ch11, fellman, urban geography, w topics and slides added, classroom use only
TRANSCRIPT
Jerome D. Fellmann
Mark Bjelland
Arthur Getis
Judith Getis
Edits by Coach Martin for educational classroom / course use only
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, THE CITY
URBAN SYSTEMS & STRUCTURES
Hong KongPhoto Copyright 2003 by Jon C Malinowski
Chapter 11
Urban Systems & Urban Structures
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
WHAT CITY IS THIS?
ISS N lights
KNOW NOW???
HOW ABOUT NOW?...
Name that City…
Do you know what city this is now?
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
“L” Train stands for
“The Loop”, which has
been the nickname for
Chicago’s CBD
MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE
• Cities exhibit functional structure
• Central business district (CBD)
• Central city
• Suburb
• North American cities?
• 3 models (next slide)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Ernest Burgess, 1920s, Homer Hoyt, 1930s,
and Harris & Ullman, 1945
As always - the models.
These are the “Urban
Models” which you will
have to memorize.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Concentric Zone Model is based on human ecology
theories done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was
the first to give the explanation of distribution of social
groups within urban areas. This concentric ring model
depicts urban land usage in concentric rings: the Central
Business District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model,
and the city expanded in rings with different land uses. It is
effectively an urban version of Von Thunen's earlier
regional land use model developed a century earlier!
Human Geography 10e
LOUIS WIRTH, “CHICAGO SCHOOL” IN THE 1930S
• Urban Settings Have 3 Characteristics:
1. Large size promotes anonymity: The inhabitants don’t know most people living in a city.
2. High density and competition: each person has a role essential for the urban system to function smoothly, people compete for survival in limited space.
3. Social Heterogeneity:
-people may pursue unusual professions
-people may have a different sexual orientation
-people engage in more cultural interests
4. Ethnic and Racial Tensions Heightened:
Human Geography 10e
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
150 floors, 2013 feet, 610 meters, .38125 (4/10s of a mile high)
CHICAGO…From the Water at Night
Famous Architects and the “Built Environment” of Great Cities,
“Vertical Development” of “Public Working Spaces” (CBD)
Phillip
Johnson
I.M. Pei, Boston
Louis Sullivan, Guarantee Ins
Cities are crucibles for designing the “built environment”: Aesthetics of Public Spaces
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Bank of America Plaza, the tallest bldg. in ATL is 317 meters, and 55 floors, aka
“pencil bldg., or “popsicle sticks” top.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Bank of America Plaza, the tallest bldg. in ATL is 317 meters, and 55 floors, aka
“pencil bldg., or “popsicle sticks” top.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
I.M. Pei, Green Bldg, MIT
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
AND “POSSIBILTY
THINKING”
I.M. PEI, NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, WASHINGTON
DECONSTRUCTIVISM: FRANK GEHRY’S “WALT DISNEY OPERA HOUSE”
LOS ANGELES
READ P. 340 (ITALICIZED INTRODUCTION ONLY)
Cities have a life…
Describe Cairo’s
1. Past
2. Present
3. The Future???
MAJOR CHALLENGES = GROWING URBAN POPULATIONS
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E5 O’Clock Traffic in Cairo
PROTESTORS OF MOHAMMED MORSI
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Huge Populations Become Stressed with Urban Issues
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGOVEvm7dm0
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
URBAN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Legal Boundary: A city is an urban settlement
that has legally been incorporated into an
independent, self-governing unit.
2. Continuously Built up Area: An urbanized area is a
central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs,
and “edge cities”, and the population exceeds
1000 persons per sq. mile.
3. Metropolis: a very large and
densely populated industrial and
commercial city
Synonyms: Chief or Capitol City,
County Seat. Ancient City-State
w Centrality (Athens or Rome)
A CITY HAS MORE FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION THAN A
TOWN AND A LARGER HINTERLAND, AS WELL AS
GREATER CENTRALITY.
BY TODAY’S DEFINITION, > 50,000
- A WELL-DEFINED COMMERCIAL CENTER
-A CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT WITH
-SUBURBS (SUBSIDIARY URBAN AREAS, EDGE CITIES)
SURROUNDING, AND CONNECTED TO THE CENTRAL
CITY.) MANY SUBURBS ARE RESIDENTIAL BUT SOME
HAVE THEIR OWN COMMERCIAL CENTERS OR SHOPPING
MALLS. (IT TECHNOPOLES, OR TECHNO-BURBS)
Functional Area: zone of influence extends beyond legal boundaries and
adjacent built-up jurisdictions
METROPOLITAN STATISITICAL AREA (MSA), of ATL for Example, has a
lot higher population figure than just the City Limits of ATL
1. -central city with a pop of > 50,000
2. -Could be the county (or multiple counties) which intersect the
metropolis
3. -adjacent counties with a high pop density and a large % of residents
working in the central city.
Smaller urban areas are called:
MICROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA 10,000-50,000
MODELS OF URBAN-SUBURBAN STRUCTURE, AND THE
BEGINNING OF “SUBURBANIZATION--SPRAWL”
• Outer city growth since 1960s: This is an overview, and we will return
• By 1973, American suburbs surpassed central cities in total employment
• Outer cities = “edge cities”
• Equal partners in city shaping processes
a. Industrial factories and complexes(office parks)
b. Hotels
c. Amusement parks
d. Malls
e. IT technopoles
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Los Angeles as a Utopian “Garden City” Plan
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Los Angeles was crafted from Ebenezer Howard’s 1902, Garden City Plan, a
city (and “Edge Cities”, which became the world’s first most auto-based design)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Writing this book in 1972 [bracketed added]:
“Los Angeles, city of war material, swimming pools,
[designed around cars, freeways, and extensive
suburbia], and of course smog, LA wonderfully
exemplifies the urban consequences of stemming
from the change in structure of the national
economy and its institutions. It is par excellence a
city of the past half century.
Car culture, suburbia, population bomb, and at the
center of an agglomeration of multimodal services:
1920: Tenth Largest City (almost tied to
Pittsburgh at 577,000
1940: LA had reached close to 3 mil
1970: 9.5 million
2015: Today LA has 16.4 million
SOME ANSWERS TO VARYING RATES OF URBANIZATION
1. Is the population size related to level of urbanization?
• variation in level of urbanization = varying levels of industrialization/service (secondary-tertiary economies)
• Even more important is the strongest traditions of urbanization in some areas
2. This is especially true of Middle East (the birthplace of cities), North Africa, and Latin America where colonialism produced deeper urban patterns
3. In other areas, the weaknesses, risks of the rural agricultural bases, and the hostile environments (produced by nature, climate, and man means that urban places in developing world are becoming more prevalent
MODELING THE MODERN
LATIN AMERICAN CITY
• Law of the Indies 1575
• Latin American cities were
designed after European
cities, explorers came
from Portugal and Spain
• Centered on a church and
central plaza
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Latin American Cities, built on the European Planning Model
CORE (or Center) vs PERIPHERY
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Paes: The 4 Commandments of Cities
List and explain the “Four Commandments”
CITIES OF THE FUTURE?
ACCORDING TO FELLMANN, “THE VAST MAJORITY OF
URBAN GROWTH WILL OCCUR IN LOW- TO MIDDLE-INCOME
COUNTRIES OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD” ( FELLMANN,
341) DISCUSS THE FACTORS THAT MAKE THIS SO.
Chapter 10 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and
Regions in Global ContextSixth Edition
Wendy A. Mitteager
State University of New York, Oneonta
Urbanization
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Primacy & centrality
• “Over-urbanization”, akin
to “False Urbanization”
• Megacities
• Deindustrialization
Figure: Chapter Opener Busy streets of Bamako, Mali, West Africa
Key Urban Geography Concepts
• Urbanization today
• Urban expansion
• Gateway & “shock cities”
• Walter Christaller’s
“Central Place Theory”
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Apply your knowledge: Provide examples of how the
transformative capacity (possibilities) of urban
settlements can be liberating for people.
Urbanization
• Consider Population “Replacement Level of
Fertility” and the “Doubling Time”
• Towns & cities role in human economic and
social organization
– Mobilizing function
– Decision-making capacity
– Generative functions
– Transformative capacity
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.1 Urbanization, 2009
Urbanization, (cont'd)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.2 Rates of growth in urbanization, 2000–2010
Urbanization, (cont'd)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• “Real Urbanization” and
“False Urbanization”
• Urban origins
Urbanism’s Key Concerns
• What are
similarities &
differences among
& within urban
places
• Urban systems
• Urban forms
• Urban human,
animal, and
environmental
ecology Figure 10.3 Erbil in northeast Iraq
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.B Vienna: the coffee house was the
classic setting in the golden ageFigure 10.A The buzz factor: meatpacking
district of Manhattan
Cities and Civilization: “Classic Markers”
Mumbai (formerly Bombay is on track to be 37mil by 2050).
Dhaka, Bangladesh is the most densely populated urban area.
CLARIFICATION: These are the extended MSAs which count the larger Metropolitan
(Urban-Suburban) Area (outside but connected seamlessly to the city-limits)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
The urban population has increased
from 746 million in 1950 to 3.9 billion in
2014. 54% of the world's population
lives in cities
That number is expected to surpass
66%, and perhaps closer to 75% by
2050. India, China and Nigeria will
account for 37% of the world's urban
population.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
By 2050 India will be #1 with 404 million urban inhabitants while China will be #2 with
292 million city population. Nigeria will be #3, with 212 million urban dwellers.
Currently, the world's most populated cities as reported by the UN.
1. Metro Tokyo, Japan tops the list and remains the world's largest city with 31-to-38
million dwellers (depending on how the delimitations of the count are outlined).
2. Delhi, India: With 25 million, the Indian capital will rise to 36 million by 2030.
Shanghai also has 25 million according to the preceding graph. [rivals Mumbai]
3. Mexico City, Mumbai and São Paulo: neck & neck tied for #3 on the population index
with around 21 million urban inhabitants each, with Mumbai growing the fastest.
4. Osaka, Japan has a population just above 20 million and is ranked fourth.
5. Beijing, China: The Chinese capital is fifth in the UN urban population chart with just
below 20 million city dwellers.
6. New York-Newark area and Cairo more or less tie with around 18.5 million dwellers
each
THE POINT IS THAT THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED, FASTEST GROWING, AND MOST POPULATED
ARE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD, AND WITH THE EXCEPTION OF MEXICO CITY, THE LARGEST
URBAN POPULATIONS WILL ALL BE IN EAST AND SOUTH ASIA, AND IN NORTH AFRICA
AN URBANIZING WORLD
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
Megacities, also called
“Conurbations”
• When metropolitan
megalopolis complexes
eventually met,
overlapped, and have
been bound together at
their outer margins
• AKA, Extensive
metropolitan regions
Merging Metropolises
– “Megalopolis”
• Regions of continuous
urbanization made up of
multiple centers that
have come together at
their edges
• Example: “Bos-Wash”,
Northeast Coast
Megalopolis
WHAT CONURBATIONS CAN YOU IDENTIFY IN THIS SATELLITE IMAGE OF
THE UNITED STATES AT NIGHT?
(HTTP://NEWS.DISCOVERY.COM/HUMAN/NEW-NIGHT-IMAGES-OF-UNITED-
STATES-121226.HTM)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Largest Metro Populations in U.S., 1850 1950
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
1950 U.S. Cities Ranked by Population 2010 U.S. Within the City Limits (Sun Belt)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/CPH-T-5.pdf
Delineations of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas and related
statistical areas delineated by OMB since February 2013.
In the United States, MSAs are not necessarily based legal definitions of
space, counties and states but on a policy of geographic analysis.
A metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is a geographic region with a relatively
high population density at its core and close economic ties and interaction with
counties throughout the metro (adjacent suburban) area.
Such regions are neither legally incorporated as a city or town would be, nor
are they legal administrative divisions above city, county, state, etc. As such,
the precise definition of any given metropolitan area can vary with the source.
SEE NEXT!
MSA= Metropolitan Statistical Area CMSA= Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area
PMSA= Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
A Metropolitan Statistical Area is comprised of
the Central County or counties containing the
core urban area, plus adjacent/outlying counties
that have a high degree of social and economic
integration with the Central County, as measured
by commuting patterns
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
In the United States, an independent city is a city that does not
belong to any particular county.
Thirty-eight of the 41 independent U.S. cities[1] are in Virginia,
whose state constitution makes them a special case.
Because counties have historically been a strong institution in
local government in most of the United States, independent cities
are relatively rare outside of Virginia. The three exceptions
are Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Carson City,
Nevada.
The U.S. Census Bureau uses counties as its base unit for
presentation of statistical information, and treats independent
cities as county equivalents for those purposes. Baltimore,
Maryland is the largest independent city in the United States
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Related statistical area delineations include:
New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs) are
aggregates of adjacent metropolitan or micropolitan
statistical areas (counties with towns that link by
commuting ties)
Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs), which are
conceptually similar to metropolitan and micropolitan
statistical areas in that they: use counties instead of
cities and towns.
30 PLUS METROPOLITAN CITIES WITH OVER 5 MILLION
Shanghai is the fastest growing economically, a pull-factor?
GROWTH OF CITIES: REAL OR FALSE
URBANIZATION
• The rapid growth of cities has been fueled by rapid “net in-migration” in addition to rate of natural increase
• Natural increase and internal migration each account for 50 percent of urban growth in the LDCs
• Must distinguish however between ‘true’ urbanization where there is a concurrent expansion of non-agricultural activities and ‘false’ urbanization where people live in and around the periphery of cities but do not really have fulfilling jobs AND vast numbers are underemployed
• The latter produces an urban involution whereby city feeds on itself
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urban Systems: You will learn about…
• Central Place
Theory
• Rank-size rule
• Primacy
• “Centrality”
• Connectivity
• Functional
Specializations
• “World Cities”
Figure 10.17 Functional specialization within an urban system
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.16 The Spanish Urban System
Urban Systems, (cont'd, Spain is not rank-size rule)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urban Systems, Examples of urban centrality
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urban Systems, (cont'd)
Figure 10.19 The "square mile" of
the city of London
Table 10.1 Alpha-level world cities in 2088
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The World City Network
Figure 10.D Top 25 cities in the global cities index 2010
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
[Insert Figure 10.23]
World Urbanization Today
• Over-urbanization
• Squatter settlements
• Megacities
• Informal sector,
(Bazaar-Oriented)
Apply your knowledge: List the differences between
megacities and world cities
Figure 10.20 Slum housing in Nairobi, Kenya,
a peripheral city
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
World Urbanization Today, (cont'd)
Figure 10.24 Child
labor in India
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
[Insert Figure 10.26][Insert Figure 10.25]
World Urbanization Today, (cont'd)
Figure 10.22 Mexico City
Figure 10.23 Mumbai
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Some MSAs overlap. Ex: “BOSWASH CORRIDOR”
Others are:
-Atlantic Piedmont Region of U.S.
-German Rhine-Ruhr Essen
-Great Lakes Region (“Rust-Belt”: Chicago, Detroit,
Toledo, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, etc.)
-Japan’s Tokaido, (Tokyo-Osaka Region)
-Randstad in the Netherlands
-Southern California
-Texas Triangle
In blue above, the areas have had either “glacial
growth”, decline, and are losing residents, like
100,000 to 200,000 per decade in many areas.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Why might the Amsterdam in the Urbanized Region of the “Randstad” in
the Netherlands attract projected growth in the population, which runs
counter to the rest of Northern Europe? IT Technopole and Toleration
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Brookings characterizes metros into seven types based on three characteristics:
population growth, educational attainment, and diversity. Their list is:
http://www.urbanophile.com/2012/02/05/replay-brookings-new-geography-of-urban-
america/ “Passionate about Cities”
“Next Frontier” – Scoring high on all three categories, these are the ones Brookings
say are the most demographically advantaged. It includes places like Seattle, Denver,
and the Texas Triangle, and are mostly in the West.
New Heartland – Similar to “Next Frontier” but less diverse, including Portland,
Columbus, [Research Triangle, NC], and SC (Greenville and Charlotte).
Diverse Giant – Slow, still growing, but educated and diverse regions, mostly
made up of America’s Tier One cities like New York and Chicago.
Border Growth (TMASC) – Areas mostly along the Mexican border with strong
growth from immigrants, but low educational attainment
Industrial Core – Classic Rust Belt ranging from Cleveland to Birmingham with
low growth, low educational attainment, and low diversity.
Mid-Sized Magnets – Similar to border growth, but apparently growing from domestic
migration, since they are less diverse.
Skilled Anchor – Cities like Cincinnati, Ohio, and Pittsburgh that are educated, but
growing slowly and without much diversity.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Where is the Population Loss in
America’s Cities?
Some formerly industrialized or
regionally isolated cities in the
South have begun to lose their
population as well.
Cities like Memphis, TN, and
Birmingham, AL (the “Steel City of
the South” is undergoing the
same “Industrial Heartland”
circumstances as Cleveland,
Cincinnati, or Pittsburgh.
New Orleans Area due to the
combined devastation of Poverty
and Natural Disaster
FORMAL VERSUS INFORMAL
SECTOR ACTIVITIES
• Informal- characterized by small scale,
easy entry, adapted technology, flexible
hours, no set wages and family, or local
organization.
• Formal- large scale, more difficult entry
requirements, often imported
technology, fixed hours of operation,
daily/weekly or monthly wage, distant
ownership or management. Example:
Hong Kong’s Banking
MODELING THE NORTH AMERICAN CITY
• Urban realms
• The “galactic city”/peripheral model
• Early post-war period, reduced interaction between the
central city and suburban cities
• Outer cities became more self-sufficient
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL: A CITY GROWS OUTWARD FROM A
CENTRAL AREA IN A SERIES OF CONCENTRIC RINGS
USE CENSUS TRACTS, 5,000 PEOPLE IN NEIGHBORHOOD BOUNDARIES.
THESE TELL US WHERE PEOPLE TEND TO LIVES.
• E.W. Burgess
1. non-residential activities
2. Industry & poorer quality
housing (immigrants new to
the city live here 1st)
3. Stable working class
4. Middle class
SECTOR MODEL: HOMER HOYT
A city grows in a series of sectors.
Certain areas are more attractive to
certain activities, by environmental
factors, or by chance. As a city
grows outward along sector tracts,
activities expand in those sectors
out from the CBD.
Industrial and retailing are in sectors
by good transportation lines.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI: C.D. HARRIS AND E.L. ULLMAN
A city is a complex structure that
includes more than one center
around which activities revolve.
Some activities are attracted to
particular nodes while others avoid
them.
Ex: Airport = hotels & warehouses
Ex: University = well-educated
residents, book stores and pizza
joints.
SETTLEMENT ROOTS & HISTORICAL PATTERNS
Brief Histories = Traditional Clustered Developments
• People are cooperative, for “communal protections”
• Sense of community for protection and cooperative effort
Rural Settlements
• Communal dwelling became the near-universal rule with the advent of sedentary agriculture
• Most farms in the world have been communal efforts (with some notable exceptions in Western Europe-Post-Manorial System (after the Renaissance), Anglo-America, Australia, or New Zealand, (where individual family farms existed)
ORIGINS OF THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS
1. Agricultural – Linear hamlets, along streams and rivers
2. Religious - graves, churches, temples; “Cities of the Dead”
3. Manorial – the feudal estates of Europe and Asia
4. Cultural-Religious - trading posts along Medieval Pilgrimage Routes, where grew up monasteries, Romanesque Churches, Schools, and Gothic Universities, etc.
5. Political/Military – the leader’s house and its surrounds, central administrative bldgs. protective walls [Babylon, Jerusalem, Constantinople, Moscow, German Principalities]
6. Economic - stores, food, trading posts, distribution, industry
EXAMPLE RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE U.S.
• New England - clustered “colonial-styled” villages of the first colonists
• Mid Atlantic (and “Great Lakes Region”), Western Penn, Ohio Valley, and Michigan and Wiscosin - dispersed isolated farms of Dutch, Swedes, Irish and Germans
• South – plantation mansions surrounded by plantation services, and-or the primitive pioneer log-cabin
HISTORY OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS
• Prior to modern times most settlements were rural
I. First Urban Settlements around Domestication
• UR & URUK: (Sumer = modern day of Iraq)
• Mycenae, Troy, & Minoans on the Isle of Crete in
Greece; Catal Hoyuk in Turkey
• Settlements along the world’s great rivers (Jericho,
Mohenjo Daro (Indus R) Babylon on the Tigris and
Euphrates, Nile Valley, etc.)
HISTORY OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS
A is for Athens - first city over 100,000
• by the 5th century BC over 300,000
B is for BIGGER EMPIRES, and that’s Rome - center of a Republic which
became an Empire from roughly 200 BC to 500 AD, when “All roads lead to Rome”
• Paris, London, Vienna are all old Roman sites
C is for Constantinople (2nd Rome in the East)
D is for “Dark Ages” of Medieval Europe - after the fall of Rome
• Medieval DE-urbanization; people dispersed into the rural
areas, and would re-gather around the manorial estates
• patterns of castles, walls & narrow streets
• compact spaces surrounded by protective walls
HISTORY OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS
Renaissance-Baroque Cities
• Renaissance 15-16th centuries = Medici in Florence
• Baroque 17th-18th centuries = Rebuilding of Rome, and the
development of wide avenues & monuments
• Paris, London, and Washington D.C.
Post-Industrial Revolution or “Industrial Age” Cities
• 19th century to present
• Cities are designed, and redesigned around industry and
transportation; Paris & London rebuilt and redesigned by
Hausmann in the 19th Cent., example is most modern cities
DESCRIBE THE ORIGIN OF CITIES
(REMEMBER TO USE TERM HINTERLAND IN YOUR
DESCRIPTIONS)
MOSCOW PLANNED AS A WALLED TOWN
THE NATURE AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
• All cities perform functions
• Cities generate income necessary to support themselves
• Each city is part of a larger economy that has reciprocal connections
Insert figure 11.9
© Pixtal/age fotostock RF
THE NATURE AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES
• Cities are among the oldest markers of civilization
• The words “city” and “civilization” have the same Latin root, civis
• Cities originated in – or diffused from – the culture hearths that first
developed sedentary agriculture
• Hinterlands are rural or suburban productive areas surrounding
(supporting) the population center / “core”
• Those individuals who were not involved in farming were free
to specialize in other activities – metal working, pottery making,
cloth weaving, perhaps – producing goods for other urbanites
Regularities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
“WHETHER ANCIENT OR MODERN, ALL CITIES SHOW
REGULARITIES APPROPRIATE TO THEIR TIME OR PLACE”
(FELLMANN, 345)
IDENTIFY THE FOUR “REGULARITIES” POINTED OUT BY
FELLMANN.
ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
• The Location of Urban Settlements
• Site Characteristics: Break-of-Bulk, Head-of-Navigation, Railhead, Defensive Elements
• Situational Characteristics: What was the basic economy? Which Raw Materials, Markets, or Agriculture?
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European Urban Expansion
• Feudalism
• Medieval towns first
grew because of, and
depended on their role
(cultural or military-
diplomatic)
– Ecclesiastical (aka
religious role) or
university center
– Defensive stronghold
– Administrative centers
• Gateway cities
Figure 10.5 Chartres, France
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
European Urban Expansion, (cont'd)
Apply your knowledge: List probable gateway cities
along the Atlantic seaboard of North America. What were
their principle imports and exports?
Figure 10.6b The 13thC strategic, diplomatic,
and humanist court of Urbino, Italy
Figure 10.6a The walled medieval town
of Aigues-Mortes, France
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
European Urban Expansion, (cont'd)
Figure 10.8 The towns and cities of Europe, ca. 1350
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 10.12 Manchester, England: The "shock city" of the 19th C
Industrialization and Urbanization (3 phases)
1. The “Putting Out System,” a Textile Revolution: From Cottage Industries of the 18th Century
f. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1792
boosted the shipment of American
Cotton, which now became “King”
2. To Power Looms, Water Power to Steam Power
3. Textile Mills of the Late 19th Cent.
Women enter the industrialized workforce:Textile Factory Workers in England
12 to 14-year-old girls are
“Bobbin-Doffers”
Manchester Coal Smoke Stacks in 1850
While machines should have
made life easier, the steam
engine of Industry in England
significantly increased the
numbers of young Coal MinersIn the belly
of the
mines in
the 1840s
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Industrialization and Urbanization, (cont'd)
Apply your knowledge: How have the transportation
technologies affected the history of the town or city in
which you live?
Figure 10.13 Growth of Chicago
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
[Insert Figure 10.15]
Characteristics of Colonial Cities
• Late 19th Century
European
Imperialism
• "Established" or
planted “Colonial
Cities”
• Colonial functions
were grafted onto an
existing settlement
• Colonial founders
plusses / minuses?
Figure 10.15 Mumbai, an example of colonial
architecture and urban design
Click on for optional FUN & EXTENDED LEARNING - http://igcse-geography-
lancaster.wikispaces.com/1.3+SETTLEMENT
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
• Focuses on how changes in one aspect of the social
system affect other aspects of society.
• The demographic transition theory of population
describes how industrialization has affected population
growth.
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE,
CONFLICTING IDEAS
• The development of urban areas is functional for
societal development.
• Urbanization is also dysfunctional, because it leads to
increased rates of anomie as the bonds between
individuals and social groups become weak.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
• Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth
rates offset by high death rates.
• Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth
rates are relatively high, death rates decline.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
• Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little
population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.
• Stage 4: Post-industrialization - birth rates decline as more women are
employed and raising children becomes more costly.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
• Emphasizes the role of power, wealth and profit motive in development of
urban areas.
• Market-Capitalism contributes to migration of rural inhabitants to cities.
• Individuals and groups with wealth and power influence decisions that
affect urban populations.
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
• Focuses on how meanings, labels, and definitions affect population and environmental problems.
Consider an example of a stereotype that is often mostly true about women in some parts of Africa and SW Asia, statistically:
• Women in pro-natalistic societies learn that control of fertility is socially unacceptable, frowned upon.
• Efforts to redefine cities in positive terms are reflected in campaigns sponsored by convention centers and visitors bureaus.
• Distinctive cultures and lifestyles of cities influence their residents’ self -concepts, values and behaviors.
CLASSICAL THEORETICAL VIEW, LOUIS WIRTH
• Urban living emphasizes individuality and detachment from interpersonal
relationships.
• Primary social bonds weaken in favor of superficial social bonds.
• Social solidarity weakens, which leads to loneliness, depression, stress.
MODERN, POST-MODERN “POSSIBILISTS” VIEW
• Cities do not interfere with functional and positive interpersonal
relationships, as long as they are planned with these initiatives in mind.
• Kinship and ethnicity (in the ethnic enclave) may help bind people together.
• The “Garden-City” (with walkable recreation and parks spaces) can be a
patchwork quilt of urban villages that help individuals relieve the pressures
of urban living.
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION IN
URBAN AREAS, BY YEAR
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BELOW-
REPLACEMENT FERTILITY
• In more than 1/3 of the world’s countries — (Developed and
Developing) including China (1.79), Japan (1.23), and all of
Europe—fertility rates have fallen below the 2.1 children
replacement level.
• FILL IN THE BLANKS BELOW
• Low fertility rates lead to an increasing proportion of
_____________members, and thus will require an increasing
proportion of the resources earned by the labor force in order
to care for the _________________, and fund their pensions.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BELOW-
REPLACEMENT FERTILITY
• Low fertility results in fewer workers to support the pension, social
security, and health care systems for the elderly.
• Below-replacement fertility rates raise concerns about a country’s ability
to maintain a productive economy, and improve infrastructures,
because there may not be enough future workers to replace current
workers as they age and retire.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND RESOURCE
SCARCITY
• Countries that suffer most from shortages of water, farmland,
and food are countries with the highest population growth
rates.
• About 1/3 of the developing world’s population live in
countries with severe water stress .
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND RESOURCE
SCARCITY
• The impact that each person makes on the environment, their
environmental footprint, is determined by their culture’s
patterns of consumption.
• The environmental footprint of someone in a high-income
country is about 6 times bigger than that of someone in a low-
income country.
URBAN HOUSING PROBLEMS
• Slums are concentrated areas of poor housing and squalor in heavily
populated urban areas.
• In the United States, slums that are occupied primarily by African
Americans are known as ghettos, and those occupied primarily by
Latinos are called barrios.
• Nearly one in three city dwellers worldwide live in slums characterized by
overcrowding, little employment, and poor water, sanitation, and health
care services.
GLOBAL INSECURITY
• Rapid population growth is a contributing factor to global insecurity, including civil unrest, war, and terrorism (Cairo, Egypt).
• Developing countries are characterized by a youth bulge—a high proportion of 15- to 29-year-olds relative to the adult population.
• The combination of a youth bulge with other characteristics of rapidly growing populations, such as resource scarcity, high unemployment rates, poverty, and rapid urbanization, sets the stage for political unrest.
POOR MATERNAL, INFANT, AND CHILD HEALTH
• In developing countries one in four children is born unwanted, increasing
the risk of neglect and abuse.
• The more children a woman has, the fewer the parental resources
(parental income, time and maternal nutrition) and social resources (health
care and education) available to each child.
• The adverse health effects of high fertility on women and children are, in
themselves, compelling reasons for providing women with family planning
services.
TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
• A study of 85 U.S. urban areas found that in 2003 traffic congestion caused 3.7 billion hours of traffic delay and wasted 2.3 billion gallons of fuel.
• The average annual delay per traveler increased from 16 hours in 1982 to 40 hours in 1993 and 47 hours in 2003.
• Many public roads in urban areas are afflicted with what some call autosclerosis clogged vehicular arteries that slow rush hour traffic to a crawl or a stop, even when there are no accidents or construction crews ahead.
GOVERNMENTS’ VIEWS ON POPULATION
GROWTH RATE
REASONS FOR NOT WALKING MORE
PROPOSALS TO CREATE MORE WALKABLE
COMMUNITIES
REGIONALISM
• Collaboration among central cities and suburbs that
encourages local governments to share common
responsibilities for common problems.
• EXAMPLE is ATLANTA REGIONAL COMMISSION
(ARC)
ISLANDS OF DEVELOPMENT• In most states, the capital city is the political nerve center of
the country, its national headquarters and seat of
government.
• In many countries of the global economic periphery and
semiperiphery, the capital cities are by far the largest and
most economically influential cities in the state.
• Some newly independent states have built new capital
cities, away from the colonial headquarters.
• Islands of development: a government or corporation
builds up and concentrates economic development in a
certain city or small region.
© 2012 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Figure 10.15
Putrajaya, Malaysia. Putrajaya is the newly built capital of Malaysia,
replacing Kuala Lumpur. © Bazuki Muhammad/Reuters/Corbis.
© 2012 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CREATING GROWTH IN THE
“PERIPHERY OF THE PERIPHERY”
• In the most rural, impoverished regions of less
prosperous countries, some nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) try to improve the plight of
people.
• Each NGO has its own set of goals, depending on the
primary concerns outlined by its founders and
financiers.
• Microcredit programs give loans to poor people,
particularly women to encourage development of small
businesses.
© 2012 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
THE LOCATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
• In order to adequately perform the tasks that support it, the cities must be efficiently located:
–Centrality? Site & Situation [Absolute & Relative Location]
–Physical characteristics of the site - water transportation was an important localizing factor when the major American cities were established
–Before the advent of railroads in the middle of the 19th century, all major American cities were associated with, located near waterways
DESCRIBE WHAT IS MEANT BY THE
ECONOMIC BASE OF AN URBAN
SETTLEMENT. INCLUDE DESCRIPTIONS OF
BASIC AND NON-BASIC SECTORS.
Circular and cumulative causation = “polarized
development”. [AKA neocolonialism] Economist Gunnar
Myrdal (CH10, p312), referenced in CH11
Rebuttal: there will be “trickle-down” or “spread effects”
ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF CITIES,
(CONTINUED)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
The Economic Base
• Basic Sector
• Export activities: Comparative Adv., what this group does best or better!
• Money flowing into the community is the result
• Non Basic Sector
• Producing goods for residents of the urban unit itself
• Do not generate new money
• Responsible for the internal functioning of the urban unit
TO WHAT DOES THE URBAN MULTIPLIER
EFFECT REFER?
ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION, (CONT.)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
• The Economic Base
• Multiplier Effect of the Service Economy
• As a settlement increases in size (population), the number of new non-basic personnel grows faster than the number of new basic workers. Why?
• How does this tend affect the hinterlands?
• Answer = “Multimodal Functional-Specializations”
• Transportation & Distribution Hubs = ATL, Chicago
• Special-function Cities: Administrative, Education, Hi-Tech, etc. Research Triangle, SC, Austin, TX
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY & HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS
HOW DO YOU THINK THE FUNCTIONS OF MADISON
AND MILWALKEE, WISCOSIN DIFFER?
PROVIDE A BRIEF SUMMARY OF
CHRISTALLER’S
“CENTRAL PLACE THEORY”.
(AND, THIS IS A CHALLENGE…)
http://www.spur.org/publications/article/2012-11-09/grand-reductions-10-
diagrams-changed-city-planning
CENTRAL PLACES
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
• Walter Christaller• Developed a framework for
understanding urban interdependence
• Developed his theory in rather idealized circumstances:
1. Assumes a plain
2. Farm population would be dispersed in an even pattern
3. People would be uniform in similar tastes, demands, and incomes
CENTRAL PLACES
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
• Walter Christaller• Results
• A series of hexagonal market areas that cover the entire plain will emerge
• There will be a central place at the center of each of the hexagonal market areas.
• The largest central places will supply all of the goods and services the consumers in that area demand and can afford
• The size of the market area of a central place will be proportional to the number of goods and services offered from that central place
DETAILS OF CHRISTALLER’S THEORY
• The vast range of retail functions could be grouped into 7 “orders,” corresponding to cities with different sized hinterlands
• the functions in an order share a similar threshold and range
• automobiles would be in a different order than loaves of bread, for example
• What might be in the same order as automobiles?
• What might be in the same order as loaves of bread?
MARKET PRINCIPLE (A) AND TRANSPORTATION
PRINCIPLE (B)
HYPOTHETICAL PATTERN OF CENTRAL PLACES
MARKET PRINCIPLE (A) AND TRANSPORTATION
PRINCIPLE (B)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urban Systems, Putting it all together in U.S.• Central Place
• Rank-size rule
• Primacy
• Centrality
• Connectivity
• World cities
1. Dominant,
Major,
Secondary
(Chicago, DC,
Los Angeles)
2. Secondary(Boston, Atl, St Louis,
Cinci, Cleveland,
Kansas City, Dallas,
Denver, Portland)Figure 10.17 Functional specialization within an urban system
MORE TERMINOLOGY
• “Higher order” goods and services are those with a wider range and higher threshold, located in larger urban centers
• “Lower order” goods and services are those with a narrower range and lower threshold, located in smaller urban centers
• “break point”: the invisible boundary between markets of competing central places
• “isotropic plain” uniform land surface on which these ordering principles would generate a hexagonal pattern of cities
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE URBAN
HIERARCHY (LISTED BY ORDER)
1. largest cities (all functions, highest to lowest)
2. large cities
3. small cities
4. larger towns
5. smaller towns
6. villages
7. hamlets (only the lowest order functions)
“HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”:
• “World Cities” (aka Capital Cities): New York, London, Paris,
Tokyo: Is there a McDonalds or a Starbucks on every block?
WORLD’S LARGEST CITIES
TOKYO RECENTLY ADDED ITS 1000TH STORE
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HOW MUCH PROFIT FROM A CUP GOES TO THOSE
COFFEE GROWERS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA?
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
“HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”: DOMINANT
AND MAJOR WORLD CITIES, WORLD CITIES
• There have been major urban settlements in different parts of the world since ancient times, including Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome.
• In ancient Greece, city-states such as Athens and Sparta emerged. These included the city and surrounding countryside or hinterland.
• Cities in the Roman world, (especially Rome, which was the first dominant world city), were important centers of administration, law, trade, culture, and a host of other services.
• Urbanization declined with the fall of Rome and would not reemerge until the 11th-12th centuries. From the time of the fall of Rome until the Industrial Revolution the largest cities in the world were in Asia.
“HIERARCHIAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”:
• Urban Hierarchy in the U.S. vs in Europe
Based on figure 11.14, (p.351) which cities would be more likely to be
interdependent? [Minneapolis and Milwaukee], [St. Louis and Kansas City], or
[Milwaukee, Chicago and Detroit]? Explain using the concept of urban hierarchy
“HIERARCHIAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”: DOMINANT AND
MAJOR WORLD CITIES
Level 1: Dominant World Cities: New York, London, Tokyo, What are the major world cities today? (First and Second Tier Cities) Why are they referred to as the “…command and control centers of the
global economy?” (352)
Los Angeles, San Francisco, Mexico City, Toronto, Paris, Frankfurt,
Zurich, Moscow, Madrid, Hong Kong, Seoul
“HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”: MODERN
DOMINANT AND MAJOR WORLD CITIES• Modern world cities offer business, banking, and legal services,
especially the headquarters of financial services. They also have upscale retail services with huge market areas, such as leisure and cultural services of national importance.
• World cities are also centers of national and international power. New York is the headquarters of the United Nations, and Brussels is one of the headquarter cities of the European Union.
• Four levels of these cities have been identified by geographers. These are: (1) world cities, (2) regional command and control centers, (3) specialized producer-service centers, and (4) dependent centers.
• London, New York, and Tokyo are at the top of the hierarchy of world cities. They are unique in that they all have important international stock exchanges.
“HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”: HIERARCHY
OF BUSINESS SERVICES
• Command and control centers contain the headquarters of large corporations, and concentrations of a variety of business services.
• There are regional hubs like Atlanta and Boston, and sub-regional centers such as Charlotte, Raleigh, Greenville, and Des Moines.
• Specialized producer-service centers have management and research and development activities associated with specific industries. Detroit is a specialized producer-service center specializing in motor vehicles.
• As the term suggests, dependent centers depend on decisions made in world cities for their economic well-being. They provide relatively unskilled jobs. San Diego is an industrial and military dependent center.
“HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”: ECONOMIC
BASE OF SETTLEMENTS
• Basic industries are exported mainly to consumers outside a settlement and constitute that community’s economic base.
• These industries employ a large percentage of a community’s workforce.
• Non-basic industries are usually consumed within that community.
• Basic industries are vital to the economic health of a settlement. The concept of basic industries originally referred to the secondary sector of the economy, such as manufacturing, but in a postindustrial society such as the United States, they are now more likely to be in the tertiary, service-sector of the economy.
“HIERARCHIAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”:
• Rank-Size and Primacy
What is the difference between the urban hierarchy system
found in the United States and the primate city phenomenon?
Why do many developing
nations display the primate city
model? (cite and explain two
possible reasons.)
“HIERARCHIAL SYSTEMS OF CITIES”: A NEW CLASSIFICATION
THAT MAY INCLUDE TWO OR MORE TYPES OF THE ABOVE.
• Network Cities: What are the conditions necessary for the
development of a network of cities? Would the proposed high
speed rail lines connecting Chicago, Milwaukee and Madison have
laid the foundation for a network city arrangement?
© 2012 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL
RIGHTS RESERVED.
Review of Population Growth
In the Developing World (in
particular) and Urbanization
WORLD POPULATION: HISTORY, TRENDS, PROJECTIONS
• For 99% of human history population growth was restricted by
disease and food supplies.
• This continued until the mid-18th century, when the Industrial
Revolution improved the standard of living for much of the world.
• Improvements included better food, cleaner drinking water,
improved housing and sanitation, and medical advances.
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
WORLD’S 7 LARGEST COUNTRIES
GLOBAL POPULATION GROWTH IS DRIVEN
BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
POPULATION DENSITY
• The number of people per unit of land area.
• The population density of India is 869 people per square mile,
compared with 80 people per square mile in the United States.
FERTILITY RATES BY REGION
World 2.6
More-developed (MDCs). U.S., Japan, and NW Europe 1.7
Less-developed (BRICs, NICs) 2.7
Less-developed (excluding China, with its Birth Control) 3.1
Least-developed (Africa and Bangladesh) 4.6
FERTILITY RATE
• Average number of children born to each woman.
• Replacement level fertility (about 2.1)
• The level required to maintain the population size .
POPULATION MOMENTUM
• Continued population growth as a result of past high fertility rates that
have resulted in a large number of young women who are currently
entering their childbearing years.
• Despite the below-replacement fertility rates in more developed
regions, population in these regions is expected to continue to grow
until about 2030 and then to begin to decline.
FERTILITY
• The region of the world with the
highest fertility rate is in Africa, where
women have an average of five
children in their lifetime.
CURRENT POPULATION TRENDS
• Future projections suggest that, although the world
population continues to grow, it may never double
again.
• Fertility rates have dropped around the world
• A child born today may live to see stabilization of
the world’s population
CURRENT POPULATION TRENDS AND FUTURE
PROJECTIONS
• According to the United Nations, the world’s population is
growing at an annual fertility rate of 1.14% resulting in the
addition of 76 million people per year.
• If the world could “carry” a doubling, the current world birth rate
would produce 15 billion in 65-to-70 years
• Projections of future population growth’s flattening curve,
however suggests that world population will grow from 6.5 billion
in 2005 to 9.1 billion in 2050.
POPULATION GROWTH RATES AND
FERTILITY RATES: 2005 AND 2050
QUESTION
• There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have.
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree somewhat
C. Unsure
D. Disagree somewhat
E. Strongly disagree
POPULATION MOMENTUM
• Continued population growth as a result of past high fertility
rates that have resulted in a large number of young women
who are currently entering their childbearing years.
• Despite the below-replacement fertility rates in more
developed regions, population in these regions is expected to
continue to grow until about 2030 and then to begin to
decline.
POPULATION TRENDS
1. The total number of people on this planet is rising and
is expected to continue to increase over the coming
decades.
2. About 40% of the world’s population lives in countries
in which couples have so few children that the
countries’ populations are likely to decline over the
coming years.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
BACK TO URBANIZATION
• Transformation of a society from a rural to an urban one.
• Urban population - Persons living in cities or towns of 2,500
or more residents.
• Urbanized areas - One or more places and the adjacent
densely populated surrounding areas, or suburban EDGE
CITIES that together have a minimum population of 50,000.
• Mega-cities - Cities with 10 million residents or more.
URBAN SKYLINE, DUBAI
Deindustrialization and “Rust-Belt” Cities
a process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment.
Abandoned street
in Liverpool,
England, where the
population has
decreased by one-
third since
deindustrialization
Perhaps the beginning of Detroit’s troubles. July 23, 1967. Later with the
arrival of Toyota, Honda and Nissan, and their gargantuan success in this
country, around the Oil Crisis—Supply Shock of 1973, brought on by the Oil
Embargo of OPEC Nations. Then, the “Reagan Recession” of 1980-1982
8 mile road, Detroit 2008, the infamous example
Detroit “Hooverville” in 2008
There is a movement in Detroit to “Crowd-fund” the removal of Blight.
Watch “Detropia” on Netflix
http://www.ted.com/talks/majora_carter_s_tale_of_urban_renewal?language=en
https://www.ted.com/playlists/29/our_future_in_cities
By contrast, the Buford, GA “Mall of the South”
Drive for profits via Division of Labor, outsourced to the LDCs, and the Regional Distribution Hubs like Climatically Mild Atlanta (LA, Dallas, Phoenix) become Service and Logistics Core Economies that draw massive influx from all over the world.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
“Rust Belt to the Sun Belt”
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
THEORY OF RANK-SIZE RULE
• George Zipf – 1949
“The second and subsequently smaller cities represent an
arithmetic fractional proportion of the largest city”.
(Explains the ranking of the size of cities in a country)
•“If all the settlements of a country are ranked according to population size, the sizes of the settlements will be inversely proportional to their rank”
Zipf
•The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant.
Mark Jefferson, 1939
THE LAW OF THE PRIMATE CITY AND THE
RANK-SIZE RULE
RANK-SIZE RULE: WHAT IS IT?
• It is a simple model which states that population size of a
given city tends to be equal to the population of the
largest city divided by the rank of the given city
• Pr = P1/r (rank)
• Pr = population of the largest city ranked r
• P = population of the largest city
• r = rank of the city r
DO ALL CITIES / COUNTRIES FOLLOW THE
RANK SIZE RULE?
• There are a number of patterns.
• The theoretical rank-size rule pattern is a straight line.
• In some countries, 1 city dominates and other cities are very small.
RANK SIZE RULE - ZIPF
• If all cities in a country are placed in order from the largest to the
smallest, each one will have a population half the size of the
preceding city.
• 19,950,000 residents. At its current rate of growth, New York will
exceed a population of 20 million in 2014.
• http://www.newgeography.com/content/004240-special-report-
2013-metropolitan-area-population-estimates
EXAMPLES OF COUNTRIES THAT LACK PRIMATE CITIES,
BUT ARE MORE IN KEEPING WITH RANK-SIZE RULE
• India
• U.S.A.
• China
• Canada
• Australia
• Brazil
Rank Size Rule Correlation in Germany
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Berlin Hamburg Munich Cologne Frankfurt
Cities
Po
pu
lati
on
(in
mil
lio
ns)
Population
Rank Size Rule
Rank Size Rule
AUSTRALIA
• Sydney: 4,336,374
• Melbourne: 3,806,092
• Brisbane:1,857,594
• Perth:1,554,769
• Adelaide:1,158,259
• Gold Coast:583,657
• Newcastle:523,662
• Canberra: 388,072
• Wollongong: 280,159
• Sunshine Coast:230,429
Rank-size rule graph
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
1 3 5 7 9
Rank
Po
pu
lati
on
Real
Predicted
THAILAND
• Bangkok: 5,705,061
• Nonthaburi:264,651
• Pak Kret:173,622
• Hat Yai:157,596
• Chiang Mai:147,504
• Udon Thani:141,751
• Surat Thani:127,237
• Khon Kaen:118,667
• Nakhon Si Thammarat:108,317
rank-size rule Graph
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rank
Po
pu
lati
on
Real
Predicted
SOUTH AFRICA
• Cape Town:2,415,408
• Durban:2,117,650
• Johannesburg:1,480,530
• Pretoria:1,104,479
• Soweto:1,098,094
• Port Elizabeth:749,921
• Pietermaritzburg:378,126
• Benoni:365,467
• Vereeniging:346,780
• Bloemfontein:333,769
Rank-size rule Graph
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rank
po
pu
lati
on
Real
Predicted
THAILAND
• Bangkok: 5,705,061
• Nonthaburi:264,651
• Pak Kret:173,622
• Hat Yai:157,596
• Chiang Mai:147,504
• Udon Thani:141,751
• Surat Thani:127,237
• Khon Kaen:118,667
• Nakhon Si Thammarat:108,317
rank-size rule Graph
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rank
Po
pu
lati
on
Real
Predicted
SOUTH AFRICA
• Cape Town:2,415,408
• Durban:2,117,650
• Johannesburg:1,480,530
• Pretoria:1,104,479
• Soweto:1,098,094
• Port Elizabeth:749,921
• Pietermaritzburg:378,126
• Benoni:365,467
• Vereeniging:346,780
• Bloemfontein:333,769
Rank-size rule Graph
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rank
po
pu
lati
on
Real
Predicted
THE RANK SIZE PATTERNS
• The urban primacy: a single city dominates and is much
more greater that the next large center (primary pattern).
• The binary pattern: 2 or more cities are larger than the
predicted size.
• Stepped order pattern: series of levels and steps
(conurbations, cities, towns, etc.)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Key questions:
What factors affect the urban hierarchy of a country?
Why do primate cities develop?
What affect do primate cities have on the
development of a country?
THE PRIMACY?
• Primate city:
• Usually in LEDCs. (exceptions of UK and France)
• A city with more than twice the population of the next largest city.
• Rapid urbanization.
• Migration.
• Strategic cities
• Ports dominating the country.
Bangkok: 5,705,061
Nonthaburi:264,651
EXAMPLES OF COUNTRIES WITH PRIMATE
CITIES
• Paris, France
• London, UK
• Mexico City, Mexico
• Bangkok, Thailand
• Argentina
• Romania
THE UNITED
KINGDOM
BANGKOK – EXAMPLE OF A PRIMATE CITY
• Urban Primacy - where the
largest city is a many times
larger than the second city.
• A huge dichotomy exists
between Bangkok (5.9
million) and Thailand's
second city, Nakhon
Ratchasima (278,000).
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr
FACTORS ENCOURAGING PRIMACY
• Favorable initial advantages for the site; often a colonial entrepot
• Advantages maintained and enhanced
• Magnetic attraction for businesses, services and people (cumulative
effect)
• Disproportionate growth increases attractiveness
• Has a parasitic effect, sucking wealth, natural and human resources.
THE PRIMATE CITY
• Economies of scale can be achieved.
• Attractive places of migration.
• Large-scale of services available
BUT
• House shortages, traffic, crime, pollution.
• Urban and rural inequalities, unemployment.
• Congestion, pollution.
• Concentration of power supplies.
URBAN PROBLEMS
IN BANGKOK• Flooding
• Refuse
• Transport
• Recreation
• Pollution
• Poor Planning
• Finance
• Conflicting demands
• Rapid urbanization
SO, MORE FOR & AGAINST PRIMATE CITIES IN
AN LEDC LIKE BANGKOK
FOR
• They attract overseas investment and benefits that will
eventually benefit the whole country
AGAINST
• They are unstoppable monsters that create serious problems,
shortages and escalating land prices that make them less
attractive places to live in.
U.S. MORE OR LESS FOLLOWS THE RANK-SIZE RULE
Discuss THREE ways in which the concept of core-
periphery relations helps explain the development of
the urban systems shown above. Be sure to use
evidence from both maps to support your conclusions.
DEFINITION OF THE CITY• Physical Definition of the City - Non-rural settlement that is, built up,
economically functional, for trade and-or industry, and has local
government (or council), and a legal boundary.
• Environmental Definition of the City
• urban dust domes
• (defined by pollution)
• heat island
• (defined by increased temperatures)
GROWTH OF THE CITY
• Skyscrapers - using vertical space (vertical development)
• intensive use of land
• shops at street level
• professional offices at higher levels
• 20th Cent. = Outward Suburbanized Expansion into Periphery
• advent of the automobile & transportation routes
• decline of public transport
INSIDE THE CITY• Defining the City Today
Photo by Mark Bjelland
Defining the City Today (CHI v ATL)
Suburbanization in the United States, (by
decade waves, from the 1950s, into
today)…what do you prefer/fear?
INSIDE THE CITY• Defining the City Today: Suburb: How do suburbs differ from
cities and towns?
URBAN STRUCTURES• Core areas of cities = “Central Business Districts” was a city of colonial
origin
• Once the “heart of the city” activity is now peripheral in DCs
• Subsidiary cores have cropped up and are associated with new residential areas
• Port areas - often the “initial site” [primate city] - have now declined in importance, and other than running bustling, industrialized ports for shipping containers, the port cities are more often tourist spots (and only in “the best of times, economically”, with large “infestations” of urban poor and homeless persons.
• Squatter settlements often lie on the fringe [compare NYC, ATL, RIO]
• Industrial areas have high access arteries
INSIDE THE CITY• Defining the City Today
• Central City/CBD
• NYC Time Lapse
FORMAL VERSUS INFORMAL
SECTOR ACTIVITIES• Informal- characterized by
small scale, easy entry,
adapted technology, flexible
hours, no set wages and family,
or local organization
• Formal- large scale, more
difficult entry requirements,
often imported technology, fixed
hours of operation, daily/weekly
or monthly wage, distant
ownership or management
Homer Hoyt’s Sector Model
“HIGH RENT DISTRICTS”
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
TYPICAL SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITY STRUCTURE
LATIN AMERICAN CITY TYPICAL STRUCTURE
CONTEMPORARY URBANIZATION PROCESS
• Desa Kota-- regions of an intense mixture of agricultural and nonagricultural activities that often stretch along corridors between large city cores. Literally in Indonesian desa (village) and kota (city). These regions were previously characterized by dense population settlement engaged in agriculture, generally but not exclusively dominated by wet rice.
Burgess Concentric Zone
Model, and the “Peak Land
Rent Value”
MANHATTAN AS A
HOMER HOYT
SECTOR MODEL?
SLIGHTLY MORE
RANDOM, SEEMINGLY
ABOUT LOW RENT,
AND HIGH RENT
ATLANTA?
LISBON, 1755? ATLANTA, 2015? CHAUNCY D. HARRIS AND EDWARD L. ULMAN
(1945) DEVELOPED ADDRESSED THE ISSUE OF THE URBAN SPACE OF THE CITY AND DEVELOPED WHAT
IS KNOWN AS THE MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL. THESE GEOGRAPHERS ARGUED THAT A CITY HAS MORE
THAN ONE CENTER AROUND WHICH IT EVOLVES. SOME ACTIVITIES, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE ATTRACTED TO
PARTICULAR NODES WHILE OTHER ACTIVITIES TRY TO AVOID THEM. HOWEVER, THIS MODEL COULD
BETTER ACCOUNT FOR LISBON AFTER THE GREAT EARTHQUAKE OF 1755.
CHAUNCEY HARRIS (WORKED WITH ULLMANN ON THE
MULTIPLE-NUCLEI SECTOR MODEL): PERIPHERY MODEL
EXTENSION TO SECTOR MODEL = ATLANTA
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
PERIPHERY MODELS
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
INSIDE THE CITY
• Defining the City Today
• Urbanized Area
• Metropolitan Area
Compare and contrast
urbanized and metropolitan
areas. Cite a real-world
example of each.
“The area is part of a larger U.S. Census
division named Minneapolis–St. Paul–
Bloomington, MN-WI, the country's 16th-
largest metropolitan area composed of 11
counties in Minnesota and two counties in
Wisconsin with a population of 3,317,308
as of the 2010 Census.
INSIDE THE CITY: THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT = A SINGLE POINT AT WHICH
THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE INTERCHANGE COULD BE ACHIEVED
Explain the “…two separate but related distance patterns” (356)
evident in the traditional mass transit city. How did the advent of the
automobile change this model?
Poverty, Life
Expectency and
Food Access
Chicago Land Values
DEFINITION OF THE CITY• Physical Definition of the City - Non-rural settlement that is, built up,
economically functional, for trade and-or industry, and has local
government (or council), and a legal boundary.
• Environmental Definition of the City
• urban dust domes
• (defined by pollution)
• heat island
• (defined by increased temperatures)
GROWTH OF THE CITY
• Skyscrapers - using vertical space (vertical development)
• intensive use of land
• shops at street level
• professional offices at higher levels
• 20th Cent. = Outward Suburbanized Expansion into Periphery
• advent of the automobile & transportation routes
• decline of public transport
BERLIN TRAIN STATION & DIPLOMATIC FACILITY
BRANDENBURG GATE & TV TOWER
ON LEFT, THE CHURCH THAT CAVED IN ON
PEOPLE, AND ON RIGHT = REICHSTAG
REICHSTAG LOOKING DOWN
BRANDENBURG GATE & VW PLANT
OUTWARD EXPANSION (CON’T)• Squatter Settlements - illegally erected shacks, cardboard structures
and tents, due to rapid growth in cities of developing countries
• De-urbanization of the 20th Century Cities
• European Model = Poverty pushed from Core to Periphery
• 20th cent America = pushed in or “left behind” low-rent districts in the
Core
• suburbanism = legally independent cities
• cluster cities
• rural areas- preferable to urban lifestyle
• telecommuting - economic activity from a distance
SAO PAULO SQUATTER SETTLEMENT
DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES
• Physical Restraints
• Manufacturing - North & East
• Retail Cities serving farmers - Mid West
• Resorts & Retirement - Southwest
• Economic Functions
• site & situation factors = ATL = founded as “Terminus” =
Distribution HUB
• International Trade - Port Cities
• Entertainment Centers - Las Vegas
URBAN PATTERNS
• City Center = CBD = Core Business District
• best known area, most visually distinctive
• San Francisco, London
• original site of settlement = bottom end of Manhattan Island
• Central Business District
• retail & office space
• assessable
• often a focal point with skyscrapers
• specialized stores for the office workers
STREET PATTERNS
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES AND GROWTH
• International Distribution
• Developed countries (MDCs and NICs) have a higher
population already living in urban areas
• Two thirds live in urban areas
• Developing countries have the greatest annual or decade
long increases in the number of large urban settlements
• One quarter live in urban areas
• Most of the largest cities are in the developing regions
URBAN PATTERNS
• Zones in Transition
• mixed use with light industry
• transition from business to residential
• older neighborhoods (slums)
• home to ethnic groups not culturally integrated
• ghettos vs. ethnic neighborhood
• Suburbs
• residential
• nodes of retail services
INSIDE THE CITY (WITH EXAMPLE MODELS)
• Models of Urban Form
• Concentric Zone
• Sector Model
• Multiple-Nuclei Model
• Peripheral Models
Multiple-Nuclei Model Close up
INSIDE THE CITY (#8)Metro-Peripheral Model Sector Examples
SOCIAL AREAS OF CITIES
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
• Social Status
Explain this statement, “social status patterning agrees with the sector
model.” (360) How do gated communities (361) fit in the sector model? Is
there evidence of the sector model in small communities like Bloomer?
Eau Claire?
Poverty, Life
Expectency and
Food Access
SOCIAL AREAS OF
CITIES
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
Family Status and Ethnicity: How do family status and
ethnicity influence choice of
residence in urban areas?
SYMBOLIC LANDSCAPE
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
WORLD URBAN DIVERSITY
• Western Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Rapidly Growing Non-Western Cities
• Colonial and Non-Colonial Antecedents
• Urban Primacy and Rapid Growth
• Squatter Settlements
• Planned Cities
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
Insert figure 11.34
© Digital Vision/PunchStock RF
SYMBOLIC LANDSCAPE
CULTURAL LANDSCAPES
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
SQUATTER CITIES
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf
Favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUATTER CITIES
• Housing materials are collected
from available resources:
corrugated tin
• Little sanitation
• No running water
• No Cooking facilities
• Illegal hookup to electricity, if any
• No political voice
• Lack of social services
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE CITY
• Involution is capacity of service sector to absorb more and more labor in a finely expressed division of jobs
• Two parts: Firm centered or “formal” economies and bazaar-oriented, or “informal” economy
• Firm centered consists of impersonal social institutions, specialized occupations for productive ends and is capital intensive
• Bazaar economy consists of independent activities of highly competitive traders who relate to one another through complex ad hoc means-very personalized
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SQUATTER CITIES
• On the periphery of the cities
in LDCs around the world.
• In Europe and Latin America
the rich choose to live in the
culturally-rich inner city, the
opposite is sometimes true in
North American cities
TED TALKS ON SQUATTER CITIEShttp://www.ted.com/talks/stewart_brand_on_squatter_cities.html
http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities.html
VILA CRUZEIRO, BRAZIL
HTTP://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/SEARCH?Q=IMAGES&RLS=COM.MICROSOFT:EN-US&IE=UTF-8&OE=UTF-
8&STARTINDEX=&STARTPAGE=1&SAFE=ACTIVE#Q=FAVELA+VILA+CRUZEIRO&HL=EN&SAFE=ACTIVE&RLS
=COM.MICROSOFT:EN-US&PRMD=IVNM&SOURCE=UNIV&TBS=NWS:1&TBO=U&EI=LHX-
TI7CF8T38ABKJUM2BW&SA=X&OI=NEWS_GROUP&CT=TITLE&RESNUM=4&VED=0CDYQQAIWAW&FP=4C01
2CCE622EE640
MODELING THE MODERN
SOUTHEAST ASIAN CITY
MODELING THE MODERN
SUBSAHARAN AFRICAN CITY
AFRICAN CITIES TO TRIPLE IN SIZE..• By 2050 60% of Africans will
live in cities
• In 5 years Lagos, Nigeria will
be Africa’s largest city 12.4 mil
• 199.5 million people in Sub-
Saharan Africa live in slums
• UN Habitat’s State of African
Cities 2010 Report:
urbanization is occurring
faster in Africa than anywhere
else in the world.
SLUM DWELLERS IN EGYPT, LIBYA, TUNISIA HAVE DROPPED
FROM 20.8 MILLION IN 1990 TO 11.8 MILLION IN 2010
Growth of cities:
Urban Pull Factors: Attractive
location of cities, jobs, culture
• Rural Push Factors: agricultural
reform, poverty in rural areas
Problems in the cities: overcrowding,
irregular supply of water,
inadequate infrastructure
LAGOS, NIGERIA: POPULATION 18
CITY WITHIN A CITY: EKO ATLANTIC PROJECT
• 1 ½ mile into the Atlantic rocks are poured to
reclaim land that has been eroded for the last
century
• Building a 7 kilometer wall to hold back the waves
• 400,000 will live here
• Constant water, power, roads, light rail system
CANADA’S CITIES ARE HIGHER DENSITY
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Vancouver, British Columbia (“Hollywood of Canada”)
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Montreal
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWpgidvBqHw
http://www.ted.com/talks/mitchell_joachim_don_t_build_your_home_grow_it
Urban Innovators!!!
http://www.urbanophile.com/bio/
… a series of parts that work together to
form a livable town or city for humans to live
and work.
They include different land uses
..
Urban systems are….
RURAL HINTERLAND VS URBAN HEARTLAND
Hinterland Heartland
•‘countryside’ or ‘rural’ area
•Sources of resources like food
(logging, mining etc
•Largest population concentration
(dense)
•‘heart’ of economy et. Banking, IT,
manufacturing)
•Golden Horseshoe, Vancouver,
Montreal, Toronto
•Dependent on hinterland for resources
So what’s the URBAN RURAL FRINGE?
SUBURBANIZATION
• As more and more people moved to the suburbs, urban areas
surrounding central cities, the United States underwent
suburbanization.
• As city residents left the city to live in the suburbs, cities
experienced de-concentration, the redistribution of the
population from cities to suburbs and surrounding areas.
• Now, there is a “re-gentrification” movement, whereby
passionate planners, and just regular citizens, involved in
grassroots return to “walkable and bike-able cities” are
returning to the drawing board.
QUESTION
• If you could live anywhere in the United States that you wanted to,
would you prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm?
A. City
B. Suburban area
C. Small town
D. Farm
U.S. METROPOLITAN GROWTH AND
URBAN SPRAWL
• The growth of metropolitan areas is often referred to as urban sprawl — which is the ever increasing outward growth of urban-suburban areas.
• Urban sprawl results in the loss of green open spaces, the displacement and endangerment of wildlife, traffic congestion and noise, and pollution liabilities.
CHANGES IN URBAN-SUBURBAN LANDSCAPE FORM
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 11E
• Suburbanization
• Metropolitan Growth
• “Ethnoburbs” (“Johns Korea”)
• Edge Cities
• Exurbs and Sprawl (post WWII)
• Decline of the Central City
• Population Shift
• Abandonment by Commerce and Industry (Detroit)
• Different Experience in Western U.S.
• Central City Renewal and Re-Gentrification
Insert figure 11.32
Photo by Lynn Betts, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
ISSUE: LEADS TO DECLINES IN AVAILABLE CROPLAND
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
URBAN SPRAWL…..
: Development that occurs without
planning in between urban and rural areas. This area is
known as the URBAN RURAL FRINGE.
When the city expands into rural lands and everything is
spread apart
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
NOT JUST A WESTERN PHENOMENON…
EX: HONG KONG’S APTS.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pearl River Delta
Figure 10.E An extended
metropolitan region
Figure 10.G Guangzhou, China
Figure 10.F City of Hong Kong
THE CITY OF ANGELS, AND SPRAWL
FACTOIDS
• One of the world's Top 25 most populated “capital” cities (2nd in U.S.)
• Registered population within the “City Limits” of over 5.5 million (Estimated actual population of the MSA is up around 10 million)
• 1,568 sq. km. area
• Recently has seen explosive growth of urbanization
• Growth started recently, Post WWII in the 1950s and 1960s
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Writing this book in 1972 [bracketed added]:
“Los Angeles, city of war material, swimming pools,
[designed around cars, freeways, and extensive
suburbia], and of course smog, LA wonderfully
exemplifies the urban consequences of stemming
from the change in structure of the national
economy and its institutions. It is par excellence a
city of the past half century.
Car culture, suburbia, population bomb, and at the
center of an agglomeration of multimodal services:
1920: Tenth Largest City (almost tied to
Pittsburgh at 577,000
1940: LA had reached close to 3 mil
1970: 9.5 million
2015: Today LA has 16.4 million
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
Lots of “Orange Days”, as pollution gathers in the valley
formed amidst the hills that surround the city.
LOS ANGELES TRAFFIC
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
High-Density and Affordable Housing Help Balance Silicon Valley
In the 1980s, high-technology firms created thousands of jobs in Silicon
Valley, but housing construction did not keep pace. New workers had to
commute long distances to reach their jobs. As a result, Silicon Valley
suffers from some of the worst traffic in California - and from the state's
highest housing prices. In the late 1980s, San José set out to clear
traffic and ease the housing shortfall by changing its land-use policies,
The Renaissance project, on a 56-acre site in north San Jose, was
originally designated for research and development. It had enough
infrastructure - including a wide road and convenient access to planned
light-rail - to handle a large number of new jobs. In 1991, Renaissance
Associates, a partnership between General Atlantic Development and
Forest City Development, proposed with the landowners that San Jose
rezone the site for over 1,500 moderate- and high-density rental
apartments and for-sale townhomes, neighborhood retail, and a day-
care center. San José readily agreed.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
The composition of the project itself, with over 250
affordable apartments, market-rate apartments, and
attached ownership units, further assures balance
between the housing and Silicon Valley's new jobs.
And the site design, which features pedestrian-friendly
walkways and easy connections to the Tasman Light
Rail, will allow Renaissance Village residents to leave
their cars in their garages altogether.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 10E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoV
XoB6x3vM&list=PL-dPORi-
ED6pFfil9Zb0_IkS6LSZrvGt_&index=3
SUBURBANIZATION:
“SPRAWLANTA”
SMART GROWTH
SMART GROWTH definition
“Development in or near cities should be intended to lessen or
reverse suburban sprawl, decrease the use of automobiles, and
shorten daily commutes. Smart Growth occurs in or near existing
transportation centers, such as subway stations. It clusters the
residential, shopping, and work areas, and encourages walkable
spaces and public transportation.”
DEVELOPMENT “SMART GROWTH”
PRINCIPLES, #S 1-10
1. GS = Preserve natural green spaces(rails to trails), farmland, environmentally sensitive areas and natural beauty
2. SI = Encourage community participation/collaboration (SES)
3. FAIR = Make development decisions fair and equitable to stakeholders, predictable, and cost effective
4. More direct development/improvement for existing community
5. Encourage a strong sense of a unique community atmosphere
SMART GROWTH PRINCIPLES CONT.
6. Create walkable, bikable cities (Portland, OR, Wash. D.C. and Manhattan)
7. Create mixed price points range of housing opportunities
8. Mixed land use
9. Compact building design
10. Variety of integrated transportation choices (remember seniors)
IT’S TIME TO BUILD A SMART CITY…
Sustainable City Management and the Urban
Ecological Footprint
Argument for developing w higher-density:
With over half the worlds population living in cities and the vast majority of economic activity occurring in cities, it is clear that if we are to successfully create a sustainable future we have to focus on cities. The global effort for sustainability will be won, or lost, in the world’s cities, where urban design may influence over 70 percent of people’s Ecological Footprint. (Wackernagel et al. 2006)
1. Property tax incentives that support density, including property taxes that are
based on the size and use of municipal services of residences and businesses, rather
than property value – which is both more equitable, and has property owners paying
for what they need/use rather than the retail resale value of a property.
2. User-pay tolls and fees for the use of roads, highways and bridges. This has the
effect of incenting people to live closer to the city or where they work and driving fewer
miles. User-pay tolls also reduce the tax burden of the inner city residents who are not
using the roads and highways to commute.
3. Planning and zoning policy that support and incent mixed-use and higher
densities. This seems obvious, but in many cases, it is simply current policy that is in
the way of positive change.
4. Restricting the development of land development at the periphery of a city, forcing
development and re-development to occur within the existing footprint of the city.
5. Design of public spaces that increase the livability of cities to reinforce the positive
features of dense cities.
6. Effective urban design that supports and incents walkable, pedestrian friendly,
human-scaled streets
London, the City on the Thames
Cities and the Environment
Cities are environments in their own right, that provide habitat and amenity for their residents. We can think in terms of the LAND AREA and LAND USE and the BUILT ENVIRONMENT of a city.
Its physical size and appearance.
Also cities use resources from a much wider area, for building materials, energy, food, disposal of waste, pollution. This larger area can be considered the URBAN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT.
The amount of land needed to sustain the city’s population and absorb its waste.
Cities can be designed in a way which increases their urban ecological footprint, such as the Los Angeles-Atlanta commuter cultures.
Or Cities can be designed in a way which reduces their urban ecological footprint.
Urban densities and private transport
The design of a city’s built environment, its land area and land use will affect its urban ecological footprint.
Copenhagen, Denmark
We need cities to satisfy human needs (utility, amenity, livability, security, comfort, urban services, health, opportunity, community, quality of life) and minimize the human impact on the environment. (ecological footprint)
Cities need to be
sustainable.
A sustainable city will use less resources and produce less waste than a unsustainable city. This concept can be built into the design of cities and buildings.
To help understand how cities can be designed in a more sustainable way we can use a systems approach.
Inputs Processes Outputs
The City as a System
Unsustainable CityHigh level of inputs. Not satisfying our needs (e.g. congestion, poor air quality). Producing large amounts of waste and pollution.
Sustainable CityReduced level of inputs. Satisfying our needs (good quality of life). Reduced levels of waste and pollution.
Achieving a Sustainable City
Need to change the city’s metabolism. (KEY CONCEPT!!)
(The flow of energy and resources in the urban system)
Unsustainable Linear Urban Metabolism
Unsustainable Linear Urban Metabolism
Sustainable Circular Urban Metabolism
Sustainable Circular Urban Metabolism
Resilience
Urban systems and communities need to be resilient (able to withstand shock)It is no use having a system which breaks down too easily.
Napoli
Some ideas to develop a Sustainable City
Sustainable City Management Case Studies You need case study notes on two cities, describing and evaluating examples of Sustainable City Management.
Curitiba – South West Brazil (IB Study Guide – Page 142), TED Talks, Weblinks and attachments on
Sustainable Cities page. Use the Solutions section from the Frontline report to make your initial notes
Your LEDC City Case -What have you already found out about your chosen city? Any examples of
sustainable city management?
Bratislava –There are examples in Bratislava, particularly in terms of public transport,
recycling, green space.
Another city? -
Pollution WasteEnergyTransportHousingPublic spaces Green infrastructure
Think in terms of the following…
Who moves to back to cities to “gentrify”
White-collar empty nesters.
Young urban professionals (“YUPPIES”).
Recent college graduates.
Households with “dual-income, no-kids” (“DINKS”).
The syllabus asks specifically for examples of…
• Socially sustainable housing management strategy
• Environmentally sustainable pollution management strategy
• (this could include a transport policy which reduces car use and therefore air pollution)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWpgidvBqHw
http://www.ted.com/talks/mitchell_joachim_don_t_build_your_home_grow_it
Urban Innovators!!!
http://www.urbanophile.com/bio/