ch. 5.3.4.5
TRANSCRIPT
Ch. 5.3Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
Ch. 5.3 Key Terms and People•Direct democracy•Classical art• Tragedy•Comedy•Peloponnesian War• Socrates•Plato •Aristotle
The Golden Age of Athens•477-431 BC•Came about after Greece defeated the Persians•Drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture, and science
flourished•Also known as the “Age of Pericles”• Led Athens in the Peloponnesian War
Pericles’ Plan for Athens(461-429 BC)
•Three goals for Athens1. Strengthen Athenian democracy2. Hold and strengthen the empire3. Glorify Athens
Goal # 1: Stronger Democracy• Increased the number of paid government jobs which
benefitted people who were not wealthy• Instituted direct democracy• Citizens rule directly and not through elected representatives
Goal #2: Strengthen the Empire•Helped establish and eventually led the Delian League after the
Persian Wars•Alliance of Greek city-states
•Grew Athens navy• Started dominating other city-states which led to conflicts
Goal #3: Glorify Athens•Used money from the Delian League to buy gold, marble and
ivory •Used money from the Delian League to hire artists, architects,
and workers to build buildings and sculptures•Phidias was hired to build the Parthenon•Greek sculptors focused on beauty, not realism•Classical art focused on simplicity and beingwell proportioned
Phidias’ Parthenon
Model of Parthenon in Nashville, TN
Goddess Athena Statue Inside Parthenon-Phidias
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia-Phidias
Greek Drama-Tragedy and Comedy• A tragedy was a serious drama about common themes such as love,
hate, war, or betrayal• The hero usually was an important person and often gifted with
extraordinary abilities• A tragic flaw usually caused the hero’s downfall, usually excessive
pride• Sophocles wrote Oedipus the King , a famous tragedy
Greek Drama-Tragedy and Comedy• A comedy contained scenes filled with humor• Playwrights often made fun of politics and respected people and ideas
of the time• Aristophanes was a famous writer of comedies • The fact that Athenians could listen to criticism of themselves showed
the freedom that existed in democratic Athens
The Start of the Greatest Subject in Recorded History
• History• Herodotus pioneered the accurate reporting of events• Thucydides believed that certain types of events and political situations
recur over time • Studying those events and situations would aid in understanding the
present• The approaches Thucydides used in his work still guide historians
today
Peloponnesian War431-404 BC
• Fought between Athens and Sparta• Came about as a result of Sparta not
liking Athens growth of wealth and power in the area• Athens was acting like a bully• Sparta had a better army, Athens had a
better navy•With the help of a plague that hit
Athens, Sparta eventually won • Video
Pericles Plan to Win
Rise of the Philosophers• A philosopher is someone who tries to explain the nature of life• After losing to Sparta in the Peloponnesian War, people in Athens turned to
philosophers for answers• Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Socrates 470-399 BC• Socrates was a philosopher of Ancient
Greece• Socrates taught by asking questions• This method of questioning is still
called the Socratic method•Put on trial and found guilty for
“corrupting the youth of Athens”• Put to death-hemlock
• “There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance”
Plato 427-347 BC• Plato was a student of Socrates• He started a school called The Academy
that lasted 900 years•Wrote The Republic• The book talked about a perfectly
governed society-not a democracy• In his ideal society, all citizens would fall
naturally into three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class • The person with the greatest intellect
from the ruling class would be chosen king
Aristotle 384-322 BC•Aristotle was a student of Plato•He wrote about science, art, law, poetry,
government, etc.• Taught Alexander the Great• “He who studies how things originated
will achieve the clearest view of them.”
Ch. 5.4 Alexander’s Empire
Ch. 5.4 Key Terms and People•Philip II•Macedonia•Alexander the Great•Darius III
King Philip II of Macedon 382-336 BC• Goal was to take over all of Greece and
then to get revenge by taking over the Persian Empire • Became King of Macedon in 359 BC
Macedonions• Lived in mountainous villages, not city-
states•Macedonians considered themselves to
be Greek but were looked down upon by the big city-states• Philip II built up his military and
eventually invaded and defeated the Greek city-states• Used the phalanx and cavalry to great
effect
Alexander the III of Macedon 356-323 BC“Alexander the Great”
• Took over for his father, Philp, in 336 BC• Philip was assassinated at his daughter’s
wedding by a former bodyguard(Pausanias)• Ruled Greece and it’s empire for only 13
years(336-323 BC)• Due to his great accomplishments, became
known as Alexander the Great•Was taught by Aristotle• Died from high fever-possibly from typhoid
fever or malaria
• After taking power, Alexander eliminated his opponents to the throne and then moved to consolidate Greece• Alexander then turned east to take over of the Persian Empire and
achieve the goal of his father• After losing some battles, Darius III retreated quickly and offered
Alexander all lands west of the Euphrates River
• Alexander the Great refused Darius III’s offer and announced he would take the entire Persian Empire• In 332 BC, Alexander the Great moved into Egypt and “liberated” Egypt
from the Persians• The Egyptians crowned Alexander pharaoh• Founded the Egyptian city of Alexandria
• After conquering Egypt, Alexander moved into Mesopotamia and finished the job of defeating Darius III and the Persians• The capital city of the Persian Empire, Persepolis(in Iran), was burned by
Alexander as possible revenge for the Persians burning Athens
• Alexander would continue east into India where he eventually ran into a strong Indian army• His troops were tired-fighting for 11 years and traveled more than
11,000 miles• Even after defeating the Indian army in a battle, the monsoons of India
were having an impact and Alexander agreed to turn back west• Alexander woulddie from disease not long after
Alexander the Great’s Legacy• Greek Empire split into three sections(map next slide)• Greek city-states led by Antigonus• Egypt led by Ptolemy• Former Persian Empire ruled by Seleucus
• Leaders all ruled with absolute power
•Cultural diffusion between east and west
Ch. 5.5The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
• Hellenistic culture became common all throughout the Greek Empire• Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian cultures mixed• Language-Koine• Trade• Cities• Science and technology• Philosophy, art and architecture
Alexandria, Egypt
Lighthouse at Alexandria
Ancient Library at Alexandria
Astronomy
Mathematics• Euclid established geometry•Archimedes estimated the value of pi and the law of the lever
Colossus of Rhodes