central vs local: civilian vs military. some comparative aspects of policing clive emsley, emeritus...
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Central vs Local: Civilian vs Military. Some Comparative Aspects of Policing
Clive Emsley, Emeritus Professor, Department of History, Open University,
Milton Keynes
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Civilian and Military
France
Police nationale
Italy
Polizia di Stato
France
Gendarmerie nationale
Italy
Carabinieri
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‘British Police’‘UK Police’?
• 43 English and Welsh Forces
• 8 Scottish forces
• PSNI
• British Transport Police
• Ministry of Defence Police
• Etc
But IPAB markets the “UK Police Brand”
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UK Models?
• English Police – Charles Reith‘Kin police’ for a consensual society
• Irish/Colonial Model – Sir Charles Jeffries1. Securing territory2. Suppression of violence3. Prevention of crime
(Gendarmeries in all but name?)
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A typology for the 19th century
• State military (gendarmeries)
• State civilian
• Municipal
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Twentieth-Century Changes 1Europe
Centralisation
France 1941
Germany c.1936
Militarisation
France – maintained division
Germany – late 1940s to 1950s
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Twentieth-Century Changes 2Centralisation
England•Amalgamations•End of Watch Committees and SJCs•Home Secretary’s role in committee appointments
France•Paris incorporated into Police nationale (1967)•Police nationale and Gendarmerie under Ministry of Interior (2009)
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Federal Systems
Germany•Federal forces:Bundespolizei (from old BGS)BundeskriminalamtParliamentary Police•Lander forces (15)LandespolizeiKripo
USA•Federal forces:FBIDEA
•States (49) and MunicipalThousands of them