centre national de la recherche scientifique -...

June 3rd, 2004June 3rd, 2004Denis Denis PerretPerret--GallixGallix

Osaka UniversityOsaka University

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Denis Perret-GallixCNRS Japan Bureau



Menu du Jour• What is Science Policy ?• Main issues in Science Policy• French research in the world• R&D in France• CNRS

– Missions and Budget– The Scientific Departments– Evaluation– International Policy– Technology Transfer

• The European Research Area

M. Werlen



Science Policyfor dummies

A) Science and technologyAnswer toWHY ?

Science: “The state or fact of knowing”, OED

“There are in fact two things, science and opinion; the former begets knowledge, the

latter ignorance.” Hippocrates

The Power of Knowledge:

A better life

S&T is central in cultural, social and economic issues

Basic and Applied Researches are the Sources ofScience and Technology



Basic, Applied Research and Technology

A definition:

Basic Research – curiosity driven Applied Research – society, market driven

Applied ResearchBasic Research

TechnologyHighly non-linear process

“It is not by refining the candle technology that electricity was invented”



Basic Research/Technology Cycles

Physics NP 73



Science:A French/European Tradition

Le Siècle des lumières 18th: The Age of EnlightenmentA Determining Role toward Human Emancipation

French revolution: Science became more specialized, professionalized, and institutionalized

A foundation of the Republic

Science for economy: the industrial revolution

Science and philosophy: Free thinker “libre penseur”attitude

Cartesian legacy: Analysis, Synthesis ->theory



Basic Research:The Obscure Art of Creativity

Not always a bed of roses …

“Sometimes, one must begin and the beginning can only be deviant and marginal. As always, the

initiative can only come from a minority who is, at the beginning, misunderstood, and sometime

persecuted…”Edgar Morin

Contemporary French Philosopher (CNRS)Concerning education

“The good ideas are all hammered out in agony by individuals, not spewed out by groups. “

Charles Browder : President of BBDO, an advertizing agency



Basic Research

Field dependent:

•Applied mathematics•Nuclear Physics•Solid state and condensed matter physics•Chemistry•Life science: Biology•Earth Sciences•Social and Humanity Sciences

the boundary is fuzzy•Basic Mathematics •Particle physics•Astronomy, Astrophysics



Benefits from Basic Science

1. Contribution to culture: “Why ?”

2. The possibility of discoveries of enormous economic and practical importance

3. Development of specific tools that may have direct applications: Spin-offs and stimulation of industry

4. Education

“Le(s) retour(s) du futur”



Benefits from Basic Science

Quantum Theory:To make sense of the observations on electrons in the 20’s Laser, Transistor

Special and General RelativityGPS (Global Positioning System) error: 10 km/day

SuperconductivityStarted 19th centuryMRI, power transmission lines, MAGLEV (450 Km/h)

Molecular manipulationAt the beginning a chemist gameNow a basic technology for the plastic and pharmaceutical

industries



Benefits from Basic ScienceWhat it takes to …

MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

1. Discovery of “spin” property of the atomic nucleus

2. Discovery that “spin flip” depends on the chemical environment of the nucleus

3. Development of powerful microprocessors

4. Development of superconducting magnets

5. Development of “pattern recognition” pioneered in biology and particle physics



Benefits from Basic Science:i.e Particle Physics

Particle detectors• Crystal detectors

• medical imaging

• security

• non-destructive testing

• research

• Multiwire Proportional Chambers

• Medical applications

• container inspection

• research

• Semi conductor detectors

• many applications at the development stage

Georges Charpak, NP laureate



Spin-offs and stimulation of industryIn Particle and Accelerator Physics

• Semiconductor industry

• Sterilization - food, medical, sewage

• Radiation processing

• Non-destructive testing

• Cancer therapy

• Incineration of nuclear waste

• Power generation (energy amplifier)?

• Fusion Ignition

• Source of synchrotron radiation (biology, condensed matter physics...)

• Source of neutrons (biology, condensed matter physics...)

Accelerators



Informatics

• World Wide Web

• Simulation programs

• Fault diagnosis

• Control systems

• Parallel computing and simulation

• DATAGRID

Superconductivity• Particle physics multifilamentary wires/cables

• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

+many others: cryogenics, vacuum, electrical engineering, geodesy...



Is Science good or bad for the society ?

“It cannot be wrong to invest in basic science”

Both in terms of intellectual values and economic returns on investment



Applied ScienceSocietal/market driven research

A better life• Global Climate Change• Medical treatment (AIDS, Cancer, …)• Food safety• Homeland security• Defense• Energy• Risk assessment and environment• Support for an aging society

• Pluridisciplinary• Often rely on new discovery by basic research



Science PolicyBridging the Gaps

Applied ResearchBasic Research

Science Policy

Technology

Magic triangle“There is no applied science, but only applications of science”Louis Pasteur



Science Policy for dummies

B) Policy

From the Greek: πολϊτεία: citizenship, government, city, …and from the Græco-Latin: politus: polished, refined

Planning and Managing Scientific ResearchDealing with Priorities and Uncertainties

A Recent Activity:

Definition:The collective measures taken by a government in order:• to encourage the development of scientific and technical research• to exploit the results of this research for general political objectives

Science policy parameters: social, economic, political, industrial, fiscal, environmental, ethical,

educational, bureaucratic,…

Is Science Policy a new Science by it-self?

Sociology of Science



Science Policyfor dummies

c) Main Issues• Research Management bodies

• Government• Funding Agencies and the grants• Universities• Research organizations

• Program selection, setting priorities• Bottom-up and Top-down approaches• Universality of basic research• Politics and market-driven research• Pluri-disciplinarity

• Evaluation• Scientometrics: Statistics and Indicators• Program, researchers, laboratories

• Prospective and Strategy• International Cooperation

• Strategy• Large scale equipments

• Technology transfer, Innovation• Public and private Research• Intellectual property, secrecy and ethics

Science policy• The impact on the modern society• The efficiency, the values behind the decision and those it conveys• Just another policy (foreign policy) or a more specific one• The inset of politics, market,…• The role of the scientist• Assessment of science policy itself



R&D expenditure to GDP

Japan

USA

Germany

France UK

Canada

Italy

OCDEUE Civil

Public

Industry

R&D

3.04

2.642.44

2.19

1.871.66

1.04

2.21

1.85

2.4

1.81.62

1.23 1.18

0.46

0.640.84 0.82 0.96

0.690.58

0.610.39

0.75 0.740.53 0.56

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5CivilPublic IndustryR&D



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003Years

BE

uro

Total Spending (B€)Total Spending (B€ normalized)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1943 1963 1983 2003Years

% (

To

tal)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

%(G

DP

)

Total State spending (%)

Total Spending/GDP (%)

R&D Expenditures



Public and private research

R&D/GDP

Public

private

Total

Researchers in SME (80-98)

SME: Small and Medium Enterprises



Publications

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900 JapaneseFrenchFrench-Japanese



Researcher Exchanges

More than 1000 French researcher visitors /year

Japanese Post-Docs in CNRS (2001)

SPM: math, Physics18%

SPI: engineering sc.3%

SC: chemistry29%SDU: Earth, Universe

sc.8%

SDV:life sc.39%

SHS: Human and social sc.

3%

SPM: math, Physics

SPI: engineering sc.

SC: chemistry

SDU: Earth, Universe sc.

SDV:life sc.

SHS: Human and social sc.

Total: 78

150-200 French researchers in Japan (for at least 3 months)



GovernmentMinistry of Education and ResearchMinistry of Foreign AffairsMinistry of Defense Ministry of Agriculture, Food and FisheryMinistry of economy, finance and IndustryMinistry of Ecology and Sustained Develop.Ministry of Equipment and TransportMinistry of HealthMinistry of Culture and communicationMinistry of Sport

Parliament/SenatThe “Office Parlementaire

d’Evaluation des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques”

(OPECST)

Universities, Higher Schools,Engineering Schools

European Commission

Committees

Science AcademyInstitute of France

Research Organizations:CNRS, INSERM,INRA…

Public Research labs

Regions

Industry

Private Research Labs



Ministry of Education and ResearchMinistry of Foreign AffairsMinistry of Defense Ministry of Agriculture, Food and FisheryMinistry of economy, finance and IndustryMinistry of Ecology and Sustained Develop.Ministry of Equipment and TransportMinistry of HealthMinistry of Culture and communicationMinistry of Sport

The Global Structure



Research and New Technologies Ministry

FNT Technology Fund: 193 M€*

FNS Research Fund: 215 M€*ACI (Concerted Incentive Actions)

*2003

Total: 1/3 of all programs



Most promising fields (2003)Research Ministry

• Wide Support to Basic Science• Human health

• Cancer, • infectious and neurodegenerative diseases, • Functional genomics• Tele-medicine• New drugs based on gene information

• Biotechnologies, vegetal and animal• Food safety and quality• Sustained development

• human pollution, • industrial securities, • biodiversity, • new production processes, • Energy, production and consumption• Improve cooperation with the southern countries

• Individual and collective transportation systems and security• Science and technology of information and communication• Nanotechnologies• Human and social sciences, social organization, individual behaviors



Major objectivesResearch ministry

R&D Budget: From 2.2% to 3% of GNP in 2010

• To attract young people to research

• To develop a strong and open public research

• To promote public and private research links for innovation

• To support large industrial and strategic projects in space and aeronautics

• To embed science in the heart of Society



The Law on The Law on Innovation and ResearchInnovation and Research

July 1999July 1999

Researcher, Professor, Engineer, Technician Researcher, Professor, Engineer, Technician from Public Research or Universityfrom Public Research or University

To improve the dissemination To improve the dissemination of results toward the Industryof results toward the Industry

To transform S&T in economic To transform S&T in economic growth and job creationgrowth and job creation

May create or join a company and May create or join a company and ••Keep its salary (2Keep its salary (2--6 years)6 years)

••Get limited support from lab.Get limited support from lab.

For research related activitiesFor research related activities



The law on sponsoring and The law on sponsoring and foundationsfoundationsAugust 1, 2003August 1, 2003

Fiscal incentives for

individuals and companies

for supporting R&D programs



GovernmentMinistry of Education and ResearchMinistry of Foreign AffairsMinistry of Defense Ministry of Agriculture, Food and FisheryMinistry of economy, finance and IndustryMinistry of Ecology and Sustained Develop.Ministry of Equipment and TransportMinistry of HealthMinistry of Culture and communicationMinistry of Sport

ParliamentThe “Office Parlementaire

d’Evaluation des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques”

(OPECST)

Universities, Higher Schools

European Commission

Committees

Science AcademyInstitute of France

Research Organizations:CNRS, …

Public Research labs

Regions

Industry

Private Research Labs



Main research organization and higher education

• Science and technology oriented public organizations (EPST)

• Industrial and commercial oriented public organizations (EPIC)

• Foundations: CEPH, Institut Curie, Institut Pasteur

• Networks for Public Interest (GIP)

• Higher education institutions (University, higher school)

• Scientific, cultural and professional public organizations (EPCSCP)Universities or other organizations providing engineer diplomas



EPSTScience and technology oriented public organizations

• CEMAGREF Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eauxet des forêts

• CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique• INED Institut national d'études démographiques• INRA Institut national de la recherche agronomique• INRETS Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité• INRIA Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique• INSERM Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale• IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement• LCPC Laboratoire central des ponts et chaussées



EPICIndustrial and commercial oriented public organizations

• ADEME Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie• ADIT Agence pour la diffusion de l'information technologique• ANDRA Agence nationale de gestion des déchets radioactifs• ANVAR Agence nationale de valorisation de la recherche• BRGM Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières• CEA Commissariat à l'énergie atomique• CIRAD Centre de coopération international en recherche agronomique• CNDP Centre national de documentation pédagogique• CNED Centre national d'enseignement à distance • CNES Centre national d'études spatiales• CSI Cité des sciences et de l'industrie• CSTB Centre scientifique et technique du bâtiment• IFREMER Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer• INERIS Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques• IRSN Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire• ONERA Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales



Research organizations



GIPGroups for Public Interest

• ANRS Agence nationale de la recherche contre le SIDA • CNRG Consortium national de recherche en génomique• CNS Génoscope - Centre national de séquençage• HMR Fonds de recherche Hoechst Marion Roussel• IFRTP Institut pour la recherche et la technologie polaires• GENOPOLE Recherche en génomique et en biotechnologie• OST Observatoire des sciences et techniques • RENATER Réseau national pour la technologie, l'enseignement et la recherche



1092 B ¥

CNRS

CNES

CEA

Universities, …

Other ministries, aeronautics, ANVAR…

Other Research organizations

FRT,FNS,…

Education through Research

Civil Budget for research and technology



R&D Budget by Ministry 2002

Industry9.9%

Post Graduate education5.1%

Equipment and transportation

3.7%

National Education5.3%

Research67.5%

others0.3%

Environment2.7%

Defence**2.1%

Foreign Affairs1.6%

Culture1.3%

Housing0.3%

Agriculture, fisheries0.2%



Research OrganizationsNumber of Researchers in 2000

1956 1680758 315 144 76 50 123

11328

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

CNRS

INSERM

INRA

IRD

INRIA

INRETS

CEMAGREF

INED

LCPC*

+ 48104 University Professors, + 20500 Researchers (EPIC, ..) Grand Total: 85000Permanent Positions

Source: OST

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