cg';rl · 2019. 12. 19. · cgtjf{tfsf/x¿nfo{ lgb]{zg m tn lbopsf k|zgx¿cgtjf{tfsf/x¿sf]...

$: cg';rL · 2019. 12. 19. · cGtjf{tfsf/x¿nfO{ lgb]{zg M tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿cGtjf{tfsf/x¿sf] tx;DDfsf nflu n]lvPsf x'g\. oL k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;xefuLx¿n] aem'g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu$
;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf nflu cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb|

ækm/flsnf] Åbosf ;fy lgw{Ss cufl8 a9\gÆ

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g]kfnsf] åGå;Fu ;DalGwt dfgjclwsf/ HofbtLsf kLl8tx¿sf] kl/k"/0fLo Gofo;DaGwL cfjZostf / cfsfª\Iffx¿sf] af/]df ul/Psf] Ps cWoog;]K6]Da/ @)!$

kl/k"/0fLo Gofo


cg';"rL




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g]kfnsf] s]xL 5flgPsf lhNnfsf åGåkLl8tx¿sf]

cfjZostf, rf;f] tyf cfsfª\Iffx¿sf]cj:yfut ljZn]if0fcfOl;l6h]÷s[kf

@)!#

cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd k|fKt u/]sf dlxnfx¿sf nflu syfgs nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn -dfOnL_syfgs nlIft ;d"x 5nkmnsf nflu dfu{lgb{]zg

gd:sf/ Û ;j{k|yd d tkfOFx¿nfO{ xfd|f] ;fd"lxs 5nkmn sfo{qmddf :jfut ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f] gfd -= = = _ xf] / oxfF d;Fu cfpg'ePsL d]/L ;fyLsf] gfd - = = =_ xf] . xfdL b'j}hgf sf7df8f+}df /x]sf] s[kf eGg] cg';Gwfgd"ns ;+:yfdf sfd u/L/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLx¿oxfF clxn] cfOl;l6h]sf] tkm{af6 kl/k"/0f;DaGwL åGåkLl8tsf cfjZostf, rf;f] tyf cfsfª\Iffx¿;DaGwL Ps cg';Gwfg sfo{sf nflu cfPsf xf}+ . o; cg';Gwfgn] s;/L cflwsfl/s ;xof]usf] xsbf/ ;Dd plrt ¿kdf kl/k"/0f k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L;/sf/nfO{ lbg d2t ug{]5 . of] 5nkmn sl/a @ 306fsf] x'g]5 . xfdLx¿n] o; 5nkmn sfo{qmddf tkfO{x¿sf nflu lrof / gf:tfsf]Aoj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdLx¿ of] 5nkmn ;q dfOnLsf] syfaf6 ;'? ug{ rfxG5f}+ .

cGtjf{tfsf/x¿nfO{ lgb]{zg M tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ cGtjf{tfsf/x¿sf] tx;DDfsf nflu n]lvPsf x'g\ . oL k|Zgx¿nfO{ ;xefuLx¿n]aem'g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu cg''Gwfgstf{x¿n] k'gJof{Vof ug'{ kg]{5 . oL k|Zgx¿sf] k|f/lDes pQ/sf cfwf/df cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n]syfeGbf aflx/ uP/ pQ/bftfn] ef]u]sf ;d:of / xflgaf/] ;+jfb ug{sf nflu pko'St vfnsf cg'jtL{ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg]5g\ eGf]/ 7flgPsf]5 . cg';Gwfstf{x¿n] lj:t[t ¿kdf lgDglnlvt rf/ ljifout If]qx¿ kQf nufpg]5g\ .

!= åGåkLl8tx¿n] ef]u]sf xflgx¿ / To;sf] k|efj@= cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] k|efj#= åGåkLl8tx¿sf tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿$= åGåkLl8tx¿sf bL3{sfnLg cfsfª\Iffx¿

ljifoj:t' sfo{x¿ dfu{lgb{]zg k|Zgx¿ dfu{lgb{]zg l6Kk0fLx¿

syfsf]]] efu !åGål;t ;DalGwt xflg

syfsf]]] efu ! k9\g'xf];\ / syf k9\b} hfFbf lrqdf syfsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

!= dfOnL tyf cGo åGåkLl8tx¿

!=! tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df o; syfdf sf]–sf] åGåkLl8tx¿ x'g\ <

!=@ tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df s] åGåkLl8tx¿ ;fdfGotofPs csf{df kl/lrt x'G5g\ / s] pgLx¿cfˆgf syfx¿ ;f6\b5g\ < olb xf] eg]lsg / xf]Og eg] lsg <

!=@=! s] of] dxTjk"0f{ 5 < lsg <

!=# tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df dfOnL tyf cGo åGåkLl8tx¿n] s]–s:tf Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿ Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] lyof] <

!=#=! olb dfOnL blnt, jf cGo s'g} hftLo;d"xsf] ePsf] eP jf dfOnL k'?if ePsf] eP s] oL Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿ km/s x'Gy] <

!=#=@ s] o:tf s'g} ljz]iftfx¿n] kLl8tx¿nfO{åGå;DaGwL x'g] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿sf] hf]lvdtf cem a9fPsf] 5 <

kLl8t sf] x'g\ < sf]xL pQ/bftfx¿n] a]kQf kfl/Psf dfOnLsf >Ldfg\nfO{ dfq kLl8t eGnfg\ . c?n] pgsL >LdtL dfOnL /kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg kLl8t eGnfg\ . cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n] pQ/bftfx¿n] oL JolQmx¿nfO{ lsg kLl8tsf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ t eGg] s'/f vf]tNg' k5{ . kl/jf/nfO{c;/ u/]sf cGo pNnª\3gx¿ klg cfkm+}df dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ / k|f/lDes pNnª\3g -h:t}a]kQf _ sf ;fydf tL pNnª\3gx¿n] klgkl/k"/0fsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfslif{t u5{g\ .



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b]lvg]u/L dfGotfx¿nfO{;"rLa4ug'{xf];\ .

!=#=# dfOnL jf pgsf >Ldfg\ åGåsfn cufl8cyjf åGåsfndf /fhgLlts ¿kn] ;lqmo /x]sf eP o;n] s]xL km/s kf¥Yof] < lsg km/s kf¥Yof]÷ lsg km/s kfb{}gYof] <

!=#=$ tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df dfOnLsf] >Ldfg\nfO{zxLb elg 3f]if0ff ug{] cj:yfx¿ 5g\ < lsg 5g\jf lsg 5}gg\ <

cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n] pQ/bftfx¿n] s'g} åGå k|efljt JolQmnfO{ zxLbsf ¿kdf klg JofVof ub{5g\ ls / olb ub{5g\ eg] lsgeGg] s'/f kgl ;f]Wg ;Sb5g\ . pQ/bftfx¿n]kLl8tnfO{ zxLbl;t bfFHnfg\ To;}n] oLs'/fx¿h:t} -s_ s] pQ/bftfx¿n] /fhgLlts ;xeflutfnfO{ zxfbtsf] Pp6f tTjsf ¿kdf x]5{g\ -v_ s] dlxnfn] cfkm\gf a]kQf kfl/Psf >Ldfg\ zxLb egL 3f]if0ff ePdf To;n] kl/k"/0f clwsf/ xf] eGg] ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] a'emfO{nfO{ s;/L c;/ kf5{ -jf s] pgLx¿ o;nfO{ alnbfgsf] k'/:sf/sf] ¿kdf lnG5g <_ / -u_ s] /fhgLlts ¿kdf lqmofzLngePsf a]kQf JolQmx¿sf kl/jf/ ;dfg ¿kdf kl/k"/0fsf xsbf/ x'G5g\ / lsg <o; ljifodf pQ/bftfx¿ l;t ljjfb ug'{eGbf yk k|Zgx¿ ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf] p2]Zo;d'bfo÷kl/jf/sf] :t/df zxLbsf] cjwf/0ff slt xb;Dd dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] s'/fsf] k/LIf0fug'{ xf] .

;fGble{s clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

@= xflg, clwsf/ / d"NodfGotfx¿

@=! s] s'g} To:tf s'/fx¿ lyP, h'g ug{ ;lsGYof]jf u/]sf] eP, dfOnL / pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{pgLx¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] xflgx¿af6 hf]ufpg ;lsGYof] <

olb ;lsGYof] eg], s] < dfOnL jf pgn] ef]Ug'k/]sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{

;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu s'g} ;+:yfx¿ clxn] lhDd]jf/ 5g\ <

olb 5g\ eg] s'g s'g ;+:yfx¿< tkfO{x¿nfO{ tL ;+:yfx¿ lsg lhDd]jf/ 5g\

eGg] nfU5 <@=@ tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s] åGåaf6 k|ToIf ¿kdf

kLl8t gePsf AolQmx¿ / cfd ;d'bfon]dfOnL h:tf åGåkLl8tx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ a'‰5g\ / ;xfg'e"lt /fV5g\ < /fV5g\ eg] lsg/ /fVb}gg\ eg] lsg <

@=# tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df dfOnL / pgLh:tfåGåkLl8tx¿n] ef]u]sf xflgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿ s]–s]x'g\ <

tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s] To:tf pkfox¿nfO{;d'bfon] ;xof]u unf{ <

cGo åGåsf kLl8tx¿ M of] syf ;'g]kl5;xefuLx¿n] To:t} 36gf ef]u]sf cGo åGåkLl8tsf] ;Demgf lbnfPsf] ;ª\s]t ug'{k5{ . olb To;f] ub}{g eg] pgLx¿n] s]km/s jf sd k|ltlglwd"ns kfP eGg] s'/f /]s8{ ug'{ pkof]uL xf]nf .

olb = = = ePsf] eP km/s kfYof{] < oLk|Zgx¿sf] p2]Zo kLl8tsf] klxrfgaf6 xflgsf] hf]lvdtfdf x'g] k|efj jf clxn] pgLx¿nfO{ a'lemOg] wf/0ffsf af/]df a'em\g' xf] .

xflg, clwsf/ / d"NodfGotfx¿ M o; cGtu{t /x]sf åGåsf xflg / d"NodfGotfaf/]sf wf/0ffl;t ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿n] cGtjf{tfsf/x¿nfO{ pQ/bftfx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ d"NodfGotfx¿sf] pNnª\3gsf] ;Gbe{df ef]u]sf xflgx¿sf] k|s[ltsf ;fy;fy} kl/0ffdx¿ /tTkZrft hGd]sf cfjZostfx¿sf af/]df hfGg]] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{5 . ;Dej ePsf]xb;Dd cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n] d"NodfGotfl;t ;DalGwt k|ltk|Zgx¿ ug'{k5{ -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;dfgtf, cfTd;Ddfg, ;'/Iff, cfk;L ;Ddfg, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ljrf/ cleJolQm jf ;DDf]ng ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf cflb_ h'g pQ/bftfx¿sf] xflg / To; ;DaGwdf /fHosf]lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|s[ltaf/]sf] a'emfOl;t ;DalGwt 5 .



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tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s] oL pkfox¿af6 åGåaf6k|ToIf ¿kdf kLl8t gePsf JolQmx¿ nufot cfd;d'bfonfO{ klg kmfObf x'G5 xf]nf <

x'G5 xf]nf eg] lsg / x'Gg xf]nf eg] lsg <

o; cg';Gwfg ;fdfu|Ldf oL xflgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;Dej pkfox¿sf af/]df yk hfGgsf nflu kl5 c? cj;/x¿ klg /flvPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'xf]nf . cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n] o; ljifosf]5nkmnnfO{ o;} r/0fd} l;Wofpg' cfjZos 5}g .

cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n] pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ tTsfnLg cfjZostf afx]ssf xflgnfO{ ;+af]wg ug]{ s'/fx¿ h:t} cleof]hg, s] ePsf] lyof] eGg]af/] ;Totfsf] :jLsf/f]lQm nufotsf s'/fx¿af/] ;f]Rg nufpg] .

#= åGå;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZostfx¿ tyf cGo sl7gfOx¿

#=! dfOnLsf tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿ s]–s] x'g\<

#=@ åGån] dfOnLsf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ s;/Lk|efj÷c;/ kf¥of] <

#=@=! olb cfjZostfx¿ cem uDeL/ ePsf] jf a[l4 ePsf] eP, of] s;/L eof] eg]/ tkfO{ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 <

#=@=@ ;d'bfosf cGo åGåaf6 k|efljt gePsf JolQmx¿ n] dfOnL h:t} åGåkLl8tx¿sf] åGån] ;[hgf u/]sf yk cfjZostfx¿nfO{ klxrfg u5{g\÷a'‰5g\ < s] o;/L klxrfg ug{÷a'‰g dxTjk"0f{5 <

#=# tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg cfjZostfx¿ M olb dfOnLsf oL tTsfnLg / h?/L cfjZostfx¿ k'/fePsf] v08df, dfOnL / pgsf] kl/jf/n] ef]u]sfxflgx¿ ;+af]wg ug{sf nflu ug{'kg{] cGo s]–s]s'/fx¿ x'g\ <

kLl8t / cGo M oL >[+vnfa4 k|Zgx¿n]dfOnLsf] cfjZostf, rf;f] / cfsfª\Iffx¿/ afFsL ;d'bfon] s'g xb;Dd oL s'/fx¿nO{;femf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ eGg] af/]df ;fwf/0f 5nkmnnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]5 .



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syfsf]]] efu @ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd k|lqmof

syfsf]]] efu @ k9\g'xf];\ / syf cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpFb} hfg';\ .

$= cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd k|lqmof

$=! s] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 /fxt kfpg' kg{] t/ o; syfdf pNn]v gePsf c? kLl8tx¿ 5g\ <

$=@ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u kfpgdfOnLn] s]–s:tf ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug' k¥of] <

$=@=! cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmddf kx'Fr kfpg s]–s:tf s'/fx¿n] åGåkLl8tx¿nfO{ cˆ7\of/f] agfPsf] lyof] < - pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLozflGt ;ldltsf] ;+nUgtf, k|df0fsf] cfjZostf, /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] x:tIf]k, k'?ifx¿af6 x'g] b'Jo{jxf/, clzIff, hl6n kmf/d OTofbL _

$=@=@ s] kLl8tn] kl/k"/0f / cGo s'g} /fxt k|fKtug{sf nflu p7fpg' kg]{ s'g} hf]lvdx¿ 5g\ <

$=@=# olb dfOnL] k'?if ePsf] eP, o;n] /fxt k|fKt ug{ l9nf jf rfF8f] s] x'GYof] < -olb pgLblnt, cGo hflto ;d"xsf], cyjf a9L wgL ePsf] eP s] x'GYof] < s] o;n] km/s kf¥Yof] <

olb a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQm ls;fg geO lzIfs jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ePsf] eP p;n] kfpg] u/]sf] cfly{s kmfO{bfx¿h:t} ;fdflhs ;'/Iffl;t ;DalGwt ;'ljwfx¿, tnaeQf cflbnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg u/LGYof] .

$=# tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df ;/sf/n] dfOnLsf] >Ldfg\n] ef]Ug' k/]sf xflg÷Iflt÷gf]S;fgLx¿nfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf klxrfg u¥of] <

$=$ åGåkLl8tsf] gftfn] tkfO{x¿nfO{ o:tf] klxrfgsf] dxTj slQsf] 5 < lsg <

dfOnLdf dfq k"0f{ ¿kdf s]lGb|t g/xL cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf ;a} nfeflGjtx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ;+jfbsf] lj:tf/ ug'{xf];\ .

lnË / cGo ;fdflhs >]0fLqmdn] kl/k"/0fk|fKt ug{] s'/fdf c;/ kfb{5 eGg] :jLsfo{ a'emfO jf wf/0ff kLl8tx¿df 5 jf 5}g eGg]s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{'xf];\ . kx'Fr, k|rf/,k|fyldsLs/0f / ljt/0f;DaGwL gLltx¿sf]kl/efiff ug{] ;Gbe{af6 pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ JofVof ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\ .



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syfsf]]] efu #

syfsf]]] efu # k9\g'xf];\, / syf cufl8a9\b} hfFbf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{lrqdf b]vfpFb} hfg'xf];\ .

k|:tfljt ljleGg pkfox¿sf] ;"lr b]lvg]u/L ;"rLs[t ug{'xf];\ .

%= Ifltk"'lt{

%=! tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ cfly{s Ifltk"lt{ g} dfOnLn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLsf] plrt ;Djf]wg÷k|ltlqmof xf] <

%=!=! lsg xf] jf lsg xf]O{g <

%=!=@ tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df cfd¿kdf åGåkLl8tx¿n]cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 plrt ;xof]u kfPsf 5g\ <

%=@ Tof] k};fn] dfOnLnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u5{ <

^= ;Gt'li6

^=!= tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df dfOnLnfO{ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] Ifltk"lt{n] ;Gt'li6 lbg ;S5 < ls pgn]ef]Ug' k/]sf Iflt÷xflg÷c;/x¿nfO{ cGo s'g} ¿kn] jf pkfon] ;Daf]wg ug{{ cfjZos 5 <

^=!=! olb 5 eg] s] ug{'knf{ < oL pkfox¿ s;/L;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ <

^=!=@ dfOnLn] pgsf] >Ldfg\nfO{ s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] af/]df ;To tYo yfxf kfpg dxTjk"0f{ 5 <

^=!=# cflwsfl/s lgsfox¿n] dfOnLsf] >Ldfg\nfO{ s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] ;Tosf] klxrfg ug'{ slt dxTjk"0f{ 5 < lsg <

^=!=$ s] of] klxrfgn] dfOnLsf] Ifltk"lt{;DaGwLefjgfdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 <

cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd . Ifltk"lt{;DjGwLoL k|Zgx¿sf] p2]Zo kLl8tx¿df cfly{s ;xof]usf] k|efj kQf nufpg' xf] .

æyk cfjZosÆ 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;jfnn]k'gM ;fj{hlgs klxrfg jf xflgsf] lhDd]jf/ sf] xf] eGg] af/]sf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg ;Sb5 . ;xefuLx¿n] eGg ;Sg] 5g\ls klxrfg Ifltk"lt{;Fu} cfjZos x'G5 jf sfOnLn] s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] af/]df yfx gkfO{ ;Gt'li6 ;Dej x'Gg .

k|Zg g+ ^=!=# sf ;DaGwdf s[kof s'g} pQ/bftfn] s]jn cflwsfl/s lgsfo jf ;/sf/ dfq gegL bf]ifL klg eG5 eg] Tof] s'/fnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'xf];\ .

olb cfpF5 eg] s;/L <

s] of] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u kfpg]c?df klg nfu" x'G5 <

^=@ oL s'/fx¿ ;Fu} Pscfk;df ;Fu} x'g'k5{ jfqmda4 ¿kdf x'g' k5{ < - pbfx/0fsf] nflu kl/k"/0fcufl8 ;To lg¿k0f <_

oL k|Zgdf lgikIftf / Gofosf] cjwf/0ff /x]sf5g\ . ;fy} oxfF cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn]Gofo lbnfpg slQsf] d2t k'of{Psf] h:tf] nfU5 nfUb}g eGg]] vf]hL x'G5 . s;}n] gsfg{;S5g\ ls cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u bfgsf] ¿kdf tTsfnLg cfjZostfsf] k'/f ug{ dfq lbOPsf] xf] . oL k|Zgx¿n] GofoeGgfn] :yfgLo :t/df s] a'lemG5 eGg] af/] yk s'/fsf] ;f]wk'5 cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu To;kl5 Pp6f cfwf/ v8f u5{g\ .

&= Gofo

&=! dfOnLsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 s] cGtl/d /fxtsfo{qmdn] p;nfO{ s'g} ls;Ldn] Gofo k|bfg u¥of] <

&=!=! olb uof]{ eg] cfGtl/d /fxt sfo{s|dn] s'gcy{df Gofo k|bfg uof]{ <



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&=!=@ olb u/]g eg] lsg <

&=!=# s] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd cGtu{tnfeflGjt cGon] Gofo ePsf] elg eg] <

&=!=% cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] Gofo lbg] p2]Zo/fv]sf] lyof] < lyPg eg] o;sf] p2]Zo s] lyof] <

&=@ tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df cbfntdf guO{sg Gofokfpg ;Dej 5 < lsg 5 jf lsg 5}g <

&=@=!= s] tkfO{x¿dWo] sf]xL Gofosf nflu k|x/L jf cbfntdf hfg' ePsf] 5 < lsg hfg' eof]÷lsghfg' ePg <

&=#= s] bf]ifLx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L lng cfjZos 5 <

&=#=! of] s;/L x'g'kb{5 < -dfkmLsf] dfWodaf6_< :jLsf/f]lQmsf] dfWodaf6 < cleof]hgsf]dfWodaf6 <_

&=#=@= olb uNtL u/]sfx¿nfO{ klxrfg ug{ jf sf/jfxL ug{ g;lsPdf kLl8nfO{ Gofo k|fKt ePsf] 5 eGg] dx;'; u/fpg ;lsg] cGo pkfox¿ s] s]x'g\ <

clGtd k|Zgn] k'gM :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u tyf klxrfgsf] dxTj a'em\g sf]lzz u5{ .

*= afFsL ;d'bfo

*=! k|ToIf ¿kdf åGådf s'g} xflg÷Iflt÷;d:ofef]Ug' gk/]sf ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿n] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] af/]df s] ;f]R5g\ <

*=!=! s] pgLx¿ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf af/]dfhfgsf/ 5g\ < of] s] sf] nflu xf] eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 <

*=!=@ s] åGåkLl8tx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf];d:of÷Iflt÷xflgaf/] pgLx¿ ;r]t 5g\ / cGtl/d/fxt sfo{qmdnfO{ cfjZos ;xfotf xf] eg]/ pgLx¿n] ;xof]u u5{g\ <

*=!=# s] dfOnL / cGo åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu ;d'bfosf] o:tf] ;r]tgf / :jLsfo{tf dxTjk"0f{ 5 < lsg 5 jf lsg 5|}g <



www.ictj.org 24

syfsf]]] efu $ k9\g'xf];\

kl/k"/0f syfsf]]] efu $ k9\g'xf];\, syf cufl8 a9fpFb} hfFbf syfsf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpFb} hfg'xf];\ .;DalGwt kfqx¿nfO{ lrqdf OlËt ug'{;\.lrqdf ofb ePsf kfqx¿nfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

(= ;xfotf tyf clwsf/

(=! s]lx JolQmx¿ kLl8tx¿sf nflu ;xof]usf] af/]df s'/f ub}{5g\ eg] s]lx kLl8tx¿sf] clwsf/sf] af/]df s'/f ub}{5g\ . tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df ;xfotf / clwsf/jLr s]km/s 5 <

(=!=!= s] of] dxTjk"0f{ km/s xf] <

(=!=@= kLl8tx¿sf] clwsf/sf] s'/f gu/L Gofo ePsf] cg'ea ug{ ;+Dej 5 < - lsg 5 ÷ lsg5}g < _

!)= kl/k"/0f k|bfg ug]{

!)=! tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df åGådf ePsf] Iflt÷xflggf]S;fgLx¿nfO{ ;'wfg]{÷k"lt{ ug{] lhDd]jf/L lng'kg]{ s'g} ;+:yfx¿ jf JolQmx¿sf ;d"x 5g\ <

!)=!=! s'g / lsg <

!)=@ s:tf] k|sf/sf pkfox¿ JolQmut ¿kdf g} k|bfgug'{k5{ / s'g–s'g k|sf/sf pkfox¿ kLl8tx¿sf] ;d"x jf;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfonfO{ k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 <

!)=#= dfOnL 6f9f b'u{d ufpFdf al:5g\ . pgL / pgsf]kl/jf/n] ef]u]sf Ifltx¿nfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ;Gbe{df eljiodf x'g] 5nkmndf pgL / pgsf] kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrtug{sf nflu ;jf{]Qd pkfo s] x'g ;S5 <

!)=#=! pgnfO{ o:tf k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfpgh?/L 5 < lsg 5 jf lsg 5}g <

!)=#=@ tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s'g–s'g lgsfox¿n] o;k|sf/sf ;xfotf pQd ¿kn] k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ <

s;/L ;xof]u k|bfg u/Lg' pko'Qm x'G5 <



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cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 nfeflGjt dlxnfx¿sf nflu syf

Effu ! — åGå;Fu ;DalGwt xflg

dfOnL ul/a / b'u{d ufpFsL #) jif{sL dlxnf x'g\ . pgL cfˆgf ;–;fgf rf/ hgf 5f]/f5f]/L / ;f;' ;;'/f;Fu ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df al:5g\ .@)^) ;fndf Ps lbg aflx/ uPsf pgsf >Ldfg\\ 3/df kmls{Pgg\ . dfOnL]n] pgsf] >Ldfg\\sf] vf]hL u/L g} /lxg\ . l5d]sLx¿n] To;lbg dfcf]jfbL / g]kfnL ;]gf b'j} Tof] If]qdf ePsf] s'/f ;'gfPsf lyP . cfˆgf] >Ldfg\\sf] vf]hL ug{ dfOnL ! jif{ ;Dd dlxgf}F lkR5]k|x/L, ;]gf, l;l8cf] nufot ;a}lt/ wfO/lxg\ . t/ pgnfO{ s;}n] klg s]xL atfpg ;s]gg\ . em08} !) jif{ kl5, dfOnLsf afnaRrfx¿sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ lsgeg] dfOnL;Fu cfkm\gf aRrfx¿nfO{ k9fpg] k};f 5}g . pgL la/fdL l5g\ t/ 8fS6/nfO{ hFrfpg hfg] pgsf] Ifdtf5}g . pgn] afnaRrfx¿nfO{ v'jfpg–lkofpg cfkm";Fu ePsf ufO{j:t' tyf u/uxgf ;d]t a]lr;lsg\ / clxn] pgL Pp6f OF6f e§fdfsfd ul5{g\ . pgsf ;f;' ;;'/fn] pgnfO{ cz'e ePsf] cf/f]k nufpF5g\ . x/]s k6s OF§f sf/vfgfdf sfd ug{ hfFbf ;Fu} sfd ug]{ k'?if;fyLx¿af6 pgL b'Jo{jxf/sf] lzsf/ x'lG5g\ . l5d]sLx¿n] klg pgnfO{ ljw'jfsf] e]if wf/0f ug'{ egL ckdfg ug]{ / bjfj lbg] u5{g\ .t/ pgL xfn;Dd klg cfˆgf] >Ldfg\\ lhpFb} /x]sf] s'/fdf ljZjf; ul5{g\ / l;+b'/ / /ftf] l6sf nufpFl5g\ . pgL >Ldfg\\sf] va/ ;'GgnfO{klv{a;]sL l5g\ .

Effu @ — cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd

g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^% ;fndf åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu /fxt k|bfg ug]{ of]hgfsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . ;'?df t dfOnL v';L eOg\ t/ kl5 pgn]a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf >LdtLx¿n] t ljw'jf dlxnfx¿n] eGbf w]/} sd /sd k|fKt ug]{ s'/f yfx kfPkl5 pgL b'MvL eOg\ . To; dflyklg pgn] t cfˆgf] >Ldfg\\ kLl8t lyP eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft u/fpg' k/]sf] lyof] . w]/} b'ljwfo'Qm sfuhL sfd sf/afxL / ufpFaf6 lhNnf;b/d'sfd hfg] cfpg] dxFuf] ofqf / slt k6s lagf s'g} sfd kmls{g' kg]{ sf/0fn] pgnfO{ cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ kLl8t ePsf] k|dfl0ft ug{ w]/}nfdf] ;do nfUof] . slxn]sfxLF t k'?ifx¿sf] k|ltlqmofn] pgn] cK7\of/f] klg dx;'; u/Lg\ . l;l8cf] / l5d]sLx¿n] pgnfO{ >Ldfg\\ d/]sf]3f]if0ff u/L sfhlqmof ug{ / law'jfn] kfpg] k'/f /sd lng bjfa lbP . cGTodf cˆ7\of/f] dfGb} dfOnLn] ;a}n] eg]em+} ul/g\ / law'jfn]kfpg] a/fa/sf] /sd lnOg\ . o;df pgnfO{ Pp6f /fhgLlts kf6L{sf ;b:on] ;xof]u u/] . xfn pgL ;]tf] n'uf nufpg] ul5{g\ . >Ldfgsf]sfhlqmof ePkl5 clxn] pgsf ;f;' ;;'/fx¿ pgL;Fu d'l:snn] af]N5g\ . kl/jf/df cem} klg tgfj 5 . pgn] kfPsf]dWo] cfwf k};f;;'/fnfO{ lbPtf klg pgLx¿n] dfOnLnfO{ km]/L ljx] ug]{ / k}t[s ;DklQ n}hfg] of]hgf agfPsL 5] eg]/ cf/f]k nufpF5g\ .

Effu # — cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmddf ;'wf/

dfOnLn] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\\sf] vf]hL u/L g} /lxg\ . dlxnfx¿sf] Ps :yfgLo ;+:yfn] pgnfO{ ljw'jf, cem ljz]if u/L >Ldfg\x¿ a]kQf ePsfdlxnfx¿nfO{, ;]tf] n'uf nufpg bafa lbg' x'Fb}g eg]/ atfof] . pgLx¿af6 dfOnLn] s]xL ;xof]u k|fKt ul/g\ . xfn cfP/ pgn] a]kQfkfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf >LdtLx¿n] klg law'jfx¿n] hlQs} /sd kfpg] s'/f yfx kfPsL l5g\ . pgL cfkm"n] >Ldfg\nfO{ d[t 3f]if0ff u/]sf]dfcfTdfUnfgL dx;'; ul5{g\ / l/;fpFl5g\ . pgL ca ;]tf] n'uf nufpFlbgg\ tyflk k]ml/ /ftf] ;f/L nufpg] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lSbgg\ . pgLcfkm" w]/}h;f] pbf; ePsf] dx;'; ul5{g\ .

Effu $ — cfsfª\Iff tyf ljsNkx¿

;/sf/n] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd ;s]kl5 s] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf åGåkLl8t tyf dfgjclwsf/ ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ /fv]/ k/fdz{ 5nkmn u5{ .5nkmndf sf]xL eG5g\ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] åGåkLl8tsf cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf]wg ul/;s]sf]n] ca yk s]xL ug{' kb}{g . sf]xL eG5g\x}g, of] t s]jn c:yfoL /fxt dfq lyof] . csf{yl/ ;f]W5g\ s] ul/g'kb{5 t < s]xL eG5g\ åGåsf] Iflt÷xflg gf]S;fgLnfO{ cf}krfl/styf ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ h?/L 5 . eg] sf]xL eG5g\ x}g, o;n] yk åGå ;[hgf u5{ . sf]xL eG5g\ åGåkLl8tsf klgclwsf/x¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ k'/f ug}{ k5{ . dfOnL of] k/fdz{ 5nkmnaf6 6f9f cfkm\g} ufpFdf l5g\ / pgn] o; af/]df s]xL ;'g]sL klg 5}gg\ .clxn] klg ha sf]xL gf}nf] dfG5] pgsf] 9f]sfdf cfpF5 dfOnLnfO{ cfˆgf] >Ldfg\sf] ;dfrf/ NofPsf] xf] ls eGg] nfUb5 .



www.ictj.org 26

g]kfnsf] s]xL 5flgPsf lhNnfsf åGåkLl8tx¿sf]cfjZostf, rf;f] tyf cfsfª\Iffx¿sf]

cj:yfut ljZn]if0fcfOl;l6h]÷s[kf

@)!#

cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd k|fKt u/]sf k'?ifx¿;Fu ul/Psf syfgs nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn -;fOFnf syf_

dfu{lgb{]zg

gd:sf/ Û ;j{k|yd d tkfO{+x¿nfO{ xfd|f] ;d"x 5nkmn sfo{qmddf :jfut ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f] gfd -= = =_ xf] . oxfF d;Fu} cfpg' ePsf]d]/f ;fyLsf] gfd -= = =_ xf] . xfdL b'j}hgf sf7df8f+}df /x]sf] s[kf gfds cg';Gwfgd"ns ;+:yfdf sfd ul//x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLx¿ oxfFclxn] cfOl;;l6h]sf] tkm{af6 kl/k"/0f ;DaGwL åGåkLl8tsf cfjZostfx¿, rf;f]x¿ / cfsfª\Iffx¿;Fu ;DalGwt Ps cg';Gwfgsfo{sf nflu cfPsf xf}+ . o; cg';Gwfgn] s;/L cflwsfl/s ;xof]usf] xsbf/ ;Dd plrt ?kdf kl/k"/0f k'of{pg ;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L;/sf/nfO{ lbg d2t ug{]5 . of] 5nkmn sl/j b'O{ 306fsf] x'g]5 . xfdLn] o; 5nkmn sfo{qmddf tkfO{x¿sf nflu lrof / gf:tfsf]Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdLx¿ o; 5nkmn sfo{qmdnfO{ ;fOFnfsf] syfaf6 ;'? ug{ rfxG5f}+ .

cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ lgb]{zg M tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf] tx;DDfsf nflu n]lvPsf x'g\ . oL k|Zgx¿sf] a'emfOnfO{;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu cg''Gwfgstf{x¿n] k'gJof{Vof ug'{kg]{5 . oL k|Zgx¿sf] k|f/lDes pQ/sf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] syfeGbfaflx/ uP/ pQ/bftfn] ef]u]sf ;d:of / xflgaf/] ;+jfb ug{sf nflu pko'St vfnsf cg'jtL{ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg]5g\ eGf]/ 7flgPsf] 5 .cg';Gwfstf{x¿n] lj:t[t ?kdf lgDglnlvt rf/ ljifout If]qx¿ kQf nufpg]5g\ .



åGål;t ;DalGwt xflgx¿

syfsf]]] efu ! k9\g'xf];\ / syf k9\b} hfFbf lrqdf syfsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

!= ;fOFnf tyf cGo åGåkLl8tx¿

!=! tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df o; syfdf sf]–sf] åGåkLl8tx¿ x'g\ <

!=@ tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df s] åGåkLl8tx¿ ;fdfGotof Pscsf{df kl/lrt x'G5g\ / s] pgLx¿ cfˆgf syfx¿ ;f6\b5g\ < olb xf] eg] lsg / xf]Og eg] lsg <

!=@=! s] of] dxTjk"0f{ 5 < lsg <

!=# tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df ;fOFnf tyf cGo åGåkLl8tx¿n] s]–s:tf Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿ Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] lyof] <

!=#=! olb ;fOFnf blnt, jf cGo s'g} hftLo;d"xsf] ePsf] eP jf ;fOFnf k'?if ePsf] eP s] oL Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿ km/s x'Gy] <

!=#=! olb ;fOFnf blnt, jf cGo s'g} hftLo;d"xsf] ePsf] eP jf ;fOFnf k'?if ePsf] eP s] oL Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿ km/s x'Gy] <

kLl8t sf] x'g\ < sf]xL pQ/bftfx¿n] a]kQf kfl/Psf] 5f]/fnfO{ dfq kLl8t eGnfg\ . c?n] ;fOFnfsL >LdtL, ;fOFnf / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ klgkLl8t eGnfg\ . cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n] pQ/bftfx¿n] oL JolQmx¿nfO{ lsg kLl8tsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ t eGg] s'/fvf]tNg' k5{ . kl/jf/nfO{ c;/ u/]sfcGo pNnª\3gx¿ klg cfkm+}df dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ / k|f/lDes pNnª\3g -h:t} a]kQf_sf ;fydf tL pNnª\3gx¿n] klg kl/k"/0fsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfslif{t u5{g\ .



www.ictj.org27

!=#=@ s] o:tf s'g} ljz]iftfx¿n] kLl8tx¿nfO{åGå;DaGwL x'g] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿sf] hf]lvdtf cem a9fPsf] 5 <

!=#=# ;fOFnf jf p;sL >LdtL åGåsfn cufl8 cyjfåGåsfndf /fhgLlts ?kn] ;lqmo /x]sf eP o;n] s]xL km/s kf¥Yof] < lsg km/s kf¥Yof] ÷ lsg km/s kfb{}gYof]<

!=#=$ tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df s'g} klg kLl8tnfO{ zxLb elg 3f]if0ff ug{] cj:yfx¿ 5g\ < lsg 5g\ jf lsg 5}gg\ <

cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n] pQ/bftfx¿n] s'g} åGå k|efljt JolQmnfO{ zxLbsf ?kdf klg JofVof ub{5g\ ls / olb ub{5g\eg] lsg eGg] s'/f kgl ;f]Wg ;Sb5g\ .pQ/bftfx¿n] kLl8tnfO{ zxLbl;t bfFH-nfg\ To;}n] oL s'/fx¿h:t} -s_ s]pQ/bftfx¿n] /fhgLlts ;xeflut-fnfO{ zxfbtsf] Pp6f tTjsf ?kdf x]5{g\ -v_ s] dlxnfn] cfkm\gf a]kQf kfl/Psf >LdtL zxLb egL 3f]if0ff ePdf To;n] kl/k"/0f clwsf/ xf] eGg] ?kdf pgLx¿sf] a'emfO{nfO{ s;/L c;/ kf5{ -jf s] pgLx¿ o;nfO{ alnbf-gsf] k'/:sf/sf] ?kdf lnG5g <_ / -u_s] /fhgLlts ?kdf lqmofzLn gePsf a]kQf JolQmx¿sf kl/jf/ ;dfg ?kdf kl/k"/0fsf xsbf/ x'G5g\ / lsg < o;ljifodf pQ/bftfx¿ l;t ljjfb ug'{eGbf yk k|Zgx¿ ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf]p2]Zo ;d'bfo÷kl/jf/sf] :t/df zxLbsf] cjwf/0ff slt xb;Dd dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg]s'/fsf] k/LIf0f ug'{ xf] .

cGo åGåsf kLl8tx¿ M of] syf ;'g]kl5;xefuLx¿n] To:t} 36gf ef]u]sf cGo åGåkLl8tsf] ;Demgf lbnfPsf] ;ª\s]t ug'{k5{ . olb To;f] ub}{g eg] pgLx¿n]s] km/s jf sd k|ltlglwd"ns kfP eGg] s'/f /]s8{ ug'{ pkof]uL xf]nf .

olb = = = ePsf] eP km/s kfYof{] < oLk|Zgx¿sf] p2]Zo kLl8tsf] klxrfgaf6 xflgsf] hf]lvdtfdf x'g] k|efj jf clxn] pgLx¿nfO{ a'lemOg] wf/0ffsf af/]df a'em\g' xf] .

b]lvg]ul/ dfGotfx¿nfO{;"rLa4ug'{xf];\ .

;fGble{s clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

@= xflg, clwsf/ / d"NodfGotfx¿

@=! s] s'g} To:tf s'/fx¿ lyP, h'g ug{ ;lsGYof] jfu/]sf] eP, ;fOFnf / pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ pgLx¿n]ef]Ug'k/]sf] xflgx¿af6 hf]ufpg ;lsGYof] <

olb ;lsGYof] eg], s] <

;fOFnf jf pgn] ef]Ug'k/]sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu s'g} ;+:yfx¿ clxn] lhDd]jf/ 5g\ <

olb 5g\ eg] s'g s'g ;+:yfx¿<

tkfO{x¿nfO{ tL ;+:yfx¿ lsg lhDd]jf/ 5g\ eGg]nfU5 <

xflg, clwsf/ / d"NodfGotfx¿ M o; cGtu{t /x]sf åGåsf xflg / d"NodfGotfaf/]sf wf/0ffl;t ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿n] cGtjf{tfsf/x¿nfO{ pQ/bftfx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ d"NodfGotfx¿sf] pNnª\3gsf] ;Gbe{df ef]u]sf xflgx¿sf] k|s[ltsf ;fy;fy} kl/0ffdx¿ / tTkZrft hGd]sfcfjZostfx¿sf af/]df hfGg]] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{5 . ;Dej ePsf] xb;DdcGtjf{tfsf/x¿n] d"NodfGotfl;t ;DalGwt k|ltk|Zgx¿ ug'{k5{ -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;dfgtf, cfTd;Ddfg, ;'/Iff, cfk;L ;Ddfg, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ljrf/ cleJolQm jf ;DDf]ng ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf cflb_ h'g pQ/bftfx¿sf] xflg / To; ;DaGwdf /fHosf] lhDd]jf/Lsf]k|s[ltaf/]sf] a'emfOl;t ;DalGwt 5 .



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@=@ tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s] åGåaf6 k|ToIf ?kdfkLl8t gePsf AolQmx¿ / cfd ;d'bfon] ;fOFnf h:tfåGåkLl8tx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ a'‰5g\ / ;xfg'e"lt /fV5g\ </fV5g\ eg] lsg / /fVb}gg\ eg] lsg <

@=# tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df ;fOFnf / pgLh:tfåGåkLl8tx¿n] ef]u]sf xflgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿ s]–s] x'g\ <

tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s] To:tf pkfox¿nfO{ ;d'bfon] ;xof]u unf{ <

tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s] oL pkfox¿af6 åGåaf6 k|ToIf ?kdf kLl8t gePsf JolQmx¿ nufot cfd ;d'bfonfO{klg kmfObf x'G5 xf]nf <

x'G5 xf]nf eg] lsg / x'Gg xf]nf eg] lsg <

o; cg';Gwfg ;fdu|Ldf oL xflgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;Dej pkfox¿sf af/]df yk hfGgsf nflu kl5 c? cj;/x¿ klg /flvPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'xf]nf . cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n]o; ljifosf] 5nkmnnfO{ o;} r/0fd} l;Wofpg' cfjZos 5}g .


#= åGå;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZostfx¿ tyf cGo sl7gfOx¿

#=! ;fOFnfsf tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿ s]–s] x'g\ <

#=@ åGån] ;fOFnfsf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ s;/Lk|efj÷c;/ kf¥of] <

#=@=! olb cfjZostfx¿ cem uDeL/ ePsf] jf j[l4 ePsf] eP, of] s;/L eof] eg]/ tkfO{ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 <

#=@=@ ;d'bfosf cGo åGåaf6 k|efljt gePsf JolQmx¿n] ;fOFnf h:t} åGåkLl8tx¿sf] åGån] ;[hgf u/]sf yk cfjZostfx¿nfO{ klxrfg u5{g\÷a'‰5g\ < s]o;/L klxrfg ug{÷a'‰g dxTjk"0f{ 5 <

#=# tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg cfjZostfx¿ M olb ;fOFnfsf oL tTsfnLg / h?/L cfjZostfx¿ k'/f ePsf] v08df,;fOFnf / pgsf] kl/jf/n] ef]u]sf xflgx¿ ;+af]wg ug{sfnflu ug{'kg{] cGo s]–s] s'/fx¿ x'g\ <

kLl8t / cGo M oL >[+vnfa4 k|Zgx¿n];fOFnfsf] cfjZostf, rf;f] / cfsfª\Iffx¿ / afFsL ;d'bfon] s'g xb;DdoL s'/fx¿nO{ ;femf ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ eGg] af/]df ;fwf/0f 5nkmnnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]5 .



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syfsf]]] efu @ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd k|lqmof

syfsf]]] efu @ k9\g'xf];\ / syf cufl8a9\b} hfFbf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{lrqdf b]vfpFb} hfg';\ .

$= cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd k|lqmof

$=! s] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 /fxt kfpg' kg{] t/ o; syfdf pNn]v gePsf c? kLl8tx¿ 5g\ <

$=@ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u kfpg dfOnLn]s]–s:tf ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug' k¥of] <

$=@=! cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmddf kx'Fr kfpg s]–s:tf s'/fx¿n] åGåkLl8tx¿nfO{ cˆ7\of/f] agfPsf] lyof] <-pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf] ;+nUgtf, k|df0fsf] cfjZostf, /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] x:tIf]k, k'?ifx¿af6 x'g] b'Jo{jxf/, clzIff, hl6n kmf/d OTofbL_

$=@=@ s] kLl8tn] kl/k"/0f / cGo s'g} /fxt k|fKt ug{sfnflu p7fpg' kg]{ s'g} hf]lvdx¿ 5g\ <

$=@=# olb dfOnL] k'?if ePsf] eP, o;n] /fxt k|fKt ug{ l9nf jf rfF8f] s] x'GYof] < -olb pgL blnt, cGo hflto;d"xsf], cyjf a9L wgL ePsf] eP s] x'GYof] < s] o;n]km/s kf¥Yof] <

olb a]kQf kfl/Psf] JolQm ls;fg geO lzIfs jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ePsf] eP p;n] kfpg] u/]sf] cfly{s kmfO{bfx¿h:t} ;fdflhs ;'/Iffl;t ;DalGwt ;'ljwfx¿, tnaeQf cflbnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg u/LGYof] .

$=# tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df ;/sf/n] dfOnLsf] >Ldfg\n] ef]Ug' k/]sf xflg÷Iflt÷gf]S;fgLx¿nfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf klxrfg u¥of] <

$=$ åGåkLl8tsf] gftfn] tkfO{x¿nfO{ o:tf] klxrfgsf] dxTj slQsf] 5 < lsg <

dfOnLdf dfq k"0f{ ¿kdf s]lGb|t g/xL cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf ;a} nfeflGjtx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ;+jfbsf] lj:tf/ ug'{xf];\ .

lnË / cGo ;fdflhs >]0fLqmdn]kl/k"/0f k|fKt ug{] s'/fdf c;/ kfb{5 eGg] :jLsfo{ a'emfO jf wf/0ff kLl8tx¿df 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|tug{'xf];\ . kx'Fr, k|rf/, k|fyldsLs/0f /ljt/0f;DaGwL gLltx¿sf] kl/efiff ug{] ;Gbe{af6 pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ JofVof ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\ .



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syfsf]]] efu #syfsf]]] efu # k9\g'xf];\, / syf cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpFb} hfg'xf];\ .

k|:tfljt ljleGg pkfox¿sf] ;"lr b]lvg]ul/ ;"rLs[t ug{'xf];\ .

%= Ifltk"'lt{

%=! tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ cfly{s Ifltk"lt{ g} ;fOFnfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLsf] plrt ;Djf]wg÷k|ltlqmof xf] <

%=!=! lsg xf] jf lsg xf]O{g <

%=!=@ tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df cfd?kdfåGåkLl8tx¿n] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 plrt ;xof]u kfPsf 5g\ <

%=@ Tof] k};fn] ;fOFnfnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u5{ <

^= ;Gt'li6

^=!= tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df ;fOFnfnfO{ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] Ifltk"lt{n] ;Gt'li6 lbg ;S5 < lspgn] ef]Ug' k/]sf Iflt÷xflg÷c;/x¿nfO{ cGo s'g} ?kn] jf pkfon] ;Daf]wg ug{{ cfjZos 5 <

^=!=! olb 5 eg] s] ug{'knf{ < oL pkfox¿ s;/L;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ <

^=!=@ ;fOFnfn] pgsf] >LdtLnfO{ s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] af/]df ;To tYo yfxf kfpg dxTjk"0f{ 5 <

^=!=# cflwsfl/s lgsfox¿n] ;fOFnfsf]>LdtLnfO{ s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] ;Tosf] klxrfg ug'{ slt dxTjk"0f{ 5 < lsg <

^=!=$ s] of] klxrfgn] ;fOFnfsf] Ifltk"lt{;DaGwLefjgfdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 <

olb cfpF5 eg] s;/L <

s] of] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u kfpg] c?df klg nfu" x'G5 <

^=@ oL s'/fx¿ Pscfk;df ;Fu} x'g'k5{ jf qmda4?kdf x'g' k5{ < -pbfx/0fsf] nflu kl/k"/0f cufl8;To lg?k0f <_

cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd . Ifltk"lt{;DjGwLoL k|Zgx¿sf] p2]Zo kLl8tx¿df cfly{s ;xof]usf] k|efj kQf nufpg' xf] .

æyk cfjZosÆ 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;jfnn] k'gM;fj{hlgs klxrfg jf xflgsf] lhDd]jf/ sf] xf] eGg] af/]sf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg ;Sb5 .;xefuLx¿n] eGg ;Sg] 5g\ ls klxrfg Ifltk"lt{;Fu} cfjZos x'G5 jf sfOnLn] s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] af/]df yfx gkfO{ ;Gt'li6 ;Dej x'Gg .

k|Zg g+ ^=!=# sf ;DaGwdf s[kof s'g} pQ/bftfn] s]jn cflwsfl/s lgsfo jf ;/sf/ dfq gegL bf]ifL klg eG5 eg] Tof] s'/fnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'xf];\ .

oL k|Zgdf lgikIftf / Gofosf] cjwf/0ff /x]sf5g\ . ;fy} oxfF cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn]Gofo lbnfpg slQsf] d2t k'of{Psf] h:tf] nfU5 nfUb}g eGg]] vf]hL x'G5 . s;}n] gsfg{;S5g\ ls cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u bfgsf] ?kdf tTsfnLg cfjZostfsf] k'/f ug{ dfq lbOPsf] xf] . oL k|Zgx¿n] GofoeGgfn] :yfgLo :t/df s] a'lemG5 eGg] af/] yk s'/fsf] ;f]wk'5 cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu To;kl5 Pp6f cfwf/ v8f u5{g\ .



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&= Gofo

&=! ;fOFnfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 s] cGtl/d /fxtsfo{qmdn] p;nfO{ s'g} ls;Ldn] Gofo k|bfg u¥of]<

&=!=! olb uof]{ eg] cfGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] s'gcy{df Gofo k|bfg uof]{ <

&=!=@ olb u/]g eg] lsg <

&=!=# s] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd cGtu{t nfeflGjtcGon] Gofo ePsf] elg eg] <

&=!=% cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] Gofo lbg] p2]Zo/fv]sf] lyof] < lyPg eg] o;sf] p2]Zo s] lyof] <

&=@ tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df cbfntdf guO{sg Gofokfpg ;Dej 5 < lsg 5 jf lsg 5}g <

&=@=!= s] tkfO{x¿dWo] sf]xL Gofosf nflu k|x/L jf cbfntdf hfg' ePsf] 5 < lsg hfg' eof]÷lsghfg' ePg <

&=#= s] bf]ifLx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] Iflt÷xflg÷ gf]S;fgLx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L lng cfjZos 5 <

&=#=! of] s;/L x'g'kb{5 < -dfkmLsf] dfWodaf6_<:jLsf/f]lQmsf] dfWodaf6 < cleof]hgsf]dfWodaf6<_

&=#=@= olb uNtL u/]sfx¿nfO{ klxrfg ug{ jf sf/jfxL ug{ g;lsPdf kLl8nfO{ Gofo k|fKt ePsf] 5 eGg] dx;'; u/fpg ;lsg] cGo pkfox¿ s] s]x'g\ <

clGtd k|Zgn] k'gM :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u tyf klxrfgsf] dxTj a'em\g sf]lzz u5{ .

*= afFsL ;d'bfo

*=! k|ToIf ?kdf åGådf s'g} xflg÷Iflt÷;d:ofef]Ug' gk/]sf ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿n] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] af/]df s] ;f]R5g\ <

*=!=! s] pgLx¿ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf af/]dfhfgsf/ 5g\ < of] s] sf] nflu xf] eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 <

*=!=@ s] åGåkLl8tx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf];d:of÷Iflt÷xflgaf/] pgLx¿ ;r]t 5g\ / cGtl/d/fxt sfo{qmdnfO{ cfjZos ;xfotf xf] eg]/ pgLx¿n] ;xof]u u5{g\ <

*=!=# s] ;fOFnf / cGo åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu;d'bfosf] o:tf] ;r]tgf / :jLsfo{tf dxTjk"0f{ 5 <lsg 5 jf lsg 5|}g <



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kl/k"/0f syfsf]]] efu $ k9\g'xf];\, syf cufl8 a9fpFb} hfFbf syfsf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpFb} hfg'xf];\ .;DalGwt kfqx¿nfO{ lrqdf OlËt ug'{;\.lrqdf ofb ePsf kfqx¿nfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

(= ;xfotf tyf clwsf/

(=! s]lx JolQmx¿ kLl8tx¿sf nflu ;xof]usf] af/]df s'/f ub}{5g\ eg] s]lx kLl8tx¿sf] clwsf/sf] af/]df s'/f ub}{5g\ . tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df ;xfotf / clwsf/jLrs] km/s 5 <

(=!=!= s] of] dxTjk"0f{ km/s xf] <

(=!=@= kLl8tx¿sf] clwsf/sf] s'/f gul/ Gofo ePsf] cg'ea ug{ ;+Dej 5 < - lsg 5 ÷ lsg 5}g < _

!)= kl/k"/0f k|bfg ug]{

!)=! tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df åGådf ePsf] Iflt÷xflggf]S;fgLx¿nfO{ ;'wfg]{÷k"lt{ ug{] lhDd]jf/L lng'kg]{ s'g} ;+:yfx¿ jf JolQmx¿sf ;d"x 5g\ <

!)=!=! s'g / lsg <

!)=@ s:tf] k|sf/sf pkfox¿ JolQmut ?kdf g} k|bfg ug'{k5{ / s'g–s'g k|sf/sf pkfox¿ kLl8tx¿sf] ;d"xjf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfonfO{ k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 <

!)=#= ;fOFnf 6f9f b'u{d ufpFdf a:5g\ . pgL / pgsf]kl/jf/n] ef]u]sf Ifltx¿nfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ;Gbe{df eljiodf x'g] 5nkmndf pgL / pgsf] kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutf;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;jf{]Qd pkfo s] x'g ;S5 <

!)=#=! pgnfO{ o:tf k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfpgh?/L 5 < lsg 5 jf lsg 5}g <

!)=#=@ tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s'g–s'g lgsfox¿n] o;k|sf/sf ;xfotf pQd ?kn] k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ <

s;/L ;xof]u k|bfg ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 <



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syf – cGtl/d /fxt kfPsfx¿ – k'?ifEffu ! — åGå;Fu ;DalGwt xflg ;fOFnf Pp6f u/La / b'u{d ufFpsf %) jifL{o JolQm x'g\ . cfhef]ln pgL cfˆgL la/fdL >LdtL;Fu a:b5g\ . s'/f @)^) ;fnsf] xf] .pgLx¿sf] Psdfq ;Gtfgsf] ¿kdf Pp6f 5f]/f lyof] . To;a]nf tL 5f]/fsf] ljx] klg ePsf] lyPg . t/ pgL Pp6f k|fylds ljBfnosflzIfs lyP . To;}a]nf Ps lbg ;fOFnfsf tL 5f]/f :s'naf6 k9fP/ 3/ kms]{gg\ . ;fOFnf / pgsL >LdtLn] lg/Gt/ 5f]/fsf] vf]hL u/] t/s]xL kQf] nfu]g . pgsL >LdtL la/fdL / xtfz eOg\ / clxn] w]/} sd dfq 3/–sf]7faf6 xnrn ug{] ul5{g\ . pgL 5f]/f a]kQf ePsf]dfs'g} g s'g} k|sf/n] cfkm"nfO{ g} bf]if lblG5g\ . l5d]sLx¿n] To; lbg dfcf]jfbL / g]kfnL ;]gf b'j} Tof] If]qdf ePsf] s'/f ;'gfPsf lyP .;fOFnf clxn] klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|x/L, ;]gf, / :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt wfpF5g\ . t/ s;}n] klg s]xL atfpg ;Sb}gg\ . o;/L 5f]/f x/fPsf]/ >LdtL klg /f]uL ePsf]df pgsf l5d]sLx¿n] ;fOFnfnfO{ km]/L ljx] ug]{ ;Nnfx lbG5g\ . t/ ;fOFnfn] cfz df/]sf 5}gg\ . a? cfkm"n]ca >LdtLsf] klg x]/rfx ug'{kg]{df pgL hf]8 lbG5g\ . To;sf] s]xL ;do kl5 pgn] >LdtLsf] pkrf/df vr{ ug{sf nflu ufO{j:t' a]Rg'k/]sf] 5 .

Effu @ — cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdg]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^% ;fndf åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu /fxt k|bfg ug]{ of]hgfsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . ;fOFnfn] klg ;xof]u kfpg ;Sg] eg]/;'?df pgL v'';L eP t/ kl5 pgn] a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf kl/jf/sfx¿n] t d[To' ePsf kl/jf/sf] eGbf klg lgs} sd k};f kfpg]yfxf kfP . l;l8cf] / l5d]sLx¿n] pgnfO{ 5f]/f d/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/L cfjZos sfhlqmof k'/f ug{ / k'/} /sd lng bjfa lbP . cGtdfcK7\of/f] dfGb} pgn] ;a}n] eg]em+} sfhlqmof u/] / a9L /sd k|fKt u/] . To;f] ug{ pgnfO{ Pp6f /fhgLlts kf6L{sf ;b:on] ;xof]u u/] .nfdf] ;dosf] kvf{O kl5 pgn] /fxt ;xof]usf] Tof] k};f kfP . t/ pgsf] Ifltsf] s'g} klxrfg ePg . pgn] Pp6f r]s dfq kfP . pgn]/fhgLlts ;DaGwsf sf/0fn] s]xL gSsnL kLl8tx¿n] /fxt /sd k|fKt u/]sf] klg ;'g] . ;fOFnfnfO{ lbSbf/ nfUof] / ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof b]v]/pgL b'MvL eP . pgn] >LdtLsf] pkrf/sf nflu Tof] k};f 3/d} nu] .

Effu # — cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmddf ;'wf/;fOFnf cfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ vf]hL g} /xG5g\ . Ps lbg pgnfO{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf Pshgf ;b:on] a]kQf kfl/Psfkl/jf/n] klg åGådf dfl/Psf JolQmsf kl/jf/n] k|fKt ug]{ hlt g} /sd kfpg] s'/f ;'gfpF5g\ . pgL cfkm"n] 5f]/fnfO{ d[t 3f]if0ff u/]sf]dfbf]ifL dx;'; u5{g / l/;fp5g\ . pgnfO{ cln kv]{sf] eP plQg} /sd k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 eGg] eof] . t/ pgnfO{ km]/L cfkm}+nfO{ To;af/]df yfxf x'b}+gYof] eGg] nfU5 . olb ;Sg] eP pgL cfˆgf] lg0f{o kl/jt{g ug{ rfxG5g\ . pgL :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf ;b:o;FuåGåkLl8tx¿sf] ;+emgfdf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug'{ / /sd ;+sng u/]/ :dfl/sf agfpg' kg]{ eG5g\ . t/ :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf ;b:on]clxn]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf of] sl7g 5 eG5g\ . ;fOFnf cfˆgf] >LdtLsf] x]/rfx ug{ 3/ kmls{G5g\ .

Effu $ — cfsfª\Iff tyf ljsNkx¿;/sf/n] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd ;s]kl5 s] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf åGåkLl8t tyf dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;ª\3;+:yfx¿nfO{ /fv]/ k/fdz{ 5nkmn u5{ . 5nkmndf sf]xL eG5g\ – cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] åGåkLl8tsf cfjZostfx¿ ;+af]wg ul/;s]sf]n] ca yk s]xL ug{' kb}{g . sf]xLeG5g\ – x}g, of] t s]jn c:yfoL /fxt dfq xf] . csf{y/L ;f]W5g\ – yk s] ul/g'kb{5 t < s]xL eG5g\ – åGåsf] IfltnfO{ cf}krfl/styf ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ h?/L 5 . eg] sf]xL eG5g\ – x}g, o;n] yk åGå ;[hgf u5{ . sf]xL eG5g\ – åGåkLl8tx¿sfklg clwsf/x¿ x'G5g\ h;nfO{ k"lt{ ug}{k5{ . ;fOFnf of] k/fdz{ 5nkmnaf6 6f9f cfˆg} ufpFdf 5g\, pgn] o; af/]df s]xL ;'g]sf 5}gg\ .clxn] klg ha sf]xL gf}nf] dfG5] pgsf] 9f]sfdf cfpF5 ;fOFnfnfO{ cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] ;dfrf/ NofPsf] xf] ls eGg] nfUb5 .



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@)!#cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd k|fKt gu/]sf oftgfkLl8t k'?ifx¿;Fu u/LPsf]

syfgs nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn -sfOFnf syf_dfu{lgb{]zg

gd:sf/ Û ;j{k|yd d tkfOFx¿nfO{ xfd|f] ;d"x 5nkmn sfo{qmddf :jfut ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f] gfd -= = =_ xf] . oxfF d;Fu} cfpg' ePsf]d]/f ;fyLsf] gfd -= = =_ xf] . xfdL b'j}hgf sf7df8f+}df /x]sf] s[kf gfds cg';Gwfgd"ns ;+:yfdf sfd u/L/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLx¿ oxfFclxn] cfOl;;l6h]sf] tkm{af6 kl/k"/0f ;DaGwL åGåkLl8tsf cfjZostfx¿, rf;f]x¿ / cfsfª\Iffx¿;Fu ;DalGwt Ps cg';Gwfgsfo{sf nflu cfPsf xf}+ . o; cg';Gwfgn] s;/L cflwsfl/s ;xof]usf] xsbf/ ;Dd plrt ¿kdf kl/k"/0f k'of{pg ;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L;/sf/nfO{ lbg d2t ug{]5 . of] 5nkmn sl/j b'O{ 306fsf] x'g]5 . xfdLn] o; 5nkmn sfo{qmddf tkfOF{x¿sf nflu lrof / gf:tfsf]Joj:yf u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdLx¿ o; 5nkmn sfo{qmdnfO{ sfOFnfsf] syfaf6 ;'? ug{ rfxG5f}+ .

cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ lgb]{zg M tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿ cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf] tx;DDfsf nflu n]lvPsf x'g\ . oL k|Zgx¿sf] a'emfOnfO{;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu cg''Gwfgstf{x¿n] k'gJof{Vof ug'{kg]{5 . oL k|Zgx¿sf] k|f/lDes pQ/sf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] syfeGbfaflx/ uP/ pQ/bftfn] ef]u]sf ;d:of / xflgaf/] ;+jfb ug{sf nflu pko'St vfnsf cg'jtL{ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg]5g\ eGf]/ 7flgPsf] 5 .cg';Gwfstf{x¿n] lj:t[t ¿kdf lgDglnlvt rf/ ljifout If]qx¿ kQf nufpg]5g\ .


ljifoj:t' sfo{x¿ dfu{lgb{]zg k|Zgx¿ dfu{lgb{]zg l6Kk0fLx¿

syfsf]]] efu !

Gål;t ;DalGwt xflgx¿

syfsf]]] efu ! k9\g'xf];\ / syf k9\b} hfFbf lrqdf syfsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfn-fx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

sfOFnf tyf cGo åGåkLl8tx¿

!= tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df o; syfdf sf]–sf] åGåkLl8tx¿x'g\ <

@= sfOFnf / pgsf kl/jf/n] s:tf Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgL ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 <

#= s] o:tf Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿ cGo k|sf/sf åGåkLl8tx¿sf] ef]ufO{l;t ldN5g\ < -zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs OToflb_

$= oL kl/0ffd÷c;/x¿dWo] s'g kl/0ffd÷c;/x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;a} eGbf a9L sl7g x'G5 <

kLl8t sf] x'g\ < sf]xL pQ/bftfx¿n] oftgf kLl8tnfO{ dfq kLl8t eGnfg\ . cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] pQ/bftfx¿n] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg kLl8tsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f vf]tNg' k5{ . cGopNnª\3gx¿ h;n] kl/jf/nfO{ c;/ u/]sf 5g\ tL klg cfkm}df dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ eGg] s'/f oxfF dflgPsf] 5 .

cGo åGåkLl8tx¿ . of] syf ;'g]kl5pQ/bftfx¿n] To:t} 36gf ef]u]sf cGo åGåkLl8tsf] ;Demgf lbnfPsf] ;+s]t ug'{k5{ . olb ub}{g eg] pgLx¿n] s] km/sjf sd k|ltlglwTj kfP eGg] s'/f /]s8{ ug'{ pkof]uL xf]nf .



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$=! olb sfOFnfsf] s'g} bfh'efOx¿ klg ePsf] eP o;n] km/s kfYof]{ < lbbLalxgL ePdf <

$=@ olb sfOFnf blnt, jf cGo s'g} hflto ;d"xsf] ePsf] eP jf sfOnf dlxnf ePsf] eP o;n] km/s kfYof]{] <

$=# oL s'/fx¿n] kLl8tx¿nfO{ åGå;DaGwL xflg÷Iflt÷gf]S;fgL x'g] hf]lvdtf cem a9fPsf] 5 <

$=$ sfOFnf jf pgsf afa'cfdf åGåsfn cufl8 cyjf åGåsfndf /fhg}lts ¿kn] ;lqmo /x]sf eP o;n] km/s kfYof{] < lsg kfYof]{ jf lsg kfb}{gYof] <

$=% s] tkfOFsf nflu s'g} kLl8tnfO{ æzxLbÆsf] ¿kdf JofVof ug{ ldNg] s'g} cj:yfx¿ 5g\ < 5 eg] lsg /5}g eg] lsg 5}Gf<

åGå;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZostfx¿ tyf cGo si6x¿

%= sfOFnfsf tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿ s]–s] x'g\ < s]oL cfjZostfx¿ kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿ tyf j[xt ;d'bfosf klg ToxL g} x'g\ <

^= sfOFnf / pgsf kl/jf/sf] åGå cl3sfcfjZostfx¿nfO{ åGån] s;/L k|efj kf/]sf] 5 < -of]s;/L ePsf] xf] <_

&= tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df åGåaf6 kLl8t gePsf ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿n] sfOFnf / pgsf] kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿dfly åGån] s:tf] c;/÷k|efj kf/]sf] 5eGg] a'e\m5g\ <

sfOFnf / pgsf] kfl/jf/sf] nflu o:tf] klxrfg dxTjk"0f{5 < 5 eg] lsg / 5}g eg] lsg <

*= tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df olb o:tf tTsfnLg jf h?/LcfjZostfx¿ k'/f ePdf, sfOFnf / pgsf kl/jf/n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ cGo s]–s:tf s'/fx¿ cfjZos kg{ ;S5g\ <

olb = = = ePsf] eP km/s kYof{] < oLk|Zgx¿sf] p2]Zo kLl8tsf] klxrfgaf6 xflgsf] hf]lvdtfdf x'g] k|efj jf clxn] pgLx¿nfO{ lng] wf/0ffsf af/]df a'‰g' xf] . o;sf ;fy} /fxt jf eljiosfkl/k"/0f sfo{qmdx¿ h:t} dgf];fdflhs sfo{qmdx¿ dflysf] kx'Frdf kLl8tsf] klxrfgn] s;/L c;/ kfb{5 eGGf] s'/f klg cg';Gwfgstf{n] vf]hL ug{' kb{5 .

xflgx¿, clwsf/x¿ /d"NodfGotfx¿ . o; cGtu{t /x]sf åGåsf xflg / d"NodfGotfaf/]sf wf/0ffl;t;DalGwt k|Zgx¿n] cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ pQ/bftfx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ d"NodfGotfx¿sf] pNnª\3gsf] ;Gbe{df ef]u]sf xflgx¿sf] k|s[ltsf -oftgfn] ef}lts / dfgl;sb'j}vfn] c;/x¿ kg{;Sg] s'/f _;fy;fy} kl/0ffdx¿ / tTkZrfthGd]sf cfjZostfx¿sf af/]df hfGg]] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{5 . ;Dej eP;Ddcg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] d"NodfGotfl;t ;DalGwt k|ltk|Zgx¿ ug'{k5{ -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;dfgtf, cfTd;Ddfg, ;'/Iff,cfk;L ;Ddfg, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ljrf/ cleJolSt jf ;DDf]ng ug{kfpg] :jtGqtf cflb_ h'g pQ/bftfx¿sf] xflg / To; ;DaGwdf /fHosf] lhDd]jf/Lsf]k|s[ltaf/]sf] a'emfO{ l;t ;DalGwt 5 .

o; cg';Gwfg ;fdu|Ldf oL xflgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ;Dej pkfox¿sf af/]df yk hfGgsf nflu kl5 c? cj;/x¿ klg /flvPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'xf]nf . cGtjf{tfsf/x¿n]o; ljifosf] 5nkmnnfO{ o;} r/0fd} l;Wofpg' cfjZos 5}g .

xflgx¿, clwsf/x¿ / d"NodfGotfx¿

(= s]xL To:tf s'/fx¿ lyP, h'g ug{ ;lsGYof] jf u/]sf] eP sfO+{nf / pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ pgLx¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sfxflgx¿af6 hf]ufpg ;lsGYof] <




www.ictj.org 36

olb lyP eg] tL s]–s] x'g\ <

sffOFnf jf pgn] ef]Ug'k/]sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu s'g} ;+:yfx¿ clxn] lhDd]jf/ 5g\ <

olb 5g\ eg] s'g ;+:yfx¿ <

tkfOF{x¿nfO{ tL ;+:yfx¿ lsg lhDd]jf/ 5g\ eGg] nfU5<

!)= s] sfOFnfn] ef]u]sf] Iflt jf gf]S;fgLsf] c;/ cGo36gfx¿ h:t} w/fk -NofG8 dfOg_ sf] 3fOt] jf uf]nL nfu]sf] 3fp eGbf km/s lyof] <

tkfOF{x¿sf] ljrf/df åGåkLl8t gePsf / cfd ;d'bfon]sfOFnf h:tf åGåkLl8tx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ a'‰5g\ /;xfg'e"lt /fV5g\ < /fV5g\ eg] lsg / /fVb}gg\ eg] lsg<

!!= sfOFnf / pgLh:tf åGåkLl8tx¿n] ef]u]sf xflgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿ s]–s]] x'g\ < tkfOF{x¿sf] ljrf/df To:tf pkfox¿nfO{ ;d'bfon];xof]u unf{ < tkfOF{x¿sf] ljrf/df oL pkfox¿af6åGåkLl8t gePsf AolQmx¿ nufot cfd ;d'bfoklg nfeflGjt xf]nfg\ < x'G5g\ xf]nf eg] lsg / x'Ggg\ xf]nfeg] lsg <

syfsf] bf]>f] efu

xfn;Ddsf] k|ltlqmof

syfsf]]] efu @ k9\g'xf];\, / syf cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpFb} hfg'xf];\ .

cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd tyf kLl8tsf] ;Gt'li6

!@= cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u kfpgsf nflusfO+{nf / pgsf kl/jf/n] s:tf–s:tf ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug'k¥of] <

!@=! sfOFnf / pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ cGtl/d /fxtsfo{qmdsf] ;xof]uaf6 al~rt u/LFbf pgLx¿dfly s:tf c;/x¿ k/] xf]nf <

!#= s] tkfOFnfO{ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd cGtu{sfnfex¿n] sfOFnfn] ef]u]sf] xflgsf] c;/x¿ ;+af]wg u¥of] eGg] nfU5< s;/L <

!#=! s] tkfOFnfO{ sfOFnfn] ef]u]sf kL8fx¿ ;/sf/åf/f:jLsf/ u/LPsf] 5 h:tf] nfU5 <

!#=@ kLl8t ePsf] gftfn] tkfOFnfO{ of] :jLsf/f]lQm slQsf] dxTjk"0f{ 5 eGg] nfUb5 <

cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] oftgf kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;fd]n u/fPsf] 5}g t/ tTsfnLg nfu]sf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL vr{x¿sf] zf]wegf{ ug{ dGh'/L lbG5 .t/, ;f] ;xof]u cGtu{t dgf];fdflhs :jf:Yo pkrf/ h;sf nflu :jf:Yo / k'g:yf{kgf ;]jfx¿ dflysf] kx'Frsf]cfjZostf x'G5 h'g pknAw jf kx'Frof]Uo gx'g ;S5g\ tL ubf{ nfUg] vr{x¿ kb}{gg\ .

kl/k"/0f;DaGwL pkfox¿ h:t} Ifltk"lt{ cflbn] clwsf/ xflg jf Iflt /d"NodfGotfx¿af/] hfGg] bf]>f] cj;/ -a9L ;fdfGo k|Zgx¿sf nflu klxn] dfly x]g'{xf];\ _k|bfg u5{ .

of] olb kLl8tx¿ eljiodf u/Lg] kl/k"/0f sfo{qmddf ;+nUg u/LP eg] pgLx¿nfO{ s:tf lsl;dsf ;xof]ux¿ k|bfg u/Lg' k5{ eGg] k|Zg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .



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Ifltk"lt{

!$= s] sfOFnfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿sf] ;jfndf cfly{s Ifltk"lt{ g} ;/sf/n] ug{] Gofof]lrt k|ltlqmof xf] <

!$=! xf] eg] lsg xf] / xf]Og eg] lsg xf]Og <

!$=@ s] o;n] dgf]j}1flgs / ef}lts b'j} vfn]Ifltx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] lyof] <

!%= olb ;/sf/n] /sd k|bfg u/]df To;n] sfOFnf / pgsf kl/jf/nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 <

cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s Ifltn] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yodf dfq c;/ kf/]g ls o; k|sf/sf pNnª\3gx¿af6 3/]n' jf kfl/jfl/s c;/x¿ klg k/] eGg] s'/f vf]tNg' k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;f] pNnª\3g kl5 ePsf Jojxf/hGo ;d:ofx¿nfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] s;/L lnP, kLl8tn] 36gf eO;s]kl5 klxn] u/L/x]sf] cfo cfh{gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg g;Sg'n] kf/]sf] ;d:of jf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfgl;s ;d:of ePsf] JolSt ;+u s;/L Jojxf/ ug]{ eGg] lji-fodf cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] sdL .

;Gt'li6

!^= tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df olb sfOFnf / pgsfkl/jf/nfO{ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] Ifltk'lt{ lbPdf To;n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lbg ;S5 jf pgLx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cGo s'g} s'/fx¿ x'g cfjZos 5 <

!^=! olb 5 eg], s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;Daf]wg ug'{knf{ < tLs;/L ;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ <

!^=@ sfOFnfh:tf oftgf kLl8tx¿sf nflu dfgl;s jfdgf];fdflhs :jf:Yo ;]jf dxTjk"0f{ 5 t <

!^=# sfOFnfn] s] / lsg ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] k"0f{;To yfxf kfpg dxTjk"0f{ 5 <

!^=$ cflwsfl/s lgsfox¿n] To; 36gfdf s] ePsf]lyof] eGg] ;Tosf] klxrfg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 < s;/L <of] s'/f cGo åGåkLl8tdf klg nfu" x'G5 <

!^=% s] o:tf s'/fx¿ ;Fu;Fu} hfg h?/L 5 jf lglZrtqmddf hfg h?/L 5 <-pbfx/0fsf] nflu kl/k"/0f cufl8;To lg¿k0f



www.ictj.org 38

Gofo

!&= tkfOFx¿sf] ljrf/df olb sfOFnf cGtl/d /fxtsfo{qmdsf] nflu of]Uo ePsf] eP s] o;n] pgnfO{ Gofo x'g ;SYof] <

!&=! cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] sfOFnfnfO{ Gofo k|bfgug{ ;S5 <

!&=@ olb ug{ ;Sb}g eg], o;n] -cGtl/d /fxtsfo{qmdn]_ s] lbg ;S5 <

!&=# cGo cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u kfPsfJolQmx¿n] To;nfO{ Gofo ePsf] dfG5g\÷kfPsf] 7fG5g\ <

!*= cbfntdf guOsg Gofo kfpg ;Dej 5 <

lsg ;Dej 5 jf 5}g <

!*=! tkfOF{x¿ dWo] sf]xL Gofosf nflu k|x/L jf cbfntdf hfg' ePsf] lyof] <

!*=@ lsg hfg' eof] jf hfg' ePg <

!(= bf]ifLx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L lng cfjZos 5 <

!(=! of] s;/L x'g'kb{5 < - dfkmLsf] dfWodaf6_ <:jLsf/f]lQmsf] dfWodaf6 < cleof]hgsf] dfWodaf6<_

!(=@ olb ulNt u/]sfx¿nfO{ klxrfg ug{ jf sf/jfxL ug{ g;lsPdf kLl8tnfO{ Gofo k|fKt ePsf] 5 eGg]dx;'; u/fpg ;lsg] cGo pkfox¿ s]–s] x'g\ <afFsL ;d'bfo

@)= tkfOF{x¿sf] ljrf/df åGåaf6 k|ToIf ¿kdf s'g} lsl;dsf] Iflt÷ xflg÷gf]S;fgL ;xg' gk/]sf ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿n] åGåkLl8tx¿n] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 kfPsf Ifltk"lt{ jf cGo ;xof]u÷/fxtx¿sf af/]df s] ;f]R5g\ <

@)=! pgLx¿n] åGåkLl8tx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgLx¿ nufot pgLx¿nfO{ pkrf/ jf Gofo lbg' kg]{ s'/fsf] klxrfg u5{g\ <

@)=@ sfOFnf tyf cGo åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu o:tf] klxrfg dxTjk"0f{ 5 < lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 jf 5}g <



www.ictj.org39

syfsf] efu #

;xfotf tyf clwsf/x¿@!= sf]xL JolQmx¿ kLl8tx¿sf nflu ;xfotfsf] s'/f ub}{5g\ eg] sf]xL kLl8tx¿sf] clwsf/sf]af/]df s'/f ub}{5g\ . tkfOF{x¿sf] ljrf/df ;xfotf / clwsf/sf] aLr s] km/s 5 <

@!=! s] of] dxTjk"0f{ km/s xf] <

@!=@ kLl8tx¿sf] clwsf/sf] s'/f gu/L Gofo ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;Dej 5 < - lsg 5 jf lsg 5}g< _

kl/k"/0f k|bfg ug{]

@@= xflgnfO{ e/0f k"/0f uGf{sf nflu s'g ;d"xsf] dflg;n] jf ;+:yfx¿n] lhDd]jf/L lng' kb{<

@@=! s;n] / lsg<

@#= s'g pkfox¿ lghL ¿kdf k|bfg u/Lg' kb{5 / s'g pkfox¿ kLl8tx¿sf] ;d"x jf ;Dk"0f{;d'bfosf nflu k|bfg u/Lg'kb{5<

@$= sfOFnf 6f9f b'u{d ufpFdf a:5g\ . pgL / pgsf] kl/jf/n] ef]u]sf Ifltx¿nfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ;Gbe{dfeljiodf x'g] 5nkmndf pgL / pgsf] kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;jf{]Qd pkfos] x'g ;S5 <

@$=! pgnfO{ o:tf k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfpg h?/L 5 < lsg 5 jf lsg 5}g <

@$=@ tkfO{x¿sf] ljrf/df s'g–s'g lgsfox¿n] o; k|sf/sf ;xfotf pQd ¿kn] k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\<

@%= ;fdfGo :jf:Yo ;]jf / vf;df dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug{df sfOFnfn] s:tf vfn];d:ofx¿ ef]Ug ;Snfg< s] pgL zx/df a;]sf 5g\ eg] o;df c;/ kf5{< olb sfOFnf dlxnf ePsf] eP km/s kg{]lyof] <

@^= kLl8tx¿n] /fxt / kl/k"/0f;DaGwL ultljlwx¿ k|fKt ug{] ;jfndf s] pgLx¿n] s'g} vt/fx¿em]Ng' kg{] klg x'G5 <



www.ictj.org 40

syf – cGtl/d /fxt gkfPsfx¿ - k'?ifx¿_

Effu ! — åGå;Fu ;DalGwt xflg

sfOFnf cfˆgL >LdtL / tLghgf aRrfx¿;Fu} Pp6f u/La b'u{d ufpFdf ljut !% aif{b]lv a;]sf 5g\ . @)^) ;fndf ;fbf kf]zfs nufPsf xltof/wf/L dflg;x¿sf] Ps ;d"xn] sfOFnfnfO{ pgn] k9fpg] k|fylds ljBfnoaf6 lnP/ uP . pgnfO{ sxfF nluPsf] lyof]eGg] pgnfO{ g} yfxf 5}g . pgnfO{ sl/a !) lbg;Dd s'6lk6 ug]{, ckdfg ug]{, kmfF;L nufpg] wDsL lbg] tyf åGåsf] ljifodf pgnfO{yfxf gePsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] u/Lof] . Ps lbg pgL a]xf]z eP / kl5 ;8ssf] 5]pdf PSnf] cj:yfdf xf]zdf cfP . pgn] ef/tdf s]xL pkrf/ t kfP t/ cem}klg pgL /fd|/L lx88'n ug{ ;Sb}gg\ / g/fd|f] ;kgf b]Vg] u5{g\ . s'g}–s'g} /ft pgL ædnfO{ gdf/ ÛÆ eGb} Ao'FlemG5g\ .slxn]sfFxL pgL kfunem} Jojxf/ u5{g\ eg] s'g} a]nf ¿g s/fpg yfN5g\ . cGtt M pgn] cfˆgf] ljBfno lzIfssf] hflu/ klg 5f]8\g' k¥of] . pgsL >LdtLnfO{ sfOFnfnfO{ s;/L ;DxfNg] eg]/ hfGg d'l:sn ePsf] 5 / pgsL >LdtL k|foh;f] cfˆgf] >d÷pgLx¿sf aRrfsf]x]/rfx ug{df g} vlr{lG5g\ . a}+saf6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{ g;s]sf]n] pgLx¿ cfˆgf] hUuf u'dfpg' kg]{ hf]lvddf 5g\ . sfOFnfnfO{ s] ug]{eg]/ yfxf 5}g . yk pkrf/ ug{sf nflu pgLx¿;Fu k};f klg 5}g . To; ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] klg pgnfO{ ckx]ngf u5{g\ . pgL cfkm"lg/fz / a]sf/ ePsf] dx;'; u5{g\ .

Effu @

sfOFnfsL >LdtL xtf; x'lG5g\ . a}+sn] pgLx¿sf] hUuf sAhf ug{ ;Sg] vt/f 5 . pgsL >LdtLn] Ps hgf ;fyL;Fu lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Dd hfg yk k};f ;fk6 lnlG5g\ . pgsL tL ;fyLn] pgnfO{ :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf Ps hgf ;b:o;Fu s'/f ug{ d2t ul5{g\ . pgLsfOFnfn] ef]u]sf oftgf / To;n] :jf:Yodf kf/]sf] c;/x¿sf] af/]df tL ;b:onfO{ lj:t[t ¿kdf atfpFl5g\ . tL :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf;b:on] sfOFnfsL >LdtLnfO{ sfOFnfsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/ vr{sf] e/kfO{ lng ;Nnfx lbG5g\, t/ sfOFnf / pgsL >LdtLn] 8/n] ubf{w]/} /l;b gi6 u/L;s]sf lyP / cGo /l;bx¿ åGå;Fu ;DalGwt :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] xf] eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug]{ vfnsf lyPgg\ . ;ldltsf;b:on] ;/sf/sf] /fxt sfo{qmddf k|ToIf ¿kdf oftgfkLl8tx¿sf] nflu Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf gePsf] t/ o;sf nflu pgn] cbfntdf d'2f xfNg ;lS5g\ eg]/ klg hfgsf/L lbG5g\ . To; kl5 pgL Pp6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdf hflG5g\ / cbfntdf s;/L d'2f hfx]/ ug]{ eGg]af/]df ;f]lW5g\ . tL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf JolQmn] pgnfO{ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ubf{ nfdf] ;do / w/} k};f nfUg] / kl5 s'g} Ifltk"lt{ kfpgklg sl7g x'g ;Sg] egL ;DemfpF5g\ . pgn] sfOFnfsf] d'2f k|dfl0ft ug{ uf¥xf] x'g] klg atfpF5g\ . sfOFnfsL >LdtL emg} lg/fz x'lG5g\ .

Effu # — cfsfª\Iffx¿ tyf ljsNkx¿

;/sf/n] cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmd ;s]kl5 s] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf åGåkLl8tx¿ tyf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿nfO{ /fv]/ k/fdz{ 5nkmn u5{ .5nkmndf sf]xL eG5g\ cGtl/d /fxt sfo{qmdn] åGåkLl8tx¿sf cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf]wg u/L;s]sf]n] ca yk s]xL ug{' kb}{g . sf]xLeG5g\ x}g, of] t s]jn c:yfoL /fxt dfq lyof] . csf{ yl/ ;f]W5g\ yk s] u/Lg'k5{ t < s]xL eG5g\ åGåsf] xflg gf]S;fgLnfO{ cf}krfl/styf ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ h?/L 5 . clg sf]xL eG5g\ x}g, o;n] yk åGå ;[hgf u5{ . sf]xL eG5g\ åGåkLl8tx¿sf] klgclwsf/x¿ 5g h;nfO{ k"lt{ ug}{k5{ . Pshgf clwsf/Ln] ;/sf/nfO{ oftgfkLl8tx¿ alx:s[t ePsf / cbfnt klg ;xh kx'FrdfgePsf] s'/f ;DemfpF5g\ . sfOFnf / pgsf] kl/jf/ of] k/fdz{ 5nkmnaf6 lgs} 6f9f cfˆg} ufpFdf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] o; af/]df s]xL klg;'g]sf 5}gg\ .



www.ictj.org 2

cfjZostf, rf;f] tyf cfsfª\Iffx¿sf]cj:yfut ljZn]if0fcfOl;l6h]÷s[kf

@)!#

nlIft g[j+zlj1fg cWoogsf nflu gd'gf k|Zgx¿5nkmnsf nflu l6Kk0fL M olb klxn]sf] 5nkmndf ePsf] JofVof k|i6 gePdf ;f] ljifo;DaGwL pknAw ;dosf] cfwf/df cg'jtL{5nkmn ug{sf nflu xfdLn] Pp6f cltl/Qm k|Zg klg /fv]sf 5f} .

lzif{s v'nf ;"rLs/0fsf nflu k|Zgx¿ >]0fLs/0fsf nflu k|Zgx¿ pRr k|fyldstfdf >]0fLs/0f ul/g'sf sf/0fx¿

-5nkmnsf nflu ;'emfj M pknAw ;donfO{ ljrf/ ub}{ xfdLn] JofVof kl5 Pp6f yk k|Zg /fv]sf 5f+} h;nfO{ klxn]sf] 5nkmnsf] s|ddf :ki6 gePsf] v08df /fVg ;lsg]5 _

!= Iflt jf xflg åGån] ubf{ tkfOFn] ef]Ug' k/]sf Ifltx¿nfO{ s[kof ;"rLa4 ug{'xf];\ . ef}lts / cef}lts .!

ef}lts jf cef}lts Ifltx¿dWo] tkfOFnfO{ tkfOFsf] / tkfOFsf kl/jf/sf;b:o-x¿_sf] hLjgdf s'g Ifltx¿ a9L xflgsf/s nfU5g\ <

tkfOFn] -===_ -k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\_ nfO{ æuDeL/Æ xflgsf] ;"lrdf /fVg' eof], tkfOFn] of] s'/f lsg To:tf] uDeL/ xflgsf] ;'lrdf /fVg'eof] .

@= tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿@

s[kof tkfOFn] cl3 eGg'ePsf Iflt÷xflgx¿;Fu s'g} g s'g} k|sf/af6 ;DalGwt tkfOF+sf tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿ ;"rLs/0f ul/lbg'xf];\ .

oL cfjZostfx¿dWo] s'gcfjZostfx¿ tkfOFsf] nflu tTsfn} rflxPsf] / dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ <

tkfOFn] -===_ -k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\_ oL cfjZostf tyf rf;f]sf ljifox¿nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf] ljifosf] ;"rLdf /fVg'eof] . tkfOFn] oL ljifox¿nfO{ lsg pRr k|fyldstf lbg'eof] <

#. tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿ afx]s

Dffgf} tkfOFsf tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿ k'/f ePdf tkfOFnfO{ ePsf Ifltx¿sf] k"lt{ ug{sf nflu d2t ug{] c? s'/fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ s[kof ;"rLa4 ug'{xf];\ .

tkfOFn] pNn]v ug'{ePsf s'/fx¿dWo] tkfOFnfO{ s'g s'/fx¿ a9L dxTjk"0f{ nfU5g\ <

tkfOFn] -===_ -k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\_ nfO{ a9L dxTjk"0f{sf] ;"lrdf /fVg' ePsf] 5 . lsg <

$.xfn;Ddsf k|ltlqmofx¿

s[kof ;/sf/L, /fhgLlts bnx¿ jf cGo ;+:yfx¿af6 k|fKt ePsf ;xof]ux¿, h;n] åGåsf xflgx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ d2t u/] .

Ps åGbkLl8tsf] gftfn] oL ;xof]ux¿dWo] s'g rflx+ ;xof]u tkfOFsf cfjZostfx¿, ;/f]sf/x¿ / rfxgfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{df a9L ;Gtf]ifhgs nfUof] < To:tf ;xof]ux¿ cfkm"nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ nfu] cg';f/sf] qmddf ;"rLs[t ul/lbg ;Sg'x'G5 <

• tkfOFn] -===_ -k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\_ nfO{ æw]/} ;xof]uLÆ eGg'eof] . tkfOFn] pQm s'/fnfO{ lsg pRr >]0fLdf /fVg'eof], eGg ;Sg'x'G5 <

1 l6Kk0fL M kLl8tx¿n] ef]u]sf cef}lts Iflt jf xflgx¿sf pbfx/0f nfh, eo, qf;, tgfj, cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL, ;dflhs snª\s cflb x'g ;S5g\ .oL cg'ejx¿nfO{ s]xL pQ/bftfx¿n] ef}lts Iflt jf xflgsf ?kdf klg lng ;S5g\ .

2 cfjZostfx¿df ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos ;d:ofx¿ kg{ ;Sb5g\ .



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@)!#

of}ghGo lx+;fsf kLl8t dlxnfx¿;Fu lj:t[t cGtjf{tf{ ug{sf nflu d:of}bf lgb{]lzsf

;';"lrt ;xdlt kmf/d

kl/ro

gd:t] Û d]/f] gfd -===_ xf] . d sf7df8f}+ l:yt j[mkf gfds gfkmf/lxt cg';Gwfgd"ns ;+:yfdf sfd u5'{ . xfdLx¿ k|foh;f] dlxnfsf]:jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifox¿df sfd u5f{}+ . o; cg';Gwfgdf xfdLx¿ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf nflu cGt{/fli6«o s]Gb| -cfOl;l6h_ ;Fusfd ul//x]sf 5f}+ . cfOl;l6h] @)^$÷^% ;fnb]lv g]kfndf sfd ul//x]sf] Ps cGt/fli6«o ;+:yf xf] . cfOl;l6h]n] åGåkLl8tx¿sf]enfO tyf clwsf/x¿sf nflu sfd u5{ .

cWoogsf] p2]Zo

åGåaf6 s;/L dflg;x¿ k|efljt eP / pgLx¿n] åGåaf6 ef]u]sf To:tf Ifltx¿n] pgLx¿df cem} s;/L c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 eGg]hfgsf/L lng' g} xfd|f] cWoogsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . xfdLnfO{ cfzf 5 ls of] hfgsf/L ;/sf/ tyf c? s;}n] oL åGåsf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{;Daf]wg ug{ ul/g] k|of;x¿df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 . xfdLx¿ tkfOFF h:t} ;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt sl/a $) dlxnfsf ;fy} c? dlxnftyf k'?ifx¿;Fu klg s'/fsfgL ug{]5f}+ .

k|lqmof

cGtjf{tf{ sf] ;dofjlw sl/a Ps 306fsf] x'g]5 . xfdLx¿ s]xL ;+j]bgzLn tyf JolQmut k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg]5f}+ . olb tkfOFFnfO{ cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf ;f]lwPsf s'g} klg k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg] rfxgf ePg eg] tkfOF ;xh ?kdf dnfO{ æcsf]{ k|Zgdf hfg'xf];\Æ eGg ;Sg'x'g]5 .o;df s'g} ;d:of x'Fb}g . tkfOFFn] s'g–s'g k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg] eGg] s'/f tkfOFFdf g} lge{/ x'G5 . cGtjf{tf{ tkfOFnfO{ ;xh x'g], uf]Ko/ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf x'g]5 . To;}n] xfd|f] s'/fsfgL cToGt} uf]Ko x'g]5 . cGtjf{tf{ sf] qmddf tkfOFn] lbg'ePsf hfgsf/Lx¿ d afx]s c?s;}sf] kx'Frdf x'g] 5}g .

kmfObf tyf kfl/>lds

o; cGtjf{tf{ df ;xefuL ePafkt xfdLx¿ tkfOFFnfO{ s'g} gub jf c? kmfObfsf s'/fx¿ k|bfg ug{] 5}gf}+ . olb tkfOFF ;xefuL x'g rfxg'eof] eg], Tof] k"0f{ ?kdf :j}lR5s x'g]5 . olb tkfOFF ;xefuL x'g' eof] eg] xfdLnfO{ tkfOFFsf] ;xeflutfn]] åGåsf] c;/;DaGwL hfgsf/Llngdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]5 . o;n] ;/sf/ / c?n] to ug{] cfufdL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u ug{ klg ;Sg]5 . olbtkfOFF :yfgLo txaf6 åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu k|bfg ul/g] s'g} ;xof]udf kx'Fr rfxg'x'G5 eg] xfdLx¿ tkfOFFnfO{ To;;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg]5f}+ .

uf]kgLotf

o; cWoogaf6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf hfgsf/Lx¿ k"0f{ ?kdf uf]Ko /flvg] 5 . o; cWoogdf tkfOFFaf6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf hfgsf/Lx¿;'/lIft;fy kmfOndf /flvg] 5 h;df tkfOFsf] gfd pNn]v ul/g] 5}g . To; kmfOndf o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\s]tsf] ?kdf Pp6f cª\s dfqlbOg]5 . xfdLx¿ jf:tljs gfd ;fj{hlgs ug{] 5}gf} . cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] dfq tkfOFsf] gfd yfxf kfpg]5g\ .



www.ictj.org 12

o; cWoogaf6 k|fKt ePsf glthfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/ tyf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k|:t't ul/g]5 . tyflk, To; k|ltj]bgdf tkfOFnfO{lrgfpg] s'g} klg hfgsf/Lx¿ pNn]v x'g] 5}gg\ .

cGtjf{tf{ glbg] jf 5f]8\g ;Sg] clwsf/

o; cWoogdf ;xefuL x'g jf gx'g tkfOF k"0f{ ?kdf :jtGq x'g'x'G5 . 5gf}6 k"0f{tof tkfOFFsf] xf] . olb tkfOFn] xfdL;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{grfx]tf klg o;n] tkfOFFsf] hLjgdf s'g} gs/fTds c;/ kfg]{ 5}g . o; cWoogdf tkfOFFsf] ;xeflutf :j}lR5s x'g]5 . s'g k|Zgsf]hjfkm lbg] eGg] s'/f tkfOFFdf g} lge{/ x'G5 . tkfOFn] xfd|f] cWoogdf ;xefuL x'g d~h'/L lbPkl5 klg cGtjf{tf{ s'g} klg ;dodf5f]8\g ;Sg'x'g]5 .

d of] 5nkmnnfO{ 6]k /]s8{ ug{ rfxG5' -/]ls8{Ë l8efO; b]vfpg'xf];\ _ . of] 6]kdf ePsf hfgsf/Lx¿ c+u|]hLdf pNyf u/L g;lsP;Dd;'/lIft;fy /flvg]5, To;kl5 gi6 ul/g]5 . 6]kdf jf s'g} klg k|ltj]bgdf tkfOFsf] gfd st} klg pNn]v ul/g] 5}g . olb tkfOF 6]k /]s8{ug{ rfxg' x'Gg eg] j[mkof dnfO{ eGg'xf];\, tfls d 6]k /]s8{ ulb{g . s] d of] cGtjf{tf{ 6]k /]s8 ug{ ;S5' <

k|Zgx¿

o; cGtjf{tf{ sf] af/]df tkfOFFnfO{ cfklQ nfUg] s]xL s'/fx¿ 5g\ <

tkfOFFnfO{ o; cGtjf{tf{ ;DaGwL dnfO{ ;f]Wg dg nfu]sf s'g} lh1f;fx¿ 5g\ <

5g\ -cGtjf{tf{ sf/, Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd s'g} klg k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg]_ !

5}g -cGtjf{tf{ sf/, csf]{ k|Zgdf hfg]_ @

ca j[mkof dnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ ls d}n] atfPsf] cWoogsf] p2]Zoaf/] tkfOFn] k|i6 ?kdf a'e\mg' eof]<

a'e]m+ -cGtjf{tf{ sf/, csf]{ k|Zgdf hfg]_ !

a'lemg -cGtjf{tf{ sf/, cWoogsf] p2]Zo bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ / lghn] a'e]msf] 5, 5}g lglZrt ug'{xf];\_ @

s] tkfOF cGtjf{tf{ lbgsf] nflu d~h'/ x'g'x'G5 < -cGtjf{tf{ sf/, j[mkof pxfFnfO{ o; cWoogdf ;xefuL x'g] jf gx'g] ljifodf ljrf/ug{ s]xL ;do lbg'xf];\ ._

d~h'/ 5' -cGtjf{tf{ sf/, lghnfO{ o; kmf/fddf -jf cGo l:jsf/of]Uo o:t} sfuhtdf_ x:tfIf/ ug{ cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ _ !

d~h'/ 5}g -cGtjf{tf{ sf/, lghnfO{ wGojfb lbg] / ljbf x'g]_ @

:jo+;]js -;xefuL_ sf] 3f]if0ff

d}n] o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo s;/L d åGåaf6 k|efljt ePF / d]/f] ljrf/df o;sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ /fHon] s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 eGg]a'‰g' xf] eGg] s'/f a'em]sL 5' . d}n] dflysf hfgsf/Lx¿ k9]+ jf dnfO{ k9]/ ;'gfOof] . d}n] o;af/] k|Zg ug]{ df}sf kfPF / d}n] ;f]w]sfk|Zgx¿sf] ;Gtf]ifhgs hjfkm kfPF . o; cWoogdf ;xefuL x'g d :j]R5fk"j{s ;xdt 5' . dnfO{ yfxf 5 ls o; cWoogaf6 s'g}klg a]nf x6\g] clwsf/ 5 h;n] d]/f] hLjgdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] c;/ kfg{] 5}g .

:jo+;]jssf] x:tfIf/ -:j}lR5s_M cg';Gwfgstf{sf] x:tfIf/M

ldltM ldltM

cGtjf{tf{ sf/n] Wofg lbg'kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿M

of}ghGo lx+;fsf] kl/efiff M



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o; cWoogsf] p2]Zosf lglDt xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] /f]d ljwfgdf /x]sf] of}ghGo lx+;fsf] kl/efifnfO{ k|of]u ug]{5f}+, ;f]cg';f/M

of}ghGo lx+;f eGgfn] ækL8sn] Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L JolQmx¿dfly u/]sf] of}ghGo k|s[ltsf] sfo{ jf ;f] JolQm jf JolQmx¿nfO{ an jf ansf] wlDs b]vfP/ jf s/sfkn] of}ghGo k|s[ltsf] 36gfdf ;+nUg x'g nufPsf], o:tf] ug{sf nflu lx+;fsf] 8/ b]vfP/, s/sfkn], y'gfdf /flvFbf, dfgl;s bjfa jf zlQmsf] b'?kof]u u/]/ Pp6f JolQm jf JolQmx¿ dfly s/sfkk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] kmfO{bf p7fP/ jf Tof] JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] jf:tljs ;xdlt lbg;Sg] Ifdtf gePsf] cj:yfsf] kmfO{bf p7fP/ u/]sf]Æ sfo{nfO{ hgfpFb5 .

of}ghGo lx+;fsf sfo{x¿df anfTsf/ / of}ghGo pTkL8g klg kb{5g\ .

• vf]hL ug{'kg{] hfgsf/Lx¿ d'Vo tLg k|sf/sf 5g\ .

!= ef]u]sf] Iflt÷xflg÷gf]S;fgL / To;n] jt{dfgsf cfjZostfx¿df kf/]sf] c;/ .

@= åGåb]lv xfn;Dd kfPsf s'g} klg ;xfotfsf] k|s[lt / k|efj, rfx] tL kl/jf/ jf /fHoaf6 kfPsf cyjf cf}krfl/s jfcgf}krfl/s x'g\ .

#= tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ePsf] dfgL cGo s:tf pkfox¿n] kLl8tnfO{ ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e'lt lbg ;S5 -ljz]ifu/L Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf s'/fx¿, jf cfTdUnfgL x6fpg];DaGwL, jf ;fj{hlgs klxrfg ;Fu ;DaGwLt, jf Ifltk'lt{, k'g:yf{kgf, jf s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg / xflg÷c;/sf] k"lt{ ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] cGo s'g}klg pkfox¿_ .

• cGtjf{tf{ ufO{8 s]jn Pp6f dfu{lgb]{zs dfq xf] . ufO{8df /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿ ;ª\sng ug{ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ t/ pQ/bftfnfO{ pgnfO{dxTTjk"0f{ nfUg] s'/fx¿ atfpg k"0f{ ?kdf :jtGqtf 5, / tkfOFn] klg cGo 3tnfUbf s'/fx¿ kQf nufpg ;Sg'x'g]5 .

• k|To]s k|Zgx¿kl5 ce}m kQf nufpg ;Defljt -k|f]j_ k|Zgx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . o:tf -k|f]j_ k|Zgx¿nfO{ r]slni6sf] ?kdf glnOpbfx/0fsf ?kdf jf yk 1fgsf nflu dfq k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

• k|Zgx¿ ;"rLj4 ?kdf hfg]/} /flvPsf 5g \. t/ olb pQ/bftfn] tkfOFn] k|Zg ug'{ ePsf] eGbf afx]s c? g} s]xL 3tnfUbf s'/fx¿ ;'gfpg yflng\ eg] tkfOFn] k|Zgx¿nfO{ klg ;"rLj4 ?kdf ;f]Wg'k5{ eGg] 5}g . pQ/bftfsf] s'/fx¿ ;'Gg'xf];\ / cl3 hxfF uP/ k|Zg6'+luPsf] lyof] ToxL+af6 ;'? ug'{xf];\ .

• cGtjf{tf{ el/ g} pQ/bftf;Fu /fd|f] gftf sfod ug]{ / pgsf] ljZjf; lhTg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ .

• hxfF hxfF c:ki6 x'g] vfnsf pQ/x¿ cfpF5g\, ToxfF ToxfF k|f]j k|Zgx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu o;/L k|f]j ug'{xf];\ M

!= s] tkfOF dnfO{ o;af/] cem} lj:t[t ?kdf atfpg ;Sg'x'G5 <

@= tkfOFn] vf;u/L s] eGg vf]Hg' ePsf] xf] <

#= s] d}n] = = = ;f]r]sf] ;xL÷7Ls xf] <

$= tkfOFnfO{ = = = af/] s]÷s:tf] nfU5 <

%= tkfOFn] cl3 -= = =_ eGg' ePsf] lyof] t/ clxn] -= = =_ eGb} x'g'x'G5 . dnfO{ o;af/] :ki6 agfOlbg ;Sg'x'G5 <

• tkfOFFn] ;'Gg' ePsf] hfgsf/LnfO{ ;ª\If]kLs/0f u/L pQ/bftf;Fu pQm ;ª\If]kdf ePsf] s'/f 7Ls eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{'xf];\ / s]xL c:ki6tf ePdf ;Rofpg'xf];\ cyjf lj:t[t s'/f ePdf yKg'xf];\ .



www.ictj.org 14

c= kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs jftfj/0f

ljifo j:t' d'Vo k|Zgx¿ cltl/Qm k|Zgx¿

kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f

j[mkof dnfO{ tkfOFsf] af/]df atfO{lbg'xf];\ . pd]/, hflto k[i7Ef"ld, lzIff, k]zf, j}jflxs l:ylt, aRrfsf] ;ª\Vof, >Ldfgsf] lzIff / k]zf tyf dfOtL kl/jf/sf] k[i7e"ld-lgb{]zg M åGåsf] ;dob]lv s'g} ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf] jf >Ldfg;Fu5'l§P/ a:g' k/]sf] eP ;f] ;DaGw ljR5]b jf 5'6\l6P/ a:g'k/]sf] cj:yf åGål;t ;DalGwt Iflt÷xflgsf] kl/0ffd xf] jf xf]O{g eGg]af/]df a'‰gsf nflu lj:t[t ?kdf vf]hL ug'{xf];\ . olb To;f] xf]eg] lgDglnlvt ;]/f]km]/f]df k|Zg ug'{xf];\ M–s] o;n] pQ/bftfsf nflu ljz]if sl7gfOx¿ ;[hgf u¥of] /pgnfO{ To;n] s:tf] dx;'; u/fof] <

;fdfGotof cfhsn tkfOFsf lbgx¿ s;/L ljT5g\ <

-lgb{]zg M o; k|Zgn] pQ/bftfl;t ;DaGw :yflkt ug{sf nflud2t ug'{sf ;fy} kLl8tsf] ;du| dfgl;s cj:yf / xfnsf]l:ylt;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;d]t lbg]5 ._

;z:q åGåsf] ;fdfGo ;Gbe{

j[mkof dnfO{ tkfOFsf] kl/jf/sf] af/]df s]xLeGg ;Sg'x'G5 <

åGån] ubf{ tkfOFsf] kl/jf/nfO{ s;/L c;/÷k|efj kf/]sf] 5 < s]]–s:tf] tl/sfn] <

-lgb{]zg M olb kLl8tn] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ef]u]sfcGo lx+;fx¿sf af/]df atfPdf, cg'dflgt ldlt / 36gfqmd;f]Wg' dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgls To;n] of}ghGo lx+;fsf] af/]df yk hfgsf/L lbg ;S5 . tyflk, o;}sf] sf/0fn] cGtjf{tf{ sf] ;DaGwg} vNaNofpg] vfnsf af]lemnf s'/fx¿ eg] x'g' x'Fb}g ._

cf= kLl8tn] ef]Ug'k/]sf kL8fx¿sf] cGj]if0f

ljifo j:t' s]Gb| d'Vo k|Zgx¿ cltl/Qm k|Zgx¿lx+;fsf] cg'ej xfdLnfO{ yfx eP;Dd tkfOF cfkm} åGåaf6

kLl8t x'g' ePsf] lyof] . xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5ls oL s'/fx¿ km]l/ ;Demg jf eGg tkfOFnfO{ ufx|f]÷;Dj]bgzLn ljifo xf] . t}klg s] ePsf] lyof] elglbg ;Sg'x'G5 <

To; 36gf 36]sf] ;dodf tkfOFsf] If]q cyjf ufpFdf s] eO/x]sf] lyof] <

-lgb{]zg M kLl8tsf] k|ltlqmof / dfgl;s l:yltdf cfwfl/t eP/tkfOFFn] 36gfsf] k|s[ltsf] ljifodf yk k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg ;Sg'x'g]5 .xfdLnfO{ 36gfsf] ljz]if jf lj:t[t ljj/0f cfjZos kb{}g tyflk of}ghGo lx+;f eP gePsf] :ki6 x'g] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;Dej ePxfdLn] kL8ssf] /fhgLlts jf ;+:yfut cfa4tf yfxf kfpg klg rfx]sf xf}+ / clxn] klg pQm kL8s JolQm kLl8tnfO{ lg/Gt/ vt/feO/xg] lx;fjdf ;Dksdf{ 5 ls a'‰g'xf];\ . _

kl/jf/ /;d ' b f o; F us f ];DaGw

To; 36gfkl5sf] s]xL ;do -xKtf / dlxgf_df tkfOFFsf] l:ylt s:tf] lyof] <÷tkfOFFsf] hLjg s:tf] lyof] <÷To; ;do otf tkfOFFsf] dgdf s:tf efjgf tyf cg'ejx¿ cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ <

tkfOFFsf] kl/jf/ ÷ ;d'bfon] tkfOFnfO{ s]ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfPsf 5g\ </ olb yfxf 5}g eg], lsg < ls tkfOFFn]pgLx¿af6 of] s'/f uf]Ko /fVg'eof] < olbTo;f] eP, lsg <

tkfOFFsf] kl/jf/, gft]bf/x¿ / tkfOFFsf];d'bfon] tkfOFFn] s:tf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] lyof] eGg] a'‰5g\ / ;xof]u u5{g\ < pgLx¿n]s:tf] k|ltlqmof lbPsf 5g\ <÷pgLx¿n] s:tf] k|ltlqmof lbP < pgLx¿ ;xof]uL jf c;xof]uLs] 5g\ <

tkfOFFnfO{ Tof] s:tf] nfU5 <

-lgb{]zg M kLl8tnfO{ 36gf nuQ}sf] l:yltsf] j0f{g ug{] df}sf lbg'dxTjk"0f{ x'g;S5 h'g c;Gt'ng, clglZrttf / qf;bLdWo] Psx'g;S5 . tTkZrftsf If0fx¿sf] km/s ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ . o;kl5sfkl/jf/, ;fyL;+uL / c?sf] ;xof]u;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ ;fGble{stfcg';f/ w]/} ;lhnf] ul/ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . _

-lgb{]zg M s'g}–s'g} ;Gbe{df bz jif{ jf ;f] eGbf klg j9L ;docufl8 g} pQm lx+;f ePsf] x'g;S5 . To; ;dob]lv clxn];DddfkLl8t cfkm} klg ljleGg km/s–km/s kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;+/rfgfdf /lx;s]sL x'g ;lS5g\ . To;f] ePdf, ;dosf] cGt/fndfx'g] jf]wz}nL -a'‰g] tl/sf_ / kLl8t tyf lglZrt kl/jf/sf;b:ox¿aLrsf] ;DjGw af/]df yfxf kfpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . oxfFxfd|f] p2]Zo kLl8tx¿n] slQsf] cfTdUnfgL, ckdfg / PSnf]kgsf]cg'e'tL u5{g eGg] a'‰g' / pgn] cfˆgf] kl/jf/ / ;fyL;ËLaf6slQsf] / lsg ;xof]u kfPsL 5g\ eGg] a'‰g' xf] . _



www.ictj.org15

O= kLl8t / pgsf kl/jf/sf] cfjZostfsf] cGj]if0f

ljifoj:t' s]Gb| d'Vo k|Zgx¿ cltl/Qm k|Zgx¿

åGåsf] qmddf ePsf] xflg :j?k ePsf] cfjZostf

of] 36gfn] tkfOFF / tkfOF+{sf] kl/jf/sf] hLjgdfs;/L k|efj÷c;/ kf/]sf] 5 <

tkfOFFn] Tof] 36gf nuQ} s:tf] k|sf/sf] k|ToIf c;/ dx;'; ug{'eof] < s] Tof] s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fn kl5kl/jt{g eof] < olb eof] eg] s;/L kl/jt{g eof] <

-lgb{]zg M cg';Gwfgstf{n] cToGt} ljj]szLn /;+j]bgzLn 9+un] dgf]j}1flgs / zf/Ll/s c;/x¿;fy} hLjgofkg / :jfjnDag÷enfO÷lxt;DaGwLs'g} c;/ / Tof] ;dos|ddf kl/jlt{t ePsf] 5 lseGg] a'em\g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;;DaGwL w]/}h;f] hfgsf/LcGtjf{tf{ sf] qmddf o;cl3 g} cfO;s]sf] x'g;S5 . _

pbfx/0fsf nflu s]xL k|Zgx¿ M– s] tkfOFnfO{ 36gfsf bf}/fgdf zf/Ll/s

rf]6k6s nfUof] < To; 36gfsf dgf]j}1flgsc;/x¿ s] s] lyP < s] 36gfkl5 tkfOFn]cfˆgf] sfd÷k9fOnfO{ jf b}lgs hLjgdf ug]{ sfdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;Sg'eof] <

– tkfOFnfO{ To;n] s:tf] dx;'; u/fof] <– tkfOFn] cl3 eGg' ePsf c;/x¿ ;dos|ddf

kl/jlt{t eP-36gf x'g] lalQs} jf kl5 _ olbeP eg], Tof] s;/L kl/jt{g eof] <

To:tf xflg ÷;d:ofx¿sf] k|ltlqmofsf] ?kdf tkfOFF jf tkfOFFsf] kl/jf/n] s'g} k|sf/sf] ;xof]usf] vf]hL ug{' eof] <

s] tkfOFF n] s'g} ;xof]u kfpg' eof] <

-lgb{]zg M kLl8tsf] s'g} ljz]ifk|sf/sf] xflg÷Iflt÷c;/ / To;n] lgDTofPsfcfjZostfx¿;+u ;DalGwt /x]/ cg';Gwfgstf{n] of] k|Zg ug{' kb{5 . o;df ;ª\s6, clglZrttf, /t'ngfTds l:y/tf jf cl:y/tfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf cfOkg{] cfjZostfx¿ / k|ltlqmofx¿sf] aLrdfkm/s 5'6\ofpg 36gfqmd dxTjk"0f{ x'g;S5 ._

pbfx/0fsf nflu k|Zgx¿ h:t} Ms] ;dos|ddf ;xof]usf k|sf/ jf :t/df s'g} sdL cfof] < ;do ;Fu} ;xof]u a9]/ uPsf] 5 jf 36]/uPsf] 5 <

o:tf xflg÷;d:ofx¿n] lgDTofPsf tkfOFF tyftkfOFFsf] kl/jf/sf] xfnsf tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿ s]–s] x'g\ <

tL cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ tkfOFF cfkm" s]xL ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'G5 <

tkfOFFsf] ljrf/df tL cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] c? s]xL s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 < o;f] ug{ sf]lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{ <

-lgb{]zg M o; k|Zgn] cGtjf{tf{ nfO{ jt{dfg If0fdfNofpF5 . tyflk, cg';Gwfgstf{n] åGån] ;[hgfu/]sf jf yk ;d:ofd"ns agfPsf Pj+ cGo To; ;d'bfon] cfd?kdf ef]lu/x]sf cGo cfjZostfx¿ kQf nufO ltgLx¿aLr sf] leGgtf 5'6\ofpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . _



www.ictj.org 16

O{ xflgnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg Ufg{] af/]df kLl8tsf ljrf/x¿

ljifoj:t' s]Gb| d'Vo k|Zgx¿ cltl/Qm k|Zgx¿

xflgnfO{ s;/L k"[lt{ ug{] dfgf} ls tkfOFFn] ev{/} atfpg' ePsf tTsfnLg cfjZostfx¿ s'g} k|sf/n] Joj:yfkg ul/P . To:tf] cj:yfdf, tL tTsflngcfjZostfx¿nfO{ Psftkm{ /fVbf, tkfOFsf] tyf tkfOFFsf] kl/jf/sf] eljiosf nflu tkfOFF;Fu c? s] s:tf cfzfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ <

tkfOFFn] tkfOFF tyf tkfOFFsf] kl/jf/nfO{ åGån] s;/L c;/ u¥of] eGg] af/]df atfO ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . tkfOFFsf] ljrf/df s]xLTo:tf s'/fx¿ 5g\ h'g tL xflgx¿sf] k|ltlqmofsf] ?kdf ug{ ;lsG5 < To:tf s'/fx¿ h;n] tkfOFFnfO{ tL Ifltx¿sf] plrt;Daf]wg eof] eGg] s]xL ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt lbg ;S5 . To:tfs'/fx¿ ug{ sf] lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{ <

xfdLn] 5nkmn u/]sf dWo] s'g} s'/fn] tkfOFF tyf tkfOFFsf] kl/jf/nfO{ Gofosf] cg'e"lt lbg;S5 < s'g–s'g s'/fx¿n]<

tkfOFF Gofo eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 xfdLnfO{ atfpg ;Sg'x'G5 <tkfOF+{nfO{ o:tf] s'/f slQsf] dxTjk"0f{ nfU5 <

Ifltk"lt{nfO{ tkfOFFn] s;/L a'‰g' ePsf] 5 <

k'g:yf{kgfnfO{ tkfOFFn] s;/L a'‰Gg' ePsf] 5 <

oLdWo] s'g} s'/fn] tkfOFFn] ef]Ug'k/]sf xflgsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg jf k'g{:yf{kgf ug{df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ <

oL ;xof]ux¿ tkfOFFsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ < lsg <

lsxn]sfxL+ kLl8tx¿n] 36gfdf h] ePsf] xf] ;f] ;DaGwL ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;fj{hlgs klxrfg x'g'k¥of] eG5g\ . klxrfgeGgfn] tkfOFF s] a'‰g'x'G5 < tkfOFFnfO{ of] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ xf]h:tf] nfU5 < lsg dxTjk"0f{ xf] cyjf xf]Og < olb dxTjk"0f{xf] h:tf] nfU5 eg], tkfOFn] o:tf] klxrfg s;/L x'g;S5 eGg] sNkgf ug{' ePsf] 5 <

-lgb{]zg M o; k|Zgn] kLl8tnfO{ tTsfnLgcfjZostfx¿sf] k"lt{ ug{] bafadf gk/L] eljiosf] kl/sNkgfsf] ;f]r agfpg Pp6f cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . hjfkmx¿ ;fdfGocfzfdf cfwfl/t x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf] a]nfpNn]lvt yk k|Zgn] åGåkLl8tn] åGål;t ;DalGwt Ifltx¿nfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ul/of];\ eGg] cfzf u5{g\ t eGg] ljifodf yk k|Zgx¿ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8t / kl/jf/x¿sf] nfluåGå;DaGwL cfsfª\Ifffx¿ s;/L j[xt ?kdf ;DalGwt 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lng ;'?df ;fdfGo k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg h?/L 5 . _

tkfOFFn] atfpg' ePsf xflg ÷Iflt ÷gf]S;fgLx¿nfO{ k|ltlqmof JoQm ug{÷;Daf]wg ug{ To:tf s'g} ;+u7g, lgsfo jf ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ tkfOFFn] ljZjf; ug{' x'G5 < -pbfx/0fsf]nflu, dlxnf ;+u7gx¿, :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ljsf; clws[t, l;=l8=cf]= -:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L_, uf=lj=;= -ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt_ OToflb . _

tkfOFFn] oL ;+:yf, lgsfox¿;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{' ePsf] 5 <tkfOFFsf] ToxfF cGt/lqmof ubf{sf] cg'ej s:tf] /Xof] < ToxfFs] eof] <

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www.ictj.org17

p= sf];Fu ;Dks{ ug{]

olb tkfOFF slDtdf klg tkfOFFn] ef]lu/x]sf kL8f÷;d:ofx¿ sd ug{ ;xof]u ug{] :yfgLo txdf /x]sf] s'g} k|sf/sf] d2t rfxg'x'G5 eg], tkfOFF h:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] tkl;nsf ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf1 k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

sfg'gL ;xof]usf nflu, -= = =_

dgf];fdflhs ;xof]usf nflu, -= = =_

oxLF xfd|f] cGtjf{tf{ ;lsG5 . tkfOFFn] xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] cd"No ;do / tkfOFFsf cg'ej tyf ljrf/x¿ lbg'ePsf]df wGojfb . tkfOFnfO{d;Fu ;f]Wg dg nfu]sf] s]xL s'/f 5 ls <

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kl/ro

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cWoogsf] p2]Zo

o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo åGåkLl8tx¿sf] kl/k"/0f;DaGwL cfjZostfx¿, rf;f]sf ljifox¿ / cfsfª\Iffx¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;cWoogaf6 cfPsf glthfx¿ åGåkLl8tsf nflu kl/k"/0f s;/L lbg] eGg] af/]df / xfn;Dd ;/sf/n] Joj:yf u/]sf] cGtl/d /fxtsfk|of;x¿df ;'emfa lbg ;xof]uL x'g]5g\ . !) lhNnfsf sl/a %) hgf j}rfl/s g]tfx¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnx¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnOg]5 .

cGt/jf{tf{ glbg ;Sg] clwsf/

o; cWoogdf tkfOFsf] ;xeflutf :j]lR5s x'g]5 . olb tkfOFnfO{ OR5f gnfu]df cWoogdf ;xefuL gx'g jf s'g} klg ;dodf 5f8\g;Sg' x'g]5 .

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;Dks{ ug]{ JolQm

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v08 !M kl/ro

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Tables of Extended Findings

www.ictj.org 34

International Center for Transitional Justice

“To Walk Freely with a Wide Heart” – Annex

1 Family Member Killed 58.6 1.46 0.544

2 Difficulty in Educating Children 51.4 4.75 0.217

3 Problems of Food, Shelter, Clothing 34.3 4.33 0.164

4 Financial Problems 32.9 3.87 0.17

5 Mental Stress / Torture 32.9 4.13 0.164

6 Family Member Disappeared 31.4 1.27 0.297

7 Dislocation from Home 28.6 2.65 0.201

8 Looked Down on by Society 25.7 4.33 0.136

9 Difficulty in Raising Children 21.4 3.27 0.133

10 Mistreatment by Family 21.4 4.73 0.099

11 Torture 21.4 3.27 0.134

12 Children Orphaned 18.6 5 0.068

13 Family Member Health Problems 15.7 4.36 0.087

14 Employment Problems 14.3 4.3 0.069

15 Live Under Fear / Threats 14.3 5.2 0.06

16 Loss of Bread Winner 14.3 3.9 0.084

17 Loss of Support 12.9 4.67 0.044

18 Psychological Effect on Children 10 5.86 0.047

19 Suffering from Pain 10 4.71 0.045

20 Destruction of Home 8.6 3.83 0.048

21 Death of Family Member 7.1 3.8 0.036

22 Loss of Property 7.1 2.4 0.056

23 Barren Land 5.7 2.25 0.038

24 Family Disputes 5.7 3.25 0.039

25 Household Valuables Taken 4.3 5 0.016

26 Identity Issues Around Being Married or Widow 4.3 5 0.02

27 Feeling of Loneliness 4.3 2.33 0.029

28 Forced Occupation of Property 4.3 4.67 0.017

29 Death of Husband 4.3 2 0.036

30 Family Member Miscarriage Resulting From Torture 2.9 4 0.018

31 Subsistence Agriculture 2.9 5.5 0.009

32 Left to Pay Debts by Myself 2.9 4.5 0.008

33 Family Member Forced to Flee 2.9 1 0.029

34 Difficulty in Surviving 2.9 3.5 0.012

35 Schooling Discontinued 2.9 2 0.025

36 Difficulty in Obtaining Medical Treatment 2.9 4 0.011

37 Afraid to Walk Alone 2.9 4.5 0.017

Item Frequency (%) AverageRank

Salience

Annex Table 1: Freelisting of Harms - Female IRP Benefi ciaries


www.ictj.org35


38 Son Physically Tortured 1.4 7 0.004

39 Attempted Exploitation by Administrative Officials 1.4 5 0.003

40 Sister-in-Law’s (Buhari) Elopement 1.4 4 0.006

41 Suffered Physical Assaults from In-Laws 1.4 3 0.01

42 Sister-in-Law (Nanda) Raped 1.4 5 0.003

43 Unable to Work Freely 1.4 3 0.01

44 Family Refusal to Share Property 1.4 3 0.01

45 Mental Illness of Family Member 1.4 2 0.013

46 Living Under Pressure 1.4 1 0.014

47 Difficulty in Legal Processes Due to Disappearance 1.4 6 0.005

48 Prolonged Court Case 1.4 4 0.004

49 Insecure from Army / Police 1.4 5 0.008

50 Prohibited from Obtaining Citizenship 1.4 7 0.002

51 Son and Daughter Were Forcefully Taken 1.4 2 0.012

52 Husband Physically Tortured 1.4 1 0.014

53 Increased Household Responsibilities 1.4 4 0.009

Annex Table 1 - Continued

www.ictj.org 36



1 Family Member Killed 76.1 1.14 0.743

2 Dislocation from Home 56.5 3 0.37

3 Live Under Fear / Threats 47.8 3.36 0.284

4 Torture 34.8 3.06 0.187



7 Problems of Food, Shelter, Clothing 28.3 4.15 0.137


9 Family Member Disappeared 26.1 1.92 0.238

10 Loss of Property 21.7 4.2 0.117


12 Family Member Health Problems 15.2 4.14 0.086

13 Schooling Discontinued 10.9 5.2 0.039

14 Family Member Imprisoned 10.9 3.2 0.057

15 Loss of Dignity 10.9 3.4 0.063

16 Barren Land 8.7 5.25 0.04


18 Household Valuables Taken 6.5 4 0.041

19 Employment Problems 6.5 7 0.012

20 Children Orphaned 4.3 5 0.017

21 Loss of Family Support 4.3 6 0.021

22 Destruction of Shop 4.3 4 0.026

23 Psychological Effects on Children 4.3 5 0.018

24 Death of Father 4.3 2.5 0.035

25 Separation from Family 2.2 2 0.014

26 Sister Raped 2.2 4 0.005

27 Prohibited from Getting Information on Human Rights 2.2 7 0.01

28 Prolonged Court Case 2.2 6 0.006

29 Selling Livestock at Lower Price 2.2 7 0.003

30 Suffered Physical Abuse from Guardian 2.2 2 0.016

31 Unable to Work Freely 2.2 3 0.013

32 Destroyed Farm Products 2.2 4 0.012

33 Difficulty in Conducting Cultural Rituals 2.2 10 0.004

34 Due to Physical Torture, Daughter Miscarried 2.2 2 0.017

35 “Field Inquiry Report” into Violation (muchulka) Was Not Satisfactory 2.2 3 0.016

36 Abandoned by Relatives 2.2 4 0.012

37 Loss of Trust 2.2 8 0.003

38 Looked Down on by Society 2.2 2 0.019

39 Loss of Bread Winner 2.2 2 0.016

40 Mental Illness of Family Member 2.2 5 0.009

41 Forced Occupation of Property 2.2 5 0.007

42 Increased Household Responsibilities 2.2 3 0.011

43 Forced to Repay the Loan Which Had Already Been Settled 2.2 5 0.007


Salience

Annex Table 2: Freelisting of Harms - Male IRP Benefi ciaries


www.ictj.org37


Family Member Disappeared / Son Disappeared /Father Disappeared / Husband Disappeared

Death / Disappearance1+3+1+16=

21- 1

Family Member Killed / Son Killed /Husband Killed

6+5+33=44

2 1

Death of Family Member 3 2 -

Death of Husband 2 1 -

Health RelatedHealth Problems of Family Members 4 4 3

Family Member Miscarried Due to Torture 2 - -

Mental Illness of Family Member 1 - -

Suffering from Pain 2 4 1

Difficulty in Obtaining Medical Treatment 1 1 1

Property Loss / DestructionDislocation from Home 8 11 1

Destruction of Home 2 4 -

Loss of Property 3 2 -

Forced Occupation of Property 2 1 -

Livelihood RelatedProblems of Food, Shelter, Clothes 6 9 8

Financial Problems 7 2 6

Barren Land - 2 1

Household Valuables Taken - 3 -

Employment Problems 1 7 2

Loss of Bread Winner 6 3 1

Difficulties in Surviving - 2 -

Subsistence Agriculture - 2 -

Left to Pay Debts by Myself - 2 -

Education RelatedDifficulty in Educating Children 14 20 3

Schooling Discontinued - 2 -

Social Status / ValuesLoss of Dignity - - -

Loss of Support 1 7 1

Unable to Work Freely - - 1

Looked Down Upon by Society 3 11 3

Identity Issues Around Being Married or Widow 2 - 1

Feeling of Loneliness 2 1 -

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

64

137

13

8

23

6

3

15

6

47

14

13

8

44

31

5

6

19

25

4

4

4

85

4

-

18

1

34

7

8

Total Score

3rd

1st

21st

22nd

14th

24th

27th

19th

24th

5th

20th

21st

22nd

6th

11th

25th

24th

16th

13th

26th

26th

26th

2nd

26th

-

17th

29th

8th

23rd

22nd

Rank

Annex Table 3: Ranking of Harms - Female IRP Benefi ciaries

www.ictj.org 38



Other Human Rights Abuse /Harassment / Threats / Fear

Live Under Fear / Threats 3 4 3

Family Member Physically Tortured +Police Torture + Army Torture + Torture by Rebels

4+1+2=7

1+1+1+2=5

3+3=6

Mental Stress / Torture 9 11 4

Psychological Effect on Children 3 4 -

Suffered Physical Assault from Guardian / In-Laws - 1 -

Attempted Exploitation by Administration Officials 1 - -

Sister-in-Law Raped 1 - -

20

37

53

17

2

3

3

15th

11th

4th

18th

28th

27th

27th

Son Physically Tortured - - 1

Living Under Pressure 1 - -

1

3

29th

27th

Difficulty in Legal Process Due to Disappearance 1 - -

Husband Physically Tortured 1 - -

3

3

27th

27th

Insecure from Army / Police - 1 -

Son and Daughter Were Forcefully Taken 1 - -

2

3

28th

27th

Afraid to Walk Alone - 1 - 2 28th

Family ProblemsChildren Orphaned 4 8 1

Difficulty in Raising Children 3 11 1

OthersProhibited from Getting Information on Human Rights - 1 -

Prolonged Court Case - 1 -

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

29

32

2

2

Total Score

12th

10th

Mistreated by Family 4 9 3

Family Member Forced to Flee - 2 -

33

4

9th

26th

Sister-in-Law’s Elopement - - 1

Family Refusal to Share Property - - 1

1

1

29th

29th

Family Problems 1 - -

Family Disputes 1 2 -

3

7

27th

23rd

28th

28th

Rank

Annex Table 3 - Continued


www.ictj.org39


Family Member Disappeared / Son Disappeared /Father Disappeared / Husband Disappeared

Death / Disappearance8+4+1=

13- 1

Family Member Killed / Son Killed /Husband Killed

15+13+10=38

2 1

Death of Family Member 2 1 -

Death of Father 2 - -

Health RelatedHealth Problems of Family Members 4 2 1

Family Member Miscarried Due to Torture 1 - -

Mental Illness of Family Member 1 - -

Property Loss / DestructionDislocation from Home 7 17 5

Destruction of Home 2 6 4

Loss of Property 3 5 2

Destruction of Shop - 2 -

Livelihood RelatedProblems of Food, Shelter, Clothes 4 7 2

Financial Problems 3 5 -

Barren Land - 2 2

Household Valuables Taken - 2 1

Employment Problems - 3 -

Loss of Bread Winner 1 - -

Education RelatedDifficulty in Educating Children 4 7 4

Schooling Discontinued 3 2 -

Social Status / ValuesLoss of Dignity - 4 2

Loss of Support - - 1

Unable to Work Freely - 1 -

Difficulty in Conducting Cultural Rituals - - 1

Abandoned by Relatives - 1 -

Loss of Trust - 1 -

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

39

114

8

6

17

3

3

60

22

21

4

28

19

6

5

6

3

30

13

10

1

2

1

2

2

Total Score

4th

1st

16th

17th

12th

20th

20th

2nd

9th

10th

19th

Selling Livestock at Lower Price - - 1

Destroyed Farm Products - 1 -

1

2

22nd

21st

Forced Occupation of Property 1 - -

Forced to Repay Loan Which Had Already Been Settled - - 1

3

1

20th

22nd

7th

11th

17th

18th

17th

20th

6th

13th

15th

22nd

21st

22nd

21st

Looked Down on by Society - - 1 1 22nd

21st

Rank

Annex Table 4: Ranking of Harms - Male IRP Benefi ciaries

www.ictj.org 40




Live Under Fear / Threats 3+2=5

9+5=14

6+2=8

Family Member Physically Tortured +Police Torture

1 8+2=10

6+2=8


Psychological Effect on Children - 1 1

Suffered Physical Assault from Guardian 1 - -

Sister Raped - 1 -

51

31

25

3

3

2

3rd

11th

8th

20th

20th

21st

Family ProblemsChildren Orphaned 1 1 -

Separation from Family - - 1

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

5

1

Total Score

18th

22nd

Loss of Family Support - 1 -

Increased Household Responsibilities 1 - -

2

3

21st

Family Member Imprisoned 2 2 1 11 14th

20th

OthersProhibited from Getting Information on Human Rights 1 - -

Prolonged Court Case 1 - -

3

3

20th

20th

“Field Inquiry Report” into Violation(Muchulka) Was Not Satisfactory

- 1 - 2 21st

Rank

Annex Table 4 - continued


www.ictj.org41


1 Physically Tortured 56.5 2 0.476

2 Health Problems 39.1 2.78 0.261


4 Cost of Medical Treatment 26.1 2.5 0.154

5 Dislocation from Home 23.9 3.73 0.13

6 Kidnapped 21.7 2.4 0.165

7 Live Under Fear / Threat 21.7 4.3 0.109

8 Employment Problems 21.7 4.9 0.094


10 Loss of Property 21.7 4 0.134

11 Illegal Detention 19.6 4.89 0.079

12 Children Orphaned 17.4 5.38 0.086

13 Obstacles to Education 13 4.67 0.072

14 Psychological Effect on Family 10.9 6.4 0.038

15 Extortion / Ransom Money Demanded 10.9 3.4 0.057

16 Army / Police Torture 8.7 3.5 0.055

17 Family Member Killed 8.7 5 0.049


19 Obstacles in Development 6.5 7.33 0.021

20 Physical Harm 6.5 4 0.043

21 Paid Bail to Be Released 6.5 5.67 0.017

22 Social Security Damaged 6.5 5.33 0.03

23 Psychological Effect on Children 6.5 4.67 0.039

24 Destruction of Documents 6.5 5.67 0.038

25 Injured Due to Gun Shot 4.3 1 0.043

26 Family Member Physically Tortured 4.3 2 0.036

27 Unnecessary Harassment from Government Officials 4.3 3 0.024

28 Obstacles to Educating Children 4.3 4.5 0.01


30 Mental Harm 4.3 5.5 0.024

31 Family Faced a Lot of Difficulties 4.3 6.5 0.022

32 Destruction of Property 4.3 4 0.017


34 Stolen Mobile Phone / Money 2.2 5 0.007

35 No Salary or Compensation 2.2 4 0.012

36 Son Migrated Abroad 2.2 6 0.012

37 Social Harm 2.2 3 0.013

38 Home Searched 2.2 10 0.002


Salience

Annex Table 5: Freelisting of Harms - Male Torture Survivors

www.ictj.org 42



39 Required to Report to the Court for a Period of 7 Months 2.2 6 0.006

40 Teeth Broken 2.2 2 0.017

41 Injury to Testicles 2.2 3 0.017

42 Problems Related to Land 2.2 1 0.022

43 Prohibited from Leaving District 2.2 7 0.003

44 Prohibited from Meeting People 2.2 8 0.003

45 Annual Leave from Employment in School Deducted 2.2 8 0.007

46 Schooling Discontinued 2.2 9 0.004

47 Prohibited from Seeking Medical Treatment 2.2 3 0.007

48 Right Leg Was Cut Off by Maoists 2.2 2 0.02

49 Wife Left Home 2.2 5 0.014

50 Court Case 2.2 1 0.022

51 Suspicion by Community Members 2.2 6 0.011

52 Unable to Disability 2.2 8 0.008

53 Death of Father 2.2 3 0.007


Salience

54 Family Relations Destroyed 2.2 3 0.017

55 Disabled 2.2 1 0.022

56 Blindfolded for 12 Hrs 2.2 3 0.013

57 Kidnapped for 180 Days 2.2 3 0.011

58 Unable to Work 2.2 11 0.002

59 Barren Land 2.2 4 0.009

60 Army Personnel Married a Student 2.2 6 0.012

61 Required to Report to Army Barracks 2.2 8 0.008

62 Unable to Conduct Death Rituals When Mother Died 2.2 3 0.017

63 Debt 2.2 7 0.003

64 Hospitalized for 6 Months 2.2 4 0.016

65 House Attacked 2.2 1 0.022

66 Loss of Finger During Conflict 2.2 1 0.022

67 Money Collected as a Fine for Remarriage (Jaari) Was Looted 2.2 1 0.022

68 Kidnapped Forcefully to Fight 2.2 2 0.017

69 Family Member Disappeared 2.2 2 0.016

70 False Allegations 2.2 7 0.011

71 Faced Problems as Prisoner 2.2 6 0.008

72 Forced Occupation of Property 2.2 3 0.007

73 Fear to Return Home 2.2 7 0.01

74 Family Health Problems 2.2 2 0.019

75 Family Problems 2.2 7 0.009



www.ictj.org43


Father Killed / Brother Killed / Son Killed

Death / Disappearance2+2+1=

5- -

Death of Father - 1 -

Son Disappeared 1 - -

Health Related

Health Problems 9 8 2

Medical Treatment Needed 5 4 4

Family Member Health Problems - 1 -

Property Loss / DestructionLoss of Property 9 2 -

Destruction of Home 2 1 1

Destruction of Documents 1 2 -

Destruction of Property 2 - -

Livelihood RelatedDislocation From Home 7 3 1

Employment Problems 3 5 2

Financial Problems 1 8 1

Unable to Work - 1 -

No Salary or Compensation 1 - -

Debt - 1 -

Education RelatedObstacles to Education 1 5 -

Obstacles to Children’s Education 2 - -

Social Status / ValuesSocial Security Damaged - 1 2

Suspicion by Community Members - - 1

Family Problems - - 1

Family Relations Destroyed 1 - -

Wife Left Home - 1 -

ResponseHIGH

(3)INTERMEDIATE

(2)LOW(1)

15

2

3

45

27

2

31

9

7

6

28

21

20

2

3

2

13

6

4

1

1

3

2

Total Score

11th

21st

20th

Death of Family Member 2 - - 6 17th

2nd

5th

21st

Disabled 1 - -

Prohibited from Seeking Medical Treatment 1 - -

3

3

20th

20th

3rd

15th

16th

17th

Extortion / Asked for Ransom 1 3 1

Stolen Mobile Phone / Money - - 1

10

1

14th

22nd

Forced Occupation of Property 1 - -

Problems Relating to Land - 1 -

3

2

20th

Money Collected as a Fine for Remarriage (Jaari) Was Looted 1 1 - 2 21st

21st

4th

8th

9th

21st

20th

21st

Unable to Work Due to Disability 1 - -

Barren Land - 1 -

3

2

20th

22nd

12th

17th

Obstacles to Education - 2 -

Obstacles to Children’s Education - - 1

4

1

19th

22nd

19th

22nd

22nd

20th

21st

Rank

Annex Table 6: Ranking of Harms - Male Torture Survivors

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Physically Tortured 21 3 2


Live Under Fear / Threat 1 3 6

Kidnapped 4 4 2

71

28

15

22

1st

4th

11th

7th

Illegal Detention 1 6 3

Preventative Detention 8 1 -

Psychological Effect on Family 3 1 -

Army / Police Torture 1 3 1

18

26

11

10

10th

6th

13th

14th

Psychological Effect on Children 3 1 -

Physical Harm - 2 1

Mental Harm 1 - 1

Injured Due to Gunshot 1 1 -

11

5

4

5

13th

18th

19th

18th

Social Harm - - 1

Harassment from Government Officials - 2 -

Family Member Physically Tortured 1 1 -

Family Face Many Difficulties 1 1 -

1

4

5

5

22nd

19th

18th

18th

Required to Visit Court for 7 Months - 1 -

Teeth Broken 1 - -

Injured Testicles 1 - -

Prohibited from Meeting People 2 - -

2

3

3

6

21st

20th

20th

17th

Right Leg Was Cut Off by Maoists 1 - -

Annual Leave from Employment in School Was Deducted - 1 -

Prohibited to Leave District - 1 -

Home Searched - - 1

3

2

2

1

20th

21st

21st

22nd

Court Case 1 - -

Blindfolded for 12 Hours - 1 -

Kidnapped for 180 Days - - 1

Required to Report to Army Barracks 1 - -

3

2

1

3

20th

21st

22nd

20th

Hospitalized for Six Months - 1 -

Unable to Conduct Death Rituals When Mother Died 1 - -

Kidnapped Forcibly to Fight 1 - 1

Loss of Finger During Conflict 1 - -

2

3

4

3

21st

20th

19th

20th

Faced Problem as Prisoner 1 - -

False Allegations - - 1

House Attacked - - 1

Fear of Returning Home - 1 -

3

1

1

2

20th

22nd

22nd

21st

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

Total Score

OthersPaid Bail to Be Released - 1 1

Obstacles in Development 1 1 2

3

7

20th

16th

Son Migrated Abroad - - 1

Army Personnel Married a Student - - 1

1

1

22nd

22nd

Rank



www.ictj.org45


1 Rs 3 Lakh from Government 85.7 1.85 0.69

2 Allowance for Single Women (Rs 25 Thousand) from Government 55.7 2.51 0.337

3 Scholarship from Government 42.9 3.83 0.188

4 Vocational Training 32.9 3.91 0.136

5 Household Valuables Given by NGO 28.6 2.2 0.213

6 Rs 7-10 Thousand Given by ICRC 21.4 2.53 0.139

7 Stationary from Government 14.3 3.8 0.059

8 Stationary from NGO 14.3 3.2 0.087

9 Rs 12-30 Thousand from Government 8.6 1.67 0.072

10 Goat from Government 7.1 3.6 0.024

11 Support from Rebels 7.1 3.2 0.035

12 Discounts for Education 5.7 1.5 0.052

13 Obstacles to Education 5.7 1.75 0.05

14 Rs 3-10 Thousand from NGO 4.3 2.33 0.029

15 Relief from Government 2.9 4 0.013

16 Medical Treatment from NGO 2.9 1.5 0.025

17 Rs 3-10 Thousand from NGO 1.4 5 0.006

18 Vegetable Seed from NGO 1.4 5 0.003

19 Support for Court Case from NGO 1.4 3 0.005

20 Rs 8.5 lakh Given by Government 1.4 1 0.014

21 Scholarship from NGO 1.4 2 0.012

22 Rs 4 lakh Given by Government 1.4 5 0.003

23 Rs 58 Thousand from Husband's Provident Fund 1.4 1 0.014

24 Rs 5 lakh Given by Nepal Government 1.4 1 0.014

25 Women’s Rights Information from NGO 1.4 7 0.002

26 Household Valuables Given by Foreigners 1.4 2 0.011

27 Help for Justice from NGO 1.4 5 0.003

28 Employment at a Government Office (contract basis) 1.4 7 0.002

29 Job from Political Party 1.4 1 0.014


31 Help for Blood Donation from 9 People 1.4 5 0.005

32 Goods for Small Shop from NGO 1.4 1 0.014


34 Relief 1.4 1 0.014

35 Pump Set Given by ICRC 1.4 3 0.005

36 Rs 18 Hundred per Month for ChildrenAbove 18 years from Government

1.4 5 0.005

37 Support to Open Small Shop from NGO 1.4 1 0.014

38 Honored by Maoist Party with a Symbol (dosalla) 1.4 3 0.007

39 Certificate Received from Maoist leader 1.4 3 0.005

40 Support to Open Small Shop by NGO 1.4 2 0.012


Salience

Annex Table 7: Freelisting of Responses to Date - Female IRP Benefi ciaries

www.ictj.org 46



1 Rs 3 Lakh from Government 93.5 1.37 0.834

2 Rs 7-10 Thousand Given by ICRC 39.1 1.83 0.289


4 Household Valuables Given by NGO 19.6 2.33 0.138

5 Rs 31 Hundred from Government 15.2 3.57 0.062

6 Goats Given by NGO 13 2.5 0.069

7 Allowance for Single Women (Rs 25 Thousand) from Government 10.9 2.6 0.062

8 Scholarship from Government 8.7 4 0.041

9 Certificate from Government 8.7 4.5 0.02

10 Goats Given by Government 8.7 2.75 0.051

11 Rs 10-16 Thousand Given by NGO 6.5 2 0.045

12 Social Support 4.3 2.5 0.024

13 Rs 35 Thousand Given by Government 4.3 2.5 0.025

14 Rs 1 lakh Given by Government 4.3 1.5 0.033

15 Scholarship from NGO 2.2 3 0.014

16 Clothes Were Given 2.2 4 0.005

17 Rs 18 Thousand from Small Scale Industries 2.2 4 0.005

18 Transportation Cost Paid by Madesh Party 2.2 2 0.017

19 Stationary Given by ICRC 2.2 3 0.007

20 Sympathy Received from Political Party 2.2 6 0.004

21 Support for Court Case by NGO 2.2 5 0.007

22 Free Education by Rebels 2.2 4 0.011

23 Relationship Verification Certificate from VDC 2.2 1 0.022

24 Farm Tools from Government 2.2 1 0.022

25 Information from ICRC 2.2 3 0.014

26 Advocacy on Our Issue by an NGO 2.2 1 0.022

27 Rs 7 Lakh 50 Thousand Given by Insurance 2.2 1 0.022

28 Counselling Program Provided by an NGO 2.2 3 0.007

29 Rs 6 Thousand for Education Given by NGO 2.2 2 0.018

30 Rs 4 Lakh Given by Government 2.2 2 0.014


Salience

Annex Table 8: Freelisting of Responses to Date - Male IRP Benefi ciaries


www.ictj.org47


Rs 3 Lakh Given by Government

Government26 21 13

Allowance for Single Women (Rs 25 Thousand)from Government

2 19 18

Scholarship from Government 13 5 12

NGORs 7-10 Thousand Given by ICRC 2 5 8

Household Valuables Given by NGO 5 8 7

Goats Given by NGO - 4 1

OthersVocational Training 7 14 4

Support from Rebels 4 - -

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

133

62

61

24

38

9

53

12

Total Score

1st

2nd

3rd

Rs 18 Hundred per Month for Children Above18 Years from Government

1 - -

Goats Given by Government - - 5

3

5

16th

14th

Rs 12-30 Thousand from Government - 4 1 9 12th

Rs 2 Lakh Given by Government - - 1 1 18th

Rs 8.5 Lakh Given by Government 1 - - 3 16th

Stationary from Government - 5 5 15 8th

Rs 5 Lakh Given by Government - - 1 1 18th

Relief from Government 2 - - 6 13th

Rs 4 Lakh Given by Government 1 - - 3 16th

6th

5th

11th

Rs 3-10 Thousand Given by NGO 1 3 1

Scholarship from NGO - - 1

10

1

10th

18th

Stationary Given by NGO 3 4 2

Support to Court Case - - 1

19

1

7th

18th

Medical Treatment from NGO - 2 -

Information on Women’s Rights from NGO 1 - -

4

3

15th

16th

Pump Set Given by ICRC 1 - -

Support to Open Small Shop by NGO - 2 -

3

4

16th

15th

Vegetable Seed from NGO - 1 -

Goods for Small Shop from NGO - - 1

2

1

17th

Help for Justice from NGO 1 - - 3 16th

18th

4th

9th

Discount in Education 1 2 1

Relief - - 1

8

1

12th

18th

Household Valuables Given by Foreigners - - 1

Certificate by Maoist Leader - - 1

1

1

18th

18th

Job from Political Party 1 - -

Honored by Maoist Party with a Symbol (Dosalla) - - 1

3

1

16th

18th

Rs 58 Thousand from Husband’s Provident Fund 1 - -

Helped by Blood Donation from 9 People 1 - -

3

3

16th

16th

Employment at a Government Office (Contract Basis) 1 - - 3 16th

Rank

Annex Table 9: Ranking of Responses to Date - Female IRP Benefi ciaries

www.ictj.org 48



Rs 3 Lakh Given by Government

Government28 7 8

Allowance for Single Women (Rs 25 Thousand)from Government

- 3 2

Scholarship from Government 2 1 1

NGORs 7-10 Thousand Given by ICRC 1 10 7

Household Valuables Given by NGO - 3 6

Goats Given by NGO - 2 4

OthersVocational Training 3 8 7

Social Support 1 1 -

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

106

8

9

30

12

8

32

5

Total Score

1st

7th

6th

Certificate from Government 2 - 2

Goats Given by Government 1 - 3

8

6 8th

7th

Rs 31 Hundred from Government 2 2 3 13 4th

Rs 35 Thousand Given by Government - - 2 2 12th

Rs 1 Lakh Given by Government - 1 1 3 11th

Relationship Verification Certificate from VDC 1 - - 3 11th

Farm Tools from Government - - 1 1 13th

Rs 4 Lakh Given by Government 1 - - 3 11th

Rs 7 Lakh 50 Thousand Given by Insurance - - 1 1 13th

3rd

5th

7th

Rs 10-16 Thousand Given by NGO - 1 2

Scholarship from NGO 1 - 1

4

4

10th

10th

Stationary Given by NGO - - 1

Information from ICRC - 1 -

1

2

13th

12th

Support for Court Case by NGO - 1 - 2 12th

2nd

9th

Clothes Were Given - - 1

Rs 18 Thousand from Small Scale Industries - 1 -

1

2

13th

12th

Transportation Cost Received from Madesh Party 1 - -

Sympathy Received from Political Party - - 1

3

1

11th

13th

Free Education by Rebels 1 - -

Advocacy on Our Issue by an NGO 1 - -

3

3

11th

11th

Counselling Program Provided by an NGO - 1 -

Rs 7 Lakh 50 Thousand from Insurance - - 1

2

1

12th

13th

Rank

Annex Table 10: Ranking of Responses to Date - Male IRP Benefi ciaries


www.ictj.org49


1 Free Education 71.4 2.12 0.509

2 Employment 71.4 2.3 0.469

3 Financial Support 55.7 2.64 0.331

4 Food, Shelter, Clothing 48.6 1.94 0.362

5 Free Medical Treatment 42.9 3.07 0.207

6 Identity Card for Conflict Victims 14.3 2.9 0.082


8 Truth Finding 10 1.43 0.088

9 Public Recognition 7.1 1.4 0.065

10 Punishment of Perpetrator 7.1 2 0.057

11 Social Security 1.4 5 0.003

12 Reservation (aarakshan) of Positionsin Government Service

1.4 5 0.003

13 Rehabilitation 1.4 4 0.006

14 Support to Family 1.4 5 0.003

15 Equal Respect to Victims by State 1.4 4 0.004

16 Justice 1.4 6 0.002

17 Help to Gain Citizenship 1.4 3 0.007

18 Equal Benefits Provided to Families of Martyrs(Deceased) and Families of the Disappeared

1.4 3 0.007


Salience

Annex Table 11: Freelisting of Immediate Needs - Female IRP Benefi ciaries

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1 Free Education for Children 82.6 3.08 0.496


3 Employment 60.9 3.43 0.338



6 Punishment of Perpetrator 37 3.12 0.235

7 Truth Finding 17.4 2.5 0.139

8 Reconstruction of Home 10.9 3 0.067

9 Public Recognition 8.7 2.75 0.05

10

Social Security Encompassing, Inter Alia,Personal Safety, Absence of Threats, andProtection from Further Human Rights Abuses,and Socioeconomic Security

8.7 6 0.032

11 Search for Disappeared People 8.7 3.25 0.057

12 Identity Card for Conflict Victims 6.5 4 0.028

13 Vocational Training 6.5 4 0.035

14 Declare Victims as Martyrs 6.5 4.67 0.038

15 Justice 6.5 3.67 0.04

16 Erect Statues to Martyrs 6.5 3..67 0.027

17 Rehabilitation 4.3 3.5 0.022

18 Transportation Facilities 2.2 6 0.004

19 State Respect for Victims and Their Suffering 2.2 6 0.006

20 Voice of Victims Should be Heard 2.2 2 0.019

21 Guarantee Victims’ Rights 2.2 8 0.007

22 Generating Awareness about Human Rights 2.2 7 0.007

23 Scholarships for Children of Any Age 2.2 5 0.011

24 Reconstruction of Shop 2.2 1 0.022

25 Rule of Law Throughout the Country 2.2 1 0.022

26 No Limit on Number of ChildrenWho Can Receive Scholarships

2.2 6 0.008


Salience

Annex Table 12: Freelisting of Immediate Needs - Male IRP Benefi ciaries


www.ictj.org51


Financial Support / Relief / Compensation / Rs 10Lakhs Announced by Government Should Be Provided(ghosna gareko rahat turunta lagu hunu parne) /Support for Business / Allowances for Single Women

Livelihood Related Needs

6+7+1+1+2+2=28

3+4+3+3+3=16

5+3+1+1=10

Equal Benefits Provided to Families of Martyrs(Deceased) and Families of the Disappeared

- 1 -

Food, Shelter and Clothing 15 16 3

Employment 37 10 1

Health Related NeedsFree Medical Treatment 14 12 4

Education Related NeedsFree Education for Children / Scholarships 23 21 4

OthersSupport to Family - 1 -

ResponseHIGH

(3)INTERMEDIATE

(2)LOW(1)

126

2

80

132

70

115

2

Total Score

2nd

12th

4th

1st

5th

Vocational Training 3 1 5

Reconstruction of Shop - - -

Reconstructing Home - - -

16

-

-

8th

-

-

3rd

Nonmaterial Needs

Public Recognition 4 1 - 14 9th

12th

Punishment of Perpetrator 3 2 -

Truth Finding 5 1 1

Social Security - 1 -

Justice 1 - -

Rehabilitation - 1 -

Identity Card for Conflict Victims 5 4 -

13

18

2

3

2

23

10th

7th

12th

11th

12th

Reservation of Positions in Government Service - - 1 1 13th

6th

Rank

Annex Table 13: Ranking of Immediate Needs - Female IRP Benefi ciaries

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Financial Support / Relief / Compensation / Rs 10Lakhs Announced by Government Should Be Provided(ghosna gareko rahat turunta lagu hunu parne) /Support for Business / Allowances for Single Women


10+5+2+4=21

2+6+6+14

1+2+3+1=7


Employment 12 12 5


Education Related NeedsFree Education for Children / Scholarships 13 15 10

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

98

55

65

41

79

Total Score

1st

4th

3rd

6th

Vocational Training 1 2 -

Reconstruction of Shop 1 - -

Reconstructing Home 3 2 -

7

3

13

12th

15th

8th

Scholarship for Individuals of Any Age 1 - -

No Limit on Numbers of ChildrenEligible for Scholarships

1 - -

3

3

15th

15th

2nd

Nonmaterial NeedsPublic Recognition 3 1 - 11 10th

OthersTransportation Facilities - - 1 1 17th

Punishment of Perpetrator 13 4 -

Truth Finding 6 2 -

Social Security Encompassing, Inter Alia,Personal Safety, Absence of Threats, andProtection from Further Human Rights Abuses,and Socioeconomic Security

- 1 3

Search for Disappeared People 4 - -

Declare Victims as Martyrs 2 1 -

Justice 2 1 -

47

22

5

12

8

8

5th

7th

13th

9th

11th

Rehabilitation - - 2 2 16th

11th

Compensation for Lost Property / Home 1 - 1

Erect Statues for Martyrs 1 2 -

State Respect for Victims and Their Suffering - 1 -

4

7

2

14th

12th

Identity Card for Conflict Victims 1 2 - 7 12th

16th

Voice of Victims Should be Heard - - 1 1

Guarantee of Victims’ Rights - - 1 1 17th

17th

Generating Awareness on Human Rights - 1 -

Rule of Law Throughout the Country - 1 -

Help to Obtain Citizenship 1 - -

2

2

3

16th

16th

15th

Rank

Annex Table 14: Ranking of Immediate Needs - Male IRP Benefi ciaries


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2 Employment 40 2.14 0.281


4 Punishment of Perpetrator 22.9 2.94 0.119

5 Non-Recurrence 20 2 0.152

6 Peace 18.6 1.54 0.157

7 Free Education 18.6 2 0.138




10 Public Recognition and Respectfrom the State for Martyrdom

14.3 2.8 0.074

13 Justice 8.6 2.17 0.058

14 Discount on Transportation 4.3 2.33 0.031


15 Law Applied 2.9 3.5 0.008

16 State Should Respect Victims and Their Suffering 2.9 3 0.015

20 Freedom 2.9 1.5 0.025

21 Equality Among Victims Suffered from State and Rebels 2.9 3.5 0.01

22 Identity Card for Conflict Victims 2.9 4 0.007

17 Obey the Law 2.9 3.5 0.008

18 State Should Take Responsibility for Caring for Victims 2.9 3.5 0.012

19 Equal Benefits Provided to Families of Martyrs(Deceased) and Families of the Disappeared

2.9 2.5 0.017

25 Establishment of a Martyrs’ Fund 1.4 5 0.003

26 Rights and Free Medical Treatment for Single Women 1.4 2 0.011

27 Development of Country 1.4 2 0.011

28 Need OF Citizenship 1.4 4 0.004

29 First Priority Given to Victims by Government 1.4 4 0.004

23 Government Should Address Issues ofConflict Victim Positively

1.4 1 0.014

24Equality of Benefits Between a “Farmers Wife”[Poor Relatives of Victims] and Relatives of Victimsof “Service Holders”

1.4 4 0.006


Salience

Annex Table 15: Freelisting of Aspirations/Beyond Immediate Needs - Female IRP Benefi ciaries

www.ictj.org 54



30 House Maintenance 1.4 3 0.007

31 Public Recognition 1.4 1 0.014

32 Government Should Monitor Relief Program 1.4 2 0.011

33 Equality Among Disappeared andKilled Victims from the State

1.4 2 0.011

34 Restitution 1.4 1 0.014

35 Repartition 1.4 5 0.003

36 Generating Awareness About Law 1.4 3 0.007

37 Reconciliation 1.4 4 0.006



www.ictj.org55


1 Public Recognition and Respectfrom the State for Martyrdom

52.2 2 0.425

2 Employment 52.2 2.5 0.356



5 Financial Treatment 28.3 2.62 0.185


7 Peace 19.6 2.33 0.135

8 Social Security 17.4 2.38 0.121

9 Vocational Training 13 3.5 0.05

11 Punish the Perpetrator 10.9 3.4 0.057


14 Justice 6.5 1.67 0.047

12 State Should Respect Victims and Their Suffering 8.7 2.25 0.059

10 Truth Finding 10.9 4 0.049

15 New Constitution Should Favor and Uplift the Poor 6.5 4 0.033

16 Road Facilities 6.5 4 0.03

20 Provision of Free Electricity 4.3 5.5 0.012

21 University Established in Each Region 2.2 4 0.005

19 School / Colleges Established in Each District 4.3 3 0.026

22 Victims Should be Brought Together 2.2 7 0.003


18 Reservation (aarakshan) ofPositions in Government Service

4.3 3.5 0.025

23 Strong Government Elected by Public 2.2 1 0.022

24 Support for Livelihood for Grandfather 2.2 3 0.011

25 Non-Recurrence 2.2 2 0.011

26 Library in Village 2.2 2 0.019

27 Ambulance Facilities 2.2 6 0.01

28 Separate Building for Medical Treatment 2.2 3 0.011

30 Rehabilitation 2.2 1 0.022

29 Reconciliation Commission 2.2 5 0.004


Salience

Annex Table 16: Freelisting of Aspirations/Beyond Immediate Needs - Male IRP Benefi ciaries

www.ictj.org 56



Financial support / Allowances / Relief / Yearly Relief / Compensation / (Rs 10 lakh ghosnagareko rahat turunta lagu hunu parne)


4+2+3+5+1+3+8+1=

27

2+1+1+3+1+4+3+1=

16

1+2+1+1=5


Employment 16 10 2

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

118

19

70

Total Score

1st

11th

Home Maintenance 1 - - 3 17th

2nd


Rights and Free Medical Treatment for Single Women - 1 -

23

2

10th

18th

Vocational Training 7 4 - 29 8th

Education Related NeedsFree Education for Children 4 6 3 27 9th

Nonmaterial NeedsTruth Finding 17 4 - 59 3rd

Public Recognition 1 - -

Repartition 1 - -

Sculpture / Statue Erected in the Name of Martyrdom.School / Colleges / Temples / Youth Clubs in theName of Martyrdom / the Disappeared. Declarationof Martyrdom. Organizations Established forMartyrs / the Disappeared

5+1+2+1+1+1=11

3 -

Freedom 1 1 -

Non-Recurrence 9 3 -

Punishment of Perpetrator 10 3 1

3

3

39

5

33

37

17th

17th

5th

15th

7th

Peace 13 2 - 43 4th

6th

Social Security 1 5 -

Justice 3 3 -

Identity Card for Conflict Victims 2 - -

13

15

6

13th

Citizenship 1 - -

State Should Respect Victims and Their Suffering 2 - -

Establishment of Martyrs Fund 1 - -

Development of Country - 1 -

3

6

3

2

17th

14th

17th

Restitution 1 - - 3 17th

18th

Equality of Benefits Between a “Farmers wife”[Poor Relatives of Victims] and Relatives of Victimsof “Service Holders”

- 1 - 2 18th

First Priority for Victims by Government 1 - - 3 17th

12th

14th

Rank

Annex Table 17: Ranking of Aspirations/Beyond Immediate Needs - Male IRP Benefi ciaries


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OthersObey the Law - 2 2

Generate Awareness About Law - 1 -

6

2

14th

18th

Government Should Address Issues ofConflict Victims Positively

- 1 - 2 18th

Equality Among Relatives of the Disappearedand Killed From the State

- 1 - 2 18th

Equal Benefits Provided to Families of Martyrs(Deceased) and Families of the Disappeared

2 - 1 6 14th

State Should Take Responsibility for Caring for Victims - 1 -

Reconciliation - 1 -

3

2

17th

18th

Government Should Monitor the Relief Program - 1 - 2 18th

Discount on Transportation - 1 2 4 16th

Equality Among Victims of State and Rebel Forces 1 1 - 5 15th


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Financial support / Allowances / Relief / Yearly Relief / Compensation / (Rs 10 lakh ghosnagareko rahat turunta lagu hunu parne)


3+1+1+1+2=8

1+1+2=4

2


Employment 14 8 2

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

34

6

60

Total Score

4th

14th

Education Related NeedsFree Education for Children 6 9 4 40 3rd

Reconstruction of Home 1 2 - 7 13th

Separate Building for Medical Treatment 1 - - 3 18th

2nd

Nonmaterial NeedsTruth Finding / Search for Disappeared People /Categorization of Conflict Victims as Per Truth Finding /Disappearance Commission / State Should IdentifySolution in Order to Reduce Conflict

1+1+1+1=4

1 1

Rehabilitation 1 - -

15

3

9th

Sculpture / Statue Erected in the Name of Martyrdom.Schools / Colleges / Parks / Roads / Bridges /Meeting Halls / VDC Waiting Halls Named orConstructed in the Name of Martyrdom / theDisappeared. Declaration of Martyrdom. OrganizationsEstablished in the name of Martyrdom / theDisappeared. Public Recognition of Martyrs.Separate Budgets Allocated for Martyrs

9+3+5+2+2+2+1+1=

25

2+4+3+1+1+1+1+2=

15

1+1+1+1+1=5 110 1st

16th

Vocational Training 3 2 1 14 10th

Support for Livelihood of Grandfather 1 - - 3 16th

Non-Recurrence - 1 - 2 17th

State Should Respect Victims and Their Suffering 2 1 1 9 12th

New Constitution Should Favor and Uplift the Poor 1 - 1+1=2 5 15th

Reservation (aarakshan) of Positions in Government Service 1 1 - 5 15th

Victims Should be Brought Together - - 1 1 18th

Strong Government Elected by Public 1 - - 3 16th

Reconciliation Commission - 1 - 2 17th

University Established in Each Region - - 1 1 18th

Punishment of Perpetrator 2 3 - 12 11th

Peace 7 - 2 23 6th

Social Security 5 1 2 19 8th

Justice - 2 1 5 15th

Identity Card for Conflict Victims 5 1 3 20 7th

Health Related NeedsFree Medical Treatment 6 6 1 31 5th

Ambulance Facilities - 1 - 2 17th

OthersProvision of Free Electricity 1 1 - 5 15th

Road Facilities 1 2 - 7 13th

Library in Village - 1 - 2 17th

Schools / Colleges Established in Each District 2 - - 6 14th

Rank

Annex Table 18: Ranking of Aspirations/Beyond Immediate Needs - Male IRP Benefi ciaries


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3 Free Education for Children 23.9 2.55 0.142

4 Employment 17.4 3.13 0.088

5 Peace 15.2 1.86 0.117

6 Food, Shelter, Clothing 13 2.5 0.076


8 Property Should Be Returned 8.7 2.5 0.045


11 Organization for Conflict Victims 4.3 4 0.011

13 Priority Given to Victims inDeveloping State Programs and Policy

2.2 3 0.013

14 Special Facilities for Families of Conflict Victims 2.2 4 0.009


10 Formation of Law Zone 6.5 3.67 0.022

15 Understanding Among Political Parties 2.2 1 0.022

16 Reform of Criminal Investigation Procedures 2.2 3 0.011

20 Restoration 2.2 1 0.022

21 Vocational Training 2.2 3 0.014

19 Reconciliation 2.2 2 0.017


17 Resolution to the Conflict 2.2 2 0.011


23 New Horse to Replace Onethat Died Because of Conflict

2.2 1 0.022

24 Election for Constitution 2.2 2 0.014

25 Improved Environment for Education 2.2 2 0.018

26 Construction of Infrastructure 2.2 1 0.022

27 Constitution for the Country 2.2 4 0.005

34 Peace and Security / End to Fear and Threats 2.2 1 0.022

35 Law Should Be Enforced in the State 2.2 1 0.022

28 Removal of Obstacles to Education 2.2 3 0.007

31 Need for Understanding Among Political Parties 2.2 4 0.005

32 Evaluation and Understanding ofPersonal and Family Hardships

2.2 3 0.011

30 Need for Honesty Among Government Employees 2.2 2 0.016

29 2.2 3 0.014

33 2.2 1 0.022


Salience

Need for Strong, Visionary Leadershipthat Supports the People

Government Should Take Initiative to Provide Reliefand Provide Redress for Harms Suffered

Annex Table 19: Freelisting of Immediate Needs - Male Torture Survivors

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Agriculture Development Bank should Provide Loan/Relief / Financial Support / Pension forLosing Employment/ Compensation


1+12+7+1+2=23

8+7+2=17

1


Education Related NeedsFree Education for Children 4 6 1

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

104

76

25

Total Score

1st

2nd

Employment 7 1 -

Food, Shelter, Clothing 5 1 -

Vocational Training - - 1

23

17

1

4th

Government Should Take Initiative to ProvideRelief and Provide Redress for Harms Suffered

1 - - 3 11th

Peace and Security / End to Fear and Threats - 1 - 2 12th

5th

13th

Reconstruction of Home - 1 1

Property Should be Returned 4 - -

3

12

11th

7th

Improved Environment for Education - - 1 1 13th

3rd

Nonmaterial NeedsPeace 3 3 1 16 6th

OthersNew Horse to Replace One that Died Because of Conflict - 1 - 2 12th

Constitution in the Country 1 - -

Need for Honesty Among Government Employees - 1 -

Reconciliation - 1 -

Need for Understanding Among Political Parties 1 1+1=2 -

3

2

2

7

11th

12th

12th

Evaluation and Understanding ofPersonal and Family Hardships

- 1 - 2 12th

9th


Formation of Law Firm - 2 1

Identity Card for Conflict Victims 2 - 1

10

5

7

8th

10th

Organization for Conflict Victims 1 1 - 5 10th

9th

Priority Given to Victims in DevelopingState Programs and Policy

1 - 1 3

Law Should be Enforced by State 1 - 1 3 11th

11th

Restoration - 1 -

Reform of Criminal Investigation Procedures - 1 -

Conflict Resolved - 1 -

2

2

2

12th

12th

12th

Need for Strong Leadership in Government 1 - 1 3 11th

Special Facilities for Victims Family - 1 -

Election for Constitution 1 - -

Social Security - 1 -

2

3

2

12th

11th

12th

Development of Country - 1 -

Construction of Infrastructure 1 - -

2

3

12th

11th

Rank

Annex Table 20: Ranking of Immediate Needs - Male Torture Survivors


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1 Employment 50 2.22 0.344

2 Peace 47.8 2.45 0.328







9 Drafting of Constitution IncorporatingIssues of Conflict Victims

8.7 3.5 0.038

10 Reconciliation 8.7 1.75 0.062

11 Political Stability 8.7 1.5 0.08

12 Identity Card for Conflict Facilities 6.5 1.33 0.058


14 Human Rights 6.5 4.67 0.024

15 Obey the Law 6.5 5 0.024


17 Justice 4.3 2 0.037

18 Equality 4.3 1.5 0.036


20 Freedom 4.3 1.5 0.04

21 Stable Government 4.3 4.5 0.021


23 Availability of Appropriate, Efficient AdministrativeBodies for Accessing Services/Benefits

2.2 4 0.011

24 Victims Should Be Respected 2.2 3 0.007

25 Unity in Government 2.2 1 0.022

26 Stop International Interference 2.2 5 0.007

27 End Kidnapping and Ransom Demands 2.2 2 0.011

28 Secular State / Society Established 2.2 1 0.022

29 Establishment of Schools 2.2 1 0.022

30 State Should Take Responsibility for Caring for Victims 2.2 6 0.004

31 State Should Take Responsibility for Addressing Our Needs 2.2 1 0.022

32 Drinking Water Provided for Everyone 2.2 1 0.022

33 Development of Good Governance 2.2 5 0.011


Salience

Annex Table 21: Freelisting of Aspirations/Beyond Immediate Needs - Male Torture Survivors

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34 Deduction on Tax 2.2 6 0.006

35 Government Should Respect Single Women,Disabled, and Blind People

2.2 6 0.008

36 Corruption Should Be Discouraged andof Reliable Administrative Bodies Established

2.2 6 0.004

37 Development of Tourism 2.2 3 0.011

38 Assess the Loyalty of Government Employeesand Recruit New Ones that Are Trustworthy

2.2 3 0.014

39 Political Principles 2.2 3 0.013

40 Dealing with Conflict in a Positive Way 2.2 1 0.022

41 Non-Recurrence 2.2 2 0.011

42 Political Arrangement 2.2 1 0.022

43 Eliminate Ethnic Discrimination 2.2 2 0.018

44 Eliminate Liquor Licenses from the Country 2.2 5 0.004

45 End Corruption 2.2 2 0.014

46 Issues Should be Solved in a Democratic Way 2.2 1 0.022



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Financial Support / Relief / Compensation /Pension/ Support for Business / Monthly Budget


2+2+1+1+1+1=8

2+2+1= 5

1

Health Related NeedsFree Medical Treatment 8 6 -

Education Related NeedsFree Education 12 6 -

Response HIGH(3)

INTERMEDIATE(2)

LOW(1)

35

36

48

Total Score

5th

4th

Food, Shelter, Clothing 3 2 2

Employment 16 5 2

Vocational Training 1 4 1

15

60

12

7th

Political Stability 2 1 1 8 10th

1st

8th

Reconstruction of Home - 1 -

Deduction on Tax 1 - -

2

3

16th

15th

School Establishment 1 - - 3 15th

3rd

Nonmaterial Needs

Peace 12+1=13

10 - 59 2nd


Identity Card for Conflict Victims 1 2 -

Reconciliation 2 1+1=2 -

18

7

10

6th

11th

9th

Respect and Fulfill Human Rights - 2 1

Social Security 1 1 -

5

5

13th

Justice - 2 - 4 14th

13th

Equality 1 1 -

Stable Government - 2 -

Freedom 1 1 -

5

4

5

13th

14th

13th

Establish Secular State / Society - 1 - 2 16th

Deal with Conflict in a Positive Way 1 - -

Political Principles - 1 -

State Should Take Responsibility for Addressing Our Needs 1 - -

3

2

3

15th

16th

15th

Political Arrangement 1 - - 3 15th

Development of Good Governance / Improved Administration - 1 -

State Should Take Responsibility to Provide Relief /Redress to Victims

1 - -

Unity in Government 1 - -

2

3

3

16th

15th

15th

Victims Should be Respected - 1 - 2 16th

Choosing the Right and Eligible Administration 1 - -

Formation of Constitution and IncorporatingIssues of Conflict Victims

1 1+1=2 1

Corruption Should Be Discouraged and of ReliableAdministrative Bodies Established

1 - -

3

8

3

15th

10th

15th

Truth Finding / Find the Reason of Conflict 1+1=2 - - 6 12th

Rank

Annex Table 22: Ranking of Aspirations/Beyond Immediate Needs - Male Torture Survivors

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OthersCountry Development 1 2 - 7 11th

Assess the Loyalty of Government Employees andRecruit New Ones that Are Trustworthy

1 - - 3 15th

Eliminate Ethnic Discrimination - 1 - 2 16th

Obey the Law 1+1=2 - 1

Stop Kidnapping and Ransom Demands - 1 -

Government Should Respect Single Women,Disabled, and Blind People

- 1 -

7

2

2

11th

Non-Recurrence 1 - - 3 15th

End Corruption in Country - 1 - 2 16th

Stop International Interference 1 - - 3 15th

Eliminate Liquor Licenses from the Country - 1 - 2 16th

Issues Should be Solved in a Democratic Way 1 - - 3 15th

16th

16th

Drinking Water for Everyone - - 1

Development of Tourism 1 - -

1

3

17th

15th
