chapter 1 · 2014년도2학기약품면역학제2강(1/31) chapter 1 면역학의기초개념...

2014년도 2학기약품면역학제 2강 (1/31)

Chapter 1

면역학의기초개념

(basic concepts in immunology)


면역학(免疫學, immunology)

• 정의(definition)– 감염(infection)에대항하는우리몸의방어(defense)를연구하는학문

• 면역반응(immune response)– 내재면역(innate immunity)– 적응면역(adaptive immunity)

• 면역의 4가지역할– 면역인식(immunological recognition)– 면역효과기능(immune effector function)– 면역조절(immune regulation)– 면역기억(immunological memory)


면역세포의유래(origin of immune cells)

• 백혈구(white blood cells, leukocytes)• 골수(bone marrow)

• 림프(lymph)• 림프계(lymphatic system)

• 원능조혈모세포(pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell)

• 골수계세포(myeloid cells)• 림프계세포(lymphoid cells)


골수계세포(myeloid cells)

• 공통골수계전구세포(common myeloid progenitor)

• 과립구(granulocytes) = 다형핵백혈구(polymorphonuclearleukocytes)– 호중구(neutrophils) :식작용(phagocytosis)– 호산구(eosinophils)– 호염구(basophils)

• 단구(monocytes) ->대식세포(macrophages) • 수지상세포(dendritic cells)

– 거대음세포 작용(macropinocytosis)– 항원제시세포(antigen-presenting cells, APCs)

• 비만세포(mast cells)


림프계세포(lymphoid cells)

• 공통림프계전구세포(common lymphoid progenitor)

• B 림프구(B lymphocytes, B cells)– B 세포항원수용체(B cell antigen receptor, BCR)

• T 림프구(T lymphocytes, T cells)– T 세포항원수용체(T cell antigen receptor, TCR)

• 자연살해세포(natural killer cells or NK cells)

• 미경험림프구(naive lymphocytes)


효과림프계세포(effector lymphoid cells)

• 활성 B세포(activated B cells)– 형질세포(plasma cells)– 면역글로불린(immunoglobulin, Ig)

• 활성 T세포(activated T cells)– 세포독성 T세포(cytotoxic T cells, TC)– 협력 T세포(helper T cells, TH)– 조절 T세포(regulatory T cells, Treg)

• 활성자연살해세포(activated NK cells)

• 기억세포(memory cells)


면역세포의분화(differentiation)


림프기관(lymphoid organs)

• 일차또는중앙림프기관(primary or central lymphoid organ)– 골수(bone marrow)– 흉선(thymus)

• 이차또는말초림프기관(secondary or peripheral lymphoid organ)– 림프절(lymph node)– 비장(spleen), 장(intestine), 비강(nasal cavity)– 호흡기관(respiratory organ), 비뇨기관(urinary organ)– 점막림프조직(mucosal lymphoid tissue)


림프기관(lymphoid organs)


염증(inflammation)

• 싸이토카인(cytokine)• 케모카인(chemokine) - chemotaxis

• 염증반응의특징– 발열(fever), 통증(pain), 홍조(blush),부종(edema)

• 보체(complement)• 보체수용체(complement receptor)

• 염증세포(inflammatory cells)– 대식세포(macrophages)– 호중구(neutrophils)


감염은염증반응을촉발


수지상세포의적응면역반응유발


내재면역의방어체계• 병원체연관분자패턴(pathogen-

associated molecular patterns, PAMP)– 만노스함유올리고당(mannose-containing

oligosaccharide)– 펩티도글리칸(peptidoglycan)– 박테리아지질다당체(bacteria

lipopolysaccharide, LPS)

• 패턴인지수용체(pattern recognition receptors, PRR)– LPS receptor– Toll-like receptor (TLR)– Mannose receptor– Glucan receptor– Scavenger receptor


적응면역의종류

• 체액성면역(humoral immunity)– B 세포– 면역글로불린(immunoglobulin)

• 세포매개면역(cell-mediated immunity)– T 세포– Cytotoxic T cells– Helper T cells– Regulatory T cells


적응면역(adaptive immunity)

• 림프구수용체레퍼토리(lymphocyte receptor repertoire)– 수백만개의다른항원수용체특이성

• 클론제거(clonal deletion)• 클론확장(clonal expansion)• 클론형항체(clonal antibody)

• 클론선택이론(clonal selection theory)


클론선택이론(clonal selection theory)


항체분자의구조(antibody structure)

• 일정부위(constant region)• 효과기능(effector function)

• 다양부위(variable region)• 항원결합부위(antigen-binding sites)

• 중쇄(heavy chains)• 경쇄(light chains)


림프구항원수용체의다양성

• 각 림프구는 오직 하나의 수용체특이성만 표현함

• 수용체 유전자 조각의 재배열(receptor gene-segment rearrangement)- 경계부위다양성(junctional diversity)- 조합다양성(combinatorial diversity)


• 항원결정기(antigenic determinant) 또는에피토프(epitope)

• B 세포수용체(B cell receptor)

항체분자의구조(antibody structure)


주조직적합복합체(MHC)와 TCR

• 주조직적합복합체(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)

• T 세포수용체(T cell receptor)- MHC에붙어있는펩타이드조각만인식


• 순환림프구(circulatory lymphocytes)

• 말초림프기관(peripheral lymphoid organ)

• 림프관(lymphatics)

• 림프절(lymph nodes)

• 배액림프절(draining lymph node)

순환 림프구와 말초림프기관


림프절의구조

• 유입림프관(afferent lymphatic vessel)

• 고내피세정맥(high endothelial venule, HEV)

• B 세포– 피질(cortex)을이루는여포

(follicle)

• T 세포– 여포를감싸는부피질영역

(paracortical area)– T 세포영역(T-cell zone)

• 배중심(germinal center)


점막면역계(musosal immune system)(mucosal immune system)

• 점막연관림프조직(mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT)

• 장연관림프조직(gut-associated lymphoid tissue, GALT)– 파이어스패치 (Peyer’s patch)

• 비강연관림프조직(nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, NALT)

• 기관연관림프조직(bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue, BALT)


림프구활성화에필요한두개의신호


항원제시세포(APCs)

• Antigen-presenting cells• 수지상세포(dendritic cells)• 대식세포(macrophages) 와호중구(neutrophils) • B 세포(B cells)

• T 세포를활성화시킴• 적응면역반응을유발함


네종류의병원성미생물


체액성면역(humoral immunity)

• 항체(antibody)에의한방어기전

• 항체 (antibody)의세가지기능– 중화(neutralization)– 옵소닌화(opsonization)– 보체활성(complement activation)


세포매개면역반응 I

• Cell-mediated immune response• MHC class I • CD8 T 세포• 세포독성 T 세포(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, TC)• 공통수용체(co-receptor) – CD8


MHC class I에의한항원제시

• 세포질내의단백으로부터유래한항원제시


세포매개면역반응 II

• MHC class II • 세포내소포에서유래한항원제시• CD4 T 세포• 공통수용체(coreceptor) – CD4• TH1 세포 -세균에감염된대식세포를활성화• TH2 세포 (협력 T 세포, helper T cell) - B 세포를활성화, 항체생성유도


MHC class II에의한항원제시

• 세포내의소포에서유래한항원제시

chapter 1 · 2014년도2학기약품면역학제2강(1/31) chapter 1 면역학의기초개념...

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