Chapter 22:Chapter 22:Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Parts of the Respiratory Parts of the Respiratory SystemSystem

Part 1Part 1

PartsParts• Nose, Nose,

pharynx pharynx (throat), (throat), larynx larynx (voice (voice box), box), trachea trachea (windpipe)(windpipe), bronchi, , bronchi, and lungs.and lungs.

Parts of the Respiratory Parts of the Respiratory SystemSystem• Nose & nasal cavityNose & nasal cavity

– Only external part Only external part of the respiratory of the respiratory system.system.

– Provides an airway Provides an airway for respiration.for respiration.

– Moistens, warms Moistens, warms and filters air.and filters air.

– Resonating Resonating chamber for speechchamber for speech

– Has olfactory Has olfactory (smell) receptors.(smell) receptors.

Nasal CavityNasal Cavity• Space within Space within

internal noseinternal nose

• Cavity is divided by Cavity is divided by the nasal septumthe nasal septum

• During breathing During breathing air enters the air enters the cavity by passing cavity by passing through the nostrils through the nostrils (external nares).(external nares).

Nasal ConchaeNasal Conchae• Superior, middle, Superior, middle,

and inferior and inferior • Protrude medially Protrude medially

from the lateral wall from the lateral wall in the nasal cavity in the nasal cavity (like shelves)(like shelves)

• Greatly increase the Greatly increase the surface area and surface area and enhance air enhance air turbulence turbulence gases gases swirl and turn the swirl and turn the heavier particles fall heavier particles fall out and become out and become trapped in mucous trapped in mucous covering the covering the “shelves”“shelves”

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses• Surround the nasal Surround the nasal

cavitycavity• Located in the frontal, Located in the frontal,

sphenoid, ethmoid, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.and maxillary bones.

• ““Spaces” in the facial Spaces” in the facial bonesbones

• Lighten skullLighten skull• Warm and moisten air Warm and moisten air • Produce mucous – Produce mucous –

flows into the nasal flows into the nasal cavity.cavity.

• Blowing your nose Blowing your nose helps drain the sinuseshelps drain the sinuses

Homeostatic ImbalanceHomeostatic Imbalance

• Viruses, streptococcal Viruses, streptococcal bacteria, allergens bacteria, allergens can cause rhinitis can cause rhinitis inflammation of the inflammation of the nasal mucosa that is nasal mucosa that is accompanied by accompanied by excessive mucus excessive mucus production, production, congestion and congestion and postnasal drip.postnasal drip.

• Sinusitis Sinusitis When When the passageways the passageways to the sinuses are to the sinuses are blocked, the air in blocked, the air in the cavity is the cavity is absorbed causing a absorbed causing a partial vacuum and partial vacuum and a sinus headachea sinus headache

PharynxPharynx• AKA - Throat.AKA - Throat.

• Muscular tube Muscular tube extending from extending from behind the nasal behind the nasal cavity to the larynxcavity to the larynx

• Passageway for food Passageway for food and air, resonating and air, resonating chamber for speech, chamber for speech, houses tonsilshouses tonsils

• Three regions: Three regions: nasopharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynxlaryngopharynx

PharynxPharynx

LarynxLarynx• AKA - Voice boxAKA - Voice box

• 3 main 3 main functions:functions:– Provides an open Provides an open

airwayairway– Acts as a Acts as a

switching switching mechanism for mechanism for food and air.food and air.

– Sound Sound productionproduction

Anatomy of Larynx - Anatomy of Larynx - EpiglottisEpiglottis

• Flexible, spoon Flexible, spoon shaped piece of shaped piece of elastic cartilage that elastic cartilage that covers the larynx covers the larynx when swallowingwhen swallowing

• Keeps everything Keeps everything going down the going down the correct “tube”correct “tube”

• If anything other If anything other than food enters the than food enters the larynx, the cough larynx, the cough reflex is triggeredreflex is triggered

Epiglottis

GlottisGlottis• The “hole” seen at The “hole” seen at

the opening of the the opening of the larynx.larynx.

• On either side you On either side you will see 2 strips of will see 2 strips of membranous membranous tissue tissue vocal vocal cords (sound cords (sound production) appear production) appear white because lack white because lack blood vessels.blood vessels.

• False vocal cords False vocal cords – above and – above and lateral to the lateral to the vocal cords. Play vocal cords. Play no part in sound no part in sound production but production but help close the help close the glottis when we glottis when we swallowswallow

GlottisGlottis

Voice ProductionVoice Production• Speech involves the intermittent release of Speech involves the intermittent release of

expired air and the opening and closing of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottisthe glottis

• Sound originates from the vibration of the Sound originates from the vibration of the vocal folds, but other structures are vocal folds, but other structures are necessary for converting the sound into necessary for converting the sound into recognizable speechrecognizable speech

• Vowel sounds – Vowel sounds – contract/relax muscles contract/relax muscles in pharynxin pharynx

• Enunciate words – Enunciate words – muscles of face, muscles of face, tongue, and lipstongue, and lips

• Whispering – vocal Whispering – vocal folds don’t vibrate folds don’t vibrate changing shape of oral changing shape of oral cavity while enunciate cavity while enunciate produces speechproduces speech

Voice ProductionVoice Production

• Loudness depends on Loudness depends on the force with which the force with which air rushes across the air rushes across the vocal cords.vocal cords.– Greater force Greater force

stronger vibration stronger vibration louderlouder

Voice ProductionVoice Production

Voice ProductionVoice Production• During puberty a boy’s larynx During puberty a boy’s larynx

enlarges and his true vocal cords enlarges and his true vocal cords become longer and thicker become longer and thicker vibrates slower vibrates slower voice becomes voice becomes deeper (voice “cracks” until he deeper (voice “cracks” until he learns to control the larger true vocal learns to control the larger true vocal cords)cords)

LaryngitisLaryngitis• Inflammation of the Inflammation of the

vocal folds vocal folds interferes with their interferes with their vibration vibration changes changes voice tone, voice tone, hoarseness, or hoarseness, or inability to talk.inability to talk.

• Caused by overuse, Caused by overuse, dry air, bacterial dry air, bacterial infection, tumors on infection, tumors on vocal folds, vocal folds, inhalation of inhalation of irritating chemicalsirritating chemicals