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18/07/2008 1 KHÁI NIM VCHÍNH SÁCH What is Policy?

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Page 1: ch1 intro - hcmuaf.edu.vn2).pdf · Intro) What is Policy? “Policy” we need to understand what sorts of truth might be spoken, in what languages, and to what ends. (Bobrow) The

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KHÁI NIỆM VỀ CHÍNH SÁCH

What is Policy?

Page 2: ch1 intro - hcmuaf.edu.vn2).pdf · Intro) What is Policy? “Policy” we need to understand what sorts of truth might be spoken, in what languages, and to what ends. (Bobrow) The

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Khái niệm về “chính sách”

- Một thuật ngữ được sử dụng khá phổ biến, • chính sách vĩ mô: chính sách tiền tệ, chính sách tài khóa • chính sách vi mô: chính sách nhân sự, chính sách marketing,... của doanh nghiệp

- những phản ứng của chính quyền đối với sự mong đợi của công chúng- những tính toán, định hướng của Chính phủ, - là các khuôn mẫu, phương thức gắn kết với mục tiêu và chiến lược của doanh nghiệp, như đối tượng khách hàng ưu tiên, thanh toán, quản trị nội bộ…

Chính sách là một quá trình hành động có mục đích mà một cá nhân hoặc một nhóm theo đuổi một cách kiên định trong việc giải quyết vấn đề (James Anderson 2003).

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What is Policy?� một quá trình hành động, được đề nghị từ những giới có

thNm quyền về luật pháp, chính trị, giáo dục, kinh tế

� một quá trình hành động của đơn vị cơ bản nhất của xã hội– gia đình.

� liên quan đến kinh tế, số liệu thống kê, đạo đức, xã hội, tâm lý, giáo dục, môi trường,…

What is Policy?� Vấn đề cần giải quyết

� Cấp thNm quyền

� Sự lựa chọn

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What is Policy?� “advice that relates to public decisions..” which are also

“informed by social values.” (Weimer and Vining, p.23)

� “Policy Analysis is client-oriented advice relevant to public decisions and informed by social values.” (Ibid. p.24)

� “Policy analysis goes beyond personal decision making.” (Bardach, Intro)

� Policy analysis is a social and political activity. (Bardach, Intro)

What is Policy?� “Policy” we need to understand what sorts of truth might

be spoken, in what languages, and to what ends. (Bobrow)

� The policy field includes work that seeks only to understand and explain the process of public policy making “knowledge of,” in Lasswell’s terms. (Bobrow)

� The process of public policymaking includes the manner of which problems get conceptualized and brought to government for solution. (Sabatier)

� Policy analysts are often required to give advice to policymakers in incredibly short periods of time. (Patton)

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What is Policy?� Policy making can be considered to be a set of

processes, including at least (Kingdon, p. 2-3)

� The setting of the agenda

� The specification of alternatives from which a choice is to be made.

� and authoritative choice among those specified alternatives, as in a legislative vote or a presidential decision, and

� The implementation of the decision.

Defining Policy Analysis� “Public Policy analysis can be defined as determining

which of various alternative public or governmental policies will most achieve a given set of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals.” ( Nagel p. 71)

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Elements of Policy Analysis:1. Goals, including normative constraints and relative weights for the

goals.2. Policies, programs, projects, decisions, options, means, or

other alternatives that are available for achieving the goals.3. Relations between the policies and the goals, including

relations that are established by intuition, authority, statistics, observation, deduction, guesses, or by other means.

4. Drawing a tentative conclusion as to which policy or combination of policies is best to adopt in light of the goals, policies, and relations.

5. Determining what it would take to bring a second place or other alternative up to first.

Methods of Policy Analysis:1. How to draw a conclusion as to which policy to

adopt from information on goals, policies, and relations.

2. How to establish the relations between policies and goals.

3. How to determine what policies are available for adoption and what goals are appropriate to consider.

Page 7: ch1 intro - hcmuaf.edu.vn2).pdf · Intro) What is Policy? “Policy” we need to understand what sorts of truth might be spoken, in what languages, and to what ends. (Bobrow) The

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Commonly used method

1.Define

the Problem

5.Project the

Outcomes

6. Decide which policy is best

3.Construct

the Alternatives

4.Select the

Criteria

2. Assemble some Evidence

Who are the stakeholders in policy?

how can they be identified?

who has identified them?

Policy stakeholder analysis

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Policy stakeholder analysis

Analysing the roles of stakeholders - The Four “Rs”

Rights Responsibilities Revenues & rewards

Relationships

What are the components of policy analysis?

Social Capital

Livelihoodoptions

Livelihoodstrategies

Vulnerabilitycontext

Policy processand stakeholders

Policycontext

Policystatement

Policymeasures

How people influencethe policy process

How policy influencespeople’s livelihoods

People-centredanalysis

Policy-centredanalysis

(adapted from Pasteur: IDS – 2001)

The interface between

policy and people

institutions,

organisations,

people,

rules,

regulations

Page 9: ch1 intro - hcmuaf.edu.vn2).pdf · Intro) What is Policy? “Policy” we need to understand what sorts of truth might be spoken, in what languages, and to what ends. (Bobrow) The

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PHÖÔNG PHAÙP TIEÁP CAÄN SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

CAÙCTAÙC

ÑOÄNG, BEÂN

NGOAØI

Thieân nhieân

CAÙC TOÅ

CHÖÙC, ÑÒNH

CHEÁ, CHÍNH

SAÙCH

Nhaân löïc

Xaõ hoäi

Vaät chaát

Taøi chính

Caùcnguoàn löïcsinh keá

KEÁ SINH NHAI

KEÁT QUAÛ SINH KEÁ

- Taêng thu nhaäp- Giaûm ruûi ro- An toaøn löôngthöïc, thöïc phaåm- Söû duïng beànvöõng caùc nguoànlôïi töï nhieân

Tieáp caän & Taùc ñoäng

Ñeåñaïtñöôïc

(Nguoàn: Allis, 2000)

Prepared by NMDuc 2008 17

PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� taäp trung vaøo yeáu toá con ngöôøi trong quaù trình phaùt trieån,khoâng mong muoán trình baøy moät moâ hình cuûa cuoäc soáng.

� giuùp taát caû caùc beân lieân quan tham gia vaøo quaù trình tìmkieám caùc yeáu toá aûnh höôûng ñeán cuoäc soáng; töø ñoù, giuùpxaùc ñònh caùc “ñieåm khôûi ñaàu” cho vieäc naâng cao ñôøisoáng cho ngöôøi ngheøo.

� döïa treân nieàm tin raèng con ngöôøi luoân luoân caàn haøngloaït caùc nguoàn löïc khaùc nhau nhaèm laøm cho cuoäc soángtoát ñeïp hôn vaø khoâng coù moät nguoàn löïc ñôn leû naøo coù theågiuùp ngöôøi daân ñaït ñöôïc taát caû caùc thaønh quaû toát ñeïp vaøña daïng trong cuoäc soáng

LÔÏI ÍCH CUÛA PHÖÔNG PHAÙP TIEÁP CAÄN SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG?

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

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PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� taát caû khaû naêng lao ñoäng, kyõ naêng, kieán thöùc, kinhnghieäm vaø söùc khoûe ñeå giuùp con ngöôøi coù theå thöïchieän ñöôïc caùc keá sinh nhai cuûa mình nhaèm ñaït ñöôïccaùc keát quaû vaø muïc tieâu cuûa cuoäc soáng

� bao goàm caû soá löôïng vaø chaát löôïng cuûa ñoäi nguõ laoñoäng saün coù

� laø moät nguoàn löïc toái quan troïng cho con ngöôøi vì coùtheå söû duïng caùc nguoàn löïc khaùc cuõng nhö söû duïngchính noù ñeå ñaït ñöôïc thaønh quaû cuûa cuoäc soáng

NGUOÀN LÖÏC LAO ÑOÄNG

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� taát caû nhöõng nguoàn lôïi thuoäc veà töï nhieân maø ngöôøidaân söû duïng ñeå kieám soáng

� haøm chöùa taát caû töø nhöõng taøi saûn chung cho moïingöôøi nhö khí haäu, nhieät ñoä, khoâng khí, söï ña daïngsinh hoïc cho ñeán caùc taøi nguyeân ñöôïc söû duïng tröïctieáp cho saûn xuaát nhö ñaát ñai, nguoàn nöôùc, caâytroàng, vaät nuoâi,…

� raát gaàn vôùi caùc khaùi nieäm ruûi ro

� Nguoàn löïc töï nhieân coù vai troø raát quan troïng ñoái vôùinoâng daân vì hoï leä thuoäc raát nhieàu vaøo thieân nhieân

NGUOÀN LÖÏC TÖÏ NHIEÂN

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

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PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� caùc maïng löôùi vaø söï lieân keát ôû caùc caáp khaùcnhau hay ôû caùc ngaønh ngheà khaùc nhau giöõanhöõng ngöôøi chia seû cuøng loaïi lôïi ích hay coùcuøng loaïi sôû thích

� goàm quyeàn thaønh vieân trong vieäc tham giacaùc hieäp hoäi, ñoaøn theå vaø caû caùc moái quan heävôùi caùc toå chöùc khaùc nhau trong xaõ hoäi

NGUOÀN LÖÏC XAÕ HOÄI

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� caùc cô sôû haï taàng cô baûn� caùc tö lieäu saûn xuaátgiuùp cho ngöôøi daân coù theå theo ñuoåi keá sinh nhai cuûa mình

� Cô sôû haï taàng (ñöôøng giao thoâng, nôi ôû, nguoàn caáp thoaùtnöôùc, naêng löôïng vaø heä thoáng truyeàn thoâng,… ) thöôøng laøcaùc taøi saûn coâng coäng, coù theå söû duïng maø khoâng traû tieàntröïc tieáp

� Caùc tö lieäu saûn xuaát thöôøng do sôû höõu caù nhaân hay taäptheå hoaëc coù theå ñöôïc thueâ möôùn

� Vieäc thieáu thoán hay haïn cheá trong vieäc tieáp caän tôùicaùc nguoàn löïc vaät chaát coù theå laø moät yeáu toá chínhcuûa ñoùi ngheøo

NGUOÀN LÖÏC VAÄT CHAÁT

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

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PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� taát caû caùc nguoàn tieàn maø ngöôøi daân coù ñöôïcñeå phuïc vuï cho cuoäc möu sinh cuûa mình.

� voán töï coù (nhö tieàn maët, trang söùc hay caùc loaøi giasuùc coù theå baùn ngay ñeå coù tieàn)

� voán vay (töø ngaân haøng hay baïn beø, ngöôøi thaân)� tieàn trôï caáp

NGUOÀN LÖÏC TAØI CHÍNH

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG TAÙC ÑOÄNG QUA LAÏI GIÖÕA CAÙC NGUOÀN LÖÏC

NGUOÀN LÖÏC LAO ÑOÄNG

NGUOÀN LÖÏCTÖÏ NHIEÂN

NGUOÀN LÖÏC TAØI CHÍNHNGUOÀN LÖÏC VAÄT CHAÁT

NGUOÀN LÖÏCXAÕ HOÄI

O

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

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PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� caùc xu höôùng xaõ hoäi� caùc ñôït khuûng hoaûng (bao goàm caû ruûi ro)� tính muøa vuï, khí haäu

� Caùc taùc ñoäng beân ngoaøi coù theå aûnh höôûng tích cöïchoaëc tieâu cöïc

� Coù nhieàu taùc ñoäng vöøa mang tính tích cöïc vöøa mangtính tieâu cöïc (VD: söï phaùt trieån nuoâi troàng thuûy saûnôû qui moâ lôùn)

CAÙC TAÙC ÑOÄNG BEÂN NGOAØI

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

Caùc xu höôùng xaõ hoäi bao goàm:� xu höôùng phaùt trieån daân soá� caùc maâu thuaãn trong söû duïng nguoàn lôïi töï nhieân� caùc xu höôùng phaùt trieån kinh teá caáp quoác gia hay

quoác teá,� caùc xu höôùng laäp chính saùch� caùc xu höôùng phaùt trieån khoa hoïc kyõ thuaät

� khoù cho thaáy caùc aûnh höôûng ñeán ñôøi soáng ngöôøingheøo nhöng thöïc ra aûnh höôûng töøng ngaøy, töønggiôø taùc ñoäng ñeán ñôøi soáng daân ngheøo

CAÙC TAÙC ÑOÄNG BEÂN NGOAØI

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

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PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

Caùc ñôït khuûng hoaûng (cuù soác):� söï suy suïp veà söùc khoûe� thieân tai, luõ luït, haïn haùn, saït lôû,…� söï khuûng hoaûng kinh teá (caùc ñôït maát giaù,

laïm phaùt tieàn teä )� dòch beänh cuûa gia suùc, vaät nuoâi

� coù theå phaù huûy tröïc tieáp caùc nguoàn löïc sinhkeá

CAÙC TAÙC ÑOÄNG BEÂN NGOAØI

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

Tính muøa vuï� bieán ñoäng saûn löôïng vaø giaù caû saûn phaåm

theo muøa� bieán ñoåi thôøi tieát,� söùc khoeû con ngöôøi� caùc cô hoäi tìm vieäc laøm trong naêm

CAÙC TAÙC ÑOÄNG BEÂN NGOAØI

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

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PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� caùc toå chöùc cô quan phaùp luaät, caùc chínhsaùch vaø caùc ñònh cheá, luaät leä, qui ñònh

� vaên hoùa, phong tuïc� caùc toå chöùc dòch vuï thöông maïi� caùc toå chöùc phaùt trieån cuûa nhaø nöôùc� caùc toå chöùc phi chính phuû� caùc hình thöùc hôïp taùc trong coäng ñoàng

CAÙC TOÅ CHÖÙC, ÑÒNH CHEÁ, CHÍNH SAÙCH

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� caùc hoaït ñoäng, caùc cô hoäi, caùc caùch keát hôïpcaùc nguoàn löïc sinh keá

� thöôøng raát ña daïng vaø linh hoaït

KEÁ SINH NHAI

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

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PHAÂN TÍCH SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

� Xem con ngöôøi laø trung taâm cuûa söï phaùttrieån

� Coù tính chaát toång theå vaø ñoàng boä� Tính naêng ñoäng vaø linh ñoäng� Tìm ra söùc maïnh� Söï lieân keát ña caáp, giöõa vó moâ vaø vi moâ� Tính beàn vöõng

CAÙC NGUYEÂN TAÉC CUÛA PHÖÔNG PHAÙP TIEÁP CAÄN SINH KEÁ BEÀN VÖÕNG

Prepared by NMDuc 2002

Impacts of policies• What results of policy do people “see”?

Ø Rules and regulationsØ Public/private agenciesØ People and personalitiesØ Projects and programmesØ Lack of policy

• How do policies affect their livelihoods?Ø Assets and people’s access to themØ Range & viability of strategies open to peopleØ VulnerabilityØ Outcomes

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Process issues

• Where are there conflicts in policy?Ø Where? – sectors, regions, levels, interest groupsØ How to harmonise those conflicts?

• Who is in control?• Timing• Language• Ownership• Representation

• Accountability• How ?• Who measures it ?