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Ch 5 Sec 2 The Rise of Greek City StatesI. Geography of the Greek Homelandy

A. Mountains and Valleys1. Greece is part of the Balkan Peninsula thatextends into the eastern Mediterranean Sea2. Greeks created small city-states, cut off fromone another by mountains or water 3. Endless rivalry between the city-states led tofrequent wars

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B. The Seas1. Vital link to the outside world

2. Greeks became skilled sailors and came back with ideasa.) Expanded the Phoenician alphabet

b.) Resulting Greek alphabet became the basisfor all western alphabets

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II. Governing the City-Statesy A. Polis a unique version of the city-state

1. City itself was built on two levelsy A.) Acropolis stood on a hilltop; had great marble

temples dedicated to different gods & goddessesy B.) On flatter ground below lay the walled main city with

its marketplace, theater, public buildings, and homes

y B. Early Governments1. At first, the city-states had a m onarchy (ruledby a king)2. Power then moved to the landholding elite

called an aristocracy3. Eventually a middle class emerged andchallenged the nobles for power to create anoligarchy power is in the hands of a small,

powerful business class

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III . Sparta: A Nation of SoldiersA. The Rigors of Citizenship

1. From childhood, a Spartan prepared to be part of a

military state2. At the age of 7, boys began training for a lifetime in themilitary3. At the age of 20 he could marry but continued to live inthe barracks for another 10 years

B. Women1. Expected to produce healthy sons for the army2. Had to obey their fathers or husbands3. Had the right to inherit property

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y C. Sparta and Its Neighbors1. Isolated themselves from other Greeks2. Other Greeks admired their militaryskills but no one imitated their rigorouslife

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IV. Athens: A Limited Democracyy A. Demands for Change

1. Merchants and soldiers resented the power of thenobles in the aristocracy2. Many people demanded change in government3. As discontent spread, Athens moved slowlytoward dem ocracy government by the people

y B. Solons Reforms1. Was a wise and trusted leader who wasappointed as chief official

2. He outlawed debt slavery and freed those soldinto slavery for debt3. Encouraged the export of wine and olive oil4. Continued unrest led to uprising of tyrants people who gained power by force

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y C. Later Reforms1. Cleisthenes broadened the role of ordinarycitizens in government2. Set up a legislature law-making body thatdebated laws before deciding to approve or rejectthem

y D. Limited Rights1. Only male citizens could participate ingovernment and citizenship was restricted2. Tens of thousands of Athenians were slaveswithout political rights or freedom

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y E. Women1. Women had no share in public life2. Aristotle saw women as imperfect beings wholacked reason3. Wealthy women lived a secluded existence andmanaged the household4. Poorer women worked outside the home

y F. Education for Democracy1. Girls received little or no education2. Boys attended school if their family could afford ity A.)They studied to become skilled public speakersy B.) Athens encouraged young men to explore many areas

of knowledge

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V. Forces for Unityy A. Religious Beliefs

1. Polytheisticy A.)believed the gods lived on Mount Olympus in northernGreece

y B.)The most powerful god was Zeus

2.Honored their gods with temples and festivals3. To discover the will of the gods, they consultedthe oracles (priests through whom the gods werethought to speak)