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ubZ f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ vuq:i CBSE ,oa ICSE Schools osQ fy, mi;ksxh

uohu

ekè;fed O;kdj.k,oa jpuk

gfj'pUæ,e-,- (fganh] laLÑr] bfrgkl] jktuhfr'kkL=k)

,y-Vh-] lkfgR; jRuHkwriwoZ vè;{k fganh foHkkxcky Hkkjrh ifCyd Ldwy

xaxkjke gLirky ekxZ] ihre iqjkubZ fnYyh

,l- pUn ,.M dEiuh izk-fy-(ISO 9001 : 2008 dEiuh)

jke uxj] ubZ fnYyh&110 055

d{kk&7 ds fy,

(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)7361, -110 05523672080-81-82; 9899107446, 991131088891-11-23677446Shop at: schandgroup.com; E-mail: [email protected]

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lokZf/dkj lqjf{krA bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkh va'k dk iqu% izLrqrhdj.k ;k fdlh Hkh :i esa izfrfyfidj.k (iQksVks izfr ;k fdlh Hkh ekè;e esa xzkfiQDl osQ :i esa laxzg.k] bysDVªkWfud ;k ;kaf=kdhdj.k }kjk vkSj tgk¡ dgha ;k vLFkk;h :i ls ugha ;k fdlh vU; izdkj osQ izlaxo'k bl izdk'ku dk mi;ksx Hkh) dkWihjkbV osQ LokfeRoèkkjd dh fyf[kr vuqefr osQ fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh izdkj ls blosQ Hkax gksus ;k vuqefr u ysus dh fLFkfr esa fcuk fdlh iwoZ lwpuk osQ mu ij dkuwuh dkjZokgh dh tk,xhAU;kf;d {ks=k % bl izdk'ku ls lacafèkr lHkh fooknksa dk fuiVkjk U;kf;d {ks=k ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjr osQ U;k;ky;] U;k;kfèkdj.k rFkk iQksje esa fd;k tk,xkA

20102011, 2012, 2013L2014

ISBN : 81-219-3343-9 Code : 21A 589

7361, Y110 0557361,Y110 055

d{kk&7 osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, fy[kh xbZ iqLrd uohu ekè;fed O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk dk f}rh;

laLdj.k iw.kZr;k la'kksf/r ,oa ifjekftZr gSA la'kks/u ,oa ifjektZu dk dk;Z MkW- egsUnz tks fganh osQ ,d izfl¼ ys[kd ,oa O;kdj.k&'kkL=k osQ fo}ku gSa us fd;k gSA

O;kdj.k dh n<+ uhao ij fufeZr Hkk"kk dk Hkou fpjdky rd fLFkr jgrk gSA lkSHkkX; ls fganh Hkk"kk

dks mldh tuuh laLÑr n~okjk O;kdj.k dk ,d lcy vk/kj feyk gSA blh vk/kj ij fganh Hkk"kk izxfr

dh vksj vxzlj gksrh jgh vkSj vkt Hkh vkxs c<+ jgh gSA fnu&izfrfnu blesa fuca/] dfork] dgkuh] miU;kl

vkfn fofHkUu fo/kvksa dh jpuk gks jgh gSA vius len~/ lkfgR; osQ dkj.k lpeqp gh fganh Hkkjr dh Hkk"kkvksa

osQ mPp vklu ij vklhu gks xbZ gSA LokHkkfod gS fd ge ns'koklh viuh Hkk"kk osQ izfr izseiwfjr vkSj

Jn~/koku jgrs gSaA Hkk"kk osQ lE;d Kku gsrq O;kdj.k dk Kku vko';d gSA blh fopkj ls vius uke osQ vuq:i

izLrqr iqLrd uohu ekè;fed O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk fy[kh xbZ gSA iqLrd esa bl ckr dk vf/d è;ku j[kk

x;k gS fd fo|kFkhZ Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~èk iz;ksx dk Kku izkIr dj losaQA blhfy, vf/d mnkgj.k nsdj O;kdj.k osQ

fofHkUuµvaxksa dks vf/d Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd vè;k; osQ var esa vH;kl osQ fy, iz'u

fn;s tkus dk mn~ns'; Hkh ;gh gS fd fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ :iksa dk Kku izkIr gksA bl izdkj Hkk"kk osQ

izk;ksfxd&i{k ij vf/d cy fn;k x;k gS tks fu'p; gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh vkSj Kkuo/Zd fln~/ gksxkA

bl ckr dk iwjk è;ku j[kk x;k gS fd iqLrd dk vuko';d foLrkj djosQ mldk vkdkj u c<+k;k

tk,A lkFk gh bl ckr dk Hkh è;ku j[kk x;k gS fd dksbZ vko';d fopkj&fcanq vuns[kk u jg tk,A

iqLrd dk ewy mn~ns'; Nk=kksa dks 'kqn~/ fganh cksyus vkSj fy[kus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djuk gSA ;fn bl

fn'kk esa oqQN liQyrk feyh rks fu%lansg eSa vius iz;kl dks lkFkZd le>w¡xkA

iqLrd dks vf/d mi;ksxh cukus osQ fy, lq;ksX; vè;kid ca/qvksa osQ vewY; lq>koksa dk gkfnZd Lokxr gSA

izdk'kd

Disclaimer : While the author of this book has made every effort to avoid any mistakes or omissions and has used his skill, expertise and knowledge to the best of his capacity to provide accurate and updated information, the author and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. S. Chand and the author expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

f}rh; la'kksf/r laLdj.k dh izLrkouk

Øekad i`"B

1- Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k (Language and Grammar) 1 µ 3 2- Hkk"kk vkSj mlds vax (Language and It's Organs) 4 µ 10 3- 'kCn&fopkj (Morphology) 11 µ 15 4- fodkjh 'kCn&laKk (Declinable Word–Noun) 16 µ 20 5- laKk ds fodkj&fyax (Declension of Noun–Gender) 21 µ 26 6- laKk ds fodkj&opu (Declension of Noun–Number) 27 µ 30 7- laKk ds fodkj&dkjd (Declension of Noun–Case) 31 µ 35 8- fodkjh 'kCn&loZuke (Declension Word–Pronoun) 36 µ 41 9- fodkjh 'kCn&fo'ks"k.k (Declension Word–Adjective) 42 µ 48 10- fodkjh 'kCn&fØ;k (Declension Word–Verb) 49 µ 55 11- fØ;k ds fodkj (Declinable Word–Verb) 56 µ 61 12- vfodkjh 'kCn (fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k) (Indeclinable–Adverb) 62 µ 64 13- vfodkjh 'kCn (laca/cks/d) (Indeclinable—Post-Position) 65 µ 66 14- vfodkjh 'kCn (leqPp;cks/d) (Indeclinable–Conjunction) 67 µ 68 15- vfodkjh 'kCn (foLe;kfncks/d) (Indeclinable–Interjection) 69 µ 70 16- okD; fopkj (Syntax) 71 µ 73 17- okD; ds Hksn (Kinds of Sentence) 74 µ 77 18- 'kCn&jpuk&milxZ (Etymology–Prefix) 78 µ 81 19- izR;; (Suffix) 82 µ 85 20- laf/ (Joining of Letters) 86 µ 93 21- lekl (Compound) 94 µ 97 22- 'kCn&foosd (Word Discrimination) 98 µ 108 23- fojke fpg~u (Punctuation) 109 µ 111 24- eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡ (Idioms and Proverbs) 112 µ 116 25- vifBr xn~;ka'k (Unseen Passage) 117 µ 119 26- i=k&ys[ku (Letter-Writing) 120 µ 127 27- fuca/&ys[ku (Essay-Writing) 128 µ 136

fo"k;&lwph

uohu ekè;fed O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk (d{kk&7 ds fy,) 1

1 Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k(Language and Grammar)

Hkk"kk eu osQ Hkkoksa rFkk fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk leqfpr lk/u gSA Hkk"kk osQ n~okjk lekt esa jgus okys euq"; ijLij vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gSaA Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls ge viuh bPNkvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vius lkfFk;ksa rd igq¡pk ldrs gSa ,oa mudh bPNkvkas vkSj fopkjksa dks Lo;a xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj Hkk"kk lkekftd O;ogkj dk l'kDr lgk;d lk/u gSA oSls i'kqµi{kh Hkh cksyrs gSa vkSj vkil esa viuh ckr dgrs gSa] og mudh Hkk"kk gSA ge mls ugha le>rsA Hkk"kk dh bl vewY; laifRr ls mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.k euq"; dh fxurh Js"B thoksa esa dh tkrh gSA

fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr euq"; nks :iksa esa djrk gS%

(d) ekSf[kd :i esa vFkkZr cksydj

([k) fyf[kr :i esa vFkkZr fy[kdj

ekSf[kd Hkk"kkµ eq[k n~okjk cksyh gqbZ Hkk"kk ekSf[kd dgykrh gSA Hkk"kk dk ekSf[kd :i gh eq[; gksrk gS vkSj ;gh Hkk"kk dk ewy :i gSA blh :i esa euq"; vkfn izkphu ;qx esa vius fopkjksa dks izdV fd;k djrk FkkA vius vkl&ikl fLFkr lkfFk;ksa ls euq"; ekSf[kd Hkk"kk n~okjk gh O;ogkj djrk gSA ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx vf/dka'k :i esa gksrk gSA jsfM;ks] VsifjdkMZj] Vsyhfo”ku vkfn ekSf[kd Hkk"kk osQ eq[; lk/u gSaA

fyf[kr Hkk"kkµ Hkk"kk osQ fodklØe esa ekSf[kd :i osQ ckn fyf[kr :i dk LFkku vkrk gSA fyf[kr Hkk"kk nwj fLFkr O;fDr;ksa rd fopkjksa dks izsf"kr djus dk lk/u gSA Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i n~okjk fopkjksa dks Hkfo"; osQ fy, Hkh lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gS ftlls fd vko';drk iM+us ij mldk iz;ksx fd;k tk losQA iwoZtksa osQ fopkj fyf[kr iqLrdksa osQ :i esa vkt Hkh laifRr osQ :i esa gSaA

Hkk"kk dk fyf[kr :i vf/d izkekf.kd ekuk tkrk gSA eqnz.k ;a=k osQ vkfo"dkj us Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i dk izpyu c<+k fn;kA dkxt ij vafdr gksus osQ dkj.k Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i dks ;kn j[kus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA fyf[kr :i ls gh ns'k

vkSj lekt dh lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dk ifjp; feyrk gSA ;gh Kku&foKku dks lqjf{kr j[kus dk lk/u gSA d{kk esa fon~;kFkhZ vè;kid osQ dFku dks fyf[kr Hkk"kk osQ :i esa vafdr djrs gSaA

uohu ekè;fed O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk (d{kk&7 ds fy,)2

fyfiµ Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i dks izdV djus osQ fy, oqQN èofu&fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu èofu&fpg~uksa dks fyfi dgk tkrk gSA fyfi o.kks± ;k v{kjksa dks vafdr djus dk :i gSA izR;sd Hkk"kk dh viuh fyfi gksrh gSA fganh Hkk"kk dh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA nsoukxjh fyfi esa gh laLd`r] ejkBh os usikyh Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh fy[kh tkrh gSa] vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk jkseu fyfi esa rFkk mnwZ Hkk"kk i+Qkjlh fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSA iatkch dh fyfi xq#eq[kh gSA

Hkkoksa ;k fopkjksa dks laosQrksa n~okjk Hkh izdV fd;k tkrk gSA tSlsµlM+d osQ pkSjkgs ij [kM+k iqfylokyk flikgh gkFkksa dks nk¡;sa&ck¡;sa fgykdj eksVjdkj] cl] Vªd vkfn okguksa dks #dus rFkk vkxs tkus dk laosQr nsrk gSA ,d NksVk cPpk Hkh jksdj o g¡ldj viuh bPNk dks izdV djrk gSA xw¡xs O;fDr Hkh laosQrksa ls gh dke pykrs gSaA bls laosQr Hkk"kk dk

uke fn;k tk ldrk gSA fganh Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk gSA ns'k osQ vf/dka'k Hkkx esa cgqer n~okjk bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkk"kk gfj;k.kk] fgekpy izns'k] jktLFkku] mRrjk[k.M] mRrj izns'k] NRrhlx<+] >kj[kaM] fcgkj] eè; izns'k] rFkk fnYyh esa cksyh o fy[kh tkrh gSA

Hkkjr esa fganh osQ vfrfjDr laLd`r] mnwZ] vaxzs”kh] ck¡Xyk] fcgkjh] xqtjkrh] iatkch] ejkBh] rfey] rsyqxq] dUuM+] ey;kye vkfn vusd Hkk"kk,¡ izpfyr gSaA

Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs le; gesa mlosQ 'kqn~/ Lo:i dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk dk 'kqn~/ iz;ksx djosQ fopkjksa dk ;Fkksfpr fofue; fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkk"kk dk 'kqn~/ Kku izkIr djus osQ fy, O;kdj.k dk vè;;u lgk;d gksrk gSA

O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS ftlosQ n~okjk Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ Lo:i dk Kku izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkk"kk dk fo'ys"k.k djosQ O;kdj.k mls Bhd izdkj ls cksyus] i<+us] fy[kus vkSj le>us ;ksX; cukrk gSA bl izdkj O;kdj.k osQ lkFk Hkk"kk dk ?kfu"B laca/ gksrk gSA

Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx esa v'kqn~f/ gksus ls Hkko dks fuf'pr vFkZ osQ lkFk le>us esa O;o/ku mRiUu gks ldrk gS] ;g ckr uhps fn, gq, mnkgj.k ls Li"V gks tk,xh%

vfHkuo dks i<+us&fy[kus dk cgqr 'kkSd gSA

vfHkuo dks i<+us&fy[kus dk cgqr 'kksd gSA

izLrqr okD;ka'k esa js[kkafdr 'kCn osQ v'kqn~/ iz;ksx ls mldk vFkZ gh cny x;kA igys okD; esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^'kkSd* #fp ;k fnypLih dk vFkZ izdV djrk gS ijUrq nwljs okD; esa ^'kkSd* dk v'kqn~/ :i ^'kksd* drkZ dh v#fp dh vfHkO;fDr dj jgk gSA O;kdj.k dk Kkrk cksyrs le; mPpkj.k dh 'kqn~/rk dk vkSj fy[krs le; fyfi esa 'kqn~/ orZuh dk è;ku j[krk gSA 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k 'kqn~/ ys[ku dh izsj.kk nsrk gSA


vH;kl dk le; 1- thou esa Hkk"kk dh D;k mi;ksfxrk gS\

2- Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A

3- jktHkk"kk ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4- Hkk"kk ds fdrus rFkk dkSu&dkSu&ls :i gSa\

5- Hkk"kk ds fyf[kr :i dk D;k egRo gS\

6- fyfi fdls dgrs gSa] fganh Hkk"kk dh fyfi dk D;k uke gS\

7- Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls dkSu&dkSu&lh Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSa\ Hkkjr esa fganh dk D;k LFkku gS\

8- Hkk"kk ds 'kqn~/ iz;ksx ds fo"k; esa vius fopkj fyf[k,A

9- uhps fy[ks 'kqn~/ dFku ds vkxs lgh dk fpg~u (√) vkSj xyr dFku ds vkxs xyr dk fpg~u (×) yxkb,A (d) Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls lekt esa jgus okys O;fDr ,d&nwljs ls fopkj&fofue; djrs gSaA

([k) nwj fuokl djus okys lkFkh ls ge fy[kdj ckr ugha dj ldrsA

(x) Hkk"kk dk ekSf[kd :i vf/d izkekf.kd gksrk gSA

(?k) lafo/ku ds vuqlkj fganh ns'k dh jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr dh xbZA

(Ä) O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS tks Hkk"kk ds 'kqn~/ :i dk ifjp; djkrk gSA

10- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa eas dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa ls mfpr 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A

nsoukxjh] laizs"k.k'khyrk] O;kdj.k] lkekftd] ekSf[kd] laLd`frA

(d) Hkk"kk ds fcuk -------------------------- thou dk fuokZg vlaHko gSA

([k) vius vkl&ikl cSBs lkfFk;ksa ls euq"; -------------------------- Hkk"kk n~okjk gh O;ogkj djrk gSA

(x) fyf[kr :i ls gh ns'k vkSj lekt dh lH;rk vkSj -------------------------- dk ifjp; feyrk gSA

(?k) -------------------------- fyfi esa gh laLd`r o ejkBh Hkk"kk Hkh fy[kh tkrh gSaA

(Ä) laosQrksa vkSj vLi"V èofu;ksa dks Hkk"kk ugha ekuk tk ldrk D;ksafd buesa Hkk"kk dh rjg ------------------- ugha gksrhA

(p) Hkk"kk dk 'kqn~/ Kku izkIr djus osQ fy,-------------------------- dk vè;;u lgk;d gksrk gSA


2 Hkk"kk vkSj mlosQ vax(Language and It's Organs)

Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA ftlesa fganh] ck¡Xyk] iatkch] jktLFkkuh] xqtjkrh] ejkBh] rfey] rsyqxq] dUuM+] ey;kye vkfn vusd Hkk"kkvkas dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA buds vykok eè; ;qx esa mnwZ vkSj vkèkqfud ;qx esa vaxzs”kksa ds laidZ esa vaxzs”kh dk Hkh [kwc iz;ksx gksrk gSA

fganh] ck¡Xyk] iatkch] xqtjkrh] ejkBh vkfn Hkk"kkvkas dh mRifRr laLd`r Hkk"kk ls gqbZ tks Hkkjr dh izkphu Hkk"kk gS vkSj ftldk viuk le`n~/ lkfgR; gSA blh Hkk"kk esa osn] 'kkL=k] mifu"kn~] Le`frxazFk xhrk vkfn /kfeZd xzaFkksa rFkk jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkfn dkO; xazFkksa dh jpuk gqbZA rfey] rsyqxq] dUuM+ vkSj ey;kye nzfoM+ ifjokj dh Hkk"kk,¡ gSa] budk iz;ksx nf{k.k Hkkjr esa rfeyukMq] vk¡/z izns'k] dukZVd vkSj dsjy jkT;ksa esa gksrk gSA ogk¡ fganh laidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esa dke djrh gSA mRrj izns'k] eè; izns'k] fcgkj] jktLFkku] fgekpy izns'k] gfj;k.kk] mRrjk[kaM] >kj[kaM] NRrhlx<+] fnYyh] vkSj vaMeku&fudksckj (dsanz'kkflr izns'k) esa fganh dks jktHkk"kk dk in izkIr gSA 14 flarcj] 1949 dks Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds varxZr fganh Hkk"kk dks Hkkjrh; la?k dh jktHkk"kk ds :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZA rcls izfro"kZ 14 flarcj dks ^fganh fnol* euk;k tkrk gSA ns'k ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa fganh ds vè;;u dh O;oLFkk gSA fganh Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k lalkj eas rhljs LFkku ij gSA fons'kksa esa Hkh vusd fo'ofon~;ky;ksa eas fganh ds iBu&ikBu dh O;oLFkk gSA

cksyhµ lkekU; :i ls ^cksyh* 'kCn dk iz;ksx Hkk"kk ds vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA fdarq ;FkkFkZ esa nksuksa eas varj gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx foLr`r Hkw&Hkkx esa O;âr dh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ls gksrk gS tcfd cksyh lhfer {ks=k esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA cksyh dk :i FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwjh ij cny tkrk gSA Hkkstiqjh] gfj;k.koh] ckaxMw] ex/h] ekjokM+h vkfn fganh dh cksfy;k¡ gSaA ,d gh jkT; esa dbZ cksfy;k¡ cksyh tkrh gSaA buesa yksd lkfgR; fy[kk tkrk gSA

miHkk"kkµ cksyh dh vis{kk miHkk"kk dk {ks=k foLr`r gksrk gSA miHkk"kk esa lkfgR; dh jpuk Hkh dh tkrh gSA cztHkk"kk] vo/h] [kM+hcksyh dHkh fganh dh miHkk"kk,¡ jgh gSaA eè;dky esa cztHkk"kk vkSj vo/h esa izpqj lkfgR; fy[kk x;kA [kM+hcksyh rks vkt fganh Hkk"kk dk gh i;kZ; cu pqdh gSA blesa foiqyrk ls lkfgR; dh jpuk gks jgh gSA

ekudHkk"kkµ Hkk"kk ds nh?kZdky rd iz;ksx esa vkus ds lkFk mlds :iksa esa vusd:irk vk tkrh gSA dqN o.kks± vkSj 'kCnksa ds ,d ls vf/d :i izpfyr gks tkrs gSa tks Hkzkafr iSnk djrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkk"kk esa ,d:irk ykus ds fy, 'kCnksa o o.kks± ds ftl :i dks ekU;rk nh tkrh gS] og ekud :i dgykrk gSA


uhps Hkkjr ljdkj ds dasnzh; funs'kky; n~okjk Lohd`r fganh o.kks± ds ekud :i fn, tk jgs gSaµ

v [k N > .k / Hk

blh izdkj la;qDr O;atuksa dk ekud :i Hkh ns[kuk pkfg,µ

d~ $ r ¾ Dr µ la;qDr] oDr

V~ $ V ¾ V~V µ feV~Vh] pV~Vku

n~ $ o ¾ n~o µ n~okj] fon~oku

n~ $ / ¾ n~/ µ 'kqn~/] izfln~/

r~ $ r ¾ Rr µ iRrk] dqRrk

n~ $ ; ¾ n~; µ fon~;kFkhZ] fon~;ky;

g~ $ u ¾ g~u µ fpg~u

g~ $ e ¾ g~e µ czkg~e.k

i~ $ r ¾ Ir µ izkIr] lqIr

blds vfrfjDr iape o.kks± (Ä]×k] .k] u] e) ds LFkku ij vuqLokj dk iz;ksx Lohdk;Z gSA tSlsµ xÄ~xk¾xaxk] p×py¾papy] fgUnh¾fganh] pUnz¾panz] vkse~¾vkas vkfnA

Hkk"kk ds ?kVd ;k vax

o.kZµ Hkk"kk ds ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr :i dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ o.kZ dgykrh gSA o.kZ ds [kaM ugha fd, tk ldrsA o.kks± ds ;ksx ls 'kCn curk gSA 'kCn dk ,d fuf'pr vFkZ gksrk gSA vkSj 'kCnksa ds ;ksx ls okD; curk gSA o.kZ] 'kCn vkSj okD; Hkk"kk ds vax ;k ?kVd ekus tkrs gSaA blh vk/kj ij O;kdj.k ds Hkh rhu vax ekus x, gSaµ

(d) o.kZ&fopkj (Phonology)µ ftlds varxZr o.kks± ds :i] muds mPpkj.k vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA

([k) 'kCn&fopkj (Morphology)µ ftlds varxZr 'kCnksa dh mRifRr] mudh jpuk] Hksn rFkk iz;ksx ds fo"k; esa fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA

(x) okD;&fopkj (Syntax)µ blds varxZr okD; dh jpuk] mlds Hksn vkfn dk foospu gksrk gSA

o.kZekykµ Hkk"kk eas iz;ksx esa vkus okys lHkh o.kks± ds lkewfgd :i dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA fganh o.kZekyk dks eq[; :i ls nks oxks± esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSµ

Loj (Vowels)µ os o.kZ ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ok;q fcuk fdlh ck/k ds eq[k ls ckgj fudyrh gSA ;s la[;k esa X;kjg gksrs gSaµ

v vk b bZ m Å ½ , ,s vks vkS


fo'ks"kµ vktdy vaxszs”kh ls vkbZ èofu vkW* dk iz;ksx Hkh fganh esa gksus yxk gSA tSlsµ MkWDVj] gkWdh] dkWyst] vkWfiQlj vkfnA ;g ^vk* rFkk ^vkS* ds chp dh èofu gSA

v;ksxokgµ

va v%

O;atu (Consonants)

d [k x ?k Ä

p N t > ×k

V B M < .k

r Fk n / u

i iQ c Hk e

; j y o

'k "k l g

buosQ vfrfjDr ^<+* O;atu o.kks± dk iz;ksx Hkh feyrk gSA lkFk gh i+Qkjlh ds d+] [+k] x+] t+ vkSj iQ+ o.kZ Hkh fganh esa vk, gSaA ij budk iz;ksx /hjs&/hjs de gksrk tk jgk gSSA d+ vkSj [+k rks yqIrizk; gSaA fdarq 'kCnksa ds vFkZ Li"V djus ds fy, budk iz;ksx okaNuh; gSA

mnkgj.k µ tjk¾o`n~/koLFkk vkSj t+jk¾FkksM+k&lk ;k deA

Lej.kh; gS fd O;atu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

½dkj (^½*) dk mPpkj.k yxHkx ^fj* tSlk gksrk gSA tSlsµ ½f"k (fjf"k)] ½.k (fj.k)] ½"kHk (fj"kHk) vkfnA

blds vfrfjDr vuqLokj (µ)] vuqukfld ;k panzfcanq vkSj folxZ (%) dks v;ksxokg dgrs gSaA budh fxurh Loj vkSj O;atu esa ls fdlh esa Hkh ugha dh tkrhA

vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld dk varj le>us ls mudk 'kqn~/ mPPkkj.k djus esa lgk;rk feysxhA vuqLokj dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ^v* Loj ds ckn vuqLokj dh èofu izdV gksrh gSA tSlsµvaoqQj] va/k] va/sjk vkfnA

ijUrq vuqukfld èofu dk mPpkj.k djrs le; eq[k dh èofu ds lkFk gh ukfldk ls fudyh èofu Hkh mlesa fey tkrh gSA mls ^v* o.kZ dh èofu ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA tSlsµ v¡xwBh] vk¡[k vkfnA folxZ dk mPpkj.k ^g* o.kZ dh Hkkafr gksrk gSA tSlsµ izk;%] izkr%] Øe'k% vkfnA

oqQN fon~oku {k] =k] K vkSj J dks Lora=k O;atu ekurs gSaA ijarq jpuk ds vk/kj ij bUgsa la;qDr O;atu dguk mfpr gksxkA bu o.kks± dh jpuk fuEu izdkj gksrh gSµ


d~ $ "k~ $ v ¾ {k µ {kek] d{kk] {kf=k;

r~ $ j~ $ v ¾ =k µ i=k] fp=k] f=k'kwy

t~ $ j~ $ v ¾ K µ KkuµfoKku] izKk

(bldk mPpkj.k ^X;*dh Hkk¡fr fd;k tkrk gSA)

'k~ $ j~ $ v ¾ J µ Je] Jo.k] Jkod

Lojksa osQ Hksnµ Lojksa dk foHkktu fuEu izdkj fd;k tkrk gSµ

(d) ßLo Lojµ ftu Lojksa ds mPpkj.k esa de ls de le; yxrk gS] mUgsa ÉLo ;k ewy Loj dgrs gSaA ;s pkj gksrs gSaµ v] b] m] ½A

([k) nh?kZ Lojµ ftu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ÉLo Lojksa ls nksxquk le; yxrk gS] mUgsa nh?kZ Loj dgrs gSaA nh?kZ Loj fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

bZ mQ , ,s vks vkS

(x) Iyqr Lojµ Iyqr Lojksa ds mPpkj.k esa ÉLo Lojksa dh vis{kk rhu xquk le; yxrk gSA izk;% lacks/u ;k nwj ls iqdkjus ds fy, Iyqr Lojksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSlsµ jke dks iqdkjrs le; jk¿¿¿ dk mPpkj.k Iyqr :i esa gksrk gSA vkse~ (vksme~) dk mPpkj.k Hkh blh izdkj gksrk gSA

ek=kk,¡µ O;atuksa ds lkFk tc Lojksa dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks Lojksa ds fy, fo'ks"k fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bu fpg~uksa dks ek=kk dgrs gSaA ek=kkvksa dk fooj.k fuEu izdkj gSµ

Loj fu/kZfjr ek=kk 'kCn iz;ksx

v dksbZ fpg~u ugha dey (d~ $ v $ e~ $ v $ y~ $ v)vk k Hkkjr (Hk $ vk ¾ Hkk)b f fnu (n~ $ f ¾ fn)bZ h xhrk (x~ $ bZ ¾ xh)m q 'kqHke~ ('k~ $ m ¾ 'kq)Å w iQwy (iQ~$Å$¾iQwy)½ ` o`Q".k (d~ $ ½ ¾ o`Q), s ns'k (n~ $ ,¾ns),s S cSy (c~ $ ,s ¾ cS)vks ks eksj (e~ $ vkS ¾ eks)vkS kS ukSdk (u~ $ vkS ¾ ukS)

va (vuqLokj) a dal (d~ $ va ¾ da)v¡ (vuqukfld) ¡ g¡luk (g~ $ va ¾ g¡)v% (folxZ) % izkr% (r~ $ v% ¾ r%)


è;ku nsus ;ksx gS fd ^,* Loj dk ek=kk fpg~u ( s) gS ijUrq Loj ^,* ds Åij dksbZ ek=kk ugha yxkbZ tkrhA tSlsµ,d ij O;atu ds lkFk ^,* dk ;ksx gksus ij O;atu ds Åij ,d ek=kk yxkbZ tkrh gSA tSlsµ lso] dsyk] ,d vkfnA blh izdkj ^,s* Loj ds Åij ,d ek=kk yxkbZ tkrh gS ijUrq O;atu ds lkFk ^,s* dk ;ksx djus ij mlds fy, nks ek=kk,¡ yxkbZ tkrh gSaA tSlsµ ,slk vkSj dSyk'kA

O;atuksa ds Hksn

O;atuksa dks eq[; :i ls rhu oxks± esa j[kk tkrk gS%

(d) Li'kZ O;atu ([k) vUr%LFk O;atu (x) Å"e O;atu

(d) Li'kZ O;atuµ d ls e rd 25 Li'kZ O;atu dgykrs gSa] ftUgsa fuEufyf[kr ik¡p oxks± esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS%

doxZ d [k x ?k Ä

poxZ p N t > ×k

VoxZ V B M < .k

roxZ r Fk n / u

ioxZ i iQ c Hk e

(fo'ks"kµ izR;sd oxZ ds izFke o.kZ ds vk/kj ij mldk ukedj.k fd;k x;k gSA tSls doxZ esa igyk o.kZ ^d* gS vr% mls doxZ dgk x;k gSA)

mifjfyf[kr O;atu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; eq[k ds vanj ls fudyus okyk 'okl ok;q eq[k ds Hkhrjh Hkkxµrkyq] ew/kZ] nk¡r vkfn dk Li'kZ djrk gS] blfy, bUgsa Li'kZ O;atu dgrs gSaA

([k) vUr%LFk O;atuµ ;] j] y] oA

vUr%LFk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSµeè; esa fLFkrA Åij fy[ks o.kks± dks Loj vkSj O;atu nksuksa dk eè;orhZ ekuk tkrk gSA

(x) Å"e O;atuµ 'k] "k] l] gA

Å"e O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djus ij 'okl jxM+ [kkdj eq¡g ls ckgj vkrk gS ftlls Å"ek (xehZ) iSnk gksrh gSA blfy, bu o.kks± dks Å"e dgk tkrk gSA

vc izR;sd oxZ ds iape o.kZ (Ä] ×k] .k] u] e) ds LFkku ij vuqLokj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSA

tSlsµ xÄ~xk ds fy, xaxk] vÄ~d ds fy, vad

pPpy ds fy, papy] l×t; ds fy, lat;

n.M ds fy, naM] >.Mk ds fy, >aMk

oUnuk ds fy, oanuk] uUnu ds fy, uanu

lEcU/ ds fy, laca/] nEHk ds fy, naHkA


n~foRo O;atuµ ,d tSls nks O;atuksa dk ;ksx gksus ij muds feys gq, :i dks n~foRo dgrs gSaA tSlsµ iRrk] dPpk] iDdk] [kV~Vk] xUuk] pEep] dYyw] iYyoh] fnYyh] yM~Mw] vEek] xqLlk] pIiw vkfnA

j~ (Lojghu j) vxys o.kZ ds Åij jsiQ ( Z ) ds :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA tSlsµ vk;Z] /eZ] dk;Z] ioZ] vk'khokZn] o.kZ vkfnA

Lojghu O;atu o.kZ ds lkFk ^j* dk ;ksx fuEu izdkj gksrk gSµ

d~ $ j ¾ Øe] pØ vkfnA blh izdkj xzg] xzke] Hkze] 'kh?kz] nzk{kk vkfnA

V] B] M] <] ds lkFk ^j* dk ;ksxµ Vsªu] Vªke] Mªkek] vkfnA

o.kZ&foPNsnµ 'kCn esa iz;qDr gksus okys o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djds fy[kuk o.kZ&foPNsn dgykrk gSA 'kCn esa O;atu ds lkFk Loj dk ;ksx jgrk gS] mls le>dj fy[kuk pkfg,A Lojjfgr O;atu ds uhps gy~~ dk fpg~u yxk;k tkrk gSA

oqQN mnkgj.k%

Hkjr ¾ Hk~ $ v $ j~ $ v $ r~ $ v

ikB'kkyk ¾ i~ $ vk $ B~ $ v $ 'k~ $ vk $ y~ $ vk

fo/krk ¾ o~ $ b $ /~ $ vk $ r~ $ vk

uhfr ¾ u~ $ bZ $ r~ $ b

izo`Qfr ¾ i~ $ j~ $ v $ d~ $ ½ $ r~ $ b

lqnwj ¾ l~ $ m $ n~ $ Å $ j~ $ v

dksey ¾ d~ $ vks $ e~ $ v $ y~ $ v

dkS'ky ¾ d~ $ vkS $ 'k~ $ v~ $ y~ $ v

Kkuh ¾ t~ $ ×k~ $ vk $ u~ $ bZ

ekxZ ¾ e~ $ vk $ j~ $ x~ $ v

o.kks± dk mPpkj.k

'kCnkasa dk 'kqn~/ iz;ksx djus ds fy, o.kks± ds 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dk Kku gksuk vko';d gSA o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; iQsiQM+kas ls fudyus okyh ok;q eq[k ds rkyq] ew/kZ] daaB] nk¡r] vkfn ls Li'kZ djrh gS] mlh ls o.kZ dk mPpkj.k LFkku fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA uhps nh xbZ rkfydk ls ;g Li"V gks ldrk gSµ

o.kZ LFkku ukev] vk] d] [k] x] ?k] Ä] g daB daB~;

b] bZ] p] N] t] >] ×k] ;] 'k rkyq rkyO;

½] V] B] M] <] .k] j] "k ew/kZ ew/ZU;


r] Fk] n] /] u] y] l nar (nk¡r) naR;

m] Å] i] iQ] c] Hk] e] vks"B vks"B~;

,] ,s daBrkyq daBrkyO;

vks] vkS daBks"V daBks"B~;

o narks"B narks"B~;

fo'ks"kµ oxks± ds iape o.kks± ds mPpkj.k esa ukfldk dk ;ksx Hkh jgrk gSA

vH;kl dk le; 1- mnkgj.k nsdj cksyh vkSj miHkk"kk dk varj Li"V dhft,A 2- ekud Hkk"kk fdls dgrs gSa\ ekud Hkk"kk dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\

3- O;kdj.k ds rhu vaxksa ds uke crkb,A

4- O;atuksa ds mPpkj.k esa Lojksa dk D;k ;ksx gksrk gS\

5- Å"e O;atu dkSu&dkSu ls gksrs gSa\ mUgsa Å"e D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

6- mnkgj.k nsdj ÉLo vkSj nh?kZ Lojksa dk varj Li"V dhft,A

7- Iyqr Loj fdls dgrs gSa\ bldk mPpkj.k fdl izdkj gksrk gS\

8- b] Å] ,] vks] ½ ds ek=kk&fpg~u fy[kdj muds ;ksx ls nks&nks 'kCn cukb,A

9- n~foRo O;atu fdls dgrs gaS\ n~foRo o.kks± okys ik¡p 'kCn fyf[k,A

10- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,%

fon~;ky;] vè;kid] iqLrd] foKku] fganh] deZA

11- fuEufyf[kr dk mPpkj.k&LFkku crkb,A

>] iQ] [k] b] j] 'k] o] Å] ½] M] ×k] vkS] j] "kA

12- fuEufyf[kr ds nks&nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

la;qDr O;atu] n~foRo O;atu] vkxr èofu;k¡

13- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa eas lgh ds lkeus () fpg~u vkSj xyr ds lkeus () fpg~u yxkb,A

(d) laLo`Qr nzfoM+ ifjokj dh Hkk"kk gSA

([k) izfro"kZ 14 fnlacj dks fganh fnol euk;k tkrk gSA

(x) fganh Hkkjr la?k dh jktHkk"kk gSA

(?k) lalkj esa fganh Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k rhljs uacj ij gSA

(M) Iyqr Lojksa esa mPpkj.k esa ßLo Lojksa dh vis{kk rhu xquk le; yxrk gSA

(p) ^x* o.kZ dk mPpkj.k rkyq ls gksrk gSA

7

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121933438 Author : Harish Chandra

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