Chapter 18 Adjectives and Adverbs

Attention Grabber

The pretty walked to the park.What’s missing in the sentence?

A nounRevise:

The pretty woman walked to the park.What is role of “pretty” in the sentence?

ADJECTIVE

Main Points for Adjectives

1) It describes or modifies the noun or pronoun.

2) Answers the following:– What kind?– Which one? (Also refers to time)– How many?– How much?

Exercise #1: Identify Adjectives; what they modify; and what question(s) it answers

1. Small work boats were sailed extensively for pleasure in early colonial times.

a) What is/are the adjectives?• Small, work; early, colonial

b) What are the words each adjective describes?• Boats; times

c) What question(s) do adjectives answer?• What kind? ; Which one?

Do adjectives always come before the noun or pronoun?

1. Sick in bed, he was very bored.• Sick – comes before the pronoun.

2. The child, sick with fever, lay in bed.• Sick – comes after the noun.

3. She was sick for a week.• Sick – comes after the linking verb

Articles are adjectives too!

• “The” is a definite article.– The noun it modifies refers to a specific

person, place, or thing.– The catcher; The National Park; The wagon

• “A” and “an” are indefinite articles.– The noun it modifies refer to any class of

people, places, or things.– A group; a building; an easel

When to use “a” or “an”

• Easy! “A” is used before a consonant sound; “an” is used before a vowel sound.Examples on the board:

1. (a, an) honorable man

2. (a, an) charitable woman

3. (a, an) cute dog

4. (a, an) orange

5. (a, an) union

Let’s try more examples for articles:

1. (D) first passenger train cars were 15 feet long and 17 feet wide.

1. The

2. They were built like (I) stagecoach with railroad wheels.

1. a

3. Later, six wheels were placed on (D) passenger cars.

1. the

Continued:

1. Today, there are (I) variety of passenger cars.

1. a

2. (D) typical passenger car has (I) aisle with seats on either side.

1. The; an

Nouns Used as Adjectives

• What two questions will it answer?– What kind?– Which one?

• Try the following nouns:– Snack

• Snack food

– Ring • Ring finger

Exercise #1: Identify nouns used as adjectives

1. For a fun vacation, some families plan road trips to state monuments and historic sites.

1. fun; road; state

2. See textbook page 384 to continue exercise.

Proper and Compound Adjectives

• Refresher: – What is a proper noun?

• A specific person, place, or thing/idea. It’s always capitalized.

– What is a compound noun?• It’s made up of more than one word – hyphenated

or combined.

Exercise #2: Identify Proper and Compound Adjectives

1. Late in 1577, Francis Drake left England to attempt a three-year circumnavigation of the globe.

1. Three-year 1. Compound adjective

2. After crossing the Atlantic Ocean, drake sailed down the South American coast.

1. South American1. Proper adjective

Pronouns Used as Adjectives

I. Key Points1. It answers one question:

a. Which one?

2. Possessive pronouns are included as well.

a. my; your; his; her; its; our; their

Exercise #3: Identify pronoun(s) used as adjectives with the word it modifies.

1. Have you asked a professional captain for his advice?

1. his advice

2. A professional can help you chart your course.

1. your course

3. My sister enjoyed her friends’ boat.1. her friends’

Demonstrative, Interrogative, or Indefinite Pronouns used as Adjectives

• Refresher:– What are demonstrative pronouns?

• “points out”: this, that, these, those

– What are interrogative pronouns?• “asks”: which, what, whose

– What are indefinite pronouns?• Singular forms modify singular nouns; plural

forms modify plural nouns.• Examples:

– Each boat; several sails; more rigging

Exercise #4: Identify pronouns used as adjectives, and determine whether it’s demonstrative, interrogative, or indefinite.

1. Each stateroom has a private breakfast room.

1. Each1. indefinite

2. Some cruise ships stop in the Bahamas.

1. Some1. indefinite

18.2 Adverbs (Read page 390)

• Refresher:– Adjectives modify?

• Nouns/Pronouns

• If adjectives modify nouns/pronouns, what do adverbs modify?– Verbs

• Adverbs may answer 4 questions:– Where?– When?– In what manner/way?– To what extent?

Exercise 20 (page 391)Identify the adverb. What question does it answer? Where? When? In what manner/way? To what extent?

1) Ancient peoples often saw designs in the stars, called constellations.

1) often; when

2) They carefully named the constellations after various religious figures, animals, and objects.

1) carefully; in what way

3) Constellations are sometimes imagined to be groupings of bright stars.

1) sometimes; when

4) Eighty-eight constellations are recognized today.1) today; when

1) The names are derived in part from Greek mythology.

1) in part; to what extent2) Draco, the dragon, bravely defended the

goddess Hera’s apple tree.1) bravely; in what way

3) Hercules subdued him quickly in a struggle to get apples.

1) quickly; in what way4) Hera placed Draco overhead in the stars to

remember him.1) overhead; where

5) Draco is one of the constellations now.1) now; when

Adverbs may modify other adverbs and adjectives too!• It answers only one question:

– To what extent?• Example:1) A glow just barely appears on the northern

horizon.1) just modifies barely; just barely modifies appears

Exercise 21 (page 393)Identify all adverbs. Indicate the word each adverb modifies.

1) Lights move unexpectedly fast across the sky.1) unexpectedly modifies fast; unexpectedly fast

modifies move

2) A glowing curtain of light forms more clearly.1) More modifies clearly; more clearly modifies forms

3) It arches farther forward.1) Farther modifies forward; farther forward modifies

arches

Sometimes, the word may be an adjective or adverb. How would I know the difference?

• Easy tip:– Adjectives modify nouns/pronouns.– Adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, and other

adverbs.

• Examples:– Vincent van Gogh painted Starry Night late in his

career.• Late is an adverb because it modifies painted, a verb.

– It was a very hard time in his life, and he was not well. • Hard is an adjective because it modifies time, a noun.

Is the underlined word an adjective or adverb?1) Often when you look out your window at

night, you see the kindly face of the Man in the Moon.

1) adjective

2) You will also see in the far reaches of the sky the stars that form the many constellations.

1) adjective

3) Some people think that the idea of constellations is silly.

1) adjective

1) However, constellations serve well as memory devices for identifying stars.

1) adverb2) When you’re staring at 11,000 to 11,500

stars, you’ll have a hard time telling which is which.

1) adjective3) However, once you recognize the stars of

the constellation Orion the Hunter, for example, you will find the stars of his hunting dogs near him.

1) adverb4) Ancient cultures saw pictures in the stars

late at night.1) adverb

1) They looked high into the heavens and saw the Lion, the Bull, the Fish, and the Scorpion.

1) adverb2) The Crane is a modern constellation found

deep in the southern sky.1) adverb

3) Al Nair, a bright star on the Crane’s foot, is spinning fast – at least 236 kilometers per second!

1) adverb4) Early efforts to catalog the stars date back

roughly 6,000 years.1) adverb

1) Some constellations are seen low on the horizon.

1) adverb

2) Other constellations are much higher.1) adverb

3) Some are seen most clearly in late summer.

1) adjective

4) Whether the constellations seem far or near depends on the rotation of the Earth.

1) Both adjectives