Chapter 21

Presented by:

Eric Woolard, Michi Elko, Tylar Foster, Jason Kaatz, Jacob Frank, Evonne McCoach, Martin Rahn & Grant Harding

21.1Let your own argument determine your use of sources.

Depending on your argument, you might summarize a source or just use a few pieces of information.

The writer’s goal is not to reproduce an article but to use the article in support of the writer’s argument.

For Ex: 3 different writers might use the same article because they are using only certain information.

21.2 Know when and how to use summary, paraphrase, and quotation. Depending on your purpose you might:

1. Summarize all or part of a source author’s argument.

2. Paraphrase a relevant portion of a source.

3. Quote small passages from the source directly.

Whenever you use the source, you need to avoid plagiarism by referencing the source with an in-text citationBy putting paraphrases and summaries

entirely in your own wordsPlacing quotation marks around quoted

passages Make the summary as concise as

possible so that you don’t distract the reader from your own argument.

Paraphrasing: When the source is overly technical and

needs to be simplified. Avoid reproducing the original writer’s

grammatical structure and syntax. “Patchwriting”: patching some of your

language into someone else’s writing. Note: is considered academic dishonesty because you aren’t fully composing your own sentences

Quoting Don’t quote something that you don’t

completely understand Be careful to represent the author’s

intentions and meaning fairly When you need testimony from an

authority

21.3Use attributive tags to distinguish your ideas from a source’s.

State source authors name in an attributive tag. Ex. “According to Bacon” Then place a page number in parenthesis

State source authors name in parenthetical citation. Ex. “Frontier violence was very different from violence today” Ex: (McGrath 553).

Attributive tags Mark where source material starts and ends

Identifies the source from the moment it is first used

Avoid Ambiguities that can arise with the parenthetical citations Attributive tags always call attention to the

source’s angle of vision Frame the source material rhetorically

Shapes the readers’ attitudes toward the source

Strategies for Modifying Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response: Author’s credentials or relevant specialty Author’s lack of credentials Author’s political or social views Title of source if it provides context Publisher of source if it adds prestige or

otherwise shapes audience response Historical or cultural information about the

source Indication of source’s purpose or angle of vision

21.4 Punctuate quotations correctly.

Quoting a complete sentence -Include an attributive tag that the reader who is

being quoted. -At the end of the quotation, you usually indicate

its page number in parenthesis. Inserting quoted words and phrases into your

own sentences. -make sure that the grammatical structure of the

quotation fits smoothly into the grammar of your own sentence.

Modifying a quotation- In some cases you use brackets.

Omitting something from a quoted Passage To indicate omission, use three space

periods called an ellipsis (…) Quoting something that already contains a

quotation Change the original double marks (“) into

signle marks (‘) Using a block quotation for a long passage

21.5 Avoid plagiarism by following academic conventions for ethical use of sources Plagiarism: unethical use of sources. Many instructors across the curriculum use

plagiarism–detection software like turnitin.com

What to do to avoid plagiarism-read your colleges policy on plagiarism.-Pose a research question rather than a topic

area.-create a bibliographic entry for each source.

Why to do it:-understanding policies on plagiarism and

academic integrity will help you research and write ethically.

-Arguing your own thesis gives you a voice, establishes your ethos, and urges you to write ethically.

-It is important to distinguish a source’s words from your own words.