1

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no,

wg'iff

cfly{s aif { )&@÷)&# sf]

;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg

;fdflhs k/LIfs

>L dgf ]h s'df/ uf ]n]

k/fdz{ bftf ;+:yf

cf/=l8=OlGhlgol/Ë sG;N6]G;L

sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=–$, w'Daf/fxL,sf7df08f }

kmf]g g+= M–)!–$))*^!@

laifo–;""rL

2

qm=;+= laifo k]h g+=

!= ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] k[i7e'ld !

@= ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo @

#= ;fdflhs k/LIf0f lalw @–#

$= k|f/lDes tof/L, k|:t'lts/0f tyf 5nkmn #

%= :yflgo lgsfosf] k/Lro $–!#

^= :yflgo lgsfosf] k|fyldstf tyf nIox? !$–@@

&= ut jif{sf] d'Vo–d'Vo pknAwLx? @#–#@

*= ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] n]vfhf]vf -cg';'rL –!_ ##–$$

(= ;'wf/sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdx? tyf ;'emjx? $%

!)= sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf s]lx emnsx? -cg';'rL –@_ $^–$*

!!= sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ;xeflux?sf] gfdfjnL -cg';'rL –#_ $(–%!

3

sfo{ljwLsf ] cg';"rL $ cg';f/sf ]

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt sfof {no wg'iffsf ] cfly{s jif { )&@÷)&# sf ]

;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg

!= k[i7e"ld

;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] kl/efiff ;dfgtf e]l6+b}g . ;fdfGo kl/efiff cg';f/

;fdflhs k/LIf0f s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ;fdflhs sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] k/LIf0f xf] . h;df

;/f]sf/jfnfn] ;fdflhs sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu eljiodf ug{ ;lsg] ;'wf/sf] cfzf

/fVb5g\ . cfly{s n]vfk/LIf0f / ;fdflhs k/LIf0f aLr s]xL ;dfgtfx? 5g\ . oL b'j}df

clen]v / k|lqmofsf] hfFr / To;sf] ;f/f+z / k|ltj]bg tof/L ul/G5 . t/ tflTjs

km/s s] xf] eg] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf Joj:yfkg, af]8{ ;b:o, sd{rf/L, ;]jfu|fxL,

;d'bfo, gLlt lgdf{tf ;a}nfO{ ;+Vofsf] ;fdflhs sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] n]vfhf]vfsf] cj;/df

;xefuL u/fOG5, eg] cfly{s n]vf k/LIf0fdf n]vfk/LIfsn] cfˆgf] /fo dfq pNn]v

ub{5g\ .

klxnf] k6s ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ul/Fb}5 eg] ljutsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍgdf

eGbf ;+Vyfut ;+/rgf, k|lqmof / p2]Zodf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . :yfgLo lgsfo -cfly{s

k|zf;g_ lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod @)! n] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ jif{df Ps k6s

;fdflhs k/LIf0f ug{} kg{] k|fjwfg ePsf]n] :yfgLo lgsfox? -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,

dxfgu/kflnsf, pk–dxf gu/kflnsf, gu/kflnsf / uf=lj=;=x?_ n] cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt

ePsf] k|yd rf}dfl;s leq ;fdflhs k/LIf0f u/L ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu :yfgLo

lgsfon] ;f] lgsfo;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw gePsf] lj1nfO{ ;fdflhs k/LIfssf] ?kdf ;]jf

s/f/df lng' kb{5 . ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{sf] ;xof]u tyf ;dGjosf nflu :yfgLo

lgsfon] Ps ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ug{]5 . ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g afWofTds eg] x'g]

5}g .

;fdflhs k/LIf0fnfO{ cg';GwgfTds 9+uaf6 cWoog kZrft\ ;Dk"0f{

;/f]sf/jfnf ;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL pkl:yltdf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{ kb{5 .

5nkmndf p7]sf ;jfn / hjfkmnfO{ ;d]6L clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/G5 . o;nfO{

:yfgLo lgsfosf] of]hgf th'{dfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf, ;fdflhs tyf hg;+Vof ;ldlt /

kl/ifb\ k]z ug'{ kg{] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o;/L :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ePsf sfdx?n]

;fdflhs pknlAw slt xfl;n eP ;f]sf] ljZn]if0faf6 k|efj ;Ddsf] cj:yfsf] cf+sng

ug{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ljlw lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf]

;}4flGts kIfsf] cg';/0f, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{ljlwsf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] ePsfn] o;sf]

;kmn sfof{Gjogaf6 cfˆgf] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] pQ/bfloTj k"/f ug{ :yfgLo

lgsfonfO{ 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ug]5 . o;}sf] cfwf/df eljiosf] /0fgLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{]

sfo{sf nflu o;sf lgisif{x?n] ;3fpFg]5g\ . ;fdflhs kl/If0f sfo{ljlw @)^&

adf]lhdsf] clwgdf /lx lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no wg'iffsf] cfly{s jif{

)&@÷)&# sf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 .

4

5

@= ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf ] p2]Zo

:yfgLo lgsfo -cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod @)! n] u/]sf] Joj:yf

cg'?k lh=lj=;=sf] Ps cfly{s jif{df lh=lj=;= s} ;du| ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj k/LIf0f

-n]vfhf]vf_ ug'{ o; ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo xf] . ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;}4flGts /

Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ ;d]6\b} lh=lj=;=nfO{ P]g lgodn] tf]s]sf] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L, To;

cg';f/ ;+rflnt sfo{qmd, of]hgfn] NofPsf] ;fdflhs pknlAw / ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L

axg ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfut Ifdtf cflbsf] n]vfhf]vf o;sf] s]Gb| ljGb'df /x]sf 5g\ .

#= ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ljlw

;fdflhs k/LIf0fnfO{ cg';GwfgfTds 9+uaf6 b]xfo adf]lhdsf ljlwx?sf] k|of]u

ul/Psf] lyof] .

#=! ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;dLIff / cWoog

:yfgLo lgsfo ;DaGwL P]g, lgod, sfo{ljlwx? / lgb{]lzsfx?

:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;fdflhs ljhDd]jf/L, nIo, p2]Zo

cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf -ljifout sfof{nox?sf] ;d]t_

;fdflhs pknlAw, sfo{ ;Dkfbg, kl/0ffd / k|efj ;DaGwL clen]v tyf

;"rgf

gful/s a8fkq

aflif{s k|ltj]bgx?

#=@ cGtjftf { / ;d"x 5nkmn

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no wg'iffsf] kbflwsf/Lx?, :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L,, zfvf

k|d'v, cfof]hgf k|d'v, ljifout sfof{no k|d'v;Fu cw{;+/lrt (Semi-structured)

cGt/jftf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . cGt/jftf{af6 ;d]l6g g;s]sf ljifox?sf nflu ;DalGwt

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;fgf] ;d'x agfO{ ;d'x 5nkmn ul/of] . k|d'v ;d:of, r'gf}tL ltgLx?sf]

;Dkfbgsf] cj:yf / efjL sfo{lbzfsf af/]df uxg cWoog u/L a'Fbfut ?kdf k|ltj]bg

tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

6

#=# k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t'lt tyf 5nkmn

lgDgfg';f/sf zLif{sdf s]lGb|s[t /lx k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg dfly 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf lgisif{x?

;fdflhs k/LIf0fsn] cf}+NofPsf ;jfnx?

;jfnx?sf] k|fyldsLs/0f

oL ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] k|lta4tf

;fdflhs k|ltj]bgn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf ljifoj:t' ;'emfjx? ;+sng

$= k|f/lDes tof/L, k |:t'lts/0f tyf 5nkmn

$=! k|ltj]bg tof/L

;fdflhs kl/If0fsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t'lts/0f sfo{qmddf 5nkmndf p7]sf

;'emfjx? / clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/L ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf ljifoj:t' lgDgfg';f/

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld

;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] p2]Zo

cWoog ljlw

a[xt 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f

cWoogsf] l;df

a[xt 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f

:yfgLo lgsfo / ljifout sfof{no u};;x?sf] ljj/0f ;+nUg /fVg] -cg';"rL

@ / #_

;fdlhs k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf ;jfnx?

;fdflhs k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf r'gf}tL tyf sldsdhf]/Lx?

;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ :yfgLo lgsfon] rfNg' kg{] sbdx? jf ;'emfjx?

$=@ ;fdflhs k/LIf0fdf ;dfj]z ePsf kIfx?

:yfgLo lgsfo ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{ljlw @)^& sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljifout sfof{no /

lh=lj=;=sf] jflif{s sfo{qmd ÷ cfof]hgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] xsdf

lh=lj=;=s} cleGg c+usf] ?kdf ;fdflhs k/LIf0fdf ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf] n]vfhf]vf tyf

sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍg ug'{ kg{] Joj:yf ePsf] t/ o; lh=lj=;=sf] jflif{s of]hgfdf cGo

s'g} klg sfof{no tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] of]hgf ;dfj]z 5}g .

7

%= :yflgo lgsfosf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro

ef}uf]lns l:ylt

k"j{df M–l;/xf

klZrddfM–dxf]Q/L

pQ/M–l;Gw'nL

blIf0fM–ef/t

cIff;M–@^=#%Ú b]lv @&=%Ú pQ/

b]zfGt/M–*%=%@Ú b]lv *^=@)Ú k"j{

prfO{M–;d'Gb| ;txjf6 ^! ld6/ b]lv ^!)

ld6/

/fhg}lts tyf k|zf;lgs ljefhg

ljsf; If]qM–dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q

c~rnM–hgsk'/

lhNnfM–wg'iff

;+;bLo lgjf{rg If]qM–&

Onfsf If]q ;+VofM–!&

uf=lj=;=;+VofM–&!

gu/kflnsf ;+VofM–%

pk–dxfgu/kflnsf ;+VofM–!

hg;+Vof -@)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/_

dlxnfM–#&^@#( hgf -$(=*%_ k|ltzt

k'?ifM–#&*%#* hgf -%)=!%_ k|ltzt

hDdf hg;+VofM–&%$,&&& hgf

hDdf 3/w'/L ;+VofM–!#*@#(

;/b/ kl/jf/ cfsf/M–%=$^

hg;+Vof jflif{s j[l4b/M–!=!$

n}lËs cg'kft -k|lt !)) dlxnfdf k'?ifsf] ;+VofM–!)!=^!_

Psn dlxnf M–!),@@^ -!=% k|ltzt_ hgf k|ltzt

hg3gTj k|lt ju{ ls=ld=M–#$$=$(

kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afnjflnsfsf] ;+VofM–&%,##@ hgf -(=(* k|ltzt_

ckfËtf ePsf h;+Vof M–*,$!@ hgf -! k|ltzt_

lszf]/ lszf]/L o'jf hg;+Vof -!) b]lv rf}la; jif{_ M–@,$),%)^ -#!=*^ k|ltzt_

cfly{s ?kn] lqmoflzn hg;+Vof -!% b]lv %( jif{_M–$,!*(&# hgf -%%=%) k|ltzt_

dfgj ljsf; ;'rfsf+sM–)=$*&

;/b/ cfo'M–^(=%#

z}lIfs l:ylt

k"j{ k|fylds ljBfnoM–^^! -lghL :s"n !&

j6f_

k|fylds ljBfnoM–#*^ -lghL $* j6f_

lg=df=lj=M–!@@ -lghL !% j6f_

dfWoflds txM–^* -lghL !@ j6f_

pRr dfWoflds ljBfnoM–%(-lghL@@j6f_

jfnljsf; s]Gb| ljBfnodf cfwfl/tM–@(#

jfnljsf; s]Gb| ;d"bfodf cfwfl/tM–

>f]t s]Gb|M–!!

;fIf/tf

;fIff/tf b/M–$!=*( k|ltzt

k'?ifM–%! k|ltzt

dlxnfM–@( k|ltzt

8

:jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] l:ylt

c~rn c:ktfnM–!

lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{noM–!

k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|M–%

:jf:Yo rf}sLM–!&

pk:jf:Yo rf}sLM–*)

lh=cf=k|f=:jf=s]=M–

cfo'j]{w cf}ifwnfoM–

lghL c:ktfnM–

ufpF3/ lSngsM–%)%

vf]k lSnlgsM–%@%

dlxnf :jf:Yo ;]jsM–()(

k|;"lt u[xM–

e"–pkof]u

s"n If]qkmnM–!!*) ju{ lsnf]ld6/-

!!&^*) x]S6/_

v]lt ul/Psf] s"n If]qkmnM–*#^!& x]S6/

agn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmnM–@%&&# x]S6/

emf9Ln] 9fs]sf] If]qkmnM–!*#@ x]S6/

afFemf] hUuf If]qkmnM–%!%* x]S6/

kfgLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmnM–!#)) x]S6/

cfly{s l:ylt

jflif{s k|ltJolQm cfoM–%*) -8n/_

jflif{s k|ltJolQm cfoM–$!,(*! -?k}of_

jflif{s k|ltJolQm cfo -lklklk_M–(#* -

8n/_

9

ef}uf]lns cjl:yt

wg'iff dWodfc~rn ljsf; If]q cGtu{t kg]{ hgsk'/ c~rnsf t/fO{ lhNnf dWo]sf] Ps xf]

. /fhg}lts ljefhg cg';f/ wg'iffsf] k"j{df l;/fx, klZrddf dxf]Q/L, pQ/df l;Gw'nL /

blIf0fdf ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fHo kb{5 . o; lhNnfsf] s'n If]qkmn !!*) ju{ lsld /x]sf] 5 .

wg'iff lhNnf @^ l8u|L #%Ú pQ/ b]lv @& l8u|L %Ú cIffz ;Dd / *% l8u|L %@Ú k"j{ b]lv

*^ l8u|L @)Ú k"j{ b]zfGt/ ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . of] lhNnf pQ/df lzjflns b]lv blIf0fdf

t/fO{ ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . o;sf] pQ/ blIf0f ;/b/ nDjfO{ $%=@& lsld / k"j{ klZrd

km}nfj6 ;/b/ @&=$& /x]sf] 5 . pQ/ blIf0f nDjfO{ al9df %* lsld / sDtLdf #( lsld

/x]sf] 5 .

To;}u/L k"j{ klZrd nDafO{ a9Ldf #$ lsld / 36Ldf @@ lsld /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] blIf0fL

efudf ;dtn t/fO{ kb{5 eg] pQ/df efj/ h:sf] prfO{ %))–*)) lkm6;Dd km}lnPsf]

5 / r'/] kxf8 @))) lkm6 ;Ddsf] prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . r'/] kxf8sf] sdhf]/ e"–jgf]6sf

sf/0f jif]{gL e"–:vng e}/x]sf] 5 . eg] t/fO{df gbL s6fg / psf; eO{ pj{/f s[lif e'ld

d?e'lds/0f eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . r'/] If]qdf !% b]lv @% l8u|L ;Dd le/fnf]kg /x]sf] 5 .

eg] efj/df !) l8u|L b]lv !% l8u|L ;Dd /x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L t/fO{ If]qdf # b]lv !)

l8u|L ;Dd le/fnf]kg /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

lhNnfsf] gfdfs/0f ;DalGw wf/0ff

lxGb' k'/f0f cg';f/ hgs j+zsf @@ cf}+ /fhf lz/Wjhsf] /fHosfndf Pp6f 7"nf] v8]/L kbf{

w]/} dflg;x?sf] Hofg uof] / dflg;x? 7"nf] ljkbdf k/] ;f] v8]/Lsf] cGTosf nflu cfkm\gf

lj4jfg ;xof]uLx?sf] ;Nnfxdf pgn] cfkm}n] xnf] hf]t] hf]Tg] qmddf pg]n] jflnsf km]nf

kf/] h:sf] gfd pgn] hfgsL /fv] . kl5 pgn] cfkm\gL 5f]/L hfgsLsf] ljjxf cfkm\gf]

b/jf/df /x]sf lzj wg'df tfFbf] r9fpg ;Sg];Fu ul/lbg] k|:tfj /fv] . y'k|} zlQmzfnL

JolQmx?n] o;sf] nflu k|of; u/] t/ pgLx? pQm wg'if p7fpg klg ;s]gg\ . cof]Wofsf]

/fhs'df/ eujfg /fd klg pgsf efO{ nId0f / u'? ljZjfldq ;lxt hgsk'/ cfP . /fdn]

pQm eJo wg'if p7fP / tfFbf] r9fpg nfUbf ;f] wg'if eflrg uof] . ToxL wg'ifsf] 6'qmf]sf ]

gfdjf6 o; lhNnfsf] gfd wg'iff /xg uPsf] xf] .

lhNnfsf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;flgs ljefhg

PsLs/0fsf] qmddf of] If]q zfx j+zsf] clwgdf uof] / hgsk'/ hldg s/ nufotsf s/

;+sngsf] a]Gb| aGof] . kl5 b]z !$ c~rn &% lhNnfdf ljeflht x'Fbf wg'iff Pp6f lhNnf

/ hgsk'/ Pp6f c~rnsf] ?kdf cfof] / hgsk'/ g} hgsk'/sf] ;b/d'sfd aGg uof]

hgsk'/ /0fgLlts :yfgdf /x]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ hgsk'/ dWo t/fO{sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{

:yfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . k|zf;lgs ljefhg cg';f/ o; lhNnfdf &! j6f uflj;x?, %

j6f gu/kflnsf, ! j6f pk–dxfgu/kflnsf, !& j6f O{nfsf / & j6f lgjf{rg If]qx?

/x]sf 5g . lhNnfsf] k'/fgf] gu/kflnsf /x]sf] hgsk'/ o; lhNnfsf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd xf]

lhNnfsf] lgjf{rg If]q ljefhgsf] ?k/]vf / Onfsf ljefhgsf] ?k /]vf k|:t't \ ul/Psf] 5 .

10

wg'iff lhNnfsf] lgjf{rg If]q ljefhgsf] ?k/]vf

lgjf{rg

If]q g+=

lgjf{rg If]qdf kg]{ uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf j8fx? s}lkmot

! jfnfjfv/, jNxf s7fn, jNxf ;3f/, jNxf uf]7, lj;/ef]/f,

rf]/fsf]onk'/, b'j/sf]6, xyn]6jf, uf]7sf]onk'/, Ogjf{, vh'/L, rGxf,

vl/xflg, nSs8, dflrlem6s}of, ktg'sf, l;Uofxld8fg, ob's'j, k|=

v] dx'jf / xl/g]

@ cf}/xL, jkm}, j3rf}8f, rSs/, b]p/Lk/jfx, wj}nL, b'xjL, Ps/fxL,

x+;k'/, s7k'Nnf, xl7k'/ x8af/f, gg'k6L, krxjf{, kf]8]Zj/, lu4f,

;f]lgufdf, ;'ufdw's/xL, ;'uf, lgsf; / 7fl8lememf

# jxf8fj]nf, jx'cjf{, j;lxof, b]jl8xf, b]jk'/f?k}7f, wgf}hL, km'nufdf,

3f]83f;, O{6xjf{, emf]lems6}of, nudfuf8fu'7L, nvf}/L, nf]xgf,

d'lvofkl6, d';/lgof, t'N;LofxL lgsf;, t'N;LofxL hJbL / gu/fO{g

$ h=g=kf= !, b]lv h=g=kf=!^, ;Dd k|= sf] dx'jf, sgskl6, ljGwL,

j;ljl6 / s'yf{

% uf]kfnk'/, ldlyn]Zj/ lgsf;, ldlyn]Zj/ df}jfxL, tf/fk6L l;/l;of,

7]/f sr'/L, cGb'kl6, dfgl;+xkl6, j]+uflzjk'/, nIdLk'/ ju]jf,

l;g'/hf]8f, ;kxL, alglgof, zflGtk'/, lIf/]Zj/gfy, g=kf=jf8{

g+=!,@,#,$,% / ^

^ k6]jf{, l7Nnfob'jf, tNnf]uf]bf/, ja6f]nL, e/tk'/, a/dlemof,

/3'gfyk'/, ;j}nf, ;Gtf]if/, dvgfx, el6ofxL, gf}jfvf]/ k|;fxL,

sh/f/df}n, wg'iffwfd g=kf=jf8{ g+= %,^,&,*,/ (

& j6]Zj/, j]+uf8fj/, e'tqmk'/, e'txL k6]jf{, 9Ns]j/, nIdLlgjf;,

gS6flemem, k'ikjnk'/, t'N;L, lIf/]Zj/gfy g=kf= jf8{ g+= & * ( !)

/ !! wg'iffwfd g=kf= jf8{ g+= % ^ & * / (

lhNnfsf] Onfsf ljefhgsf] ?k/]vf

O{nfsf

g+=

uf=lj=;=x? tyf g=kfx? s}lkmoft

! O{gjf{, vh'/L rGxf, kt'g'sf, k|= v]dx'jf, jNxfs7fn, jNxfuf]7,

jNxf ;3f/f / nSs8

@ Ps/fxL, lu4f, 7fl8lemem, b'j/sf]6 xyn]6jf, lj;/ef]/f,

dflrlem6s}of, l;+UofxLd8fg / xl/g]

11

# uf]7sf]onk'/, rf]/fsf]onk'/, wjf}nL, k6]{jf, jnfjfv/, ob's'xf,

xl7k'/x/af/f / ;a}nf g=kf=j8f g+=!) / !! -l7Nnf ob'jf_

$ O6xjf{, emf]lems6}of, b'xjL, wgf}hL, b]p/L k/jfx / nvf}/L

% cf}/xL, rSS/, em6LofxL, krxjf{, akm} / ;f]gLufdf

^ vl/xfgL, gg'kl66f, /3'gfyk'/ / ;a}nf g=kf= j8fx? !, @ / #

-;a}nf_ $, % / ^ -;tf]if/_ &, * / ( -dvgfx_

& u0f]zdfg rf/gfy g=kf= j8fx? !, @, # / $ -e/tk'/_ %, ^ /

& -uf]bf/_ * / (-nj6f]nL_ !) / !! -a/dlemof_

* shf/f/d}n, e'txL k6]jf{, ldlyn]Zj/ lgsf;, wg'iffwfd gf=kf=

j8fx? ! / @ -wg'iffuf]ljGbk'/_ # / $ -wg'iff wfd_ % / ^-

pdfk|]dk'/_ &, * / ( -o1e'dL_

( cGb'kl6, 7]/fsr'/L, tf/fk6L l;/l;of, ldlyn]Zj/ df}jfxL,

dfgl;+xkl6, ;'uflgsf;, x+;k'/s7k'Nnf / hgsk'/

pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8fx? g+= @^-uf]kfnk'/_

!) gf}jfvf/ k|;fxL, kf}8]Zj/, a3rf}/f, jx'cjf{, ;'ufdw's/xL /

hgsk'/ pkdxf gu/kflnsf j8fx? g+= @& -sgskl6_ !* -k|sf]

dx'jf_, !& -nf]xgf_

!! b]jl8xf, gu/fO{g, ax]8fj]nf, nUdfu8fu'9L

!@ t'N;LofxL hAbL, t'N;LofxL lgsf;, km'nufdf, d'lvofkl6

d;x/lgof

!# 3f]8f3f; / hgsk'/ pkdxf gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= @) -b]jk'/f

?k}7f_

!$ hgsk'/ pkdxf gu/kflnsf j8fx?

!,@,#,$,%,^,&,*,(,!),!!,!@,!#,!$,!%,!^ / @# -ljGbL_, @@ -

j;ljl6_ @$ -j;lxof_

!% e'rqmk'/, nIdLlgjf;, zflGtk'/ / l;g'/hf]8f / hgsk'/

pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8fx? g+=@! -s'yf{-, !( -j]uflzjk'/_ @%

-nIdLk'/ju]jf_

!^ alglgof, ;kxL / lIf/]Zj/ gfy g=kf=sf j8f g+= #,$, % / ^ -

;v'jf dx]Gb|gu/_ !@ -/db}of ejf8L_ !) !! -lbuDa/k'/_ &, *

/ ( -xl/x/k'/_

!& t'N;L, k'ikjnk'/, j6]Zj/ / ldlynf g=kf=sf j8f g+= $% / ^ -

9Ns]j/_ !,@ / # -gs6flemem_ &, * / ( -j]+uf8fj/_

12

%=!= lh=lj=;=wg'iffsf] j8f cg';f/ 3/ w'/L hg;+Vof ljj/0f

hg;+Vof ljj/0f

j8f g+= 3/ w'/L k'?if dlxnf hDdf

!= ^^! !&&# !&#) #%)#

@= (^! @(!@ @^&& %%*(

#= %%! !#(% !%@^ @(@!

$= !)^( @*%@ #)#^ %***

%= !!#! #&#& #@$^ ^(*#

^= **# @$%) @^!* %)^*

&= !#*& $)!# #*)& &*@)

*= ^%# !^#) !&&% #$)%

(= ^(* !(#$ @)(^ $)#)

!)= ^&# @!@& @!%^ $@*#

!!= ^(# !&%# !*(# #^$^

!@= !!&@ #!@& #@!! ^##*

!#= !@!# #*() #^^* &%%*

!$= %#^ !$)& !%$! @($*

!%= !!%! #%#$ #@!* ^&%@

!^= !$)# #%*! #%@! &!)@

!&= @@*! ^@%# %*&@ !@!@%

!*= #)@! &$!$ *!)% !%%!(

!(= ($@ @^!^ @%^) %!&^

@)= *(% @#%* @$() $*$*

@!= !!(@ #$)& #%#* ^($%

@@= (@* @##! @%&^ $()&

@#= !)&* #$$) #!&! ^^!!

@$= *%$ @@*# @$#) $&!#

@%= !@!$ #^!$ ##($ &))*

@^= *#^ @)*$ @@@$ $#)*

@&= !$#$ #*$& $)*& &(#$

@*= !#!& #%&^ #&!^ &@(@

@(= @)@@ %$!# %$($ !)()&

13

#)= !%!% $^(! $@#& *(@*

#!= !^#^ $))$ $^%* *^^@

#@= !^%& $@*# $%^$ **$&

##= !&@( $&&% $^@) (#(%

#$= !@() #!*& #^*& ^*&$

#%= !#)) #^@@ ##(( &)@!

#^= ()^ @@@^ @%!* $&$$

#&= @!(# ^)#( ^!)$ !@!$#

#*= !!@@ @^*& @(&! %^%*

#(= (@& @^## @^%$ %@*&

$)= !^)( #&^& $)$) &*)&

$!= !)!& @#&% @^(# %)^*

$@= &@$ !*(@ !*** #&*)

$#= *&* @%%! @^*) %@#!

$$= !%^@ $*($ $%%% ($$(

$%= (#( @#*& @^^$ %)%!

$^= &%$ !(%* @!*! $!#(

$&= ^## !^$! !^(^ ###&

$*= *#* @$(^ @%)% %))!

$(= !(!*# %!*#* $%(#* (&&&^

%)= !)^* @@&* @*#@ %!!!)

%!= &$! @@)( @!$# $#%@

%@= !)^# @&*^ #)$$ %*#)

%#= (%# @$#^ @&*@ %@!*

%$= (^^ @(@% @^(% %^@)

%%= !)^# @&(^ #!&* %(&$

%^= !*#& $&!% %@*# (((*

%&= !#%) $!@$ #^(! &*!%

%*= ()* @^%& @$$( %!)^

%(= (@$ @^^! @^^( %##)

^)= %&* !%$$ !%)# #)$&

^!= &$* @)(# !((* $)(!

14

^@= ^)# !*(@ !&@% #^!&

^#= !@## #^$( #$(# &!$@

^$ !!*@ #$*^ #$$! ^(@&

^% !&#* $%%@ $&@^ (@&*

^^ *!# @#&) @$*@ $*%@

^& !)%^ @**) @()( %&*@

^* !$@% #%*^ #%)) &)*^

^( *)$ @!#$ @@%! $#*%

&) &#* !*(% !(^* #*^#

&! !@!@ #*#( ##!% &!%$

&@ !!$# #*&( #$&^ &#%%

&# !)@% #@$! @(%^ ^!(&

&$ !$^$ $$%) $)(# *%$#

&% ^&& !^(( !*&# #%&@

&^ *$@ @#!* @#&@ $^()

&& ^%^ !*(! !**^ #&&&

&* ^@^ !&$% !&$@ #$*&

&( *@( @$$( @$(@ $($!

*) !!@* @*(% #!&% ^)&)

*! %@$ !@&& !#!& @%($

*@ @&#@ ^)!@ ^(#@ !@($$

*# !!*( #&!! ##%% &)^^

*$ !^!* $!$( $#(( *%$*

*% #$$% ()!& **!* !&*#%

*^ !%!@ $^*( $#@* ()!&

*& !)*^ @&&) @(&% %&$%

** (&% #!)& @*&* %(*%

*( !%*^ $%&* $&@@ (#))

() !%%& $#@( $!!& *$$^

(! !@$# ##%! #%%! ^()@

(@ &^& @@%% @@## $$**

(# &#@ !(($ @!*% $!&(

($ !#*& #*($ #(#* &*#@

(% !@(% #^$! #^%! &@(@

15

(^ &)! !%$^ !(&! #%!&

(& !)@$ @^!$ @^*& %#)!

(* &($ @!(@ @@)^ $#(*

(( ($( #)^^ @(@& %((#

!)) @!&$ %(&% %*&( !!*%$

!)! !!$% @(&) #@(& ^@^&

!)@ #!#^ &%^@ *)*# !%^$%

!)# @$ !)^* @& !)(%

hDdf !#*@$( #&*%#* #&^@#( &%$&&&

>f]tM– s]Gb|Lo tYo+fs ljefu, /fli›o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/

16

%=@ wg'iff lhNnfsf ] gS;f

>f]tM– s]Gb |Lo tYo+fs ljefusf] gS;f+sg cg';f/

17

^=lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt sfof {no, wg'iffsf ] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?

s[lif ljsf; ;DalGw

Joj;foLs jfnL pTkfbg k|j4{g ug]{ cfof]hgfx? ;~rng ul/ s[lif Joj;fo

k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

l;+lrt tyf ;dyn kmfF6x?df 7fpF ljz]if ;+efJottfsf] cfwf/df jfnL ;3gtf j[l4

ug]{ cleofgd'vL sfof{qmdx? ;~rfng u/L vfB ;'/Iffdf 6]jf k'¥ofOg] 5 .

lgof{tof]Uo Pj+ pRr d'Nosf s[lifhGo jfln j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg k|j4{g u/L cfoft

k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ ul/g]5 .

s[lif pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4sf nflu ljsl;t k|ljlwx?sf] k|;f/ k|rf/ /

k|fljlws ;]jf ;j{;'ne ?kdf k|bfg ul/ s[ifsx?nfO{ s[lif ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd agfO{g]

5 .

s[lifdf Joj;foLs/0f, jhf/Ls/0f / ;fdflhs ;Ddfgsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/g]5 .

s[lif ljsf;df s[ifs ;d"x,;ldlt,;xsf/L, u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yf / :yfgLo lgsfox?;Fu

;fem]bf/L ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

vfBGg t/sf/L / kmnkm'n pTkfbg If]qx?df Plss[t zq'lhj Joj:yfkg -

cfO{=lk=Pd_ sfo{qmdx? s[ifs kf7zfnf ;~rfng ul/ kof{j/0f ;+/If0f ul/g] 5 .

ko{6gd'lv s[lif ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

slDtdf Ps uf=lj=;= Ps cfof]hgf sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

lbuf] s[lif ljsf;,h}ljs ljljwtf k|fs[lts >f]t tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fjLr ;Gt'ng

sfod /fVg] gLlt lnOg]5 .

s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg u|fdL0f s[lif sfo{stf{nfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 .

;DefJottfsf] cfwf/df ;+3g ?kdf s[lif sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/L gd'gf s[lif

ufpFx? lgdf{0f ub}{ nlug]5 .

/;fogLs dnsf] cfoft k|lt:yfkgfy{ d'q ;Íng Pj+ esf/f] ;'wf/ sfo{qmd

;~rfngdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

lhNnfsf] ljleGg uf=lj=;=x?sf] ;e]{If0fsf] cfwf/df ks]6 If]q ! ufpF ! pTkfbg sf]

3f]if0ff ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .

18

kz'ljsf; ;DalGw

kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] nfut d'No 36fpg 3fF; ljsf; sfo{qmd k|fyldstfsf ;fy

sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

kz' pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 Nofpg gZn ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf hf]8

lbOg]5 .

s[ifsx?df l;k x:tfGt/0f4f/f cfB'lgs kz'kfng k4ltsf] ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] gLlt

lnOg]5 .

kz'kfng If]qsf] Joj;foLs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf cu|;/tf

lnOg]5 .

kz'hGo kbfy{sf] ahfl/s/0f tyf pTkfbg ljljlws/0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5

.

kz'kfng If]qsf] ljsf;df s[ifs ;d"x ;ldlt ;xsf/L u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yf / :yfgLo

lgsfox?;Fu ;fem]bf/L ul/g]5 .

lhNnfnfO{ b'Uw tyf b'UwhGo kbfy{df cfTdf lge{/ agfpb} n}hfg 8]l/ ks]6

sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;+~rfng ul/g]5 .

kz'wgsf] IftL Go"lgs/0fsf] nflu /f]u lgoGq0f vf]k sfo{qmd tyf kz' :jf:Yo

lzlj/ ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

u'0f:t/Lo kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] nflu :jf:Yo / Jojl:yt kz'kfngnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{

s[ifs ;d"x ;ldlt dfkm{t kz'wg ;'/IffnfO{ k|j{4g ul/g] 5 .

lhNnfnfO{ kz'hGo kbfy{ pTkfbgdf cfTdf lge{/ agfpg lg/Gt/tf lbO{g]5 .

jg tyf jftfj/0f ;DalGw

hg;xeflutfsf] dfWo]djf6 jgsf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f

u/L b}lgs hglhjgdf cfjZos jg k}bfjf/sf] ;'ne cfk"tL{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5

.

ul/j / ljkGg ju{sf] ;xeflutfdf u}x|sfi7 / cGo jg hGo pTkfbgnfO{ k|j4{g u/L

u/LjL Go"lgs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofOg]5 .

hut hggL dftf hfgsLsf] hGde'ld hgsk'/nfO{ ko{6sLo gu/Lsf] ?kdf ljsf;

ug{sf] nflu xl/ofnL k|j2{g u/L ;f}Gbo{tf j9fpg gu/kflnsf / :yflgo

hgtf;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf zx/L jg -Urban Forestry_ ljsf;sf] k|f/De ul/g]5 .

19

nf]kf]Gd'v jg:ktL / jGohGt'x?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f cWoog, cg';Gwfgdf ljz]if

hf]8 lbO{ cfly{s dxTjsf hl8j'6Lx?sf] v]ltjf6 cfo cfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .

x/]s ju{sf cle?lrsf ;+/rfgf tof/ u/L wg'iffwfd jg:ktL pBfgdf kof{–

ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug]{

vfnL klt{ hUufdf pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ljBfno kl/jf/ / gful/s ;dfh dfkm{t

j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

hg;xeflutf, ;dGjo Pj+ Plss[t cjwf/0ff cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt

clVtof/ ul/g]5 .

;+/If0f sfo{qmdnfO{ pTkfbglzn Pj+ ahf/d'lv 9fFrfdf ;~rfng ug]{ k4lt

cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

wg'iffwfd ;+/lIft jgsf] Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 .

o; lhNnf leq /x]sf hnfwf/ If]qx?sf] ;+/If0f ;Da4{g ul/ af9L klx/f] / t/fO{sf]

e'Ifo Go"lgs/0f ub}{ n}hfg] .

e"–;+/If0f tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{df Bio-Engineering Approach ckgfO{

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

;fem]bf/L jgsf] dfWo]djf6 blIf0f e]usf hgtfsf] kx'Fr jg If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf

k'¥ofO{ 5 .

Up stream & Down Stream Linkage ul/ sf]dn r'/] If]qsf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 .

:jf:Yo ;DalGw

cfd wg'iffjf;Lx?sf] æ/fd|f] :jf:YoÆ k|fKtL ug]{ gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

cfwf/e't :jf:Yo ;]jf hgtfsf] df}nLs clwsf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf]n] k|f=:jf=s]Gb|,

:jf=rf}sL tyf pk :jf=rf}sLjf6 lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjog tyf :jf:YosdL{x?sf] ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt / kx'Frof]Uo t'NofOg]5 .

k|ltsf/fTds, k|j4{gfTds, pkrf/fTds tyf k'g{:yfkgfTds :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ klxn]

k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .

lhNnfsf] ljleGg :yfgdf cjl:yt pk–:jf:Yo rf}sLnfO{ cfufdL cf=j=leq :t/ j[l4

ug{ 7f]; k|of; ul/g]5 .

ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f If]qx?df hg:jf:Yo ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ug{

gLlh If]q Pj+ u]=;=;=x?;Fu ;dGjo u/L k|f]T;fxLt ul/g]5 .

20

lzIff ;DalGw

afnljsf; s]Gb|x?nfO{ ;'Jojl:yt 9Ën] ;~rfng u/L jfnljsf; s]Gb| dfkm{t sIff

! df egf{ x'g] b/df j[l4 ul/g]5 .

o; If]qsf] rf}tkmL{ z}lIfs ljsf;sf] nflu oyflz3| /fhifL{ hgs ljZjljBfno

;~rfngdf Nofpg kxn ul/g]5 .

cfwf/e't tx, pd]/ ;d"xsf jfnjflnsfx?sf] lzIffsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu

blnt 5fqj[lQ, 5fqf 5fqj[lQ Pj+ lgz'Ns kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

u'?s'n u'Djf, db;f{sf] ?kdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljBfnox?nfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df

;dfj]z ub}{ nlug]5 . ljBfnox?nfO{ jfnd}qL ljBfnosf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ ul/

ef}lts ;+/rgfx?df qmdz ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .

;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ul/ uflj;ut ?kdf qmdz

lg/fIf/tf pGd'ng uf=lj=;=3f]iff0f ub}{ nlug]5 .

lzIff;Fu ;DjlGwt sfo{ ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?;Fu ;dGjo u/L lhNnfsf] z }lIfs

ljsf;df Plss[t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0f l;sfO{nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg lzIfsx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 h:tf

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

blnt, dlxnf, hghflt Pj+ l;dfGts[t ju{nfO{ z}lIfs cj;/x?sf] ;'lgZrttf

k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .

l;rfO{ ;DalGw

;fgf tyf demf}nf l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLx?sf] dd{t ;'wf/sf nflu l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf] 5gf}6

ubf{ oyf;Dej ;j} uf=lj=;= ;d]l6g] jfnL ljljlws/0f, Joj;foLs/0f / a9L cfly{s

k|ltkmn lbg] vfnsf l;+rfO{ k|0ffnL 5gf}6 ug]{ k4tL cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

ls;fgx?4f/f lgld{t ;~rflnt l;rfO{ k|0ffnLx?sf] dd{t ;'wf/ sfo{df

hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . o:tf k|0ffnLx?sf] Joj:yfkgdf pkef]Qmf

;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/ jfgfO{g] 5 .

sdnf l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf dfkm{t k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf l;+rfO{ ;'ljWffsf] kx'Fr

j9fO{g]5 .

dlxnf ;zlQms/0f ;DalGw

ljkGg tyf lk5l8Psf ju{sf dlxnfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L ;du| dlxnfx?sf]

;zlQms/0f ;DalGw sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

21

lg0f{o k|ls[ofdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/

;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 .

n}lËs lje]bnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ub}{ dlxnfx?sf] d'nk|jflxs/0fdf hf]8 lbO{ n}lËs

;dtfk"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|T;flxt ul/g]5 .

ldlynf k]lG6Ë nufot ljleGg lzkd"ns tflndx?df dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4

ub}{ nlug]5 .

;8s k'n lgdf{0f ;DjlGwL

o; lhNnfsf k|Tos uflj;nfO{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Fu hf]8g] sfnf]kq] ;8s oftfoft

;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

;8s;DalGw k"jf{wf/ of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ lhNnf oftfoft u'?of]hgf -DTMP_ sf]

cfwf/df ;~rfng, dd{t Pj+ :t/f]GgtL ul/g] 5 .

ljleGg ;8sx?sf] ;8s clwsf/ If]qleq cltqmd0f ug]{ k|j[ltnfO{ lg?T;flxt

ul/g]5 .

;8s k'nh:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf cfly{s jftfj/l0fo ;fdflhs kIfsf]

d"NofÍg Pj+ cWoogsf] cfwf/df u'0f:t/Lo Pj+ jftfj/0f d}qL ef}tLs k"jf{wf/

lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

;j} k|sf/sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ubf{ jfnd}qL Pj+ ckfËd}qL agfpg] gLlt

lnOg]5 .

u|fdL0f :t/df cfjt hfjtsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu emf]n'Ë]k'n lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ ljz]if

k|fyldstf lbO{g] 5 .

hogu/, hgsk'/ / alb{jf; hf]8g] /]ndfu{ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ lz3|

;DkGg ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox?df kxn ul/g]5 .

wfld{s Pj+ ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] !% lbg] kl/qmdf ;8s dWo] wg'iff /

dxf]Q/L lhNnf v08df kg]{ ;8snfO{ sfnf] kq] / k'n lgdf{0f sfo{ oyflz3| z'? ug{

kxn ul/g]5 .

hgsk'/ gu/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu PlzofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt

kl/of]hgf oyflz3| ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ ;DalGw

of] lhNnfnfO{ k"0f{ ;/;kmfO{ o'Qm t''Nofpg -ODF_ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/

;/;kmfO{df gd"gf lhNnfsf] ?kdf :yflkt ul/g]5 .

22

jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf Pj+ cGo ;/;kmfO{ ;DaGwL k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;~rfng ul/g]5

.

:jR5 Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"tL{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k'/fgf vfg]kfgL

of]hgfx?sf] lbuf] ;d/If0f Pj+ lgdf{0flwg of]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg ug]{ Joj:yf

ldnfOg]5 .

vfg]kfgLsf] ;xh cfk"tL{sf] nflu cf]e/x]8 6\of+s lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;f]

sf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox?df kxn ul/g]5 .

o; lhNnfdf xfn} ;DkGg ;/;kmfO{ ;Dd]ngjf6 hf/L ePsf] !( a'b] 3f]if0ff kq

adf]lhdsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ sfo{qmdx? tof/ ul/ sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

pBf]u pBdlzntf Pj+ ;xsf/Ltfsf] ljsf; ;DjlGw

ufpF:t/;Dd ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ljsf; lj:tf/ / k|j{4g ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ ul/g]

5 .

cGt/fli6«o ;xsf/L jif{ eJo ?kn] dgfpb} ufpF ufpFdf ;xsfl/tfsf] af/]df

cled"lvs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L sDtLdf Ps ufpF Ps ;xsf/L cleofg k|j4{g

ul/g]5 .

n3'pBd tyf ;–;fgf 3/]n'' pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; ;d"bfodf ;d"bfo Pj+ lghL If]qnfO{

k|f]T;fxLt ug]{ / To:tf pBf]unfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL agfpg hf]8 lbOg]5 .

ko{6g;Fu ;Dj4 pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ;fy} To:tf pBf]ux?nfO{ sfg"gsf]

bfo/fleq Nofpg ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 .

lhNnfdf pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .

hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] Joj:yfklso Pj+ k|fljlws Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L

;~rfngdf Nofpg ;DalGwt lgsfox?;Fu kxn ul/g]5 .

wg'iff lhNnfsf] 9Ns]j/ hgsk'/ v08nfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]q 3f]if0ff u/L pBf]ux?

:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{df lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .

ckfË ;DalGw

;a} k|sf/sf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; Pj+ pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs

;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpb} n}hfg] gLlt lnOg]5 .

23

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] clwsf/ ;DalGw ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;GwL -United

Nations Convention on Right Person with Disabilities -UNCRPD _ dfgj

clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkq cj;/ ;dfgLs/0f ;DalGw k|df0fLs lgodx? -Standard Rule

of Equalization of Opportunites_ / cGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df ckfËtf

ePsf JolQmx?sf] lxtdf ag]sf] lgod sfg"gx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ hfg] gLlt lnOg]5 .

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] ;Dks{ x'g] ;j} ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ ckfËd}qL jgfpb}

nlug] 5 .

ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?sf] :jfjnDjL ;+:yfx? Pj+ ;d"xsf] lbuf] ljsf; ug]{

pkfox?sf] cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

dhb'/, ;'s 'Djf;L, PSn dlxnf, lj:yflkt kl/jf/, j]kQf kl/jf/, ljleGg cfGbf]ngsf

3fO{t ] Pj+ ;lxb kl/jf/ ;DalGw

dhb'/, ;'s'Djfl;, PSn dlxnf Pj+ lj:yfkLt JolQmx?sf] cfod"ns Pj+ Ifdtf

ljsf; ;DalGw s[ofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

ljleGg cfGbf]ngsf 3fO{t], j]kQf Pj+ ;lxb kl/jf/nfO{ ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfojf6

k|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf nflu ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 .

Ho]i7 gful/s ;DalGw

Ho]i7 gful/sx?sf] ;fdflhs klxrfg, ;Ddfg Pj+ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ljz]if hf]8

lbg] gLlt lnOg]5 .

blnt Pj+ cflbjfl; hghflt ;DalGw

blnt Pj+ cflbjfl; hghfltsf] xs clwsf/sf] k|j4{g lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ;xeflutf

j[l4 ub}{ ;zlQms/0f -Empowerment_ sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/g] 5g .

blnt tyf hghfltsf k/Dk/fut ;Lk ;+:s[lt / efiffsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .

jfnjflnsf ;DalGw

cGt/fli6«o jfn clwsf/ ;DalGw dxf;GwL, /fli6«o gLlt Pj+ of]hgf ;d]tsf

cfwf/df jfnjflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, ljsf;sf] clwsf/, ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/

Pj+ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/nfO{ :yflgo :t/df k|j4{g ul/g] 5 .

jfnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+:yfut Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .

jfnjflnsf ;DalGw ;+hfn Pj+ jfnjflnsfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{nfO{

k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .

afnaflnsfx?sf] ;Dks{ x'g] ;a} ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ afnd}qL agfpb} nlug] 5 .

24

cfufld kfFr jif{ leq o; lhNnfsf ;Dk"0f{ uflj;x?nfO{ afnd}qL uflj; t'Nofpg]

gLlt lnOg]5 .

o'jf tyf v]ns'b ;DalGw

o'jfx?sf] nflu Ifdtf ljsf; Pj+ :j/f]huf/L l;h{gfdf hf]8 lbO{ o'jfx?sf] ljb]z

knfogsf] dfqfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ul/g]5 .

lhNnfdf v]ns'b If]qsf] ljsf; / k|j4{gnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ ul/g]5 .

ko{6g ;+:s[lt ;DalGw

ko{6gsf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] o; If]qnfO{ ko{6sLo If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; Pj+ k|j4{g

ug]{ / k/Dk/fut snf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fdf ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5 .

phf{ Pj+ ljB'lts/0f ;DjlGw

lhNnfsf] ;a} uflj;df ljB't ;]jf ;xh ?kdf pknAw u/fpg u|fld0f ljB'tLs/0f

ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf] ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

:yfgLo txdf ljB't Pj+ phf{ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ j}sNkLs phf{sf] lgdf{0f k|of]unfO{

hf]8 lbOg]5 .

u}=;=;=,lghL, If ]q Pj+ gful/s ;dfh ;DalGw

lhNnfsf] ljsf;df pTs[i6 of]ubfg ug]{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;~rf/ k|lti7fg Pj+

;~rf/sdL{ u}=;=;=gful/s ;dfhsf] clen]lvs/0f u/L ;Ddfg ug]{, ;xsfo{ ug]{

;fy} ;'zfg k|j4{gdf ;fem]bf/L ul/g]5 .

blnt, hghflt, dlxnf, afnjflnsf, dhb'/, ;'s'Daf;L, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm Pj+

u|fdL0f ;d"bfonfO{ ?kfGt/0fLo ljlwjf6 ;fdflhs k/rfng ul/ lbuf] ljsf; ug]{

gLlt lnOg]5 .

lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/L dfkm{t lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xsfo{ ug]{ k4ltnfO{ a9jf

lbOg] 5 .

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ lhNnfsf] Ps4f/ gLlt -lgb]{lzsf_ cg?k cfkm\gf s[ofsnfk

;~rfngdf clek|]l/t u/L ljsf; ;fem]bf/Lsf] ?kdf k|j{g ug]{ k4lt cjnDjg

ul/g]5 .

;'rgf k|ljlw ;DalGw

lh=lj=;=, uflj; / cGo sfof{nox?sf] sfo{ k|0ffnL / clen]vx?nfO{ sDKo'6/

k4ltdf ?kfGt/0f ul/ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t, b'?:t / 5l/tf] ul/g] 5 .

25

bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf u|fdL0f ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{ qmdz u|fld0f

;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ub}{ nlug] 5 .

lhNnfsf] ;j} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?sf] website cBfjlws u/L ;'zfg k|j4{gdf

hf]8 lbOg]5 .

;Fu7g tfyf k|zf;g ;DalGw

k]ZsL tyf j]?h'nfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy lgoGq0f ub}{ k]ZsL tyf j]?hL km5 \of}{6nfO{

k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .

k]ZsL nuL ;dod} km5\of}6 gug]{x?nfO{ lgodfg';f/ sf/jflx ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5

.

s/f/df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/sf] cfwf/df dfq Dofb

yk u/Lg]5 .

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfd k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ jgfO{g] k|f]T;fxg ug{ pTs[i6 sfd ug]{

lhlj;sf] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k'/:s[t ul/g]5 .

lhNnfsf] ljsf;df pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] lhNnfsf] cGo ;/sf/L lgsfo u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;d"x, ;ldlt, ;xsf/L ;+hfn, Snj, kqsf/ Pj+ ;fdflhs JolQmTj

cflbnfO{ k'/l:s[t tyf ;Ddfg ul/g] gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?df :jR5 cfr/0fsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;]jf u|fxL k|lt ;Ddfgk"0f{

Jojxf/ ug]{ gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

gful/s j8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf ;]jfx? tf]sLPsf] ;do k|bfg ug{ sfof{nox?

k|ltj4 /xg]5 .

g]kfn ef/t ;Ldfgfdf /x]sf] h6lxsf] ef/t gfsfdf Custom eG;f/ :yfkgf ug{

ef/t ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x ul/g]5 .

26

&= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt sfof {no wg'iffn] ut jif { ;DkGg u/]sf of ]hgfx?

qm=;+=

sfdsf ] ljj/0f sjf ]n c +s d=c=s=;d]t

s }lkmot

! Ogjf{,b'j/sf]6 g/xf ;8s !(&!#@!.)$ @ gGg'kl6[,x8j8f,jkm},b'xjL;8s !(@!$**.!& # wjf}nL,b'j/sf]6,nSs8 ;8s df sne6{ lgdf{0f @%##$!%.*& $ dlxgfyk'/ k|x/L rf}sL,7fl8lememf,vh'/L ;8s !)$$@$&.** % d'h]lnof,c/]8jf ;8s !#(%@&%.!# ^ 7]/f,lzjk'/,k'Nrf]s ;8sdf lk=;L=;L= ug]{ !&%@*@).(& ;DkGg & e/tk'/,uf}/Lk'/,6f]sL ;8s u|fe]n *@!$!#.(% ,, ,, * km'nufdf,jx]8fj]nf,d'lvofkl6[ ;8s !@$$$%&.@! ( dx'jf,sgskl6,cf];/f ;8s lk=l;=l;= ug]{[ !&@$((@.#$ ;DkGg !) j}bxL xN6,;'uflgsf; ;8s :t/GtL !$#*&*^.!$ !! l;d/fkl6[,ob'sf]xf ;8s :t/GtL !)#%%($.%& !@ xo'dkfO{k sne6{ lgdf{0f-8'd/Lof rf]s – sdnfs_ !$(^@@*.*^ ;DkGg !# kSsLk'n lgdf{0f e':;L vf]nf wg'iffwfd t]h gu/ !$%@%@((.*@ sfo{

k]lZs !$ j+S; j[h lgdf{0f sfhL k}gL –wjf}nL tf/f6f]n _ %($#*!@=)& !% jS; j[If lgdf{0f ;j}nf,gu/kflnsf (k'/fgf] jn'jf

vf]nf

%)@&#!$.(@.

!^ ;]8 lgdf{0f If]=k=c=sf=hgsk'/ @))))). ;DkGg !& s[lif sne6{ tyf s'nf] lg=rSs/ @%)))). ;DkGg !* lh=j=sf=sDkfp08df u|e]n ug]{ !))))). ;DkGg !( efg'rf}s b]lv r/0f cf]lkm; ;Dd u|]en $^*(@@.%@ ;DkGg @) emf]=k'=;j]{If0f ug]{ sfo{ @^!(#&.^@ ;DkGg @! ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnodf hfnLdf6f] eg]{ ###!^#.%$ ;DkGg @@ ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnodf 6foN; nufpg] $&(#$#.#% ;DkGg @# hfgsL j[4f cf>d ejg lgdf{0f %))))). ;DkGg @$ ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnodf df6f] / tf/hfnL eg]{ hgsk'/ ###!^#.%$ ;DkGg @% ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnodf 6fo;{ nufpg] hgsk'/ $&(#$#.#% ;DkGg

27

qm=;+= of ]hgfsf ] gfd / 7 ]ufgf :jLs [t /sd s}lkmot

! ;8s dd{t u|]en lIf=g=p=kf= # @))))). @ dlxnf s[ifs tflnd a}+s uf=lj=; $ !))))). # O{gf/ lgdf{0f lIf=gf=g=kf= !! @))))). $ sDkfp08 ;'wf/ ug]{ u+uf k|=p=df=lj= 7]/f #))))). % ;8s d/dt ;Def/,uf}/Lk'/,/3'gfyk'/ !%))))). ^ blnt ;fd'bflos ejg lg=nvf}/L & #))))). & dlxnf g]t[Tj tflnd blnt hghftL hgsk'/ $ @))))). * k|of]uzfnf Joj:yfkg /f=/f=j=SofDk; @))))). ( cw'/f] blnt bnfg lg=hgs @% s'D/f}8f $))))). !) ;8s d/dt u|]en,a]nf}gL,sgskl6[ l8lxjf/ :yfg #))))). !! ;8s d/dt – kf}8]Zj/– e/fv l;/;Lof $))))). !@ ;8s u|]e]ln+u h=p=d=g=kf= !@ !))))). !# sj| :yfgdf df6f] k'g]{ h=p=d=g=kf= !& nf]xgf !))))). !$ O{gf/ lgdf{0f ld=g=kf=*j]uf8fj/ 8f8f6f]n !&%))). !% k|;'tL u[x ;xof]u sfo{qmd ld=g=kf= % !))))). !^ ,, ,, ,, ,, !))))). !& dlxnf s[ifs tflnd ;'ufdw's/xL !))))). !* dbzf{ lgdf{0f /3'gfyk'/ @ z]if 6f]n @%)))). !( ;8s dd{t tyf u|e]n ld=g=kf=( nfnu9 #))))).

@) blnt ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f lj;/ef]/f ^ !))))). @! dlxnf s[ifs tflnd jf3rf}8f ! !))))). @@ ;f]nf/ h8fg hfgsL dlGb/ k5f8Lsf] dl:hb !()))). @# ;8s dd{t uf]7sf]onk'/ $ !!!))). @$ cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f sh/f /df}n ^ @))))). @% /fdhfgsL dlGb/df xg'dfg dlGb/ lgdf{0f 8]jl8xf $ !))))). @^ ;8s dd{t nUudf uf8fu'9L ( @))))). @& dlxnf ;;lSts/0f tflnd hgsk'/ ! !))))). @* dlxnf s[ifs tflnd sh/f /df}n !))))). @( ;8s lk=l;=l;= ug]{ ld=g=kf= % 9Ns]j/ &))))). #) kf7]3/ v:g] dlxnfsf] nflu sfo{qmd wg'iffwfd # !))))). #! ,, ,, ,, !) !))))). #@ cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f dflrlem6s}of @))))). ## zf}{rfno,jfy?d lgdf{0f hgsk'/ $ 7fs'/s'6L !%)))). #$ ejg lgdf{0f–gjb'uf{ dlxnf s[lif ;xsf/L j6]Zj/ # @))))).

28

#% kmlg{r/ vl/b– xflhnf]6g hgsk'/ @# !))))). #^ 5'jf5't ;DjGwL uf]i7L hgsk'/ !^ !))))). #& dlxnf ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f t'N;L * #))))). #* ;8s u|e]n–;kxL ! –jlgufdf @%)))).)) #( ;8s lk=l;=l;= ug]{ hgsk'/ ( r/rb]lv pQ/ !))))). $) ;f]nf/ jtL h8fg hgsk'/ !# sj|:yfg-sj/xn_ @))))). $! /fdhfgsL dlGb/ lh0ff}{4f/ ob'sf]xf-uf]7sf]xf @))))). $@ cw'/f] blnt b'uf{dlGb/ lgdf{0f nUdfuf8fu'9L $ !))))). $# sDkfp08jfn lg=p=df=lj=k/;'/fd tnfp @%),))). $$ ;+s6 df]rg dlGb/ leqsf] 3/sf] 5t 9nfg hgsk'/

jf/xljUuf

$))))).

$% c=;f=d=lg=b]p/L k/jfxf ( @%)))). $^ ejg dd{t ;'=lg=df=lj=O6xjf{ #))))). $& sa|:yfgsf] jfp08\Ljfn lg=7]/f ^ #))))). $* /fwf s[i0f d+=lg=h=u0f]zdfg rf/gfy * %))))). $( cw'/f] wd{zfnf lg=b'xjL ^ #,%)))). %) sDkfp08jfn lg=sh/f /df}n & !))))). %! cw'/f] ;f=d=lg=tf/fkl6[ l;l;{of !%)))). %@ b'uf{ dlGb/ lh0f]{4f/ w=wfd jf=g+= & !%)))). %# cw'/f] ;f=d=lg=hgsk'/ @& sgskl6[ !))))). %$ ;/;:jtL d+lg/ lgdf{0f–7]/f ^ u+uf k|=p=df=lj= %))))). %% c=;=d=lg=krxjf{ # #))))). %^ ejg lgdf{0f cgfycf>d hgsk'/ * @))))). %& cw'/f] blnt bnfglg=h=p=d=g=kf=@& @%)))). %* ;8s d/dt u|]en hgsk'/ !$ lbk gf=sf @%)))). %( ,, ,, ;Def/ ld=df}jfxL !–* #%)))). ^) ,, ,, u|]en uf]7sf]onk'/ df]tf{k'n–lj;/ef]/f –

xl/g] #))))).

^! ;8s u|]en uf]7sf]onk'/– gfykl6[ ;Dd #))))). ^@ x}08kfO{k h8fg lj;/ef]/f % %)))). ^# O{gf/ lgdf{0f wg'iffwfd * !%)))). ^$ Ogf/ lgdf{0f wg'iffwfd * s'D/f6f]n !%)))). ^% O{gf/ lgdf{0f u0f]zdfg rf/gfy gu/kflnsf ! !%)))). ^^ Ogf/ lgdf{0f j6]Zj/ $ @))))). ^& k|;'tL u[x ;xof]uL sfo{qmd ld=g=kf= ( !))))). pd]zk|;fb

ofbj

29

^* ckf+ux?sf] nflu pBdlzn tflnd tyf ;fxos ;fdfu|L ljt/0f wg'iff

$))))).

^( dlxnf s[ifs tflnd rSs/ & !))))). &) cfO=Pn=cf]=–!^( cled'lvs/0f sfo{qmd hgsk'/-

cflbjf;L hghftL_ !))))).

&! O{gf/ lgdf{0f wg'iffwfd ( !&%))). &@ cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f ;a}nf ( !))))). &# xg'dfg dlGb/ lgdf{0f hgsk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf !^

slkn]Zj/ !))))).

&$ cw'/f] ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f ;=s=e=sGof p=df=lj=hgsk'/

$))))).

&% sfl/s dxf/fh uxj/ lgdf{0f sr'/L7]/f ^ !))))). &^ cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f rSs/ % %))))). && x}08 kfO{lk h8fg hgsk'/ !@ !@%))). &* /fd hfgsL xg'dfg dlGb/ lg=hgsk'/ @# @))))). &( ;fd'bflos ejg lg= uf]7sf]onk'/ @ @%)))). *) cfO{=Pn=\cf] !^( cled'lv s/0f sfo{qmd lIf=g=kf= !))))). *! ;8sdf kL=;L=;L= ug]{ h=p=d=g=kf= * $))))). *@ ;8s dd{t lg=sf=;kxL e+ufxf ;Dd @%)))). *# Kn]u|fp08df df6f] kg]{ sfo{ h=p=g=kf=!( y'df}gf !%)))). *$ ;n}k sbe6{ lg=uf]7sf]onk'/–ob's'xf 8'=rf}s ;Dd **)))). *% Ogf/ lgdf{0f wg'iffwfd * @))))). *^ cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg lg=xl7k'/ x8jf/f $ %))))). *& df+ b'uf{ dlGb/ lgdf{0f 7]/fsr'/L ^ *))))). ** ;8s dd{t b]p/Lk/jfxf @ /]Nj] :6]zg–/d]z /+hg

emfsf] 3/ $))))).

*( O{gf/ lgdf{0f ld=g=kf= ^ nIdL lgjf; @@)))). () j|Dx:yfg ;]6 lgdf{0f gu/fO{g % @))))). (! O{gf/ ld=g=kf= * !%)))). (@ dlxnf Jol'6log tflnd h=p=d=g=kf=& !%)))). (# ;8s dd{t tyf gfnfsf] 9sg lgdf{0f hgsk'/ (

k]6]f\lnog P;f]l;o;g #))))).

($ jlx/fx?sf] nflu l;nfO{ s6fO{ tflnd a6]Zj/ !))))). (% vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f tyf rf}tf/f lgdf{0f u0f]zdfg rf/gfy

gu/kflnsf ^s]z/bdfn %))))).

30

(^ cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f jf}xjf{ @ @))))). (& sDkfp08jfn lgdf{0f /fgL df=lj=j]uflkk/f8L @*%))). (* c=;f=ejg lg=wjf}nL & @))))). (( O{bufxf df6f] k'g]{ sfd hgsk'/ !& nf]xgf @%)))). !)) ;8s dd{t tyf u|]en hgsk'/ * @%)))). !)! sne6{ lgdf{0f zflGtk'/ lghu9 hfg]af6f] uf=k'= ( %))))). !)@ ;8s dd{t u|]en ld=g=kf= # %))))). !)# ,, ,, hgsk'/ & a]nfs'6[L #))))). !)$ ,, ,, ld=lg=nlnof–plQdk'/–tf/fkl6[ @))))). !)% ,, ,, hgsk'/ !$ ;Togf=l;+x xl/zdf{ !%)))). !)^ ,, ,, km'nufdf ax]8fj]nf t'=lg= #))))). !)& ,, ,, ;'ufdw's/xL # #))))). !)* ,, ,, wg'iffwfd * @))))). !)( ,, ,, h=p=d=g=kf= !$ !))))). !!) ;8s dd{t tyf u|]en ld=g=kf= % %))))). !!! ,, ,, ,, h=p=d=g=kf= $ !))))). !!@ ,, ,, ,, ;;f{ dlGb/ l;lsofxL #))))). !!# ,, ,, ,, ld=g=kf= ! @))))). !!$ ;8sdf kL=;L=;L=ug]{ t'=hJbL p=d=;8s &$)))). !!% ;8s dd{t ;Def/–w=wfd sh/f/df}n #))))). !!^ ,, ,, u|]en s]dnLk'/–ld=g=kf=$ %))))). !!& ,, ,, l;g'/hf]8f #- vf=;+=klZrd_ $))))).

qm=;+= of ]hgfsf ] gfd / 7 ]ufgf :jLs [t /sd s}lkmot

! b]p/fnL e}/kL kfng ;xt'l/ ejg lgdf{0f ldlynf

g=kf= $

@))))).

@ ;tf]v/ Zdzfg 3f6 ;]8 lgdf{0f,;j}mnf g=kf= $ @))))). # cw'/f] db;f{ lgdf{0f hgsk'/@) b]jk'/f?k}7f #))))). $ zf}rfno lgdf{0f hgsk'/ p=d=g=kf= * @%)))). % wd{zfnf tyf dlGb/ lgdf{0f hgsk'/ $ @))))). ^ ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f k6]jf{ #))))).

31

& zlxb :d[lt ejg lgdf{0f hgsk'/ p=d=g=kf= $ -

lh=lj=;=cfGtl/s >f]t±:yf= of=k|=lh=sf=

!!))))).

* d+un ejg Knf:6/ km'nufdf & alxl/ !%)))). ( cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f x9Lk'/ x8jf/f # #))))). !) gfnf tyf x}08 kfO{k lgdf{0f hgsk'/ $ #%)))). !! O{gf/ lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= ^ 9Ns]j/ !%)))). !@ ;8s :tG/f]GtL sfo{–O{gjf{ -ef=l;=_g/xf– b'j/sf]6

;8s

!@))))).

!# xo'dkfO{k sne6{ lgdf{0f gGg'kl6[–jkm}–x8jf/f b'xjL

;8s

@$*)))).

qm=;+= of ]hgfsf ] gfd / 7 ]ufgf :jLs [t /sd s}lkmot

! O{gf/ lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= & @))))). @ O{gf/ lgdf{0f u0f]zdfg rf/gfy g=kf=* nj6f]nL @))))). # Ogf/ dd{t lIf/]Zj/gfy g=kf= & %),))). $ Ogf/ lgdf{0f IfL/]Zj/gfy g=kf= * @))))). % Ogf/ lgdf{0f wg'iffwfd g=kf= * d'nfjf/L @))))). ^ O{gf/ lgdf{0f t'n;L, % !@%))). & O{gf/ lgdf{0f ldlyn]Zj/ g=kf= # @))))). * O{gf/ lgdf{0f e'rqmk'/ ( !&%))). ( O{gf/ lgdf{0f e'rqmk'/* !&%))). !) O{gf/ lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= % @))))). !! O{gf/ lgdf{0f u=rf=g=kf=^ !&%))). !@ O{gf/ lgdf{0f u=rf=g+=kf=!) !&%))). !# O{gf/ lgdf{0f k'ikjnk'/ $ !&%))). !$ O{gf/ lgdf{0f wg'iffwfd g=kf= * @))))). !% O{gf/ lgdf{0f a6]Zj/ % @%)))). !^ x}08kfO{k h8fg dlyn]Zj/ lgsf; ^,& !))))). !& O{gf/ lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= * !&%))).

32

qm=;+ of ]hgfsf ] gfd / 7 ]ufgf :jLs [t /sd s}lkmot

! ;8s dd{t ;Def/ uf]7sf]onk'/ ^,& ljtf{6f]n !%(#!$ @ kz'kfng ;DaGwL tflnd,wg'iffwfd g=kf= ( o1e'ld !))))). # ;~rf/ If]q ;'b[l9s/0f hgsk'/ @))))). $ ;+rf/ u[x –ejg_lgdf{0f hgsk'/ $ %))))). % Ogf/ lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= $ !@%))). ^ j[Iff/f]kg tyf tf/af/ @%)))). & ;8sdf lk=;L=;L= ug]{ !)))))). * ;8s dd{t xo'd kfO{k sne6{ wjf}nL b'j/sf]6 nSs8 !%))))). ( lzj dlGb/ lgdf{0f uf]7sf]onk'/ @ !&%))). !) ;8s dd{t,wjf}nL ! #))))). !! ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f ;'ufdw's/xL # @))))). !@ ;8s dd{t hgsk'/ @& @%)))). !# >L b'uf{ dlGb/ lgdf{0f wgf}hL % @))))). !$ ;8s dd{t wg'iffwfd g=kf=& ls;fgk'/ !%)))). !% ;8s dd{t tyf u|fe]n hgsk'/ * !%)))). !^ Ogf/ lgdf{0f u0f]zdfg rf/gfy g=kf= & @))))). !& rf}tf/f lgdf{0f k6]jf{ * h/lxof !))))). !* ejg lgdf{0f ldlyn]zj/ lgsf; * nlnof !))))). !( ldlynf ejg lgdf{0f hgsk'/ $ %))))). @) xf]d kfOk sne6{ lgdf{0f hgsk'/ @% !&%))). @! ;8sdf lk=;L=;L= emf]emLs6}of !%))))). @@ ;xsf/L cw'/f] ejg lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf=% @))))). @# ho;jfn ;]jf ;ldlt ejg lg=u=rf=g=kf=& %))))). @$ s'nf] kgdf{0f x+;k'/s7k'Nnf ( !))))). @% cw'/f] /fhb]jL lgdf{0f afnfjfv/ * !))))). @^ ;+rf/ If]q ;'b[l9s/0f wg'iffwfd g=kf= ;j}nf !))))).

qm=;+= of ]hgfsf ] gfd / 7 ]ufgf :jLs [t /sd s}lkmot

33

@ ;8sdf kL=;L=;L=ug]{ hgsk'/ $ %$^))).

34

# ;8sdf lk=;L=;L=t'lN;ofxL lgsf; ( #))))).

$ lbuf] :dzfg3f6 lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= ( @))))).

sfo{qmdsf] gfd M ;8sd dd{t ;Def/ ljz]if sf ]if

! ;8s dd{t tyf u|fe]n ;kxL $ !))))).

@ ;8s dd{t alglgof uf=lj=;=ejg b]lv pQ/ l8k6\o'j]n

;Dd @%)))).

# ;8s dd{t hgsk'/ !$ @))))).

$ ;8s dd{t hgsk'/ @^ #))))).

% ;8s dd{t tyf u|fe]n nvf}/L @ / % %))))).

^ ;8s dd{t,;f]gLufdf ^ / & #))))).

& jf6f] dd{t,vl/xfgL # $))))).

qm=;+=

of ]hgfsf ] gfd / 7 ]ufgf :jLs [t /sd s}lkmot

! /fd hfgsL dlGb/ lgdf{0f O6xjf{ ( a}b]xL @))))). @ sj/ufxsf] sDkfp08jfn lgdf{0f IfL/]Zj/gfy g=kf= ^

;v'jf !))))).

# of]u lzlj/ ;]8 lgdf{0f hgsk'/ p=d=g=kf= & @))))). $ l8xjf/ dlGb/ dd{t krxjf{ @ @))))). % s[i0f k|0ffdL dlGb/ lh0ff}{4f/ a6]Zj/ & !))))). ^ ;Ltf/fd gfd vTj] w=lg= hgsk'/ ( @))))). & l6NxL sf]Onf s'08 lh0ff}{4f/ ;f]lgufdf * @))))). * dlGb/ lh0ff}{4f/ hgsk'/ @ @))))). ( dbzf{ ;+/If0f jkm} * @))))). !) nIdL gf/fo0f dlGb/ dd{t vh'/L rGxf ! @))))). !! b'uf{ dlGb/ lgdf{0f nUdfuf9fu'9L !))))). !@ lzj dlGb/ lh0ff}{4f/ ;kxL $ @))))).

35

!# kf;dfg dlGb/ s'l6 lgdf{0f hgsk'/ & @))))). ! ;Dk"0f{ ;'v ljxf/ jf}4 u'DafF wg'iffwfd g=kf=& !))))). @ u'Daf lh0ff}{4f/ zflGtk'/ % !))))). ! sNkLn]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ lgdf{0f,t'lN; * %))))). ! /fgL df=lj=wg'iffwfd g=kf= # %))))).

qm=;+=

sfdsf ] ljj/0f sjf ]n c +s d=c=s=;d]t

s }lkmot

! Ogjf{,b'j/sf]6 g/xf ;8s !(&!#@!.)$ @ gGg'kl6[,x8j8f,jkm},b'xjL;8s !(@!$**.!& # wjf}nL,b'j/sf]6,nSs8 ;8s df sne6{ lgdf{0f @%##$!%.*& $ dlxgfyk'/ k|x/L rf}sL,7fl8lememf,vh'/L ;8s !)$$@$&.** % d'h]lnof,c/]8jf ;8s !#(%@&%.!# ^ km'nufdf,jx]8fj]nf,d'lvofkl6[ ;8s !@$$$%&.@! & vfg]kfgL-x}08kfO{k h8fg_ljleGg 7fpF ^@%))). * :n}j sne6{ lgdf{0f rSs/ $@*$!*.(! ( zf}rfno lgdf{0f,k|x/L rf}sL /]Nj] :6]zg @$!&*#.&* !) emf]n'u]k'n ;j]{If0f sfo{-b'O{yfg_ @^))($.(@

qm=;+=

of ]hgfx?sf ] gfd / 7 ]ufgf :jLs [t /sd s}lkmot

! ;8s dd{t, 7f9Llememf uf=lj=;=ejg b]lv k'j{ hfg] ;8s @%)))). @ ;8s u|fe]n, hgsk'/ p=d=g=kf= ! @))))). # df6f] tyf u|fe]n, hgsk'/ p=d=g=kf= * &))))). $ ;8s dd{t, ;f]lgufdf $ @))))). % ;8s dd{t, a3rf}8f eujfgkl6[ klZrd6f]n ;Ddsf]

;8s !))))).

^ s'nf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ;+ef/ t'N;L ^ afx'gd/f #))))). & O{gf/ lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= %-Ps]8]dL :s'n 5]pdf_ @))))). * O{gf/ lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= %,9Ns]j/ !%),))). ( O{gf/ lgdf{0f ldlynf g=kf= & hd'lgjf; @))))). !) O{gf/ lgdf{0f u0f]zdfg rf/gfy g=kf= !%)))). !! cw'/f] zf}rfno lgdf{0f hgsk'/ ( af/x lj3f d}bfg *))))).

36

!@ vfg]kfgL . x}08kfO{k h8fg,wjf}nL uf=lj=;=sf] blnt jl:tdf .

%)))).

!# ljh'nLsf] tf/kf]n h8fg wg'iffwfd g kf=$ @))))). !$ 3f6 lgdf{0f a3rf}8f @ @))))). !% n]6 afFw dd{t ;Def/ dflrlem6s}of # @$)))). !^ ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f sh/f /df}n uf=lj=;=! @))))). !& blnt cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg hgsk'/ p=d=g=kf=!& nf]xgf !))))). !* :n}j sne6{ lgdf{0f ob'sf]xf,uf]7sf]onk'/,8'd/Lof ;8s **)))). !( emf]n'u\]+k'n u}=;=;= ;xof]uL sfo{ lhNnf e/L %^)%(^.%)

qm=;+

of ]hgfsf ] gfd / 7 ]ufgf :jLs[t /sd ?=

s }lkmot

! lgjf{rg If]q g+= % cGt/ut xof08kfO{k vl/b / h8fg # nfv @ hgsk'/ p=d=g=kf=d'h]lnof l:yt /fwfs[i0f k':tsfno

eGbf pQ/ Pr=cfO{=kL=sne6{

! nfv #) xhf/

# hgsk'/ p=d=g=kf=( a]lNxsf] a|Dx:yfg dd{t %) xhf/

$ cw'/f] ;fd'bflos ejg ax]8fa]nf ! @ nfv %) xhf/

% sr'/L 7]/f ! ldlynf ljxf/L ;8s kL=;L=;L= @ nfv %) xhf/

^ afnjflnsf ;DalGw df+u cg';f/sf cGo sfo{qmd % kfFr nfv

& h=p=d=g=kf=* sfndf]rg xg'dfg dlGb/ dWodfzf/

lh0ff}{4f/

! nfv

* xg'dfg dlGb/ dlxgfyk'/ :6]zg ! nfv ( ;d'bfoaf6 dfFu ePsf cGo ;fd'bflos ejg # nfv

!) ;fd'bflos ejg h=p=d=g=kf sdnfgu/ $ nfv

37

cg';'lr–!

*= ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf] n]vfhf ]vf

;fdflhs

lhDd]jf/Lsf] If ]q ut jif {sf ] cj:yf k|of; pknAwL

:jf:Yo

:jf:Yo rf}sL Ps

306f leq k}bn

jf oftfoft kx'Fr

ePsf] 3/w'/L

;+Vof jf k|ltzt

s]lx 3/w'/Lx?jf6 !

306fleq :jf:Yorf}sL

k'Ug ;lsG5 eg] s]lx

3/w'/Lx?jf6 ! 306f

eGbf jl9 ;do

nfUb5 .

;j} lhNnfjfl;x?nfO{

:jf:Yorf}sL k'Ug ;8s tyf

jf6f], k'n, uf]/]6f] jf6f]

cflbsf] dd{t tyf ;De/

:t/f]GgtL ul/b} cfPsf] .

oftfoft tyf ;8s

jf6f]sf] ;'ljwf ePsf]

7fpFx? :jf:Yorf}sL

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ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

% jif{ d'lgsf

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k|ltzt jf ;+Vof

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.

–

–

vf]kdf kx'Fr

ePsf] hg;+Vof -

Ps jif{ d'lgsf

afnaflnsfsf]

cfwf/df_

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jfnjflnsfx?sf]

vf]kdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] .

;r]tgf sfof{qmd, 3'DtL

;]jf, ;fdflhs kl/rfns

kl/rfg h:tf sfof{qmdx?

;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf] .

afnaflnsfx?sf

nfO{ vf]k nufpg'

k5{ eGg] r]tgf

clej[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] .

$ k6s ue{jlt

hfFr ul/Psf

dlxnfsf] ;+Vof

k|ltzt

@@=@ k|ltzt

dlxnfx?n] $ k6s

ue{jlt hfFr u/fPsf

.

$ k6s ue{jlt hfFr

u/fpg'k5{ eGg] ;r]tgf

km}nfpg ljleGg :yfgdf

;fdflhs kl/rfns

kl/rfng ub}{ cfPsf] .

$ k6s ue{jlt

hfFr u/fPsf dlxnf

lblbjlxgLx?n]

:j:Yo lzz'sf] hGd

u/fPsf] .

bIf k|;'tLsdL{af6

k|;"tL ul/Psf]

dlxnfsf] ;+Vof

k|ltzt

!$ k|ltzt

dlxnfx?n] bIf

k|;'tLsdfL{af6 k|;'tL

u/fPsf] cj:yf 5 .

;r]tgf d"ns sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] ;fy}

bIf k|;"tLsdL{x?sf]

:jf:Yorf}sLdf Joj:yf

ul/Psf] .

bIf k|;'tLsdL{af6

k|;'tL u/fpg'k5{

eGg] r]tgfsf]

clej[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf]

.

emf8f kfvfnfaf6

d[To' x'g]

afnaflnsf ;+Vof

tYofÍ cBfjlws

gePsf] cj:yf .

;/;kmfO{ ;DalGw ;r]tgf

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/b}

cfPsf] .

lhNnfsf

jfnjflnsfx?

em8fkvfnf /f]ujf6

d'Qm ePsf .

38

;a x]Nykf]i6 jf

x]Nykf]i6af6 ;]jf

lng] 3/w'/L

kl/jf/ ;+Vof

;a} 3/w'/L kl/jf/

;+Vofn] ;a x]Nykf]i6

jf x]Nykf]i6af6 ;]jf

lnO{b} cfPsf] 5g .

;8s tyf jf6f], vf]N;f,

uf]/6f] jf6f] vfnf gfnf

cflbsf] dd{t ;Def/ cflbdf

:t/f]GgtL ub}{ cfPsf] .

lg/f]uL eP/ afRg'k5{

eGg] r]tgf clej[l4

x'Fb} uPsf] .

;fdflhs

lhDd]jf/Lsf] If ]q ut jif {sf ] cj:yf k|of; pknAwL

lzIff

cfwf306f leq

k|fylds ljBfno

gk'Ug] afnaflnsf

;+Vof

s]lx j8fsf ljBfyL{x?

cfwf 306fleq k|fylds

ljBfno k'Ug ;S5g eg]

s]lx j8fx?sf] ljBfyL{x?

cfwf 306f eGbf j8L

;do nfUg] .

;8s tyf jf6f], vf]N;f,

uf]/6f] jf6f] vfnf gfnf

cflbsf] dd{t ;Def/

cflbdf :t/f]GgtL ub}{

cfPsf] .

oftfoftsf] kx'Fr

k'u]sf] 7fpFdf

cfwf306f leq k'Ug

;lsg] ePsf] .

k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf

v'b egf{ b/

k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf v'b

egf{ b/ &% k|ltzt

;+Vof /x]sf] .

ljBfno k7fpg pTk|]/0ff

hufpg] sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] .

;fI./tfdf j[l4 x'Fb}

uPsf] .

k|fylds ljBfnodf

kx'Fr gePsf] ;f]

pd]/sf afnaflnsf

;+Vof k|ltzt

k|fylds ljBfnodf kx'Fr

gePsf] jfnjflnsfsf]

;+Vof !% k|ltzt /x]sf] .

ljBfno k7fpg pTk|]/0ff

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;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] .

;]jf ;'ljwf

pknAwtf kfP/

ljBfno k7fpg

pTk|]l/t ePsf .

sIff ! df v'b egf{

b/ 5fq5fqf

5fq5fqf *) k|ltzt

v'b egf{b/ ePsf] .

ljBfno k7fpg pTk|]/0ff

hufpg] sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] .

lzlIft x'g'k5{ eGg]

r]tgf clej[l4 x'b}

cfPsf] .

k|fylds txdf sIff

5f]8\g] sIff

bf]xf]¥ofpg] / plt{0f

x'g] b/

sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] / sIff

5f]8g] ljBfyL{ cem} s]lx

e]l6Psf] / plt{0f x'g] b/

!)) k|ltzt /x]sf] .

;/sf/n] !)) k|ltzt

plt{0f x'g] lglt NofPsf] .

;/sf/n] !))

k|ltzt plt{0f x'g]

lglt NofPsf]n] sIff

5f]8g] ljBfno egf{

gx'g] vfnsf ;d:of

Go"lgs/0f x'b} uPsf]

.

39

k|fylds txdf

tflnd k|fKt lzIfs

;+Vof

k|fylds txdf tflnd

k|fKt lzIfs ;+Vof tYofÍ

pknAw gePsf] .

tflnd k|fKt lzIfs

tyf lzlIfsfsf]

lzIff cfh{gn] !))

k|ltzt ljBfyL{x?

lzIff lng ;kmn

ePsf .

k|lt sf]7f ljBfyL{

;+Vof

k|lt sf]7f ljBfyL{ ;+Vof

$) b]lv %) hgf ;Dd

/x]sf] .

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.

k|lt sf]7f yf]/}

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k9pbf ;a}

ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9g

/ lzIfs

lzlIfsfnfO{ k9fpg

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sf]7f ;+Vof

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.

– –

:yfgLo lgsfoaf6

l;ldt sf]7f ;+Vof

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.

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blnt afnaflnsfsf]

lzIffdf kx'Fr

blnt afnaflnsfsf]

lzIffdf *% k|ltzt

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blnt afnaflnsfx?sf]

lzIffdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg

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kfpg] sfo{qmdx? nfu"

ul/b} cfPsf] .

blnt ju{x?df

lzIffsf] r]tgf

clej[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] .

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lhDd]jf/Lsf] If ]q ut jif {sf ] cj:yf k|of; pknAwL

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO {

:jR5 kfgL k'u]sf]

kl/jf/ ;+Vof jf

k|ltzt

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pknAwtf ePsf] .

vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfg tyf

wf/f kfO{kx?nfO{

j]nfj]nfdf dd{t ;+ef/

tyf lj:tf/ ul/b}

cfPsf] .

:jR5 vfg]kfgL k|of]u

ugf{n] lg/f]lu aGb} uPsf

.

zf}rfno ePsf]

;+Vof jf k|ltzt

*% k|ltzt 3/w'/Lx?df

zf}rfno ePsf]] .

! 3/ ! zf}rfno eGg]

gf/fsf ;fy ;r]tgf

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng

ub}{ cfPsf] .

zf}rfno j[l4df

:tf/f]GgtL x'b} uPsf] .

40

vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf

ePsf] k|fylds

ljBfno

;a} k|fylds

ljBfnox?df vfg]kfgL

;'ljwf /x]sf] .

vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfg

tyf wf/f kfO{kx?nfO{

j]nfj]nfdf dd{t;+ef/

sfo{ ub}{ cPsf] /

o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf

lbb} nfg] k|of; ub{5f}

.

;a} ljBfnox?df

vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf pknAw

ePsf]n] ljBfnosf

lzIfs, lzlIfsf tyf

ljBfyL{x?nfO{ :R5 kfgL

lkpg / zf}rfndf kfgL

k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] tyf

;j{;'ne ePsf] 5 .

;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]

ePsf] kl/jf/

;+Vof

tYofÍ pknAw gePsf] . ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]

agfpg] tflnd tyf

r'nf] k|of]u ug{

;r]tgf sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ul/b}

cfPsf] .

;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] k|of]u

ug]{ 3/w'/Lx?sf] efG;f

;kmf / kl/jf/ w'jfFd'Qm

ePsf .

;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf]

If ]q ut jif {sf ] cj:yf k|of; pknAwL

afnaflnsf, dlxnf tyf ;dfj];L If ]q

afn ljjfx

;+Vof

s]lx dfqfdf afn ljjfx x'g]

u/]sf] t/ ;/sf/n] o;sf] s8f

sfg'g NofPsf] x'Fbf tYofÍ elg

clenv u/fpb}gg\ .

jfnljjxf ;DalGw

;r]tgf sfof{qmdx?

;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] .

jfnljjxf ug]{

sfo{ Go"g x'Fb}

uPsf] .

;dflhs ljs[lt

lj;+ultsf]

cj:yf

;fdflhs ljs[ltsf 36gfx? eP

klg o; tYofÍ cBfjlws

gePsf] .

;dflhs ljs[lt

lj;+ultsf] cj:yf ;'wf/

ug{ ljleGg ;fdflhs

;r]tgf sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf] .

klxnf cj:yf

eGbf s]lx Go"g

x'Fb} uPsf] .

;fdflhs ;'/Iff

-h]i7 gful/s,

Psn dlxnf,

ckf+u,

lk5l8Psf] If]q

tyf nf]k'Gd'v

hflt

h]i7 gful/s blnt %&#), cGo

h]i7gful/s !^@$@, PSsn

dlxnf @&@, ljw'jf dlxnf

!#!&*, k"0f{ c;Qm ckfË @%%,

cf+lzs c;Qm ckfË %@!, blnt

jfnjflnsf !*#&*, nf]kGd'v

hghflt #% hgf /x]sf 5g .

;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf

ljt/0f ;DalGw

k|zf;lgs ;xlhs/0f sf]

cg'udg sfo{x? ub}{

cfO/x]sf] .

;fdflhs ;'/Iff

eQf ;xh ?kdf

pknAwtf ePsf]

.

41

;fdflhs

lhDd]jf/Lsf] If]q ut jif {sf ] cj:yf k|of; pknAwL

hgr]tgf tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f

afn >dsf]

cj:yf

ahf/ Pl/ofdf s]lx

dfqdf ePsf] t/

tYofÍ cBfjlws

gePsf] .

;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng,

afn>ldsnfO{ p4f/ ;fy}

kl/jf/df k'g :yfkgf ul/b}

cfPsf] .

afn>d u/fpg] sfo{

b08gLo ck/fw

ePsf]n] afn>dsf]

cj:yf Go"g x'Fb} uPsf]

.

afn Snax?sf]

cj:yf

ljBfno :t/df

cfwfl/t @(# j6f /

>f]t s]Gb|df cfwfl/t

!! j6f /x]sf 5g .

afnSnjx?sf] u7g ug]{

k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb}

nluPsf] ;fy} ;+hfn

lgdf{0f, Ifdtf ljsf;

tflnd cflb ul/b} cfPsf] .

jfnSnjx?sf] u7gn]

lhNnf leq/x]sf]

jfnjflnsfx?sf]

g]t[Tjsf] ljsf;, xs /

jfnclwsf/ ;'lgZrt

ePsf] 5 .

dlxnf lx+;f dlxnf lx+;f s]lx

dfqdf eP klg

o;sf] tYofÍ

cBfjlws gePsf] .

;r]tLs/0f tflnd,

k|efljtsf] nflu ;xof]u,

dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 !^ lbg]

cleofg sfo{qmd ;~rfng

ul/Psf] tyf ljleGg ;+3

;+:yfjf6 :yfgLo :t/jf6

bjfjd"ns sfo{qmd

;~rnfg ub}{ cfPsf] .

s]lx guGo ?kdf r]tgf

clej[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] .

/f]huf/Lsf]

cj:yf

lhNnfsf k|foM o'jfx?

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf

nflu ljb]z knfog

ePsf 5g eg] s]xL

dfqfdf gu/leq}

Joj;fo u/]sf]

cj:yf 5 / s]lx

;/sf/L hflu/df

cfj4 ePsf 5g .

/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljleGg

lsl;dsf ;Lkd'ns

tflndx? k|bfg ul/b}

cfPsf] .

;Lk tyf tflnd lng

pTk|]l/t ePsf .

42

:j/f]huf/sf

k|of;x?

ljleGg lsl;dsf

;Lkd'ns tflndx?

;~rfng ul/b}

cfPsf] .

ljleGg lsl;dsf ;Lkd'ns

tflndx? k|bfg ul/b}

cfPsf] .

;Lk cg';f/sf] Joj;fo

s]lx guGo ?kdf

;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf .

ul/aL

lgjf/0fsf]

k|of;x?

u}/ ;xsf/L

;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df

ljleGg lsl;dsf

;Lkd'ns tflndx?

k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] .

ljleGg lsl;dsf ;Lkd'ns

tflndx? k|bfg ul/b}

cfPsf] .

;Lk tyf tflnd lng

pTk|]l/t ePsf .

;fdflhs

kl/rfng

;a} j8fx?df

cfjZostf cg';f/

kl/rfng ul/Psf] .

;j} j8fx?df ;fdflhs

kl/rfng ;+rfng ug]{

sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} hfg]

lglt tyf nIo /x]sf] .

lhNnfsf] ;j} j8fx?df

cfjZos ;fdflhs

sfo{x? ;+rfng ug]{

nufotsf cGo sfo{x?

;~rfng ug{ ;xh /

;/n ePsf] 5 .

jftfj/0f

;'wf/sf

k|of;x?

ljleGg :yfgdf

kfs{x?sf] lgdf{0f,

j[Iff /f]kg, kmf]xf]/

d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg,

h:tf jftfj/0f

;'wf/sf sfo{x? ul/b}

cfPsf] .

jftfj/0f ;'wf/sf ;r]tgf

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{

cfPsf .

jftfj/0f ;kmf ;'Gb/

x'g'sf] ;fy} jftfj/0f

;+/If0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofPsf]

5 .

Pr=cfO{=le= /

P8\;

tYofÍ cBfjlws

gePsf] .

ljZj P8\; lbj; /fli6«o

s08d lbj; tyf d}gaQL

lbj; lgoldt ?kdf

;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5

;r]tgf sfo{qmdx?,

;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf] .

Pr=cfO{=le= / P8\;

;DalGw ;r]tgfdf j[l4

ePsf] . Pr=cfO{=le= /

P8\; ;+qmldtx? v'Nnf

?kdf cfkm\gf] clwsf/

dfUg yfn]sf 5g .

43

;fdflhs

lhDd]jf/Lsf] If ]q ut jif {sf ] cj:yf k|of; pknAwL

ljsf;df ;dfg ;xeflutf ;]jfx?df kx"Fr

:yfgLo ahf/ k'Ug

nfUg] ;do

s]lx 7fpFsf]

lhNnfjfl;x?nfO{ !

306f leq :ygLo ahf/

k'Ug ;S5g eg] s]lx

7fpFsf]nfO{ @ 306f

;do nfUb5 .

oftfoftsf] kx'Fr a9fPsf]

;fy} ;8ssf] :t/f]GtL

ul/Psf] .

oftfoftsf] kx'Fr

k'u]sf :yfgjf6 ;xh}

! 306f leq :yflgo

ahf/ k'Ug ;lsg] .

s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|

hfg nfUg] ;do

s]lx 7fpFsf]

lhNnfjfl;x? ! 306f

leq s[lif ;]jf s]Gb k'Ug

;S5g eg] s]lx

7fpFsf]nfO{ @ 306f

;do nfUb5 .

oftfoftsf] kx'Fr a9fPsf]

;fy} ;8ssf] :t/f]GtL

ul/Psf] .

s[lif;]jf s]Gb|jf6

s[ifsx?n] cfB'lgs

t/Lsfjf6 v]lt ug]{

tflnd, dn, ljleGg

lsl;dsf] ljpF ljhg,

jfnLgfnLdf xfNg]

cf}ifwL cflb ;j{;'ne

t/Lsfn] k|of]u ug{

kfPsf 5g .

ef}uf]lns If]q,

dlxnf lk5l8Psf

tyf l;dfGtju{sf]

;+Vof, lghx?n]

kfPsf] ;]jf tyf

lbPsf] ljz]if

cj;/x?

;'/Iff efQf, ;Lkd'ns

tflnd cflb k|bfg

ul/Psf] .

;'/Iff efQf, ;Lkd'ns

tflnd cflb k|bfg ul/b}

cfPsf] .

s]lx dfqdf /fxft

;]jf kfPsf .

;fdflhs lhDd]jf/Lsf]

If ]q

ut jif {sf]

cj:yf k|of; pknAwL

;+:yfut Ifdtf

hgzlQm gLlt tyf

sfo{qmd

– – sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ yk

ub}{ n}hfg] . sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf

ljsf;sf nflu cled'lvs/0f tflnd

;~rfng ul/g] gLlt tyf nIo /x]sf]

.

44

ef}lts Joj:yf – – lhNnfljsf;sf] ejg cfkm\g} ePsf]

klg{r/x? sDKo"6/, lk|G6/, kmf]6f]skL

Nofk6k, OG6/g]6 / sDKo"6/

;km\j]/sf] k|of]u ePsf] .

;dGjo /

;xsfo{sf] k|of;x?

– – ;/sf/L, u}/;xsf/L gLlh If]qx? ;+u

;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ePsf] .

cGo ;fdflhs

;Dkfbgsf If]qx?

– – –

;|f ]t M–lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt sfof{no wg'iffsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg

45

*=! ;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t'tLs/0f sfo{qmddf k|fKt ePsf

;'emfj ÷ k|Zg Pj+ lh=lj=;=sf ] hjfkm

qm=

;+=

gfd ;+:yf÷7]ufgf ;'emfjx? :yfgLo ljsf;

clwsf/Lsf] hjfkm

!= >L pd]z

k|;fb ofbj

;'gf}nf] ;dfh g]kfn lh=lj=; dfkm{t x'g] ef}lts

;+/rgf tyf of]hgfx?

lgdf{0f ubf{ cfjZos

/]vb]vsf] sldsdhf]/L

kfOof] . / >f]t ;fwgsf]

klg cefj b]lvof] o;nfO{

;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .

of]hgfx?sf] cg'udg

tyf >f]t ;fwg

kl/rfngdf ;'wf/ ub}{

n}hfg] gLlt tyf nIo

/flvPsf] 5 .

@= >L ;'/]Gb|

k|;fb zfx

o'jf ls;fg ;+3

wg'iff

;fdflhs kl/If0f

k|ltj]bgdf ;Dk"0f{ of]hgfx?

;dfj]; ePgg\ . ;a}

of]hgfx? ;dfj]; ul/of]; .

;fdflhs kl/If0f df

q'6L ePsf s'/fx?nfO{

;'wf/ ub}{ cfufld

lbgdf cem k|efjsf/L

?kjf6 k|:t't\ ug]{

hdsf]{ ub{5f} .

#= >L ;+lht

s'df/ ofbj

ax]8fj]nf

uf=lj=;=wg'iff

uflj;x?jf6 5gf}6 eP/

uPsf] of]hgfx?nfO{ s6f}lt

gul/sg k|fyldstf lbO{

sfof{Gjog ul/of]; d]/f]

;'emfj 5 .

s'g} klg of]hgfx?

cfjZostf cg';f/

5gf}6 u/]/ sfof{Gjog

ul/g] x'Fbf s6f}tL

ul/Psf] xf] .

$= >L /fd

k|;fb

cfrfo{

:yfgLo jf;L lzIff If]qdf :t/f]GgtL

ug{'kg{'kg]{ clt cfjZos 5

o;df lhNnf ljsf;

;ldltsf] Wofgfsif{0f xf];

eGg] d]/f] /fo ;Nnfx

;'emfj 5 .

cfufld lbgdf lzIff

If]qsf] :t/f]GgtL ug{]

gLlt tyf nIo

/flvPsf] 5 .

46

%= >L cd/

rGb| clgn

pBfg ;+/If0f

;ldlt

lhNnfsf] rf}tlkm{ ljsf;sf]

nflu 5'6\ofO{Psf] ah]6

sfof{Gjogdf l9nf ;':tL

gu/L ;dodf g} sfof{Gjog

ul/of]; eGg] d]/f] ljgd|

cg'/f]w 5 .

cfufld jif{ sfo{Gjog

ug]{ of]hgfx? ;dodf g}

sfof{Gjog ul/b} n}hfg]

k|ltj4tf ub{5f} .

^= >L /fd

/tg bf;

blnt ;dGjo

;ldlt wg'iff

lhNnfsf] ;j} 7fpFx?nfO{

lg/LIf0f u/L ;8s jf6f],

uf]/]6f] jf6f], k'n kn];f]

cflbsf] :t/f]Ggltdf

ltj|tfsf ;fy lh=lj=;= n]

nfUg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

lhNnfsf] ;a} e]usf]

cg'dg u/L ;8s tyf

jf6f]sf] :t/f]GgtL ub}{

n}hfg] gLlt tyf nIo

/flvPsf] 5

& >L cJb'n

s'df/ zfx

lh=c=g]kfn kl/jf/

bn

lhNnfdf pTkfbg ePsf

kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] 8DkLË;fO{8

vf]h]/ Joj:yfkg ul/of]; .

lhNnfnfO{ k"0f{ ;/;kmfO{

o'Qm t''Nofpg -ODF_

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng

ul/ ;/;kmfO{df gd"gf

lhNnfsf] ?kdf :yflkt

ul/g] gLlt tyf nIo

/flvPsf] 5 .

*= >L efjgf

9'Ë]n

lh=dlxnf ;dGjo

;ldlt pkfWoIf

dlxnfx?sf] nflu ljz]if

lsl;dsf] ;Lk tyf

tflndx?sf] pknAwtf

u/fO{of]; eGg] d]/f] ;'emfj

5 .

dlxnf tyf lk58f ju{

jfnjflnsfx?nfO{ nlIft

x'g] sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ug]{ gLlt tyf

nIo /flvPsf] 5 .

(= >L ;'lvnfn

d08n

:yfgLo jfl;, wg'iff lhNnfsf] ;a} If]qdf :jR5

vfg]kfgLsf] lj:tf/ ul/of];

.

u'0f:t/Lo vfg]kfgLsf]

cfk"tL{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{

k'/fgf vfg]kfgL

of]hgfx?sf] lbuf]

;d/If0f Pj+ lgdf{0flwg

of]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg

ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5' .

47

*=@ ;fdlhs k/LIf0fdf ;dfj]z ePsf kIfx?

:yfgLo lgsfo ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{ljlw @)^& sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljifout

sfof{no / lh=lj=;=sf] jflif{s sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfx?sf] xsdf lh=lj=;= s} cleGg c+us} ?kdf ;fdflhs k/LIf0fdf ;fdflhs

lhDd]jf/Lsf] n]vfhf]vf tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg ug{' kg{] Joj:yf ePsf] t/ o;

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nosf] jflif{s of]hgfdf cGo s'g} klg sfof{no tyf

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] of]hgf ;dfj]z 5}g .

*=# k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t'lts/0f tyf sfo{qmdsf] tof/L

:yfgLo lgsfo ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{ ljlwsf] cg';'rL ! / @ cg';f/sf] k|ltj]bg

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{noåf/f ;fj{hlgs ax; e]nfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .

;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|:t'tL tyf ;fj{hlgs ax; sfo{qmd af/]df pkl:yt

x'g]x?df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nosf :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L lh=lj=;=sf

sd{rf/Lx?, ;/f]sfjfnfx?, pkef]Qmfx?, /fhg}lts bnsf kf6L k|ltlglwx?, ljleGg

;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx? ldl8of sld{x?;+u cGt/lqmofsf nflu ;"rgfåf/f cfXjfg

ul/Psf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmddf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?sf] klg pNn]lvlgo pkl:ytL

/x]sf] lyof] .

;fj{hlgs ax;÷e]nf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no wg'iffsf :yfgLo

ljsf; clwsf/L >L ;Gt jxfb'/ ;'gf/ Ho"sf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] eg]

ax; sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/0f cf/=l8= O{lGhlgol/ª sG;N6]G;L sf=d=g=kf=–$,

w'Djf/fxL sf7df8f}+n ] u/]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf lh=lj=;=sf] /fhg}lts bn ljifo

sfof{nox?, ;+3, ;+:Yffx? ;]jfu|fxLx? u/L ^% hgf ;xefuL eO{ sfo{qmd ;kmntf

k"j{s ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

*=$ k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t'tL sfo{qmd M

;Gb{e ;fdfu|L cfwf/df cGt/jftf{ / 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt lh1f;f, ;fdflhs kl/Ifs

åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] ;fdflhs kl/If0f k|f/DeLs k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ax; sfo{qmdsf]

cfof]hgf u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fj{hlgs ax; tyf ;fdflhs k/LIf0f

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t'tL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ljlw tklzn ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .

:yfg M– lh=lj=;= sfof{no, wg'iffsf] ;efxndf ;~rfng ul/Psf] .

;do M– lbp; @M#) b]lv %M)) ah] ;Dd

pkl:ytL M–^% hgf

ldlt M– @)&@ sflt{s #) ut] d+unaf/

48

o; r/0f jf k|lqmof lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no wg'iffn] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L

axg ubf{ b]lvPsf k|d'v ;d:of r'gf}lt / ltlgx?sf] sfo{Gogsf] cj:yf tyf efjL

sfo{lbzfsf af/]df ;d]t cWoog u/L a'4fut ?kdf ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{ljlw

@)^& sf] cg';"rL @ / # cg';f/ k|f/lDs k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/

tof/ k|ltj]bgdf b]xfo cg';f/sf lzif{sdf s]lGb|t /xL 5nkmnsf nflu k|:t't

ul/Psf] lyof] .

!= :yfgLo lgsfosf] kl/ro

@= :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|fyldstf tyf nIox?

#= ut jif{sf] d'Vo d'Vo pknAwLx?

$=o; jif{sf] d'Vo d'Vo pknAwLx?

%= ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] n]vfhf]vf

^= ;'wf/sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbd tyf ;'emfjx?

;xefuLx?n] sfo{qmddf /fv]sf ljrf/ ;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmofx?nfO{ ;fdflhs

k/LIf0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx? tyf ;fdflhs k/LIfssf] l6kf]6 u/]sf lyP

. ;xefuLx?n] /fv]sf lh1f;f tyf ljrf/x?nfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no

wg'iffsf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L >L ;Gt jxfb'/ ;'gf/ Ho",4f/f u}/ ;xsf/L ;+:yf

tyf ;fdflhs k/LIfsx?n] :ki6 kfg{' ePsf] lyof] . ;fdflhs k/LIf0f sfo{qmddf

p7]sf ljifox?sf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs k/LIfsn] ;f/f+zdf k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z u/]sf

5g\ .

49

(= ;'wf/sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdx? tyf ;'emfjx?

:yflgo lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd / ;jn agfpg] .

;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L k'/fug{ lh=lj=;=sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ;DalGw

sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ .

Kfo{6lso lasf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ .

/fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx?, pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox?, j8f gful/s

d~rsf k|ltlglw ;Dd]lnt u/fO{ cled'lvs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ .

j8f gful/s d~rnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj P+j ;xdltsf]

cfwf/df k"g{ u7g jf jt{dfgnfO{ g} clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ;lxt lhDd]jf/ agfO{

5nkmn P+j ;xsfo{sf ;fy cufl8 a9\g h?/L 5 .

jflif{s ?kdf g} ul/Psf] ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;sf ultljlwsf af/]df jflif{s lhNnf

ljsf; of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/g' kg]{ .

hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ljsf;sf sfdx?nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L / k|fyfldstf

lbg' kg]{ .

of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf k/LIf0fdf hg;xeflutf h'6fpg]

sfo{x? ;~rfng ug]{ .

ul/a, plTkl8t, ljkGg tyf Psn dlxnf / km/s klxrfg ePsf JolQmx?nfO{

k|fyfldstf lbFb} plgx?nfO{ cfTdlge{/ x'g] sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{df hf]8

lbg] .

ldl8ofsf] k|of]u u/L lh=lj=;=åf/f ePsf tyf cfufdL lbgx?df x'g] x/]s

lqmofsnfkx?sf] af/]df a9L eGbf a9L hgtfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|oTg

ug{' kg{] .

lh=lj=;=sf] a]j;fO6df kof{Kt ;"rgfx? /fvL lgoldt ?kdf cBfjlws ug{'

kg{] .

j8f e]nfaf6 kfl/t of]hgfx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg{] .

;fdflhs kl/rfnsåf/f ;a} j8fsf jf:tljs ;d:ofx? a'‰g' kg{] .

lh=lj=;=n] cfkm\gf] lhDdf df /x]sf] ;a} ;DklQx?sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug'{kg]{

.

50

cg';"rL–@

!)= sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf { pkl:yt ePsf ;xeflux?sf] emns

51

52

53

cg';"rL–#

!! sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ pkl:yt ePsf ;xeflux?sf] gfdfjnL

54

55