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Systems Analysis andDesign 10th Edition

Chapter 8 – User InterfaceDesign

Phase 3 Systems Design

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2

Phase Description

Systems design is the third of ve phases inthe systems development life cycle

Now yo will wor! on a physical design that

will meet the specications descri"ed in thesystem re#irements docment $as!s will inclde ser interface design%

data design% and system architectre

Delivera"le is system design specication

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&'plain the concept of ser interfacedesign and hman(compter interaction%inclding "asic principles of ser(centered

design &'plain how e'perienced interface

designers perform their tas!s Descri"e rles for sccessfl interface

design Discss inpt and otpt technology

isses

3

Chapter Objectives

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Design e)ective sorce docments andforms

&'plain printed otpt gidelines

Descri"e otpt and inpt controls andsecrity

&'plain modlar design and prototypingtechni#es

4

Chapter Objectives (Cont.

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Systems Design Phase Overvie!

*oal of systems design is to "ild asystem that is e)ective% relia"le% andmaintaina"le◦

&)ective if it spports "siness re#irementsand meets ser needs

◦ +elia"le if it handles inpt errors% processingerrors% hardware failres% or hman mista!es

◦ ,aintaina"le if it is -e'i"le% scala"le% and easilymodied

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Systems Design Phase Overvie!(Cont.

.ill It Scceed/◦ $hin! li!e a ser Careflly e'amine any point where sers provide inpt or receive otpt

$he ser interface mst "e easy to learn

Inpt processes shold "e easy to follow% intitive% and forgiving of

errors Predesigned otpt shold "e attractive and easy to nderstand% with

an appropriate level of detail

◦ 0nticipate ftre needs 0nticipate possi"le e'pansion

◦

Provide -e'i"ility 1est design strategy is to o)er several alternatives% so sers can decide

what will wor! "est for them

Start with a defalt vale that displays atomatically

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Systems Design Phase Overvie!(Cont.

,anage data e)ectively◦ $he system shold enter and verify data as

soon as possi"le

◦ &ach data item shold have a specic type%sch as alpha"etic% nmeric% oralphanmeric% and a range of accepta"levales

◦

Collect inpt data as close to its sorce aspossi"le

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Chapter Overvie!

Users can design their own otpt◦ System designers are more aware of ser needs and

desires2 0 system can maintain data integrity andstill allow sers to view% sort% lter% and e'amine data

in any way that helps them do their o"s Centrali4ed I$ departments no longer prodce

reams of printed reports◦ 5verwhelming trend has "een to cstomer(designed

otpt

$he ser interface itself has evolved◦ ,ost ser information needs can "e met with screen(

generated data% which a ser can print% view% or save

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"hat #s a $ser #nter%ace&

0 'ser inter%ace ($# descri"es howsers interact with a compter system%and consists of all the hardware% software%

screens% mens% fnctions% otpt% andfeatres that a)ect two(waycommnications "etween the ser and thecompter

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"hat #s a $ser #nter%ace&(Cont.

FIGURE 8-3 According to IBM, the best user interfaces are the

ones ou don!t rea"" notice

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6man Compter Interaction# 6man(compter interaction 76CI descri"es the

relationship "etween compters and people whose them to perform their o"s

# *raphical ser interface 7*UI# ,ain o"ective is to create a ser(friendly design

that is easy to learn and se

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FIGURE 8-3 According to IBM,

the best user interfaces are the

ones ou don!t rea"" notice

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Seven abits o% S'ccess%'l#nter%ace Designers

92 Understand the 1siness# $he interface designer mst nderstand the

nderlying "siness fnctions and how the systemspports individal% departmental% and enterprise

goals:2 ,a'imi4e *raphical &)ectiveness

# Stdies show that people learn "etter visally

32 $hin! ;i!e a User

# See the system throgh a ser

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Seven abits o% S'ccess%'l#nter%ace Designers (Cont.

=2 User ,odels and Prototypes# Present initial screen designs to sers in the form of

a story"oard# Users mst test all aspects of the interface design

and provide feed"ac! to the designers>2 ?ocs on Usa"ility

# 5pening screen sholdshow the main options

# 5)er a reasona"lenm"er of choices thata ser easily cancomprehend

FIGURE 8-7 $he o%ening screen dis%"as the &ain

o%tions for a student registration sste&' A user can c"ic(

an o%tion to see "o)er*"e+e" actions and &enu choices

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Seven abits o% S'ccess%'l#nter%ace Designers (Cont.

@2 Invite ?eed"ac!# ,onitor system sage and solicit ser sggestions# Determine if system featres are "eing sed as

intended "y o"serving and srveying sers

A2 Docment &verything# Docment all screen designs for later se "y

programmers# Nm"er the screen designs and save them in a

hierarchy similar to a men tree# User(approved s!etches and story"oards also can"e sed to docment the ser interface

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A andboo) %or $ser #nter%aceDesign

+U;& 9B Create an Interface $hat Is &asy to ;earn andUse

1.1 ?ocs on system design o"ectives1.* Create a design that is easy to nderstand and remem"er

1.+ Provide commands% actions% and system responses thatareconsistent and predicta"le1., 0llow sers to correct errors easily1.- Clearly la"el all controls% "ttons% and icons1. Select familiar images that sers can nderstand% andprovide on(screen instrctions that are logical% concise%and clear1./ Show all commands in a list of men items% "t dim anycommands that are not availa"le to the ser1. ,a!e it easy to navigate or retrn to any level in the

men strctre

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A andboo) %or $ser #nter%aceDesign (Cont.

+U;& :B &nhance User Prodctivity*.1 5rgani4e tas!s% commands% andfnctions in grops that resem"le actal

"siness operations*.* Create alpha"etical men lists or placethe selections sed fre#ently at the top ofthe men list

*.+ Provide shortcts for e'perienced sersso they can avoid mltiple men levels*., Use defalt vales if the maority ofvales in a eld are the same

*.- Use a dplicate vale fnction that

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+U;& 3B Provide Users with 6elp and ?eed"ac!329 &nsre that help is always availa"le ondemand

32: Provide ser(selected help and conte't(sensitive help323 Provide a direct rote for sers to retrnto the point from where help was re#ested

32= Inclde contact information32> +e#ire ser conrmation "eforedata deletion (Are you sure?)32@ Provide an Undo !ey

32A .hen a ser(entered command

FIGURE 8-10 $he &ain e"% screen

for a student registration sste&

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+U;& 3B Provide Users with 6elp and ?eed"ac!7Cont2

328 Use hyperte't lin!s to assist sers32 Display messages at a logical place329 0lert sers to lengthy processingtimes or delays2 *ive sers an on(screenprogress report3299 0llow messages to remain on thescreen long enogh for sers to read them

329: ;et the ser !now whether the tas! oroperation was sccessfl or not3293 Provide a te't e'planation if yo sean icon or image on a control "tton329= Use messages that are specic% nderstanda"le% and professional 0void messages that are cte% cryptic% or vage% sch asB &++5+ E Fo have entered an naccepta"le vale

FIGURE 8-11 A conte-t*sensiti+e dia"og

bo- dis%"as if a user re.uests he"%

)hi"e entering data into the A/I

AI/ fie"d' "ic(ing the "ose

button returns the user to the tas(

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+U;& =B Create an 0ttractive ;ayot andDesign

=29 Use appropriate colors to highlight di)erent areas of thescreenG avoid gady and "right colors

=2: Use special e)ects sparingly=23 Use hyperlin!s that allow sers to navigate to relatedtopics=2= *rop related o"ects and information2 Hisali4e thescreen the way a ser will see it% and simlate the tas!s that

the ser will perform=2> eep screen displays nclttered% with enogh whitespace to create an attractive% reada"le design=2@ Display titles% messages% and instrctions in a consistentmanner and in the same general locations on all screens=2A Use consistent terminology=28 &nsre that commands always will have the same e)ect

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+U;& =B Create an 0ttractive ;ayot andDesign 7Cont2

=2 &nsre that similar mose actions will prodce the samereslts

=29 +e#ire the ser to conrm the entry "y pressing &nteror $a"=299 +emem"er that sers are accstomed to a pattern of redJ stop% yellow J cation% and green J go=29: Provide a !eystro!e alternative for each men command%

with easy(to(remem"er letters% sch as ?ile% &'it% and 6elp=293 Use familiar commands if possi"le% sch as Ct% Copy%and Paste=29= Provide a .indows loo! and feel in yor interface designif sers are familiar with .indows("ased applications=29> 0void comple' terms and technical argon

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+U;& >B &nhancethe Interface

>29 $he opening screen

is especially important"ecase it introdcesthe application

$he starting point can "e

a switch"oard with well(placed command "ttonsthat allow sers to navigatethe system

FIGURE 8-12 An e-a&%"e of a

s)itchboard and data entr screen

for a %roect &anage&ent sste&

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+U;& >B &nhance the Interface 7Cont2>2: Use a command "tton to initiate an action sch as printing a form or re#esting help>23 If yo are sing a software pac!age% chec! to see if it allows yo to create cstomi4ed men "ars and tool"ars>2= 0dd a shortct featre that lets a ser select a men command either "y clic!ing the desired choice or "y pressing the 0lt!ey K the nderlined letter>2> If varia"le inpt data is needed% provide a dialog "o' that e'plains what is re#ired>2@ 0 toggle "tton ma!es it easy to show on or o) stats E clic!ing the toggle "tton switches to the other state>2A Use list "o'es that display the availa"le choices

>28 Use an option "tton% or radio "tton% to control ser choices

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+U;& >B &nhance the Interface 7Cont2

>2 If yo se chec! "o'esto select one or morechoices from a grop%show the choices witha chec!mar! or an L>29 .hen dates mst "eentered% se a calendarcontrol that allows the serto select a date that thesystem will se as a eldvale

FIGURE 8-13 A data entr screen for the student registration

sste&' $his screen uses se+era" design features that are

described in the te-t' hen a user c"ic(s the :ind tudent

co&&and button, a dia"og bo- is dis%"aed )ith instructions

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+U;& @B ?ocs onData &ntry Screens@29 .henever possi"le% se a data

entry method called form lling%where a "lan! form that dplicatesthe sorce docment is completedon screen

@2: Position the insertion point inthe rst data entry location@23 Provide a way to leave the dataentry screen at any time withot

entering the crrent record

FIGURE 8-14 In this data screen for custo&er orders,

the sste& generates an order nu&ber and "ogs the

current date and ti&e' $he user enters a custo&er I/' If

the entr is +a"id, the sste& dis%"as the custo&er

na&e so the user can +erif it' $he user then enters the

ite& and .uantit' ote that the descri%tion, %rice,

e-tended %rice, tota" %rice, sa"es ta-, and grand tota"are retrie+ed auto&atica"" or ca"cu"ated b the sste&

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+U;& @B ?ocs onData &ntry Screens 7Cont2@2> Provide a means for sers to moveamong elds on the form in a standardorder or in any order they choose@2@ 0llow sers to add% change% delete%and view records@2A Design the screen form layot to

match the layot of the sorcedocment@28 Display a sample format li!e,,DDFF% and provide separators%sch as slashes@2 Use an inpt mas!

FIGURE 8-15 $his is an enhanced +ersion of the data

entr screen sho)n in :igure 8*14' $he ne) +ersion

has co&&and buttons that a""o) the user to %erfor&

+arious functions

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FIGURE 8-16 Microsoft Access 2010 %ro+ides +arious in%ut &as(s for dates, %hone nu&bers,

and %osta" codes, a&ong others' In addition, it is eas to create a custo& &as( using the

characters sho)n here

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+U;& @B ?ocs on Data &ntry Screens 7Cont2@29 +e#ire an ending !eystro!e for every eld@299 Do not re#ire sers to type leading 4eroes for nmeric elds@29: Do not re#ire sers to type trailing 4eroes for nm"ers that inclde decimals@293 Display defalt vales so operators can press the &nter !ey to accept the sggested vale@29= Use a defalt vale when a eld vale will "e constant for sccessive records or throghot the data entry session@29> Display a list of accepta"le vales for elds% and provide meaningfl error messages if the ser enters an naccepta"le vale@29@ Provide sers with an opportnity to conrm the accracy of inpt data "efore entering it "y displaying a message sch as% 0dd this record/ 7FMN

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+U;& AB Use Halidation +lesA29 0 se#ence chec! can "e sed when thedata mst "e in some predetermined

se#enceA2: 0n e'istence chec! can apply tomandatory data itemsA23 0 data type chec! can test to ensre

that a data item ts the re#ired data typeA2= 0 range chec! can "e sed to verify thatdata items fall "etween a speciedminimm and ma'imm vale

A2> 0 reasona"leness chec! identies vales

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FIGURE 8-17 a"idation ru"es can i&%ro+e data .ua"it b re.uiring the in%ut to &eet s%ecific

re.uire&ents or conditions

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+U;& 8B +edce Inpt Holme829 Inpt necessary data only82: Do not inpt data that the ser can

retrieve from system les or calclate fromother data823 Do not inpt constant data82= Use codes2 Codes are shorter than the

data they represent% and coded inpt canredce data entry time

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So'rce Doc'ment and ormDesign

*ood form layot ma!es theform easy to complete andprovides enogh space%"oth vertically and

hori4ontally% for sers toenter the data

Information shold -ow ona form from left to right

and top to "ottom $he order and placement of

elds shold "e logical%and totals shold "e identied clearly

FIGURE 8-18 ource docu&ent

;ones

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Printed O'tp't

1efore designing printed otpt% as! yorselfseveral #estionsB◦ .hy is this "eing delivered as printed otpt% rather

than screen("ased information% with an option for sersto view% print% or save as needed/

◦ .ho wants the information% why is it needed% and howwill it "e sed/

◦ .hat specic information will "e inclded/

◦ .ill the printed otpt "e designed for a specic device/

◦

.hen and how will the information "e delivered% andhow often mst it "e pdated/

◦ Do secrity or condentiality isses e'ist/ 6ow will they"e managed/

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Printed O'tp't (Cont.

5verview of +eport Design◦ 5rgani4ations strive to redce the -ow of paper and

printed reports% "t few rms have "een a"le toeliminate printed otpt totally

◦ Users nd it handy to view screen otpt% then print

the information they need for a discssion or "sinessmeeting

◦ +eports mst "e easy to read and well organi4ed

◦ Data"ase programs sch as ,icrosoft 0ccess incldea variety of report design tools% inclding a +eport

.i4ard% which is a men(driven featre that designerscan se to create reports #ic!ly and easily

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FIGURE 8-19 Microsoft offers suggestions, ti%s, and a +ideo

that can he"% ou design better for&s and re%orts

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$ypes of +eports◦ D&$0I; +&P5+$S

Prodces one or more lines of otpt for eachrecord processed

Can "e #ite lengthy

0 "etter alternative might "e an e'ception report◦ &LC&P$I5N +&P5+$S

Displays only those records that meet a speciccondition or conditions

Usefl when the ser wants information only on

records that might re#ire action% "t does notneed to !now the details

◦ SU,,0+F +&P5+$S

Upper(level managers often want to see totalgres and do not need spporting details

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User Involvement◦ +eport Design Principles ,st "e attractive% professional% and easy to read

Shold provide totals and s"totals for nmeric elds

0nalyst mst consider design featres sch as report

headers and footers% page headers and footers%colmn headings and alignment% colmn spacing% eldorder% and groping of detail lines

◦ +eport 6eaders and ?ooters &very report shold have a report header and a report

footer 6eader identies the report% and contains the report title%

date% and other necessary information

?ooter can inclde grand totals for nmeric elds and

other end(of(report information

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FIGURE 8-20 $he &%"oee ours re%ort is a detai" re%ort )ith contro" brea(s,

subtota"s, and grand tota"s' otice that a re%ort header identifies the re%ort, a %age

header contains co"u&n headings, a grou% footer contains subtota"s for each store, a

re%ort footer contains grand tota"s, and a %age footer identifies the %age nu&ber

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◦ +eport Design Principles 7Cont2 Page 6eaders and ?ooters &very page shold have a report header and a

report footer

6eader incldes the colmn headings that identify thedata2 $he headings shold "e short "t descriptive

?ooter sed to display the report title and the pagenm"er

+epeating ?ields

$he "est advice is to as! sers what theythin! and "e gided accordingly

Consistent Design

;oo! and feel are important to sers% soreports shold "e niform and consistent

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2echnology #ss'es

5tpt $echnology◦ In addition to screen otpt and printed

matter% otpt can "e delivered in many ways

◦ Create the actal forms% reports% docments%

and other types of otpt that might "eaccessed from wor!stations% note"oo!s%ta"lets% smartphones% and other devices

◦ Internet("ased information delivery

.e"("ased delivery allows sers to download aniverse of les and docments to spport theirinformation needs

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2echnology #ss'es (Cont.

5tpt $echnology 7Cont2◦ &(mail

0n essential means of internal and e'ternal"siness commnication

◦ 1logs Usefl for posting news% reviewing crrent

events% and promoting prodcts

◦ Instant messaging

Usefl as a constant -ow of commnication%especially as a team mem"er in a colla"orativesitation

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5tpt $echnology 7Cont2◦ .ireless devices $ransmitted to a wide array of mo"ile devices%

inclding ta"let compters% smartphones% and

similar wireless prodcts that com"ine porta"lecompting power% mltimedia capa"ility% andInternet access

◦ Digital adio% images and video Sonds% images% and video clips can "e

captred% stored in digital format

Can "e attached to an e(mail message orinserted as a clip in a ,icrosoft .ord docment

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5tpt $echnology 7Cont2

◦ Podcasts ?irms se podcasts as sales and mar!eting tools%

and to commnicate with their own employees

◦ 0tomated facsimile systems ?a'"ac! system allows a cstomer to re#est a

fa' sing e(mail% via the company .e" site% or "ytelephone

◦ Compter otpt to microlm 7C5,

5tpt to microlm 7C5, is often sed "y largerms to scan and store images of originaldocments to provide high(#ality recordsmanagement and archiving

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2echnology #ss'es (Cont. 5tpt $echnology 7Cont2

◦ Compter otpt to digital media Digital storage media can inclde magnetic tape% CDs% DHDs% and

high(density laser dis!s

Used when many paper docments mst "e scanned % stored indigital format and retrieved #ic!ly

◦ Speciali4ed ?orms of 5tpt Porta"le% .e"(connected devices that can rn mltiple apps

+etail point(of(sale terminals that handle credit card transactions

0tomatic teller machines 70$,s that can process "an! transactions

Special(prpose printers that can prodce la"els% employee ID cards%driver

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FIGURE 8-22 In%ut de+ices can be +er traditiona", or based

on the "atest techno"og

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2echnology #ss'es (Cont. Inpt $echnology

◦ 1atch Inpt Data entry sally is performed on a specied time

schedle% sch as daily% wee!ly% monthly% or longer

◦ 5nline Inpt

0 poplar online inpt method is sorce dataatomation% which com"ines online data entry andatomated data captre sing inpt devices sch as+?ID tags or magnetic data strips

Sorce data atomation is fast and accrate% andminimi4es hman involvement in the translationprocess

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2echnology #ss'es (Cont. Inpt $echnology 7Cont2

◦ 1sinesses sepoint(of(sale 7P5Sterminals e#ipped with"ar code scanners andmagnetic swipe scannersto inpt credit card data

◦ 0tomatic teller machines70$,s read data strips on"an! cards

◦ ?actory employees semagnetic ID cards to cloc!on and o) specic o"s

◦ 6ospitals imprint "ar codeson patient identication"racelets and se porta"lescanners when gathering dataon patient treatment and medication

FIGURE 8-23 hen a custo&er!s signature is

stored in digita" for&, it beco&es in%ut to the

infor&ation sste&

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2echnology #ss'es (Cont. Inpt $echnology 7Cont2

+etail stores se porta"le "ar code scanners tolog new shipments and pdate inventory data

;i"raries se handheld scanners to read opticalstrips on "oo!s

◦ $rade 5)s ,anal data entry is slower and more

e'pensive than "atch inpt "ecase it isperformed at the time the transaction occrs

and often done when compter demand is at itshighest

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Sec'rity and Control #ss'es

5tpt Secrity and Control◦ 5tpt mst "e accrate% complete% crrent%

and secre

◦ 5tpt secrity protects privacy rights and

shields the organi4ation

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Sec'rity and Control #ss'es(Cont.

Inpt Secrity and Control◦ Inpt mst "e correct% complete% and secre

◦ &very piece of information shold "e tracea"le"ac! to the inpt data that prodced it

◦ Procedres needed for handling sorcedocments to ensre that data is not lost"efore it enters the system

◦ 0dit trail les and reports shold "e stored

and saved

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"here Do "e 3o rom ere

# ,odlar Design Create individal components% called mod'les%

which connect to a higher(level program orprocess

Use a strctred design so each modlerepresents a specic process% which is shown on aD?D and docmented in a process description

◦ Prototyping 0 repetitive se#ence of analysis% design%

modeling% and testing% is a common techni#ethat can "e sed to design anything from a newhome to a compter networ!

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"here Do "e 3o rom ere(Cont.

System Prototyping◦ Prodces a fll(featred%

wor!ing model of theinformation system

Design Prototyping◦ Herify ser re#irements% after

which the prototype isdiscarded and implementationcontines

FIGURE 8-27 $he end %roduct of design

%rotot%ing is a user*a%%ro+ed &ode" that

docu&ents and bench&ar(s the features of thefinished sste&

FIGURE 8-26 $he end %roduct of sste&

%rotot%ing is a )or(ing &ode" of the infor&ation

sste&, read for i&%"e&entation

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"here Do "e 3o rom ere(Cont.

# $rade(5)s

# Inpt mst "e correct% complete% and Users and systemsdevelopers can avoid misnderstandings

# System developers can create accrate specications for thenished system "ased on the prototype

# ,anagers can evalate a wor!ing model more e)ectively than apaper specication

# Systems analysts can se a prototype to develop testing andtraining procedres "efore the nished system is availa"le

# Prototyping redces the ris! and potential nancial e'posrethat occr when a nished system fails to spport "sinessneeds

# Potential Pro"lemsB

# $he rapid pace of development can create #ality pro"lems%which are not discovered ntil the nished system is operational

# 5ther system re#irements% sch as relia"ility andmaintaina"ility cannot "e tested ade#ately sing a prototype

# In very comple' systems% the prototype can "ecome nwieldyand diclt to manage

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Chapter S'mmary

$he prpose of systems design is to createa physical model of the system thatsatises the design re#irements that weredened dring the systems analysis phase

Create a transparent interfaceB◦ &asy to learn and se

◦ &nhance ser prodctivity

◦ ,a!e it easy to o"tain help or correct errors

◦ ,inimi4e inpt data pro"lems

◦ Provide feed"ac!

◦ Create an attractive layot and design

◦ Use familiar terms and images

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Printed reports% inclde detail% e'ception%and smmary reports

$here are varios 4ones in a docment%inclding the heading 4one% the control

4one% the instrction 4one% the "ody 4one%the totals 4one% and the athori4ation 4one

Inpt methods inclde "atch and online

$here are di)erent Inpt media andprocedres Secrity and control plays an important role

Chapter S'mmary (Cont.

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