trong dat. Tuy nhien, cay h9 d~u can nhieu photpho hdn cay co hoa thao de phat trien va cung cap nang ILI<;1ng cho vi khuan, vi the no thLlong dap ltng tot vdi phan Phot pho. Phan Ni td kh6ng nen bon cho cay h9 d~u. Neu bon phan Nitd cho cay h9 d~u, thi nhCfng vi khuan a not san se kh6ng co dinh Nitd nCl'a ma sa dl,lng tlI nguon Nitd tlI phan bon.

Neu nong dan muon ban phan d~ lam tang nang suat eua eay thue an xanh thi nen ban phan d9m (Ure) eho co hoa thi'lO va phan Lan eho eay d~u.

80i Vdi tat ca nong dan, viee ap dl.,mg phan ban hoa hge eho eay thue an xanh la khong thlje te hay la khong co hi~u qua kinh te. SIj eh9n Ilja duy nhat la ban bEing ehfnh phan ehuong eho vung dat co eay thue an xanh. Phan ehuong la nguon phan ban rat tot vi no co san d dia phu'ong, re va phan giai chat dinh du'ong eh~m, mang den hi~u qua keo dai doi vdi eay trong. Nong dan de dang ehuy~n phan ehuong ban 19i eho eanh dong da thu cat co neu no d gan bai ehan gia sue. each khae la trong eay thue an xanh nam d vi trf thap hon bai ehan, ehung se nh~n du'<;1e nguon dinh du'ong tU' bai ehan gia sue theo dong ehay xuong.

89

Trong cay thuc an xanh Cs vung dat thap hem so voi bai chan cai thi~n dll<;Sc sI! phat tri~n cua cay thuc an xanh vii phl:lC hoi chat dinh dlldng cho dat.

90

• ~('i J

Chik chan m9t s6 nong dan se tro thanh chuyen gia ve ITnh vl/c nay khi nglfdi ta c6 gang tlm kiem bi~n phap de nang cao nang suat chan nuoi. Vi~c sa dl:mg phan chuong c6 the v~n con thieu cac chat dinh dlfong (nhlf thieu Kali) vi v~y can sa dl:mg them phan vo cd.

Phu luc

Phu luc

92

• • • • • • • • • • Neu b~n muon tim thong tin ve cay thuc an xanh hay la b~n tim nguon giong trong nhling loai cay thuc an xanh khac nhau mo ta trong cuon sach nay, ndi tot nhat tiep xuc dau tien duqc li~t ke theo danh sach duOi day. M~c dau nhling d!a chi va ten lien h~ nay se thay doi cung thai gian, nhLlng b~n se nh~n duqc chi dan theo dung huong va b~n se tim thay nhling gi ma b~n muon.

f)~ tim them thong tin, hay den tham trang web cua CIAT c6 d!a chi http://www.ciat.cgiar.org

Thailand Division of Animal Nutrition Department of Livestock Development Phya Thai Road, Bangkok 10400 Tel: (66 2) 6534491 Ngtfdi lien h$: Chaisang Phaikaew

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Philippines Livestock Research Division Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development p.a. Box 425, Los Banos, Laguna 4030 Tel: (63-49) 536 0014 Ngtfdi lien h$:Ed Magboo

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93

Vietnam Vi$n Chan nuoi quac gia BQ Nong nghi$p va Phat tril§n nong thon Thuy' PhLfdng, TU' Liem

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Lao PDR National Livestock Centre Nam Suang National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute P.O. Box 811 Vientiane Tel: (856 21) 222 796 NgLfOi lien hE;!: Vanthong Phengviehith, Phonepaseuth Phengsavanh

94

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