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2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부 1 CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements Chapter 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements 2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부 2 CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements Preview 2 개의 에너지 저장소자가 포함된 회로의 완전응답 Second-Order Differential Equation으로 표시 1) The Direct Method 2) The Operator Method 3) The State Variable Method 2 개 이상의 소자가 있는 경우에도 적용가능

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Page 1: Chapter 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy …cfs9.blog.daum.net/upload_control/download.blog?fhandle=... · 2015. 1. 21. · CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits

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2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부1

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Chapter 9

The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage

Elements

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부2

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Preview

2 개의 에너지 저장소자가 포함된 회로의 완전응답

Second-Order Differential Equation으로 표시

1) The Direct Method

2) The Operator Method

3) The State Variable Method

2 개 이상의 소자가 있는 경우에도 적용가능

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2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부3

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.1 Design Challenge

9.2 Communications and Power Systems

9.3 Differential Equation for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.4 Solution of the Second-order Differential Equation – Natural Response

9.5 Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

9.6 Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

9.7 Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

9.8 Forced Response of an RLC Circuit

9.9 Complete Response of an RLC Circuit

9.10 State Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis

9.11 Roots in the Complex Plan

9.12 Verification Example

9.13 Design Challenge Solution : Auto Airbag Igniter

9.14 Summary

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부4

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.1-1 An automobile airbag ignition device.

9.1 Design Challenge : Auto Airbag Igniter

초기에 커패시터에 에너지를 저장

진자를 이용하여 저장된 에너지를 저항에 전달 – 에어백 확장

저항 R에서 발산되는 에너지는 1[J] 이상

점화시간 0.1[sec] 이내

이 조건을 만족하는 L, C 값의 선정

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2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부5

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.2-1 Electrical system.

9.2 Communications and Power Systems

Figure 9.2-2Marconi with the receiving apparatus used at Signal Hill, 1901. Courtesy of the IEEE Center for the History of Electrical Engineering.

통신시스템

전력시스템

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부6

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

통신시스템 목표 : 왜곡되지 않은 신호의 올바른 전달

전력시스템 목표 : 에너지 손실을 줄여 효율적인 에너지 전송

전기시스템의 내부에는 에너지 저장소자(인덕턴스와 커패시턴스) 포함

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.3-1 An RLC circuit with a current source.

9.3 Differential Equation for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

v

마디방정식

sidtdvCi

Rv =++ (9.3-1)

dtdiLv = (9.3-2)

sidtdiL

dtdCi

dtdi

RL =

++ sidt

idLCidtdi

RL =++ 2

2

Second order Differential Equation

(9.3-3)

직접법

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부8

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

직접법을 이용하여 2계 미분방정식을 구하는 방법

1) 첫번째와 두번째 변수 를 선택한다. : 캐패시터 전압이나 인덕터 전류

2) 1계 미분 방정식을 구한다.(식 9.3-1)

3) 또 다른 변수에 대한 1계 미분 방정식을 구한다. (식 9.3-2)

4) 위의 2 방정식을 이용하여 2계 미분방정식을 구한다. (식 9.3-3)

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.3-2 An RLC series circuit.

직접법

루프에 KVL을 적용

sviRvdtdiL =++

dtdvCi =

svRdtdvCv

dtvdLC =++2

2

svLCv

LCdtdv

LR

dtvd 112

2

=++ (9.3-5)

변수 설정 : 인덕터 전류, 커패시터 전압

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부10

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.3-3 Circuit with two inductors

연산자법 메시방정식

( ) svRiidtdiL =−+ 211

1

( ) 0122

2 =−+ RiidtdiL

미분연산자를 적용

( ) svRiiRsL =−+ 211

( ) 0221 =++− isLRRi

크래머공식 ( )

( )( )

( )sLLRsLLRv

RsLRRRsL

RvRsL

i s

s

212

21

2

1

1

20

++=

+−−+

−+

=

svRiRisiL =−+ 2111

02221 =++− siLRiRi

변수 설정 : 인덕터 전류

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

( )sLLRsLLRvi s

212

212 ++

= ( ) sRvisLLRsLL =++ 2212

21

( )svLL

RisLLLLRs

212

21

212 =

++

( )svLL

RisLLLLRis

212

21

212

2 =++

( )svLL

Rdtdi

LLLLR

dtid

21

2

21

2122

2

=++ (9.3-15)

표 9.3-2 2계(차) 미분방정식을 구하는 연산자법

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부12

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.3-4 Circuit for Example 9.3-1.

Example 9.3-1

전류 에 대한 미분방정식을 구하라.2i

Sol) 메시방정식 :( )

svdtiidi =−+ 21

12( ) 03 2221 =++−− i

dtdi

dtiid

( ) sviisi =−+ 2112 ( ) 03 2221 =++−− isiiis

( ) svsiis =−+ 212 ( ) 032 21 =++− isis

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

( ) svsiis =−+ 212

( ) 032 21 =++− isis

( )

( )( )

6732

20

2

22 ++=

+−−+

−+

=ss

sv

ssss

svs

i s

s

크래머공식적용

(9.3-16)

( ) ssviss =++ 22 67

dtdvi

dtdi

dtid s=++ 2

222

2

67 (9.3-18)

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부14

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.3-5The RLC circuit for Example 9.3-2.

Example 9.3-2

전압 에 대한

미분방정식을 구하라.

v

Sol) 마디방정식

01

=++−dtdvCi

Rvv s v

dtdiLRi =+

11 RvCsvi

Rv s=++ ( ) viLsR =+

LsRvvCs

RRvivCs

Rs

++

+==+

+

111

11

svvLsRRsCR =

+++ 1

11

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

svvLsRRsCR =

+++ 1

11

( )[ ] ( ) svLsRvRsLsRCRLsR +=++++ 11

svLCRLsRv

LCRRRs

LCRRCRLs

11

1

1

12 +=

++++

svsv

dtdv

dtvd

3

3

3

3

333

333

2

2

10101

10101

101010101010

−−−

−− +=++×××++

( ) ss vdtdvv

dtdv

dtvd 10001010011001 32

2

+=×++

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부16

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.3-1

Exercise 9.3-1

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.3-2

Exercise 9.3-2

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부18

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.3-3

Exercise 9.3-3

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.4 Solution of the Second-Order Differential Equation –The Natural Response

)(012

2

2 tfxadtdxa

dtxda =++

- 2개 이상의 에너지 저장소자가 있는 회로 : 2계 미분방정식

012 ,, aaa

)(tf상수

입력(강제함수)

- 완전응답 : 자연응답 + 강제응답

fn xxtx +=)(

0012

2

2 =++ nnn xadtdxa

dtxda

- 자연응답

(9.4-2)

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부20

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

0012

2

2 =++ nnn xadtdxa

dtxda

- 자연응답은 1계 미분방정식의 경우와 유사하게 지수함수로 표현

stn Aex = (9.4-3)

(9.4-3) (9.4-2)

0012

2 =++ ststst AeasAeaAesa

0012

2 =++ asasa (9.4-5)특성방정식

* 특성방정식 : 어떤 회로의 모든 독립전원을 0 으로 두고, 응답이 지수함수를갖는다고 가정하여 구한 미분방정식으로부터 유도.

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.4-1Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925). Photograph courtesy of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.

0012

2 =++ asasa2차 방정식의 근

2

02211

1 24

aaaaa

s−+−

=

2

02211

2 24

aaaaa

s−−−

=

(9.4-6)

(9.4-7)

tstsn eAeAx 21

21 +=자연응답 :

(9.4-8)선형미분방정식일 경우 위의 자연응답이 성립

특성방정식의 근은 자연응답의 특성을 결정

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부22

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.4-2Circuit of Example 9.4-1.

Example 9.4-1

2i1) 미분방정식

2) 자연응답

Sol.) 메시방정식

( ) svidtdii =−++ 21

1 4248 044 221 =++−dtdiii

( ) sviis =−+ 21 4122 ( ) 044 21 =++− isi

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

( ) sviis =−+ 21 4122

( ) 044 21 =++− isi

( )

( )( )

322024

44412204

122

22 ++=

+−−+

−+

=ssv

ss

vs

i s

s

( ) sviss 432202 22 =++

( ) sviss 21610 22 =++

특성방정식

016102 =++ ss

( )( ) 082 =++ ss

8,2 −−=s

연산자로 표시된 미분방정식

자연응답

ttnnn

eAeA

iii8

22

1

21−− +=

+=

특성방정식의 근 : 특성근 또는 자연주파수

시정수 = 특성근의 역수

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부24

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.4-1

Exercise 9.4-1sidt

dvCiRv =++1

vdtdiLRi =+

sisviv =++41

4( ) vis =+6

sisvvs =+

+

+

641

41

sivs

s =

+++61

41

41

( ) sisvsss )6(4466 2 +=++++

sisvss )6(4)107( 2 +=++

특성방정식

01072 =++ ss

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.4-2

Exercise 9.4-2

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부26

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.5 Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

Figure 9.5-1 Parallel RLC circuit.

01 =++ ∫ ∞− dtdvCvd

LRv t

τ

0)0(10

=+++ ∫ dtdvCivd

LRv t

τ

마디방정식

(9.5-1)

0112

2

=++ vLdt

dvRdt

vdC

0)0(10

=

+++ ∫ dt

dvCivdLR

vdtd t

τ

(9.5-2)2계 미분방정식

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

0112

2

=++ vLdt

dvRdt

vdC 0112 =++LC

sRC

s특성방정식

21

2

2

2,11

21

21

2

141

21

±−=

±−=LCRCRC

LCRCRC

s

특성근

(9.5-4)

(9.5-5)

20

22,1 ωαα −±−=s

자연응답 tstsnnn eAeAvvv 21

2121 +=+= (9.5-6)

(9.5-7)

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부28

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

20

22,1 ωαα −±−=s

RC21=α LC

10 =ω 공진주파수

(resonant frequency)

특성방정식의 근

(1) 일 때, 실수 2개의 근 과제동 (over damping)

(2) 일 때 , 실수 1개의 근 임계제동 (critical damping)

(3) 일 때, 2개의 복소근 부족제동 (under damping)

20

2 ωα >20

2 ωα =20

2 ωα <

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

tstsn eAeAv 21

21 +=

자연응답에서 계수는 ?

초기조건 : )0(),0( iv 라고 할 때,21)0( AAvn += (9.5-9)

0)0(10

=+++ ∫ dtdvCivd

LRv t

τ

식(9.5-1)에 초기조건을 적용

0)0()0()0( =++dtdvCi

Rv

0

)()0(

=

=tdt

tdvdtdv

과제동 RLC 회로의 응답

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부30

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

0)0()0()0( =++dtdvCi

Rv

Ci

RCv

dtdv )0()0()0( −−= (9.5-10)

식(9.5-6)(자연응답식)을 미분하면

tstsn eAeAv 21

21 += dtdvsAsA

dttdv n

t

n )0()(2211

0

=+==

Ci

RCvsAsA )0()0(

2211 −−=+

(9.5-12)

21)0( AAvn +=(9.5-9)

2 식으로부터 계수를 구함.

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Example 9.5-1

][3/2 Ω=R ][1 HL = ][2/1 FC =

][10)0( Vv = ][2)0( Ai =

0>t ?)( =tv

Sol.

0112

2

=++ vLdt

dvRdt

vdC

0112 =++LC

sRC

s

회로의 미분방정식

특성방정식

0)0(10

=+++ ∫ dtdvCivd

LRv t

τ0232 =++ ss

특성근 :

2,12,1 −−=s

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부32

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

tttstsn eAeAeAeAv 2

212121 −− +=+=

자연응답 :

계수값 찾기 :

1) 초기조건으로부터 ][10)0( Vv = 10)0( 21 =+= AAvn

2) 자연응답 식(9.5-13)의 미분

(9.5-14)

(9.5-13)

ttn eAeAdtdv 2

21 2 −− −−=dtdvAA

dtdv

t

n )0(2 210

=−−==

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

0)0(10

=+++ ∫ dtdvCivd

LRv t

τ

0)0(21)0(

2)0(3 =++

dtdviv

34)0(2)0(3)0( −=−−= ivdtdv

초기의 회로방정식으로부터

342 21 −=−− AA

2) 자연응답 식(9.5-13)의 미분

ttn eAeAdtdv 2

21 2 −− −−=dtdvAA

dtdv

t

n )0(2 210

=−−==

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부34

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

1021 =+ AA

342 21 −=−− AA

141 −=A

242 =A

ttn eev 22414 −− +−=

자연응답 :

Figure 9.5-2Response of the RLC circuit of Example 9.5-1.

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.5-2 Response of the RLC circuit of Example 9.5-1.

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부36

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Exercise 9.5-1

][6 Ω=R ][7 HL = ][42/1 FC =

][0)0( Vv = ][10)0( Ai =

0>t ?)( =tv

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.5-2Smoke detector.

Exercise 9.5-2

][0)0( Vv =

][1)0( Ai =

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부38

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.6 Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit

20

2 ωα = 일 때 발생.

RC21=α LC

10 =ω

21 ss =

tststsn eAeAeAv 121

321 =+=자연응답 : (9.6-1)

213 AAA +=

* 미정계수는 1개이나, 만족해야 할 초기조건은 2개

따라서 식(9.6-1)은 완전한 자연응답이 아님을 의미

2개의 미정계수가 포함된 해가 요구

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

tsn etgx 1)(= 해를 가정하면 tAAtg 12)( +=

위의 응답을 원래의 미분방정식에 대입하여 초기조건을 적용하면

미정계수 2개를 구할 수 있다.

( ) tsn eAtAv 1

21 += (9.6-2)

특성방정식이 중근인 경우 자연응답은 식(9.6-2)와 같이 정의

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부40

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

예 :

][1 Ω=R ][1 HL = ][4/1 FC =

][5)0( Vv = ][6)0( Ai −=

0>t ?)( =tv

0112

2

=++ vLdt

dvRdt

vdC 0112 =++LC

sRC

s

회로의 미분방정식

특성방정식

0)0(10

=+++ ∫ dtdvCivd

LRv t

τ

0442 =++ ss

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

( ) tn eAtAv 2

21−+=자연응답 :

계수값 찾기 :

1) 초기조건으로부터 ][5)0( Vv =

5)0( 2 == Avn2) 식(9.6-3)의 미분

0442 =++ ss 특성근 : 22,1 −=s

( ) ttn eAtAeAdtdv 2

212

1 2 −− +−=

(9.6-3)

][6)0( Ai −=

( ) 21210

202)0( AAAAdtdv

dtdv

t

n −=+−===

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부42

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

0)0(10

=+++ ∫ dtdvCivd

LRv t

τ

0)0(41)0()0( =++dtdviv

[ ] 4)0()0(4)0( =−−= ivdtdv

초기의 회로방정식으로부터

][1 Ω=R ][1 HL = ][4/1 FC =

][5)0( Vv = ][6)0( Ai −=

( ) 4202)0(2121

0

=−=+−===

AAAAdtdv

dtdv

t

n

5)0( 2 == Avn

1424 21 =+= AA

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

( ) ( ) ttn eteAtAv 22

21 514 −− +=+=

자연응답 :

Figure 9.6-1Critically damped response of the parallel RLC circuit.

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부44

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.7 Natural Response of an Underdamped UnforcedParallel RLC Circuit

20

2 ωα < 일 때 발생.

RC21=α LC

10 =ω

tstsn eAeAv 21

21 +=자연응답 : (9.7-1)

20

22,1 ωαα −±−=s

2202,1 αωα −±−= js 1−=j 복소근

복소근은 응답이 진동형태로 발생

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

220 αωω −=d

제동공진주파수

RC21=α 제동계수

2202,1 αωα −±−= js djs ωα ±−=2,1

tstsn eAeAv 21

21 += ( ) ( )

( )tjtjt

tjttjt

tjtjn

dd

dd

dd

eAeAe

eeAeeA

eAeAv

ωωα

ωαωα

ωαωα

−−

−−−

−−+−

+=

+=

+=

21

21

21

자연응답

(9.7-2)

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부46

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

( )tjtjtn

dd eAeAev ωωα −− += 21

Euler identity

tjte tj ωωω sincos ±=±을 적용

( ) ( )[ ]( ) ( )[ ]tAAjtAAe

tjtAtjtAev

ddt

ddddt

n

ωωωωωω

α

α

sincos

sincossincos

2121

21

−++=

−++=−

(9.7-4)

여기서

[ ]tBtBev ddt

n ωωα sincos 21 += −

가 공액복소수일 경우21, AA 21, BB 는 반드시 실수로 된다.

(9.7-5)

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

[ ]tBtBev ddt

n ωωα sincos 21 += −

계수는 초기조건에 의해서 결정21, BB )0(v )0(i

자연응답의 특성 : 감쇠 진동하는 파형으로 예상

220 αωω −=d

RC21=α

감쇠속도를 결정

진동주파수 결정

21, BB 구하는 법

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부48

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

[ ]tBtBev ddt

n ωωα sincos 21 += −1)0( Bvn =

21, BB 구하는 법

초기조건

2B 는 dtdv )0(

에서 유도됨.

[ ] [ ]tBtBetBtBedtdv

ddt

ddddtn ωωαωωωω αα sincoscossin 2121 +−+−= −−

120

BBdtdv

dt

n αω −==

(9.7-6)

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Ci

RCv

dtdv )0()0()0( −−= 식(9.5-10)을 활용하면

120

BBdtdv

dt

n αω −==

Ci

RCvBB d

)0()0(12 −−=−αω

1)0( Bvn =

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부50

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Example 9.7-1

][3/25 Ω=R ][1.0 HL = ][1 mFC =

][10)0( Vv = ][6.0)0( Ai −=

0>t ?)( =tvn

Sol)

0112

2

=++ vLdt

dvRdt

vdC 0112 =++LC

sRC

s

회로의 미분방정식

특성방정식

0)0(10

=+++ ∫ dtdvCivd

LRv t

τ

0100001202 =++ ss

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

0100001202 =++ ss

tstsn eAeAv 21

21 +=자연응답 :

특성근 :

djjs ωα ±−=±−=−±−= 80602

40000120120 2

2,1

[ ][ ]tBtBe

tBtBevt

ddt

n

80sin80cos

sincos

2160

21

+=

+=−

− ωωα

계수값 구하기 :

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부52

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

계수값 구하기 :

1) 초기조건으로부터 ][10)0( Vv =

2)

[ ]tBtBev tn 80sin80cos 21

60 += −

10)0( 1 == Bvn

[ ] [ ]

1212

021210

6080

sincoscossin

BBBB

tBtBetBtBedtdv

d

tddt

ddddt

t

n

−=−=

+−+−==

−−

=

αω

ωωαωωωω αα

초기의 회로방정식으로부터 이 값을 얻을 수 있다.

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

0)0(10

=+++ ∫ dtdvCivd

LRv t

τ

초기회로방정식 ][3/25 Ω=R ][1.0 HL = ][1 mFC =

][10)0( Vv = ][6.0)0( Ai −=

에 회로의 초기상태를 적용하면

0)0(106.03/25)0( 3 =+− −

dtdvv 600600)0(120)0( −=+−= v

dtdv

6006080 12120

−=−=−==

BBBBdtdv

dt

n αω

10)0( 1 == Bvn02 =B

[ ] tettev ttn 80cos1080sin080cos10 6060 −− =×+=

최종응답

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부54

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.7-1 Natural response of the underdamped parallel RLC circuit.

[ ] tettev ttn 80cos1080sin080cos10 6060 −− =×+=

제동진동의 주기

][2 sTd

d ωπ=

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Exercise 9.7-1

][5.62 Ω=R ][10 mHL = ][1 FC µ=

][10)0( Vv = ][80)0( mAi =

0>t ?)( =tvn

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부56

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.8 Forced Response of an RLC Circuit

- 강제응답은 2계 미분방정식을 만족, 또한 임의 상수는 불포함

- 강제응답은 강제함수와 같은 형태

)(012

2

tfxadtdxa

dtxd =++ (9.8-1)

fx

)(012

2

tfxadtdx

adtxd

fff =++

- 강제응답을 다음과 같이 가정 :

(9.8-2)

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Table 9.8-1

Assumed SolutionForcing Function

KKt

2KttK ωsin

atKe−

ABAt +

CBtAt ++2

tBtA ωω cossin +atAe−

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부58

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.8-1Circuit for Examples 9.8-1 and 9.8-2.

Example 9.8-1

][8 2 Aei ts

−=][6 Ω=R ][7 HL = ][42/1 FC =

?=fi

Sol)

마디에 대한 전류방정식 0)0(10

=++++− ∫ dtdvCivd

LRvi

t

s τ

sidtdvCi

Rv =++

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

sidtdvCi

Rv =++

dtdiLv =

siidtdi

RL

dtidLC =++2

2

siLCi

LCdtdi

RCdtid 1112

2

=++

각 소자의 값 및 전원전류를 대입하면.

teidtdi

dtid 22

2

4867 −=++

강제응답 가정

tf Bei 2−=

계수 B는 이 값을 미분방정식에대입하여 구함.

tttt eBeBeBe 2222 486144 −−−− =+−

12−=B

][12 2 Aei tf

−−=

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부60

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.8-2 Parallel RLC circuit in steady state for a constant input.

Example 9.8-2

][0 AIis =][6 Ω=R ][7 HL = ][42/1 FC =

?=fi

Sol) 입력이 상수이므로 강제응답도 상수.

1) 미분방정식

2) 정상상태 회로를 고려 ][0 AIi f =

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

미분방정식으로부터 구하면

02

2

667 Iidtdi

dtid =++

Di f = 강제응답을 상수로 가정하면

06600 ID =++

][0 AIi f =

강제함수에 의한 회로의 강제 응답은 자연응답보다 쉽게 구해짐을 알 수 있다.

siLCi

LCdtdi

RCdtid 1112

2

=++

0ID =

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부62

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

siidtdi

dtid 6672

2

=++ (9.8-9)

강제함수가 자연응답의 성분 중 하나의 형태와 같은 특수한 경우를 고려

0672 =++ ss ( )( ) 061 =++ ss자연응답은

ttn eAeAi 6

21−− += (9.8-10)

If, ts ei 63 −= 인 경우를 고려하면

강제응답은t

f eBi 6−= (9.8-11)

으로 가정할 수 있고, 계수 B는

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

siidtdi

dtid 6672

2

=++t

f eBi 6−=

01864236 6666 ==+− −−−− tttt eBeBeBe

자연응답과는 다른 형태의 강제응답이 요구

tf eBti 6−=

새로운 형태의 강제응답을 가정

(9.8-12)

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부64

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

tf eBti 6−=sii

dtdi

dtid 6672

2

=++

1851864273666

186)427()366(6

186)6(7)6(

6666666

666666

=−=+−++−−

=+−+−−−

=+−×+−

−−−−−−−

−−−−−−

BBtBtBBtBB

eBteBteBeBteBeBe

eBteBteBeBteBedtd

ttttttt

tttttt

tf eti 6

518 −−=

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

강제함수가 자연응답 성분의 하나와 같은 형태일 경우

1nx

1np

f xtx =강제응답 :

p는 자연응답과 같지 않은 가장 작은 승수를 사용

자연응답 :

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부66

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Exercise 9.8-1

svvdtdv

dtvd =++ 652

2 8=sv ts ev −= 3 t

s ev 22 −=?=fv

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Exercise 9.8-2

siidtdi

dtid 62092

2

=++ tis 26+=?=fi

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.9 Complete Response of an RLC Circuit

완전응답 = 자연응답 + 강제응답

svLCv

LCdtdv

LR

dtvd 112

2

=++

][5 Ω=R ][1 HL = ][6/1 FC =

svvdtdv

dtvd 6652

2

=++ (9.9-1)

ts ev −=32 10)0( =v ]/[2)0( sV

dtdv −=

으로 할 경우 완전응답?

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

1) 자연응답

svvdtdv

dtvd 6652

2

=++ 0652 =++ ss2−=s3−=s

ttn eAeAv 3

22

1−− +=

2) 강제응답

tf eBv −=

전원과의 비교

tttt eBeBeBe −−−− =+− 465

2=Bt

f ev −= 2

ts ev −=32

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부70

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

3) 완전응답

tttfn eeAeAvvv −−− ++=+= 23

22

1

계수는 초기조건을 이용하여 구함. 10)0( =v ]/[2)0( sVdtdv −=

102)0( 21 =++= AAv

2)0(232 210

−==−−−== dt

dvAAdtdv

t

241 =A 162 −=A

][21624 32 Veeev ttt −−− +−=

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.9-1Circuit of example 9.9-1.

Example 9.9-1

?)( =tv

Sol) 먼저 회로로부터 초기조건

][6)0( Vv =

][1)0( Ai =

Figure 9.9-2Circuit of Example 9.9-1 at t = 0−.

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부72

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

미분방정식

04

=++− idtdvCvv s

dtdiLiRv += 2

teidtdvv 364 −=++

dtdiiv += 6

teidtdtdiid

dtdii 364

66 −=+

+

++

tedtid

dtdii 3

2

2

6710 −=++

마디 a 에서 KCL

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

tedtid

dtdii 3

2

2

6710 −=++ teidtdi

dtid 32

2

6107 −=++

1) 자연응답

01072 =++ ss 5,2 −−=s

ttn eAeAi 5

22

1−− +=

전원과 자연응답 비교ts ev 36 −=

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부74

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

2) 강제응답

tf Bei 3−=

로 가정.

teidtdi

dtid 32

2

6107 −=++

tttt eBeBeBe 3333 610219 −−−− =+− 3−=B

tf ei 33 −−=

3) 완전응답

tttfn eeAeAiii 35

22

1 3 −−− −+=+=

계수는 초기조건을 활용

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

tttfn eeAeAiii 35

22

1 3 −−− −+=+=

133)0( 2135

22

1 =−+=−+= −−− AAeeAeAi ttt 421 =+ AA

ttt eeAeAdtdi 35

22

1 952 −−− +−−=

dtdiiv += 6 iv

dtdi 6−= 066)0(6)0()0( =−=−= iv

dtdi

0952 210

=+−−==

AAdtdi

t

952 21 =+ AA

3/111 =A 3/12 =A

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부76

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

tttfn eeAeAiii 35

22

1 3 −−− −+=+=

3/111 =A 3/12 =Attt eeei 352 3

31

311 −−− −+=

전압에 대한 표현식

dtdiiv += 6

][931

344

935

3223

31

3116

352

352352

Veee

eeeeeev

ttt

tttttt

−−−

−−−−−−

−+=

+−−

−+=

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.9-1

Exercise 9.9-1

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.9-2

Exercise 9.9-2

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.10-1 Circuit with two energy storage elements.

9.10 State Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis

상태변수 : 에너지 저장소자의 에너지와 관련된 변수집합

커패시터의 전압, 인덕터의 전류가 상태변수로 활용

상태변수는 21, vv

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Node 1 KCL Node 2 KCL

02

2111

1

1 =−++−Rvv

dtdvC

Rvv a 0

3

222

2

12 =−++−Rvv

dtdvC

Rvv b

1112

21

11

11

CRv

CRvv

CRv

dtdv a=−++

2322

12

23

22

CRv

CRvv

CRv

dtdv b=−++

(9.10-3) (9.10-4)

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

1112

21

11

11

CRv

CRvv

CRv

dtdv a=−++

2322

12

23

22

CRv

CRvv

CRv

dtdv b=−++

2/1,1,1,1 22231211 ==== CRCRCRCR 라고 하면,

avvvdtdv =−+ 211 2 bvvv

dtdv =−+ 12

2 23(9.10-5) (9.10-6)

위 식에 연산자를 적용

( ) avvvs =−+ 212 ( ) bvvsv =++− 21 32

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

( ) avvvs =−+ 212 ( ) bvvsv =++− 21 32

( )( )

( )45

3

321231

21 ++++=

+−−+

+−

=ssvvs

ss

svv

v bab

a (9.10-7)

특성방정식 0452 =++ ss 4,1 −−=s

( ) ( ) ba vvsvss ++=++ 345 12

baa vvdtdvv

dtdv

dtvd ++=++ 345 1

121

2

(9.10-8)

1) 일반해

(자연응답)

ttn eAeAv 4

211−− +=

미분방정식

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

2) 강제응답

6,10 == ba vv으로 가정하면,

Bv f =1 의 상수로 응답된다.

원래의 미분방정식에 대입

baa vvdtdvv

dtdv

dtvd ++=++ 345 1

121

2

366304 =+=B

91 =fv

3)완전응답 9421111 ++=+= −− tt

fn eAeAvvv

미지의 상수는 초기조건으로부터 유도

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9421111 ++=+= −− tt

fn eAeAvvv

예를 들어, 초기조건 5)0(1 =v 10)0(2 =v 으로 가정하면

59)0( 211 =++= AAv

tt eAeAdtdv 4

211 4 −− −−=

avvvdtdv =−+ 211 2

(9.10-5)

10105210)0()0(2)0(21

1 =+×−=+−= vvvdt

dva

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

tt eAeAdtdv 4

211 4 −− −−=

104 210

1 =−−==

AAdtdv

t

59)0( 211 =++= AAv

21 −=A 22 −=A

922 41 +−−= −− tt eev

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.10-2Circuit of Example 9.10-1.

Example 9.10-1

][2 3 Aei ts

−=

][3 Ω=R ][1 HL = ][2/1 FC =

?)( =ti

Sol)상태변수 선정 )(),( titv

초기조건 : ][0)0(],[10)0( AiVv ==

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

vRidtdiL =+

siidtdvC =+

vL

iLR

dtdi 1=+

siCi

Cdtdv 11 =+

vidtdi =+ 3

siidtdv 22 =+

siisv 22 =+ ( ) 03 =++− isv

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부88

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

siisv 22 =+

( ) 03 =++− isv

( )23

2

312012

2 ++=

+−

−=

ssi

ss

is

i s

s

특성방정식 및 근

0232 =++ ss 2,1 −−=s

자연응답

ttn eAeAi 2

21−− += 입력함수와 확인.

미분방정식

( ) siiss 2232 =++sii

dtdi

dtid 2232

2

=++

][2 3 Aei ts

−=

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

강제응답은 입력함수로부터

][3 ABei tf

−= B 값은미분방정식으로부터

siidtdi

dtid 2232

2

=++ tttt eBeBeBe 3333 4299 −−−− =+−

2=B

][2 3 Aei tf

−=완전응답 :

tttfn eeAeAiii 32

21 2 −−− ++=+=

미정계수는초기조건으로부터

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부90

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

ttt eeAeAi 3221 2 −−− ++=

02)0( 21 =++= AAi

vidtdi =+ 3

( ) 622 210

3221

0

−−−=++==

−−−

=

AAeeAeAdtd

dtdi

t

ttt

t

10010)0(3)0()0( =−=−= ivdtdi

1062 210

=−−−==

AAdtdi

t

14,12 21 −== AA

][21412 32 Aeeei ttt −−− +−=

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.10-3Circuit with three energy storage elements.

상태변수를 선정하여 1계 미분방정식 3개를 구하고,

이들로부터 크래머공식을 적용하여 미분방정식을 얻는다.

3계 미분방정식

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부92

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.10-1

Exercise 9.10-1

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

9.11 Roots in the Complex Plane

2계 시스템의 자연응답은 특성방정식의 근에 의해 결정

0112 =++LC

sRC

s20

22,1 ωαα −±−=s

RC21=α LC

10 =ω

220 αωω −=d

djjs ωααωα ±−=−±−= 2202,1

20

2 ωα <

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부94

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.11-1The complete s-plane showing the location of the two roots, s1 and s2, of the characteristic equation in the left-hand portion of the s-plane. The roots are designated by the × symbol.

djjs ωααωα ±−=−±−= 2202,1

s평면 또는 복소주파수 평면

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Table 9.11-1 The Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit

2 개의 실근, 과제동

중복근, 임계제동

복소근, 부족제동

2개의 허근, 비제동

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부96

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure E 9.11-1

Exercise 9.11

][1.0 HL = ][100 mFC =

][0.1,4.0 Ω=R

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.12-1 An RLC circuit (b) excited by a square wave (a).

9.12 Verification Example

응답이 옳은가를 확인?ms

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부98

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.13-2PSpice plot of the inductor current, i(t), for the circuit shown in Figure 9.13-1.

- 전류의 정상상태 값 : 200[mA], 0[mA]

- 응답으로부터 부족제동 회로(진동 형태의 응답)

- 그래프에 제시된 값을 사용하여 제동공진주파수 확인

- 정상상태 값 확인

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

0)( =∞i

][200][2.010020)( mAAi ===∞

부족제동확인

정상상태 값

RC21=α LC

10 =ω

20

2 ωα < CRL 24<9225 10110044101 −− ×××=<=× CRL

부족제동 조건 만족

ms

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

62

220 1066.8

211 ×=

−=−=RCLCd αωω

제동공진주파수 확인

99 1070610)151.378092.731(2 −− ×≈×−×=dT

][2 sTd

d ωπ=

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.14-1An automobile airbag ignition device.

9.14 Design Challenge Solution

저항체에 흡수되는 에너지에 의해 에어백 동작

저항체의 발산에너지는 1[J]이상

점화장치는 0.1[s]이내 동작

L, C =?

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Describe The Situation

1) 스위치는 t=0에서 1위치에서 2 위치로 절환

2) 스위치는 1 위치에서 오랫동안 연결

3) 병렬 RLC 회로는 스위치 동작 후 동작

State The Goal

커패시터에 충전된 에너지가 제한된 시간 이내에 전달되도록

L,C 값 선정

Generate A Plan

1) 0.4초 이내 부족제동응답이 얻어지도록 L,C 선정

2) 방정식을 수립하고, 해를 구한다.

과제동과 임계제동은안되는가?

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

부족제동응답이 빠르기 때문.

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부104

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Act On The Plan

][12)0( Vv =

][0)0( Ai =

빠른 응답을 위해서2

21 ==RC

α 로 설정.

[ ]tBtBev ddt

n ωωα sincos 21 += − (9.7-5)

CRL 24<RC21=α LC

10 =ω

][62500

][161

441

F

FC

µ=

=

인덕터전류

πππω 54.0221

0 ====TLC

20

2 ωα <커패시터의 저장에너지 확인

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

πππω 54.0221

0 ====TLC

( )][065.0

1615

112

20

HC

L =×

==πω

][62500 FC µ=][65 mHL =

를 사용하면 ]/[58.15220 sradd =−= αωω

[ ]tBtBev ddt

n ωω sincos 212 += −

2007-10-01 부경대학교 전기제어공학부106

CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

[ ]tBtBev ddt

n ωω sincos 212 += −

초기조건 대입 12)0( 1 == Bvn

( ) 241242112 −=−=−=RCBBBd αω

54.12 −=B

tev dt

n ωcos12 2−≅21 BB >>Q

전력계산

][cos36 242

WteRvp d

tn ω−==

(9.7-8)

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

Figure 9.14-2The response of the RLC circuit.

Verify The Proposed Solution

0.1[S]동안 흡수된 에너지?

][8.11.03621 Jw =×≅

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CH. 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements

End