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Chapter 4: Cortical Organization

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Page 1: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Chapter 4: Cortical Organization

Chapter 4: Cortical Organization

Page 2: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Visual processing streams

• Striate cortex: simple feature detection

• But how are objects spatially represented in the visual system?– Are signals

representing different objects in a scene go to different places in the brain?

Page 3: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-1 p78

Retinotopic map外界物體刺激網膜的空間位置,與物體的大腦皮質表徵,具有空間的對應性Coortical magnification

Page 4: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-2 p78

• 皮質放大因子( cortical magnification factor ):中央小窩只占網膜的 0.01% ,但在視皮質卻佔了 8-10% 的區域

Page 5: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Brain Imaging Techniques

• 運用大腦造影技術瞭解皮質放大 • Positron emission tomography (PET)• Functional agnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Page 6: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-3 p79

物體在手中

物體放在手中操弄

操弄物體

Page 7: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-4 p79

• 人類視皮質放大因子• 有個別差異• 所以對於細節的區辨能力除與眼球

特性有關外,也與腦中地圖有關

Page 8: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-5 p80

Page 9: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

皮質的柱狀( column )結構• Orientation columns• Ocular dominance columns

– 雖然視皮質神經元大多對於左眼與右眼刺激都作反應,但會對其中某一眼刺激的反應較好— ocular dominance

• Location columns– Hypercolumns by Hubel and Wiesel– 對落在某個網膜位置的視覺訊息作完整的分析

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Figure 4-7 p81

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Figure 4-8 p81

Page 12: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-9 p81

Orientation columns

Alsoocular dominance columns

Page 13: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

How Do Feature Detectors Respond to a Scene?

• Tiling– location columns working together to cover the

entire visual field– Each location column is focused on a specific area

of the scene

Page 14: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-11 p82

Figure 4-10 p82

Page 15: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-12 p82

Page 16: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

訊息流的路徑—是什麼?在哪裡?如何作?

• Two parallel streams in extrastriate cortex (Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982)

Figure 4-14 p84

Page 17: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

– 物體區辨作業– 地標區辨作業

Figure 4-13 p83

Page 18: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

– 運用切除( ablation )法• 測量知覺—切除(破壞,冷凍)腦區域—訓練動

物,再測量知覺• 切除部分頂葉( parietal lobe )與側葉

( temporal lobe )– 結果頂葉切除猴子對於地標區辨產生困難,

側葉切除猴子對於物體區辨產生困難• Where pathway?• What pathway?

背側

腹側

Page 19: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Streams for Information About What and How

• What and how stream (Milner & Goodale, 1995)– the dorsal stream provides information about how to direct

action toward objects (action pathway)– 神經生理證據

• 猴子頂葉有看見物體並試圖觸及物體時才有反應的神經元– 神經心理學( Neuropsychology )證據

• 運用雙重分離( double dissociation )邏輯• (功能)分離( dissociation )

某個功能存在,而另一個功能受損

Page 20: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

– 單一分離( single dissociation)某甲產生「功能 X 存在,而功能 Y 受損」,顯示功能 X 與 Y 有不同,但未必彼此完全獨立的機制

– 雙重分離( double dissociation )某甲產生「功能 X 存在,而功能 Y 受損」,某乙產生「功能 Y 存在,而功能 X 受損」,顯示功能 X與 Y 有不同的機制,且彼此也完全獨立

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Page 22: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

– Patient D.F. (Milner & Goodale, 1995)• 一氧化碳中毒導

致腹側路徑受損• visual form

agnosia• 無法把卡片

match 細縫的方位

• 但可以「寄信」

Figure 4-16 p85

Page 23: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

• __分離– 顯示「方位判斷」和「視覺 / 動作協調」為

不同機制• 雙重分離—

– 顯示「方位判斷」和「視覺 / 動作協調」為__機制

單一

有其他有相反狀況的病人

獨立

Page 24: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Behavior of People Without Brain Damage

• Evidence for the separation of perception and action in non-brain-damage subjects.– Ganel et al. (2008)– length estimation task– grasping task

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Figure 4-17 p86

Page 26: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

視覺處理的模組化( Modularity )• 模組( module )

– 某個腦結構中多數神經元選擇性地處理具有某種特性的訊息,那麼這個腦結構為處理此種特性的一個模組

• Fusiform face area (FFA) – 臉孔辨識的模組

Page 27: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-18 p87

Page 28: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-19 p87

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Figure 4-20 p88

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Figure 4-21 p88

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Figure 4-22 p89

Page 33: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

• The visual system is organized both spatially and functionally

• Spatial– Retinotopic map

• Becomes weaker as moving towards higher cortical regions

• Functional– What/where, how– Modules for specific objects

Page 34: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Where Vision Meets Memory

• MTL structures are extremely important in memory– H.M.– hippocampus

Page 35: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-23 p90

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Figure 4-24 p90

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• 經驗– 神經元按照視覺環境特性發展成為最能適應

環境刺激的模式— experience-dependent plasticity, eg., visual word form area

– eg., selective rearing– eg., expertise related activation in FFA

Page 38: Chapter 4: Cortical Organization. Visual processing streams Striate cortex: simple feature detection But how are objects spatially represented in the

Figure 4-25 p91