chap.13 succession

Chap.13 SuccessionChap.13 Succession

鄭先祐生態主張者 Ayo 工作室

Chap.13 Succession 2

Successsion ( 演進 )Successsion ( 演進 ) Succession Defined Patterns of successional change Mechanisms of Successional Change

Connell-Slatyer ModelsTilman’s Resource modelInteractions among the succession modelsThe role of Herbivores in successionProbabilistic models of succession

The Nature of the climax Environmental application


Fig. 13.1 Old Krakatau (shown by the dashed line) was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 1883, leaving only Rakata, a lifeless remnant, at the southern end.

Fig. 13.1 Old Krakatau (shown by the dashed line) was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 1883, leaving only Rakata, a lifeless remnant, at the southern end.


Fig. 13.2 The number of species on Rakata as a function of time after the Krakatau explosion.

Fig. 13.2 The number of species on Rakata as a function of time after the Krakatau explosion.


Succession DefinedSuccession Defined

Degradative succession 潰化 Autotrophic ( 自營 ) succession Hetrotrophic ( 異營 ) succession Primary succession Secondary succession Pioneer stage Seral stage Climax 極相，極盛相，終極群落 (disclimax)


The role of disturbance in communitiesThe role of disturbance in communities

Disturbance, any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resource or substrate availability or the abiotic environment.

The effect of a disturbance depends on the nature of the disturbance and the type of habitat.


Fig. 13.3 火山爆發後的焚毀干擾。


Fig. 13.3 (b) 各種不同程度的火災。中央部分是全部焚毀。


Fig. 13.3 (c) 颶風摧毀部分林木。


Fig. 13.4 The characterization of disturbance along three dimensions: frequency, severity, and spatial extant.

Fig. 13.4 The characterization of disturbance along three dimensions: frequency, severity, and spatial extant.


Patterns of successional ChangePatterns of successional Change

Primary successionDune successionSuccession after recent glaciation

Secondary successionOld field successionSuccession in lodgepole pine forest

Variation in the patterns of succession


Fig. 13.6 Five stages (a) beach and the foredune vegetation


Fig. 13.6 (b) stabilized-dune vegetation


Fig. 13.6 (c) shrub zone


Fig. 13.6 (d) pine zone


Fig. 13.6 Five stages of dune succession (e) oak forest


Fig. 13.8 Migration of the ice front in Muir Inlet of Glacier Bay, Alaska.Dates indicate the snout of the glacier from 1860 to 1960.冰河的前端，逐年向北退去。

Fig. 13.8 Migration of the ice front in Muir Inlet of Glacier Bay, Alaska.Dates indicate the snout of the glacier from 1860 to 1960.冰河的前端，逐年向北退去。


Fig. 13.9 Recession of the Muir Glacier from 1978(a) to 1997 (b).

Chap.13 Succession 21Fig. 13.11


Old field successionOld field succession


Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage I (0-50 years) after the fire.


Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage II, characterized by the maturation of the trees. (50-150 years)


Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage III.

As some of the trees in Stage II begin to die, Stage III begins.

Trees mature and weaken, and many are killed by bark beetles.

Light reaches the forest floor, and seedlings germinate and grow.


Fig. 13.12 Stage IV begins after approximately 250 years. Lodgepoles are reaching their maximum life span and death are common. This stage is very vulnerable to fire.


Fig. 13.13 Historical pattern of fires in Yellostone based on tree-ring data.

Fig. 13.13 Historical pattern of fires in Yellostone based on tree-ring data.


Fig. 13.14


Fig. 13.15 Alternative successionalo pathways in Lake Michigan sand dunes.


Fig. 13.16 Alternative successional pathways in taiga.

The paths vary depending on the microclimate and substrate.


Mechanisms of successional changeMechanisms of successional change

Connell-Slatyer ModelsFacilitation modelTolerance modelInhibition model

Tilman’s Resource modelLight and soil nitrogen are inversely related.Succession is driven by the change in species composition dictated by the changes in resources over time.


Fig. 13.24 Tilman’s model of successionFig. 13.24 Tilman’s model of succession


Probabilistic models of successionProbabilistic models of succession

Horn (1975) attempted to assess the succession could be described as a statistical process dependent on a series of transition probabilities from one state to another.

他運用 Markov chains 數學模式， transitions from one state to another are stochastic process that depend only on the current state, not on any previous state.


預期的與觀察到的， The two distributions are not statistically different.


圖 4. 微生態體系的演進。 Pg 為粗初級生產量； Pn 為淨初級生產量； R 為呼吸量； B 為生物質量。圖 4. 微生態體系的演進。 Pg 為粗初級生產量； Pn 為淨初級生產量； R 為呼吸量； B 為生物質量。


圖 4. 森林生態體系的演進。 Pg 為粗初級生產量； Pn 為淨初級生產量； R 為呼吸量； B 為生物質量。

圖 4. 森林生態體系的演進。 Pg 為粗初級生產量； Pn 為淨初級生產量； R 為呼吸量； B 為生物質量。


生態體系的演進 (succession)生態體系的演進 (succession)

群落結構能量循流生物地理化學的循環天擇與調整


動態的海灘動態的海灘海灘是觀察自發與異發過程交互作用的

好地方。海灘的沙，是來自陸域沖刷來的沙，與

被海浪帶走的沙，相互作用的結果。如果海岸的沙之收支是正的，那麼沙灘

即會往海的方向移動。如果收支是負的，海灘即會往陸地退縮。


圖 5. 防波堤對海灘的影響。圖 5. 防波堤對海灘的影響。


The nature of the climaxThe nature of the climax

The concept of climaxMonoclimaxPolyclimax

Equilibrium and climax生態體系，是否會老化？數千年的檜木林，已達到極盛相 (climax) ？演進愈久，自然的價值與美學愈高。


問題與討論！

[email protected]

Ayo 文化站 http://faculty.pccu.edu.tw/~ayo

chap.13 succession

Documents