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Page 1: Chapter 38 Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria 1 › down_before › 2014 › 201417162916 › ... · 2014-01-07 · Human Diseases Caused ... environmental reservoir to human host

Chapter 38

Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria 1

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공기매개 질병

• 클라미디아 폐렴• 디프테리아• 재향군인병• 수막염• 마이코박테리아 감염• 마이코플라즈마성 폐렴• 백일해• 연쇄상구균 질병

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클라미디아 폐렴

• Chlamydial pneumonia• Chlamydia pneumoniae

– Obligate intracellular parasite (세포내절대기생세균)

– Coronary artery disease (관상동맥질환) and vascular disease (혈관성질환)

• Transmission by respiratory secretions– Elementary bodies (기본소체) infect (감염)– Reticular bodies (망상체) replicate (복제)

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클라미디아 폐렴• Clinical manifestations

– Fever, productive cough (습성기침, 객담(sputum)), and mild pharyngitis (인두염), bronchitis (기관지염), and sinusitis (부비동염, 축농증)

• Diagnosis, treatment, prevention– Immunofluorescence test (면역형광법)– Antibiotic therapy

• Tetracycline and erythromycin4

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디프테리아

• Diphtheria• Corynebacterium diphtheriae

– Gram‐positive– Exotoxin (외독소) inhibits protein synthesis and is responsible for pathogenesis

• Airborne transmission by nasopharyngeal (비인두) secretions

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디프테리아• Diagnosis

– Pseudomembrane (위막) in throat– 인두와편도선에심한염증– Bacterial culture

• Treatment, prevention, and control– Antitoxin (항독소) given to neutralize unabsorbed exotoxin in patient’s tissues

– Antibiotic therapy – Penicillin and erythromycin

– Active immunization with DPT vaccine– Diphtheria (디프테리아)‐Pertussis (백일해)‐Tetanus (파상풍)

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재향군인병

• Legionnaires’ disease• Legionella pneumophila

– Gram‐negative rod– Harbored by free‐living amoebae and ciliated protozoa (원생동물)

• Spread by airborne transmission from environmental reservoir to human host– Soil, aquatic ecosystems, air‐conditioning systems, and shower stalls

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재향군인병• Reproduction of bacterium in alveolar macrophages (폐포의대식세포) causes localized tissue destruction

• Produce cytotoxic (세포독성) exo‐protease

• Clinical manifestations– Fever, cough, headache, neuralgia (신경통), and bronchopneumonia (기관지폐렴)

– Severe in immunocompromised (면역저하자)

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재향군인병

• Treatment, prevention, and control– Isolation of bacteria and immunodiagnostics– Antibiotic therapy

• Rifampin or erythromycin– Eliminate nosocomial spread (병원내감염)– Identify and eliminate environmental source

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수막염

• Meningitis

• Inflammation in the brain or spinal cord meninges (뇌척수막)

• Diagnosed by gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, 뇌척수액)

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수막염

• Major bacterial causes include– Neisseria meningitidis (수막염균) – Hemophilus influenza serotype b (인플루엔자균 b혈청형)

– Streptococcus pneumoniae (폐렴연쇄상구균)

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수막염• Transmitted by respiratory droplets (호흡기비말)

• Clinical manifestations– Initial respiratory illness or sore throat (인후염) – Vomiting, headache, lethargy (졸음증), confusion, and stiffness in neck and back

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수막염• Treatment, prevention, and control

– Neisseria meningitidis (수막염균)• Antibiotics ‐ penicillin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ofloxacin 

• Vaccine

– Hemophilus influenza serotype b (인플루엔자균)• Antibiotic ‐ rifampin• Vaccine (Hib) 

– Streptococcus pneumoniae (폐렴연쇄상구균)• Antibiotics • Vaccine

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마이코박테리아 감염• Mycobacterium infections• In soil, water, and house dust• Mycolic acid in cell wall (세포벽) is protective waxy material that is acid‐fast (항산성)

• Resistant to penetration of some antibiotics

• M. avium 복합체 (MAC)• 결핵 (tuberculosis)

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M. avium 복합체 (MAC)

• Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)– Normal inhabitants of soil and water– Infect variety of insects, birds, and other animals

• Respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts have been proposed as portals of entry– Most common cause of mycobacterial infections in the U.S.

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M. avium 복합체(MAC)

• Pulmonary infection (폐감염)– Similar to tuberculosis (결핵)– Usually observed in elderly patients with pre‐existing pulmonary disease

• Gastrointestinal infection (위장관감염)– Common in AIDS patients– Fever, malaise (권태감), weight loss, and diarrhea (설사)

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M. avium 복합체(MAC)

• Treatment, prevention, and control– Isolation from sources such as sputum (객담), blood, and bone marrow

– Acid‐fast stain (항산성염색), and immunodiagnostic tests

– Multiple drug therapy• Azithromycin, clarithromycin, ethambutol• Clofazimine, rifabutin, rifampin, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin

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결핵균• Tuberculosis (TB)• Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)

• ~1/3 of world’s population infected• World‐wide distribution• Over 7% are HIV positive, over 50% deaths in AIDS patients 

• U.S. elderly, homeless, alcoholic, prisons, and immigrants are some groups

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결핵균

• Transmission– Spread of droplet nuclei (비말핵) in respiratory tract

– Transmitted from infected animals and their products

– Reactivation of old, dormant infections

• Disease develops slowly

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결핵균 독성인자 (Virulence factor)• Unique toxic cell wall components

– Mycolic acid and lipoarabinomannan– Kill eukaryotic cells and protect Mtb from lysozyme and osmotic lysis

– Resistant to entry of antibiotics into bacteria

• Survive phagocytosis– Kill macrophages– Resistant to oxidative killing– Inhibit fusion of phagosome and lysosome

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결핵 발병과정• Lung macrophages that have phagocytosed Mycobacterium tuberculosis often die in the attempt to kill the bacteria 

• Tubercles (결절) form – Composed of bacteria, macrophages, T cells, and human proteins

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결핵균 감염• Develop cell‐mediated immunity (sensitized T cells)– Basis for tuberculin skin test (투베르쿨린피부검사)

• Incubation period– 4–12 weeks

• Symptoms– Fever, fatigue, weight loss, cough, and bloody sputum (혈객담) 

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결핵균

• Diagnosis– Observation of acid‐fast (항산성) bacteria – Chest X‐ray– Mantoux, or tuberculin skin test

• Delayed hypersensitivity reaction (48hr)• Injection of PPD (purified bacterial protein derivatives) 

– DNA‐based tests 23

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결핵균

• Antimicrobial therapy– Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide

– Multi‐drug‐resistant strains (MDR‐TB)– Extensively drug resistant strains (XDR‐TB)– Resistance develops due to

• Naturally occurring chromosomal mutations • Natural selection of resistant Mtb due to lack of adherence to treatment protocol

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결핵균

• Prevention and control– Rapid, specific therapy to interrupt spread– Retreatment of patients with MDR‐TB– Immunization with BCG vaccine– Improved sanitation and housing– Reduction in homelessness and drug abuse– Directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)

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마이코플라즈마성 폐렴

• Mycoplasmal pneumonia• Mycoplasma pneumoniae

– Atypical pneumonia (비정형폐렴)– Typical pneumonia (정형폐렴) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

• World‐wide distribution• Transmission by close contact and airborne droplets

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마이코플라즈마성 폐렴• Mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks cell wall (세포벽)

– Resistant to beta lactam antibiotics – Attach to lower respiratory tract cells– Produces peroxide, which may be toxic factor

• Clinical manifestations– Usually mild in infants and more serious in older children and young adults

– Headache, weakness, low fever, characteristic cough, and pneumonia that persists for weeks

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마이코플라즈마성 폐렴

• Diagnosis– Rapid immunological tests– Isolation from respiratory secretions  “fried egg” appearance of organisms on agar

• Treatment, prevention, and control– Immunodiagnostic tests– Antibiotic therapy (tetracycline and erythromycin)– No preventive measures

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백일해• Purtussis or whooping cough, 

– Gram‐negative Bordetella pertussis– Highly contagious disease that primarily affects children

• Transmission by droplet inhalation

• Pertussis toxin (PTx)– A‐B exotoxin– ADP ribosylation of Gi protein ‐> activation of adenylate cyclase ‐> increased cAMP level

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백일해

• Clinical manifestations– 7‐ to 14‐day incubation– Initially cold‐like symptoms (감기증상) and inflamed mucous membranes (점막염증)

– Followed by prolonged coughing sieges with inspiratory whoop

– Permanent or long‐lasting immunity develops

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백일해

• Treatment, prevention, and control– Bacterial culture, fluorescent antibody staining, and serological tests

– Antibiotic therapy  (erythromycin, tetracycline, and cloramphenicol)

– Immunization with DPT  

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연쇄상구균 질병

• Streptococcal diseases• Gram‐positive bacteria• Streptococcus pyogenes (화농성연쇄상구균)  – Group A β‐hemolytic (용혈성) streptococci (GAS)

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연쇄상구균 질병

• Virulence factors– Extracellular enzymes that break down host molecules

– Streptokinases – dissolve clots– Streptolysin O and S – kill host leukocytes– Capsules and M protein for attachment

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연쇄상구균 질병

• Transmission– Respiratory droplets, direct or indirect contact

• Diagnosis– Based on clinical and laboratory findings– Rapid diagnostic tests available

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연쇄상구균성 인두염• Streptococcal pharyngitis• Strep throat• Spread by droplets of saliva or nasal secretions

• Infection in throat (pharyngitis, 인두염) or on tonsils (tonsillitis, 편도염)

• Physical manifestations– Redness and edema around throat, exudate (염증성삼출액) in 50% 

– Lymph node enlargement in throat

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연쇄상구균성 인두염• Diagnosis

– Rapid diagnostic kits

• Treatment and control– Antibiotics (penicillin G or macrolide antibiotics)– Control by preventing contact with contaminated materials or discharges from infected individuals

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후발성 연쇄상구균 질병

• Post‐streptococcal diseases• Glomerulonephritis (사구체신염) • Rheumatic fever (류마티스열)

– Autoimmune disease involving heart valves, joints, subcutaneous tissues, and central nervous system

• 1–4 weeks after an acute streptococcal infection• No pus‐producing (고름이없음)• Most serious problems associated with streptococcal infections in U.S.

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절지동물매개 질병

• Arthropod‐borne diseases

• 라임병 (Lyme disease)• 페스트 (Plague)• 록키산홍반열 (Rocky mountain spotted fever)

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라임병

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• Lyme disease • 참진드기• Borrelia burgdorferi (스피로헤타)• 장기손상,염증, 자가면역질환• Amoxicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone (BBB)

유주성홍반

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페스트 (흑사병)

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가래톳(buboes)Enlarged lymph nodes

• Plague• Yersinia pestis• 피하출혈로피부가검게변함(흑사병)• Streptomycin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline

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록키산 홍반열

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• Rocky mountain spotted fever• 참진드기• Rickettsia rickettsii• Chloramphenicol or chlortetracycline