CH 1

1

2

1. 2. PC MAC 3. 4. / 5. 6. I/O 7.

3

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

4

1.1

(Computer, ) (Compute)

3000 (), (abacus)

5

1.1()

1642, (Blaise Pascal) (The Pascaline)

1890, (Herman Hollerith) (punched-card tabulating machine) ,

6

1.1()

1944, IBM, (Mark I)

7

1.1()

1946, (John W. Mauchly) (J. Presper Eckert, Jr.) (vacuum tube) , ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) ,18,000

ENIACUNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer, 1951)

8

1.1()

1959, Honeywell(transistor) , Honeywell 400Honeywell 400 ()

9

1.1()

1964, IBM (IC, Integrated Circuit) IBM 360, IBM 360

10

1.1()

1971, , ,

11

1.1() 1.1

19461959

19591964

19641971

0.5mm 10(

1971

10 310 610 810 9

12

1.2

PCMac, PCPC(Microsoft) (Windows) , MacMac OS

13

1.2.1PC

, (CPU, Central Processing Unit) MotorolaIntel

IntelIntel 8088 (1978), 1981IBM PC/XT

1984, IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology) Intel 8088Intel 80286

14

1.2.1PC()

IBMIntel 80386 (1986)Intel 80486 (1989) Intel PentiumT TM

PentiumPentiumPentium IIPentium IIIPentium IV

2005 (mutil-core processor) , Intel Pentium D Intel Core Duo PC Intel Core 2 Duo Intel Core 2 Quad

15

1.2.1PC()

PC: (Microsoft) MS-DOS Windows

Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows XP Vista Windows 7

16

1.2.1Mac

1977, Steven JobsSteve Wozniak JobsApple II

1984,(Macintosh, Mac)

GUI (Graphical User Interface, ) , WIMP (WindowsIconsMenusPointing)

17

1.2.1Mac()

iMacPower Mac iBook, CPUMotorola

2006, MacIntel CPU Motorola68000 (68000,

68020, 68030, 6804068060), MotorolaPower PC, MotorolaAppleIBM

18

1.2.1Mac()

Power PCPower PC 601Power PC 603Power PC 604, Power Mac

Power PC 620 (workstation) (supercomputer)

iMac (), Mac mini (), Mac Pro () MacBook ()

19

1.2.1Mac()

Mac OS,

PCMac,

2006, MacIntel CPU, MacWindowsMac OS, PCMac

Mac OS 1984 Mac OS X, , Unix

20

1.3

, , ,

21

1.3.1

(microcomputers)

PCMac (Notebooks) (Tablet) (, PDA)

WindowsMac OSLinuxWinCE (Windows mobile) Palm OS

22

1.3.2

(workstations) , (servers),

, , , ,

23

1.3.2

, ,

, ,

24

1.3.3

(mainframe computers)

, , ,

25

1.3.4

(supercomputers) , ,

60

26

1.3.4

Roadrunner, (1.18), Los Alamos, IBM

Roadrunner1petaflops, , ,

27

1.3.4

MIPS million instructions per second 1 (106)

FLOPS floating-point operations per second

MFLOPS Mega FLOPS 1 (10 6)

GFLOPS Giga FLOPS 10 (10 9)

TFLOPS Tera FLOPS 1 (10 12)

PFLOPS Peta FLOPS 1 (10 15)

28

1.4

(Hardware)

(Software) (Program) , (Instructions) ,

29

1.4.1

(hardware) (Von Neumann architecture) , ,

(Input Unit) (Storage Unit) (ALU) (Control Unit) (Output Unit)

30

1.4.1 ()

(ms) millisecond 1 ms = 10-3

(s) microsecond 1 s = 10-6

(ns) nanosecond 1 ns = 10-9

31

1.4.2 (System software,

System programs, SP) (Application software, Application programs, AP)

, (Programming language) , ,

32

1.4.2 () , , ,

, , (Operating System), Windows XPVistaMac OS

33

1.4.2 () ,

, ,

, , , (Package)

34

1.4.3 (keyboard) ,

(mouse) ,

(scanner)

(Touch pad) ,

35

1.4.3() (card reader)

(touch screen),

(bar code reader)

(microphone), ,

36

1.4.4 (Monitor) (Screen), , (LCD, Liquid Crystal Display), ,

37

1.4.4() (printer),

, ()

, , , ,

38

1.4.4(), ,

, ,

(speakers), ,

39

1.4.5 (Disk drive) (Magnetic

Disk) ,

(floppy diskdiskette) , (portable), , 3.5(1.44MB) 5.25 (1.2MB) ,PC

(hard disk) , , GB,

40

1.4.5() (portable hard disk), ,

USB, FireWire 800/400160GB250GB320GB500GB

41

1.4.5() (CD drive) (Optical disk)

,

(CD-ROM) (CD-ROM) , VCDCD

DVD, DVDVCDCDCD-ROM,

, CD-RWDVD-R/+RDVD-RW/+RW

42

1.4.5() (Flash memory), (Flash memory) , ,

I/OUSB 1.1 USB 2.0USB 1.112Mbps (12M bits per second) USB 2.0480Mbps

43

1.4.5() (portable hard disk), ,

USB, FireWire 800/400160GB250GB320GB500GB

44

1.4.5() (Solid State DiskSolid State Drive)SSD, Notebook, ,

,

2.51.8, 2.5SATA, 128GB1.8IDE, 64GB

45

1.4.5()

KB Kilo Byte 1KB = 210 bytes 1,024 bytes

MB Mega Byte 1MB = 220 bytes 1,048,576 bytes

GB Giga Byte 1GB = 230 bytes 140,024,424 bytes

TB Tera Byte 1TB = 240 bytes 143,385,010,176 bytes

46

1.4.6I/O /I/O interfaces/:

CPUbuffers

47

1.4.6I/O() SCSISmall Computer System InterfaceSCSI( CD-ROM)

SCSICPU

48

1.4.6I/O() IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics)

IDE ATAAdvanced Technology AttachmentIBM

SCSI

EIDEEnhance IDE4

49

1.4.6I/O() SATASerial Advanced Technology

AttachmentSATAPATAParallel ATA

SATA

50

1.4.6I/O() eSATAexternal SATASATA

USB2.022

51

1.4.6I/O() USBUniversal Serial BusUSB

IntelMicrosoft

USB 1.1 12Mbps USB 2.0 480Mbps USB 3.0480Mbps

4.8Gbps

52

1.4.6I/O() DVIDigital Visual InterfaceDVI

DVIVGA(D-SUB)

53

1.4.6I/O() HDMIHigh Definition Multimedia Interface

HDMI

HDMISCARTRCADVD

HDMI5

54

1.5 CADComputer-Aided Design

CAEComputer-Aided Engineering)

CAMComputer-Aided Manufacturing)

55

1.5() MISDSSEISERP

(Interactive Distance Education)

56

1.5() AIArtificial Intelligence expert system

57

End of Chapter 1

CH 1 1.1 1.1 ()1.1 ()1.1 ()1.1 ()1.1 ()1.1 ()1.1 ()1.2 1.2.1 PC 1.2.1 PC()1.2.1 PC ()1.2.1 Mac1.2.1 Mac()1.2.1 Mac()1.2.1 Mac()1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.4 1.3.4 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.1 ()1.4.2 1.4.2 ()1.4.2 ()1.4.3 1.4.3 ()1.4.4 1.4.4 ()1.4.4 ()1.4.5 1.4.5 ()1.4.5 ()1.4.5 ()1.4.5 ()1.4.5 ()1.4.5 ()1.4.6 I/O1.4.6 I/O()1.4.6 I/O()1.4.6 I/O()1.4.6 I/O()1.4.6 I/O()1.4.6 I/O()1.4.6 I/O()1.5 1.5 ()1.5 ()End of Chapter 1