Chapter 1 The Environment

Used in a broad sense 广义上讲 ,

the environment means

the global surroundings that affect our lives.

This chapter will enable you to:

• Understand the nature 性质 and terminology 术语 of the environment.

• Understand the links between the natural and built environment

• Understand the nature of climate and its controlling factors

• Understand the scientific aspects of global warming

• Appreciate 认知 the issues associated with control of greenhouse gases 温室气体 and global warming

• Identify 明确 the main factors 因素 for human comfort within the built environment

Three main topics

• 1.1 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

建筑环境• 1.2 CLIMATE

气候• 1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT

环境舒适性

1.1 The Built Environment 建筑环境

• Natural environment 自然环境 is the entire environment, without human presen

ce or interference. include: climate, mountains, hills, rivers and lake

s, rocks, soil, trees and plants• Built environment 建筑环境 is formed by the buildings and other structures th

at humans construct in the natural environment. include: buildings, water and drainage , transpor

t , power, communication systems.

Figure 1.1 Parts of the environment

McMullan

Connections between natural & built environment环境之间的联系

• Early humans made use of natural shelters 天然的遮蔽处 ,

such as caves,

• then built shelters using available materials like animal hi

des 兽皮 , stones, straw 秸秆 , or wood.

• To provide shelter from the weather and animals attack

• Modern buildings involve so many features in design, ma

terials and construction that is easy to forget that the fu

ndamental aim is to provide an internal 内 environment t

hat is different to the external 外 environment.

• A built environment responds to the local natural environment,

•Climate is a major factor in determining the features of building

together with the availability of building materials and skills.

Some of these interactions are summarized in table 1.1

Natural environment feature Built environment features

Hot dry climates 干热气候 Light-coloured surfaces 浅色表面Roof overhang to provide shade 屋顶外挑遮阳Opening for breezes 通风Courtyards to trap cooler air 庭院遮挡冷风

Warm humid climate热湿气候

Lightweight materials 轻质材料Buildings on sitlts for ventilation 建筑架空用于通风

Cold climate 冷气候 High insulation 高度保温Tightly-sealed construction 结构密封性好

Snowfalls 下雪地区 Strong roofs for load 屋顶强度高Sloping roofs to discard snow 斜屋顶用于除雪

High winds 大风地区 Low sunken buildings 建筑下沉Forests 森林地区 Timber as construction material 木材作建材Loose stone or quarries 石头 Stone as construction material 石头做建材Clay soil 粘土 Brick as construction material 砖作建材Earthquake zone 地震地带 Lightweight flexible construction 轻型柔性结构

Reinforced masonry and concrete 增加的砖石和混

• Table 1.1 Examples of environmental connections

• Climate is a major factor in determining the fea

tures of building together with the availability of b

uilding materials and skills.• A built environment responds to the local nat

ural environment ！！

Remember:

Interaction and issues建筑与自然的相互作用和引起的问题

1 Consumption of non-replenishable 不可再生 resourc

es such as fossil fuel 化石燃料2 Consumption of resources without replacement, such

as hardwood forests 硬木森林3 Harmful changes to local habitat 栖息地 , such as defor

estation 森林砍伐 4 Harmful changes to global habitat, such as climate cha

nge 气候变化 .

1.2 Climate 气候 A local climate can be linked factors listed below:1.2.1 Geographical latitude 地理纬度1.2.2 Season of the year 季节1.2.3 Altitude and topography 海拔高度和地形地貌1.2.4 Effects of water 水1.2.5 Atmosphere circulation 大气循环

1.2.6 Climate types 气候类型1.2.7 Environment around buildings 建筑周围环境1.2.8 Climate change 气候变化

1.2.1 Geographical latitude 地理纬度

• Intensity of solar radiation 太阳辐射 decreases as latitude increases

• The closer the position to the poles, the smaller the angle of incidence, and therefore the less intense the radiation.

1.2.2 Season of the year 季节

Figure 1.2 Motion of earth around the sun

• Tilt 倾斜• Northern hemisphere 北半球• Southern hemisphere

• Midwinter ; Winter solstice 冬至 • Midsummer ; Summer solstice 夏至

1.2.3 Altitude and topography海拔高度和地形地貌

• Air temperature drops by 6.5 for each 1000 meters increase℃s in altitude.

• The topography also influence the local climate by affecting th

e formation of wind, cloud and rain.

• AN example

• as humid air from an ocean sweeps up the slope of a mountai

n range the air cools, forms clouds and causes rain and snow

to fall.

• As the wind blows down 吹下 the leeward slopes 背风面的山坡 on the other side of the mountains the air usually warms an

d clouds tend to disappear.

1.2.4 Effects of water

• Oceans and large lakes affect climates

• The mass of water in an ocean or lake absorbs heat and

so takes longer to warm and longer to cool than a land m

ass.

• examples

• Glasgow 格拉斯哥 and Moscow have similar latitudes, b

ut they have very different climates.

• Within the oceans there are large currents, such as the

Gulf Stream 墨西哥暖流 and EI Nino 厄尔尼诺 洋流 , wh

ich distribute this energy around the world and interact wi

th weather systems

• 据推测， 0.5 千米深、 200 千米宽的湾流传送的能量，相当于 1600 亿千克的煤燃烧 1 小时所产生的热能。

• 尽管纬度很高，挪威的海洋性气候却是十分湿润，由于受来自墨西哥湾的暖流影响，沿海终年不结冰。

1.2.5 Atmosphere circulation 大气循环

• The movements of large masses of air in the atmospher

e influence climate by producing winds that distribute he

at and moisture.

• Global belts of wind, such as the trade winds 信风 , circle

the earth and shift north and south as the seasons of the

year change.

• In the spring they move towards the poles and in the aut

umn they shift towards the equator.

• These shifts of wind help to explain why some areas hav

e distinct rainy seasons and dry seasons.

Type of climate 气候类型

Typical characteristics 典型特征

cold 寒冷气候 Excessive heat loss for most of year 全年失热量过多

Minimum temperature : below -15℃Temperate 温和气候 Excessive heat loss for part of year

Inadequate heat loss for part of year

Temperature ranges: -30℃ -30℃Precipitation 降水 possible in all seasons

Hot/dry 热 / 干气候 Overheating for most of year

Dry air allows evaporation

Temperature ranges: -10℃ - 45℃High radiation strong winds

Warm/humid 暖 / 湿 Overheating for most of year

Humid air inhibits cooling

Temperature often above 20℃Mean relative humidity around 80%

High rainfall in certain months

1.2.6 Climate types 气候类型

1.2.7 Environment around buildings建筑微环境

• From the perspective of a building 从建筑的角度来看 , the clima

te is the set of environmental conditions that surrounding the bu

ilding and link to a building. Microclimates 建筑微气候• When choose site for building and towns

• The following features of the local natural environment are impo

rtant

• Availability of drinking water 饮用水的问题• Drainage of ground 地面排水• Safety form flooding 水灾时的安全问题• Shelter form prevailing weather 恶劣天气下的躲避问题• Orientation to sun, as appropriate 适当的日照

1.2.8 Climate Change 气候变化

• the earth has warmed by at least 0.5 during the last ce℃ntury.

• the activities of humans are causing the current increase

in global temperature.

• What’s the effects of global warming?

• change the ecology 生态 of many parts of the earth and

bring difficulties for people living there.

Possible effects of global warming include:

• Melting of polar ice causing rise in sea levels and disappearan

ce of land

• Increase in severity of storms and flooding

严重的暴风雨和洪涝灾害的增加• Change in rainfall patterns, forming new deserts 沙漠• Changes in ocean currents, causing changes in local climates

• Changes in patterns of snowfall and ice sheets

降雪模式和冰川的改变

Heavy rains cause flooding in Mexico 09-07-2010

Greenhouse effect 温室效应

That atmosphere surrounding the Earth also behaves as a large

“green house” around our world.

The principal greenhouse gases 主要的温室气体

• Carbon dioxide CO2

Chimneys, motor vehicle exhaust and forest fires are major sources

• Methane CH4

main component of natural gas supplies• Nitrogen oxides NOx

Motor vehicle emissions• Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs 氯氟烃Manufactured for use in refrigerators, spray cans 喷雾

罐 , and for insulation 保温 .

1.3 Environmental Comfort 环境舒适性• Environmental comfort can make our live and work more

better.

• depends on :

Temperature 温度 Quality of air 空气质量Lighting environment 光环境 Acoustic environment 声环

境

How to measure and control these factor??

discussed within the various chapters of this book.

Figure 1.3 Summary of comfort conditions

McMullan

Summary of chapter 1 The Environment 1 two concepts : Natural environment and built environment

2 parts of the environment and connection between them

a built environmental responds to the local natural environment

climate is a major factor in determining the features of building

3 climate:

latitude; season of year; altitude and topography; water; atmospheric circulation

climate types: cold; temperate; hot/dry; warm/humid

environment around buildings _ microclimates

climate change: greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases

4 environmental comfort

temperature; air quality; lighting and acoustic environment

Exercises in class

1 ( ) is the main component of natural gas supplies

A Carbon dioxide CO2

B Methane CH4

C Nitrogen oxides NOx

D Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs 氯氟烃

2 ( ) is manufactured for use in refrigerators

A Carbon dioxide CO2

B Methane CH4

C Nitrogen oxides NOx

D Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs 氯氟烃

3 The main components of motor vehicle exhaust are ( )

A Carbon dioxide CO2

B Methane CH4

C Nitrogen oxides NOx

D Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs 氯氟烃

4 The physical comfortable of humans greatly depends on ( )

A Temperature

B Quality of air

C Lighting environment

D Acoustic environment

Homework

1 Read chapters 1 of the textbook

2 Finish the following questions. What’s the connections between environments • ( ) can affect a local climate.• The main climate types are ( ) • The principal greenhouse gases include ( ) • The comfort of humans greatly depends on ( )

3 Write down the important words