Chapter 6 passage2

Respiratory Disorders and Disease

—— 呼吸系统疾病

七班四组成员： 王童、陶敏、谢强、赵进 吴娓娓、张瑞雪、王盼盼 姚春柳、魏汉宇、于小雨 张超飞、许红丽、周硕

本文要点 Various disorders and diseases of the respir

atory system Their definitions ， causes and treatment Detailed description of the signs and sympt

oms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （ COPD ）

Medical terms pertaining to the disease of respiratory system

Influenza and pneumonia

What is Influenza ？ What is pneumonia ？

Influenza is a disease of the respiratory system which have caused serious epidemics in the past.

Pneumonia represent any inflammation of the lungs caused by several different microorganisms （微生物）， it also named pneumonitis.

Lobar pneumonia （大叶性肺炎）： streptococcal pneumonia usually involves one or more lobes of the lung

Bronchopneumonia: A kind of pneumonia in the bronchial tubes

Definition ： Pleurisy ( 胸膜炎 )is

an inflammation of the pleura, which is the moist, double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. The condition can make breathing extremely painful.

Cause :It can attend pneumonia or result from direct infection of the pleura.

Tuberculosis( 结核病 )

Resulting form the rise of AIDS and the appearance of resistance to antibiotics （抗生素）

The most common symptoms and signs of TB are fatigue( 疲劳 ), fever, weight loss, coughing, hemoptysis （咯血） and night sweats（盗汗） .

The WHO estimates that 2 billion people worldwide have latent TB, while around 3 million people worldwide die of TB each year.

The tuberculosis skin test is a test used to determine if someone has developed an immune response to the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). This response can occur if someone currently has TB, if they were exposed to it in the past, or if they received the BCG vaccine against TB . The tuberculosis skin test is also known as the tuberculin test or PPD test

What Is Asthma?

Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning

Asthma 哮喘

Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway during asthma symptoms. 

Common asthma causes include:

Animals (pet hair or dander) Dust Changes in weather (most often cold weather) Chemicals in the air or in food Exercise Mold Pollen Respiratory infections, such as the common cold Strong emotions (stress) Tobacco smoke

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to avoid the substances that trigger your symptoms ,control airway inflammation , administration of bronchodilators to widen the airway and administration of steroids.

Respiratory distress syndrome

Respiratory distress syndrome is a breathing disorder of premature newborns in which the air alveoli in a newborn's lungs do not remain open because the production of a substance

that coats the alveoli is absent or insufficient.

Respiratory distress syndrome is a potentially life-threatening medical condition where the lungs cannot provide enough oxygen for the rest of the body.

Symptoms of respiratory distress  include: blue-coloured lips, fingers and toes rapid, shallow breathing rapid heartbeat

Baby special care Find out about special care gi

ven to babies born early, or those who are sick, jaundiced or

born with a disability.

Treatment may involve cutting a hole through thewindpipe and passing a tube attached to a mechanical respirator through the hole.

The patient may be placed on a heat and lung machine that maintains respiration and heartbeat

Acute Pulmonary Oedema急性肺水肿

It occurs when fluid quickly accumulates in the lungs and fills the alveoli （肺泡）

This can cause problems with the exchange of gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide), resulting in breathing difficulty and poor oxygenation of blood.

Treatment ： oxygen, digitalis （洋地黄） ,diuretics （利尿剂）

What is a pneumothorax? A pneumothorax is a collection of free

air in the chest outside the lung that causes the lung to collapse.

Treatment ：1 Removing the gas by suction （抽吸）2 Surgically repairing the chest and lung

3 Antibiotics （抗菌药）

What causes a pneumothorax? Pneumothorax is caused by a wound in the chest ， suc

h as a knife wound ， or after a sudden tear in the lung. Infection of the pleural space by gas -producing microbes can also cause pneumothorax. Pneumothorax can also develop as a result of underlying lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, asthma, and infections of the lungs.

Pneumoconiosis 尘肺病 also known as "black lung" Pneumoconiosis: The deposition of

particulate matter such as asbestos and silicon in the lungs

Emphysema 肺气肿 Emphysema is included in a group of diseases called chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD. Cigarette smoking is by far the most dangerous behavior that causes

people to develop emphysema, and it is also the most preventable cause. Other risk factors include a deficiency of an enzyme called alpha-1-antitrypsin, air pollution, airway reactivity, heredity, male sex,

and age.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

慢性阻塞性肺疾病

Including: chronic bronchitis chronic obstructive bronchitis asthmatic bronchitis emphysema

Learn about COPD

Simple chronic bronchitis单纯慢性支气管炎

A syndrome characterized primarily by a chronic productive cough ， is the low-grade exposure to bronchial irritants in a individual without hyperreactive airways.

Clinical terms1 Excessive production of mucus2 Presence of symptoms ， large cough ， on most days for at least three months annually during two or more successive years 3 Exclusion of bronchiectasis ， tuberculosis ， or other causes of these symptoms

Chronic obstructive bronchitis慢性阻塞性支气管炎

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and debilitating lung disease. The disease is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation in the lungs.

Brochospasm

Espiodic airways obstruction is common in individuals with chronic bronchitis. this combination ,called asthmatic bronchitis, may closely resemble classic asthma. the term chronic asthmatic bronchitis is applied in patients with persistent airways obstruction, a chronic productive cough, and a major problem of opisodic bronchspasm.

Emphysema Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of

the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath due to over-inflation of the alveoli (air sacs in the lung). In people with emphysema, the lung tissue involved in exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is impaired or destroyed.

Type A 、 B

Breathing With Emphysema

To my classmates