chapter 29 the civil rights movement. section 1: the movement begins 1. origins of the movement 2....

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Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement

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Page 1: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Chapter 29

The Civil Rights Movement

Page 2: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Section 1: The Movement Begins1. Origins of the Movement2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins3. African American Churches4. Eisenhower and Civil Rights

Page 3: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

The Origins of the MovementAfrican American civil rights movement begins after

Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man – Starts a bus boycott – demand for equal rights

1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson (establishes separate but equal)

Jim Crow laws segregating African Americans in the South

De facto segregation (segregation by custom and tradition) in the North

NAACP – supported court cases trying to eliminate segregation; provided financial support and lawyers to African Americans

African Americans voted for Democrats who supported civil rights legislation (Strong Democratic Party)

1942 – CORE founded – used sit-ins as a form of protest

Page 4: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

The Civil Rights Movement BeginsAfter WWII, African Americans had fought for equality

overseas and wanted it at home as wellThurgood Marshall – works to end segregation in

public schoolsBrown v. Board of Education – ended segregation in

public schoolsBrown v. Board angered many white southerners who

supported segregationMontgomery bus boycott led by Montgomery

Improvement Association headed by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. – nonviolent passive resistance

Bus boycott forced the Supreme court to find Alabama’s bus segregation laws unconstitutional

Page 5: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

African American ChurchesAfrican American churches play a big role

in the success of the boycott, through being the center of forums, planning, and organization

SCLC, led by Dr. King, challenged segregation of public transportation,, housing, voting, and other public accommodations

Page 6: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Eisenhower and Civil RightsEisenhower was the 1st president since

Reconstruction to send troops to protect the rights of African Americans

Little Rock Arkansas, President Eisenhower sends federal troops to protect African Americans from angry mobs surrounding desegregated schools

Civil Rights Act of 1957 – protected African Americans’ right to vote – 1st step in bringing the federal government into the civil rights debate

Page 7: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Section 2: Challenging Segregation

1. The Sit-in Movement2. SNCC3. Freedom Riders4. Kennedy and Civil Rights5. The Civil Rights Act of 19646. The Struggle for Voting Rights

Page 8: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

The Sit-In Movement1960 – 4 African Americans stage a sit-in at

Woolworth’s – led to a mass movement for civil rights using sit-ins across the nation

Jesse Jackson – leader of sit-ins in North Carolina – felt it gave them the power to change things

Page 9: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

SNCCStudents for the SNCC as a way to organize for the

civil rights movementMarion Barry and John Lewis – early SNCC leadersRobert Moses points out that rural African

Americans needed help along with those in urban areas

Many SNCC volunteers were beaten and some were even killed

Fannie Lou Hamer – SNCC volunteer who is beaten in police custody in Mississippi – helps organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Page 10: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Freedom RidersCORE leader James Farmer asks protesters

to travel South to integrate bus terminals – teams become known as the Freedom Riders

Violence erupts in Alabama – televised violence shocks many Americans

Kennedy compelled to control violence

Page 11: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

JFK and Civil Rights Kennedy campaigned for civil rights – African Americans

helped get him elected Once in office he became very cautious on civil rights and

avoided new legislation Robert Kennedy, his brother, actively supported civil rights Attempted to reach agreements – riders asked to stop

protesting CORE uses funds to bail riders out of jail – NAACP helps to let

the rides continue Kennedy responds – Interstate Commerce Commission to

increase regulations against segregation at bus terminals – segregation ends by 1962

1962 – James Meredith (African Americans air force veteran) attends University of Mississippi, but needs troops to guard him.

King, frustrated with the movement, holds demonstrations in Alabama that incite violence in order to force the president to act

Page 12: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Civil Rights Act of 1964Kennedy announces his civil rights bill on national

televisionKing marches 200,000 demonstrators to the

nations capital to stage a peaceful rally in order to pressure Congress into passing the bill

Senators filibuster the bill, Congress unable to pass the bill

After Kennedy’s assassination, Johnson commits himself to passing the bill

It eventually passes:Gave federal government broad power to stop

racial discrimination in segregation of public placesBring lawsuits against school segregationRequired employers to end discrimination in the

workplace

Page 13: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Struggle for Voting RightsCivil Rights Act didn’t protect voting rights – Many

African Americans were prevented from voting in the South

Protest staged in Selma, Alabama – march for freedom stopped by 200 state troopers and protesters are attacked – Bloody Sunday

1965 – Voting Rights Act of 1965Federal examiners to register qualified votersBypassed local officials in the voter registration

processResulted in 250,000 newly registered African

Americans

Page 14: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Section 3: New Issues

1. Problems Facing Urban African Americans2. The Shift to Economic Rights3. Black Power4. Assassination of Dr. King

Page 15: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Problems Facing Urban African AmericansRacism was still common after the 50s and

60sEconomic and social problems = difficult to

address1965-1968 – race riots break out in many

American cities:o Watts riots – lasted 6 dayso Detroit riots – US Army sent in to retake control

Kerner Commission created to make recommendations to prevent further urban riotsConcluded that the problems lied within white

society and white racismRecommendation: 2 million new jobs and 6 million

new units of public housingDue to concerns over Vietnam President

Johnson never endorses the recommendation

Page 16: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Shift to Economic RightsDr. King begins to shift his focus onto improving

economic conditions for African AmericansChicago Movement – effort to call attention to

the deplorable housing conditions in ChicagoDr. King moves into the slums of Chicago with

his familyKing marched through the white suburbs and

was protected with police from Mayor Richard Daley

Daley and King propose new program to clean up the slums

Page 17: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Black Power Many African Americans sought out new strategies of self

defense and living free from whites Black Power – 2 meanings:

Physical self-defense and violenceStokely Carmichael – control the economic, social, and

political direction of their struggle for equality Opposed assimilation – popular in poor neighborhoods – Dr.

King and others were very critical of black power Malcolm X – symbol of black power movement – part of the

Nation of Islam (believed that African Americans should separate themselves from whites and form their own self-governing communities)

Malcolm X later breaks away from the Nation of Islam and begins to believe in an integrated society

1965 – 3 members of the Nation of Islam assassinate Malcolm X Victimized by the past, but don’t need to be victimized now by

racism Formation of the Black Panthers

New generation of militant black youth Black power, black nationalism, and economic self-sufficiency Black Panthers believed that a revolution was necessary to gain

equal rights.

Page 18: Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Movement. Section 1: The Movement Begins 1. Origins of the Movement 2. The Civil Rights Movement Begins 3. African American

Assassination of Dr. KingLate 1960s – Civil Rights movement

fragmented into many competing organizations

Assassination of Dr. King led to national mourning as well as riots in over 100 cities

After Dr. King’s death, Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1968 which contained provisions for fair and equitable housing