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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Fifth edition

Seeley, Stephens and Tate

Slide 2.1Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chapter 6: Skeletal System, Bones andJoints

Articulations

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Articulations or Joints

Slide 5.43Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Where 2 bones attach

Functions of joints

Hold bones together

Allow for mobility

Joints may be classified:Functionally

Structurally

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Structural Classification of Joints

Slide 5.45Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrousjoints

Collagenous fibers

Cartilaginousjoints

Hyaline or fibrous cartilage

Synovialjoints

Fluid-filled cavity lined with membrane

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Functional Classification of Joints

Slide 5.44Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synarthrosis immovable joint,usuallyfibrous

Amphiarthrosis slightly movable

joint, usually cartilaginous

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint,usually synovial

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Fibrous Joints

Slide 5.46Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones united by fibrous tissue

Examples

Sutures

Figure 5.27d, e

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Cartilaginous Joints

Slide 5.47Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones connected by cartilage

Examples

Intervertebraljoints

Pubic

symphysis

Figure 5.27b, c

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Features of Synovial Joints

Slide 5.49Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articular cartilage(hyaline cartilage)

covers the ends of bones

Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrousarticular capsule

Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid

Ligamentsreinforce the joint

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Features of Synovial Joints Slide 5.49

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articularcartilage

Articularcapsule

Synovial fluid

Ligaments

Fig. 6.38

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Structures Associated with theSynovial Joint

Slide 5.50Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bursa flattened fibrous sac

Lined with synovial membranes

Filled with synovial fluid

Not actually part of the joint

Tendon sheath

Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

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The Synovial Joint

Slide 5.51Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.28

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Types of Synovial Joints

Slide 5.52aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.29ac

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Types of Synovial Joints

Slide 5.52bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.29df

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Inflammatory Conditions Associatedwith Joints: FYI

Slide 5.53Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bursitis inflammation of a bursa usuallycaused by a blow or friction

Tendonitis

inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis inflammatory or degenerative

diseases of joints

Over 100 different types

The most widespread crippling disease in theUnited States

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Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI

Slide 5.54aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Osteoarthritis Most common chronic arthritis

Probably related to normal aging processes

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disease

Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation ofcertain joints

Often leads to deformities

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Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYISlide 5.54a

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rheumatoid arthritis:

A) superficial view

B) color-enhanced x-ray

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Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI

Slide 5.54bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gouty Arthritis

Inflammation of joints is caused by a

deposition of urate crystals from the blood

Genetic pre-disposition

Can usually be controlled with diet,medication