charles tart - transpersonale psychologie

7/29/2019 Charles Tart - Transpersonale Psychologie

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RXj `jk KjpZ_fcf^`\; @j _Xe[\ck j`Z_ Y\` `_i ld \è\ è n\Z_j\cj\`k`^\i =\q`\_le^ ql\èXe[\i jk\_\e[\ M\`_\ mfe "^S` aS e`Z_k Y\n\`jYXi\e% KfjklcXk\e _èj`Z_kc`Z_ [\i R\ck le[ [\i d\ejZ_c`Z_\e IXkli(ld O_\fi`\e {Y\i [`\ =\[\lkle^ [\i è [`\j\d UljXdd\e_Xe^ ^\dXZ_k\e =\fYXZ_kle^\e le[ ld O\Z_e`b\e( [liZ_ [`\ dXe d\_i è

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E\ij\p eXZ_ FXc`]fie`\e%( nf XY\i [`\ B\jXdkfi^Xe`jXk`fe Xcj jfcZ_\è n\j\ekc`Z_\e Klebk\e ^Xeq lek\ijZ_`\[c`Z_ `jk* @j ^`Yk m\ijZ_`\[\eXik`^\ B\j\kq\( [`\ [Xj Q\i_Xck\e [\i H\ejZ_\e i\^\ce jfcc\e( \j^`Yk lek\ijZ_`\[c`Z_\ G\Y\ejjk`c\ ljn* R\ee [Xj \ic\Yk\ @dg]è[\e \è\j =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[j j`Z_ iX[`bXc mfe [\d \è\j Xe[\i\e

lek\ijZ_\`[\k( [Xee bXee dXe mfe \è\d m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[jgi\Z_\e*R\ee e\l ^\nfee\e\ =\î`]]\ è [\e Xcc^\d\è\e NgiXZ_^\YiXlZ__è{Y\in\Z_j\ce( q\`^\e j`\ le^c{Zbc`Z_\in\`j\ _vl]`^ [`\ O\e[\eq(jf Xcc^\d\è le[ jf legivq`j\ m\in\e[\k ql n\i[\e( [X~ j`\ m`\c mfe`_i\d [\jbi`gk`m\e R\ik \èY{~\e* Nf Y\elkq\e Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ m`\c\H\ejZ_\e a\kqk [\e =\î`]] =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[( ld [Xd`k \è]XZ_

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Q\i^c\`Z_jglebk\e [liZ_Xlj mfe\èXe[\i lek\ijZ_\`[\e* @è RWaY`SzbS` dS`k\RS`bS` 6SecobaSW\ahcabO\R Y\[\lk\k ) `d Pek\ijZ_`\[ qld[`jbi\k\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[( [\i lej\i\d ^\nz_ec`Z_\e RXZ_qljkXe[ \ekjgi`Z_k ) \è\ iX[`bXc\ Q\ive[\ile^ [\j {Y\iî\`]\e[\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[\j( jf [X~a\dXe[( [\i @i]X_ile^\e d`k [\d [`jbi\

k\e m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ _Xk $f[\i `_e Y\fYXZ_k\k% jX^\ebXee( [X~a\kqk Xe[\i\ B\j\kq\ ^\ck\e le[ [X~a\kqk \è\ e\l\ {Y\iî\`]\e[\ Nkilbkli j\è\ @i]X_ile^ {Y\icX^\ik* ?Xj Y\[\lk\k6 Dd MX_d\e \è\j =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[\j bzee\e jg\q`\cc\ =\jkXe[k\`c\ [`\j\jHf[\ccj ) mfi Xcc\d gjpZ_`jZ_\ Alebk`fe\e ) jZ_e\cc\i f[\i cXe^jXd\i XYcXl]\e( è ^\iè^\i\d f[\i jkvib\i\d HX~\ nìbjXd n\i[\e(f[\i XY\i \j bXee j`Z_ \è\ Q\ive[\ile^ `d UljXdd\e_Xe^ d`k [\e

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Alebk`fejve[\ile^\e* @ièe\ie nì lej [XiXe( [X~ \è =\nl~k

j\èjqljkXe[ \è {Y\iî\`]\e[\j Alebk`fejdf[\cc `jk6 ql [\e iX[`bXc\e Q\ive[\ile^\e è [\e \èq\ce\e =\jkXe[k\`c\e( Xlj [\e\e [`\j\jHf[\cc Y\jk\_k( bzee\e îz~\i\ hlXek`kXk`m\ Q\ive[\ile^\e `d=\i\`Z_ [\i gjpZ_fcf^`jZ_)g_pj`fcf^`jZ_\e Alebk`fe\e ^\_zi\e( n`\Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ B\[vZ_ke`j(


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I\_d\e nì ele Xe( nì gifîXdd`\i\e [\e >fdglk\i jf ld( [X~\ia\[\ `_d e\l \è^\jg\`Z_\ik\ UX_c d`k [\d @i^\Ye`j [\i Hlck`gc`bXk`fe\e Xcc\i Y`j_\i \è^\jg\`Z_\ik\e UX_c\e dlck`gc`q`\ik* Rì _XY\e\j _`\i d`k \è\d e\l\e Bile[df[\cc ql kle( d`k \è\d e\l\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[( [* _* è Y\ql^ Xl] [Xj mfi_\i^\_\e[\ KifîXdd

jf^Xi d`k \è\d m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[* fdglk\i jf X[aljk`\i\e( [X~ \i [`\j\e Qfi^XeîXjZ_\i f[\i cXe^jXd\i Yqn* d\_i f[\i dè[\i \oXbk mfccq`\_k( XY\i[`\


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j\i\ [\d ^\jle[\e H\ejZ_\em\ijkXe[ \ekjgi\Z_\e[\ Qfijk\ccle^mfd =\nl~kj\è Y\jk\_k [Xiè( [X~ nì ì^\e[n`\ [`\ ?è^\ jf nX_ie\_d\e( n`\ j`\ kXkjvZ_c`Z_ jè[( le[ [X~ nì d`k `_e\e è lej\i\eNZ_cl~]fc^\ile^\e( @dg]è[le^\e( @èjZ_vkqle^\e( CXe[cle^\eljn* f]]\ej`Z_kc`Z_ ^Xeq m\ie{e]k`^ ld^\_\e* ?`\ df[\ie\ gjpZ_f

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=\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e [\i AXcc `jk* H`k [`\j\i AiX^\ [\i =\n\ikle^mfe Y\jk`ddk\e @`^\ejZ_X]k\e [\i =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ n\i[\enìlejql\è\djgvk\i\eU\`kglebkY\]Xjj\e*

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i\e uY\igi{]le^\e lek\infi]\e* @è KXiX[`^dX [X^\^\e `jk eXZ_ j\è\i @kXYc`\ile^ jf \i]fcî\`Z_( [X~ \j \è\e âgQV]Z]UWaQVS\ RXe[\c[liZ_j\kqk( [\e n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\ O_\fi`\e XejZ_\è\e[ e`Z_k Xljqlczj\e m\idz^\e* @è KXiX[`^dX nì[ ql \è\d jk`ccjZ_n\`^\e[ Xbq\gk`\ik\e =\ql^jjpjk\d( Xe [Xj j`Z_ [`\ d\`jk\e [Xd`k Y\]X~k\e R`jj\e

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k\ijlZ_k dXe j`\ e`\ ^\eXl\i( le[ dXe jkz~k [X_\i XlZ_ e`\dXcj Xl]De]fidXk`fe\e( [`\ j`Z_ d`k [\d Y\ki\]]\e[\e KXiX[`^dX e`Z_k m\i\èYXi\e cXjj\e* ?`\ M\mfclk`fe\e [\i R`jj\ejZ_X]k( [`\ Fl_e è jf Y\nle[\iejn\ik\i R\`j\ \izik\ik( [`\ îf~\e ?liZ_Yi{Z_\ ql ^Xeqe\l\e


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e`ddk Xe( \j _Xe[c\ j`Z_ [XY\` \`e]XZ_ ld [`\ eXk{ic`Z_\


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BXeq\j7 \j ^`Yk ^Xi b\è\ ^\ki\eek\e De[`m`[l\e ?\i @og\i`d\ekXkfi jk\cck [Xee ]\jk( j\è\ Q\ijlZ_jg\ijfe _XY\ \è\ D[\ek`kvkj[`]]lj`fele[ m\iq\iik\ ?\ebgifq\jj\ \ib\ee\e cXjj\e* ?\ia\e`^\( [\i [Xjdpjk`jZ_\ @ic\Ye`j _Xkk\( le[ [`\ Q\ijlZ_jg\ijfe Y\i`Z_k\e ^\eXl[Xj( nXj `_e\e Xcj nX_i \ijZ_\èk7 [\i Q\ijlZ_jc\`k\i jk\cck \Y\e]Xccj

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è \è\d jfcZ_\e AXcc \`^\ekc`Z_ eli j\è Nkl[`ld XYYi\Z_\e f[\i Xl][`\ =\k\`c`^le^ Xe ì^\e[\è\d ?`Xcf^ m\iq`Z_k\e* =\` [\i Ffddle`)bXk`fe qn`jZ_\e [`\j\e Y\`[\e KXik\`\e _Xe[\ck \j j`Z_ n\e`^\i ld\è\e e{kqc`Z_\e B\[Xeb\eXljkXljZ_ Xcj ld d\_i f[\i dè[\if]]\e\^\^\ej\`k`^\=\jZ_`dg]le^\e*

H{jj\e H\ejZ_\e( [`\ m\ive[\ik\ =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ \ic\Y\e(nìbc`Z_ XlZ_ n\`k\i_è [`\ R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i Xcj G\lk\ Y\kiXZ_k\e( [`\ j`Z_ Xl] len`Z_k`^\ I\Y\ejvZ_c`Z_b\`k\e bfeq\eki`\i\e(le[ d{jj\e [`\ R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i H\ejZ_\e( [`\ m\ive[\ik\ =\nl~k)j\èjqljkve[\ \ic\Y\e( [`\j\ XlZ_ n\`k\i_è Xcj m\inìik f[\i ^\`jk\jbiXeb Y\q\`Z_e\e;. J[\i bzeek\ j`Z_ [`\ R`jj\ejZ_X]k è Xe^\d\jj\e\i\i Afid d`k [\d Y\]Xjj\e( nXj ^\n`jj\ H\ejZ_\e è jg\q`]`

jZ_\e m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e \ic\Y\e; Rì nfcc\e lejele d`k [\i IXkli [\j R`jj\ej le[ d`k [\d R\j\ejb\ie [\i n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\e H\k_f[`b Y\jZ_v]k`^\e( ld ql q\`^\e( [X~ [Xj nìbc`Z_dz^c`Z_`jk*

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jZ_Xl\ _è( le[ `Z_ j\_\( [X~ \j j`Z_ ld \è bc\è\j _XXi`^\j O`\i d`km`\i =\è\e( \è\d NZ_nXeq le[ _fZ_^\jk\cck\e J_i\e _Xe[\ck* De\è\d O\`c d\è\j ^\`jk`^\e =\i\`Z_j jk\cck j`Z_ [\i =\î`]] FXkq\\è( le[ `Z_ _XY\ [Xj B\]{_c( [X~ `Z_ ^\eXl n\`~( nXj `Z_ nX_i^\efdd\e _XY\* HXe _Xk [Xj B\]{_c( [X~ [`\ led`kk\cYXi\ j\ejfi`jZ_\RX_ie\_dle^ d`k [\e èe\ic`Z_ mfi_Xe[\e\e Fi`k\i`\e {Y\i\è

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=i`ccXeq( [Xee jè[ [Xj b\è\ j`Z_\i\e Fi`k\i`\e [X]{i( [X~ dXe kXkjvZ_c`Z_ ql \è\d nX_i\e R`jj\e ^\cXe^k( ql \è\d R`jj\e( [Xj jk\kjFfeq\gk`fe\e _\imfiYiè^k( [`\ d`k [\e @i]X_ile^\e {Y\i\èjk`dd\e* ?`\ @ekn`Zbcle^ [\i n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\e H\k_f[`b bXee dXeXcj [`\ \ekjZ_cfjj\e\


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K_vefd\e\ \iq`\ck; bXee dXe eli Xeknfik\e6 N\_i jZ_\d\e_X]k\le[le^\eXl\RXild`jk[Xjjf;

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jZ_nè[\e gjpZ_fcf^`jZ_\ K_vefd\e\( n\ee dXe e`Z_k è [\i i`Z_k`^\e Nk`ddle^ [X]{i `jk( f[\i j`\ Y\bfdd\e \è\ ^Xeq Xe[\i\AviYle^( n\ee dXe j`Z_ ^\iX[\ d`k \è\d Ai\le[ ^\jki`kk\e _Xk ljn*@è\ kiX[`k`fe\cc\ Qfijk\ccle^ Xlj [\d =\i\`Z_ [\i IXklin`jj\ejZ_X]k\e( [`\ è `_i\d @i]fc^jY\d{_\e mfe [\i KjpZ_fcf^`\ lem\ive[\ik

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@i]Xjj\e [\i Pdn\ck* R\ee N`\ le[ `Z_ [`\ ^c\`Z_\e K_vefd\e\ Y\fYXZ_k\e( [Xee bzee\e n`i [XY\` [liZ_Xlj ql ^Xeq m\ijZ_`\[\eXik`^\e A\jkjk\ccle^\e bfdd\e( [\ee N`\ _XY\e Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ len`ccb{ic`Z_ eli Y\jk`ddk\


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[\d Nèe z]]\ekc`Z_ j\è( [X~ j`\ mfe \è\d \ekjgi\Z_\e[ ^\jZ_lck\e=\fYXZ_k\i n`\[\i_fck n\i[\e bzee\e* ?Xj Y\[\lk\k( [X~ [\ilijgi{e^c`Z_\ =\fYXZ_k\i j\è\ =\fYXZ_kle^\e Xlj]{_ic`Z_ le[mfccjkve[`^ Xe[\i\e H\ejZ_\e( [`\ Xe [`\j\e K_vefd\e\e èk\i\jj`\ik jè[( d`kk\`ck( [Xd`k j`\ [\e Q\ijlZ_ lek\ie\_d\e bzee\e( j`\ql n`\[\i_fc\e* ?\i lijgi{e^c`Z_\ =\fYXZ_k\i dl~ m\ijlZ_\e( [`\]{i j\è\ =\fYXZ_kle^\e dX~^\Yc`Z_\e QfiXljj\kqle^\e d`k Xlj

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ql Y\jk`ddk\e EX_i\jq\`k\e d`k îz~\i\i RX_ijZ_\èc`Z_b\`k Y\fYXZ_k\ecv~kXcjèXe[\i\e*Pej\i qn\`k\i =\fYXZ_k\i Y\]è[\k j`Z_ qnXi Xe [\i i`Z_k`^\e =\fYXZ_kle^jjk\cc\( XY\i ql \è\d ]XcjZ_\e U\`kglebk7 [`\ QfiXljj\kqle^\e( [`\ ]{i [`\ =\fYXZ_kle^ [\iXik`^\i K_vefd\e\ le\icv~c`Z_ jè[(

nXi\e`_dXcjfelilemfccjkve[`^^\jZ_`c[\iknfi[\e*R\ee \è qn\`k\i =\fYXZ_k\i lek\i [\e ^\eXl \i]{cck\e QfiXljj\kqle^\e [`\ ^c\`Z_\e =\fYXZ_kle^\e le[ @i]X_ile^\e dXZ_k n`\ [\i\ijk\( [Xee jgi\Z_\e nì mfe \è\i Xl] uY\i\èjk`ddle^ Y\il_\e[\eB{ck`^b\`kj\ibcvile^*


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qle^\e \èql^\_\e( qld =\`jg`\c ql \inv_e\e( è n\cZ_\i Nk`ddle^`Z_ d`Z_ ^\iX[\ Y\]Xe[( Xcj `Z_ è [`\j\j Ffeq\ik ^è^( jfn`\ \knXj{Y\i d\è\ g\ijzec`Z_\ G\Y\ej^\jZ_`Z_k\ ql jX^\e( [`\ è ^\n`jj\iR\`j\ \ijk [`\ Hz^c`Z_b\`k [Xql ^\jZ_X]]\e _Xk( [X~ `Z_ @ic\Ye`jj\[`\j\i


46/605

[\k\e =\fYXZ_k\ie ^\XiY\`k\k _XY\e( jfe[\ie `e [\i H\_iqX_c [\iAvcc\d`k^\nz_ec`Z_\e>fcc\^\)


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nì[ eXk{ic`Z_ e`Z_k c\`Z_k ql \ii\`Z_\e j\è* HXe YiXlZ_k _\lk\Y\i\`kj \è\e U\`kiXld mfe m`\i Y`j q\_e EX_i\e èk\ej`m\e Nkl[`ldj(ld \è\e R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i è ì^\e[\è\d [\i _\ibzddc`Z_\e R`jj\e

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48/605

efd\e\ f[\i m\ive[\ik\i =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ \knX q\_e Hèlk\ecXe^ Y\d{_k\e( Xl] \è\j [`\j\i K_vefd\e\ ql jkf~\e7 n\ee j`\ [XY\`b\è\e @i]fc^ _Xkk\e( d\c[\k\e j`\ j`Z_ ^c\`Z_ ql Rfik le[ gifbcXd`\ik\e cXlk_Xcj( Xe [\d BXeq\e j\` {Y\i_Xlgk e`Z_kj [iXe* ?`\j\cX`\e_X]k\


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{Y\i j`Z_ Xe[\i\ H\ejZ_\e lek\i_Xck\e( e`Z_k m\ijk\_\e bXee( [Xeei\[\ej`\_zZ_jknX_ijZ_\èc`Z_PejèeKiXbk`jZ_ \i^`Yk j`Z_ Y\` Xcc\e Pek\ijlZ_le^\e {Y\i Ffddle`bXk`fe\e qn`jZ_\e Q\ijlZ_jg\ijfe\e `d MX_d\e mfe m\ive[\ik\e=\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e \è\ Q\ijZ_c\Z_k\ile^( n\ee j`\ mfe

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XZ_k\i cv~k j`Z_ Xd Y\jk\e Xe \è\i jl]`jk`jZ_\e G\_i^\jZ_`Z_k\ [\dfejki`\i\e7 j`\ _Xe[\ck mfe \è\d Nl]`)Hpjk`b\i le[ [\d HlccXIXjil[è( \è\i K\ijfe( [`\ NZ_lib\( D[`fk le[ R\`j\i ql^c\`Z_ `jk*=\`[\ jè[ è [\i GX^\( `_i\ Alebk`fe è m\ijZ_`\[\e\e m\ive[\ik\e=\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e ql \i]{cc\e( le[ Xcj Afc^\ [Xmfe _XY\e j`\

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?`\ [i`kk\ d\k_f[fcf^`jZ_\ M\^\c [\i R`jj\ejZ_X]k( [`\ nì e\ee\e(`jk [`\( [X~ [Xj O_\fi\k`j`\i\e Xl]île[ mfe =\fYXZ_kle^\e [\eB\j\kq\e [\i Gf^`b ]fc^\e dl~6 ?`\ ^\[Xebc`Z_\ Q\iYè[le^ qn`jZ_\e [\e ^\dXZ_k\e =\fYXZ_kle^\e le[ [\e ql `_i\i @ibcvile^ \eknfi]\e\e Ffeq\gk`fe\e dl~ jf Y\jZ_X]]\e j\è( [X~ a\[\i( [\i [`\è [\i Y\ki\]]\e[\e Flckli Yqn* R`jj\ejZ_X]k Xcc^\d\è Xbq\gk`\ik\Gf^`b b\eek ) j`\ bXee jfnf_c [\d cè^l`jk`jZ_\e Xcj XlZ_ [\ddXk_\dXk`jZ_\e f[\i ì^\e[\è\d Xe[\i\e =\i\`Z_ \ekjkXdd\e )([liZ_Xlj \ib\ee\e bXee( [X~ [`\ \èq\ce\e B\[Xeb\e^ve^\ bfii\bk[liZ_^\]{_ik nfi[\e jè[* ?Xj `jk è \knX jf( n`\ n\ee nì Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\( Y\mfi nì \è\ QfiXljjX^\ {Y\i nìkjZ_X]kc`Z_\ Hz^c`Z_b\`k\eXbq\gk`\i\e( leY\[è^k n`jj\e nfcc\e( [X~ [`\ [`\j\i QfiXljjX^\ ql

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i\e C`c]\ j`Z_ [`\ Xl] [`\j\e KfjklcXk\e YXj`\i\e[\e De]fidXk`fe\edXe`glc`\i\e cXjj\e* ?`\ KfjklcXk\ j`e[ ) n\`k^\_\e[jk( n\ee e`Z_k^Xi mzcc`^ ) n`ccb{ic`Z_ ^\j\kqk* R\Z_j\ck dXe ql Xe[\i\e KfjklcXk\ele[ Xe[\i\e M\^\ce Y\` [\i


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I\`^le^( j`\ jk`ccjZ_n\`^\e[ ql Xbq\gk`\i\e7 n\ee [Xj \ijk \èdXc ^\jZ_\_\e `jk( [Xee {Yk j`\ \è\ ^\nXck`^\ jk\l\ie[\ FiX]k Xl] lej Xlj*DZ_ jk\cc\ Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ ]\jk( [X~ `Z_ [`\ Y\`[\e Xe[\i\e B\fd\ki`\ekXkjvZ_c`Z_ ]{i Pejèe _Xck\7 [\eea\[\i H\ejZ_ n\`~ [fZ_( [X~ KXiXcc\c\e jZ_fe `_i\i ?\]è`k`fe eXZ_ jk\kj gXiXcc\c ql m\icXl]\e _XY\eR\ee `Z_ dì [`\ H{_\ dXZ_\( cf^`jZ_ [Xi{Y\i eXZ_ql[\eb\e( [XeecXjj\ `Z_ d`Z_ [liZ_ [`\j\j KfjklcXk e`Z_k Y\ìi\e( XY\i ^\]{_cjdv~`^^cXlY\ `Z_ kXkjvZ_c`Z_ Xe [`\ \lbc`[`jZ_\ B\fd\ki`\( le[ `Z_ e\`^\ [X

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U\ekild [\j Nfee\ejpjk\dj Y\]è[\k le[ [X~ [`\ @i[\( qljXdd\ed`k Xe[\i\e KcXe\k\e èe\i_XcY [`\j\j Nfee\ejpjk\dj( j`Z_ ld [`\Nfee\ Y\n\^k* NZ_c`\~c`Z_ _XY\e nì [Xj è [\i NZ_lc\ ^\c\iek ?X_\ijk\cck \è\ Xe[\i\ Qfijk\ccle^ n`\ [`\ d`k [\e \cc`gk`jZ_\e PdcXl]YX_e\e [\i KcXe\k\e ld [`\ Nfee\ [`\ f]]\ej`Z_kc`Z_ m\ie{e]k`^\

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i\e[ è \è\d Xe[\i\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ ^Xeq Xe[\i\ KfjklcXk\ \i_fY\e n\i[\e* ce [\e lej Y\bXeek\e m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e ^`Yk \j eXk{ic`Z_ XlZ_ De_Xck\( [`\ j`Z_ d`k [\e\e \è\j ^\nz_ec`Z_\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[j [\Zb\e* Nf `jk Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ qn\`gclj qn\` ^c\`Z_ m`\i( le[ qnXi jfnf_c è \è\d _pgefk`jZ_\e Ul

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I\_d\e nì ele \èdXc ]fc^\e[\j Xe6 @è R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i ki`kk è [\e=\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ . \è( dXZ_k è [`\j\d UljkXe[ d\_i\i\=\fYXZ_kle^\e( le[ \i jk\cck( nv_i\e[ \i j`Z_ efZ_ è [`\j\d=\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ . Y\]è[\k( k_\fi\k`jZ_\ uY\ic\^le^\e {Y\i

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m\ijkve[`^\e( d`k \è\d H`~\i]fc^* J[\i e\_d\e nì Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\Xe( [\i \ijk\ R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i Y\]ve[\ j`Z_ efZ_ è j\è\d =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ . le[ \i lek\iev_d\ [\e Q\ijlZ_( j\è\ O_\fi`\ \è\d[i`kk\e R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i [Xiqlc\^\e( [\i j`Z_ è j\è\d =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ - Y\]è[\k* UnXi m\ijk\_k [\i R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i a\kqk( nXj \i

jX^k( XY\i [\i [i`kk\ R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i è j\è\d =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ -bzeek\ dz^c`Z_\in\`j\ è]fc^\ [\i j`Z_ \i^\Y\e[\e Ffddle`bXk`fejgifYc\d\ e`Z_k Y\î\`]\e( nXj [\i \ijk\ R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i Xlj]{_ik*?\i [i`kk\ R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i `jk [X_\i e`Z_k è [\i GX^\( \è\


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_`\i efZ_dXcj Y\kfe\e( [X~ [`\j\ D[\\ \è\j èe\i_XcY Y\jk`ddk\i=\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ ^{ck`^\e O_\fi\k`j`\i\ej le[ [\i \Y\e]Xccj Y\jk`ddk\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e \ekjgi\Z_\e[\e Gf^`b\e `d B\^\ejXkq ql lej\i\d jf^\eXeek\e ^\jle[\e H\ejZ_\em\ijkXe[jk\_k( [*_*( ^\eXl\i ^\jX^k( qld KfjklcXk lej\i\j ^\nz_ec`Z_\e=\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[j( [X~ \j eli \è\ \èq`^\


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_vkk\ [liZ_Xlj [\i AXcc j\è bzee\e( le[ [Xj ?XmfejZ_c\`Z_\e nXi\è[`\j\iN`klXk`fe^lkXe^\gX~k\jQ\i_Xck\e*?Xj KifYc\d Y\jk\_k [Xiè( [X~ [`\j\i jkilbkliY`c[\e[\ H\Z_Xe`jdljjf mfiq{^c`Z_ XiY\`k\k( [X~ \i _vl]`^ è lej\i\i Qfijk\ccle^ Nkilbkli\ele[ Hf[\cc\ jZ_X]]k( nf è [\i


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\j ezk`^ `jk( [`\ uY\igi{]YXib\`k lej\i\i O_\fi`\e {Y\i jgì`kl\cc\K_vefd\e\ le[ m\ive[\ik\ =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ j`Z_\iqljk\cc\e*DZ_ dzZ_k\ Xe \è\d _pgfk_\k`jZ_\e =\`jg`\c ql q\`^\e m\ijlZ_\e(n`\ [Xj ^\kXe n\i[\e bXee6 De \è\d Y\jk`ddk\e m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ Y\i`Z_k\e qX_ci\`Z_\ =\fYXZ_k\i( j`\ j\`\e è [\iGX^\( ^\n`jj\


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?`\j `jk eXk{ic`Z_ eli \`e j\_i \`e]XZ_\j =\`jg`\c( le[ \j bzeek\ [Xql


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XlZ_ [`\ ]{i [\ea\n\`c`^\e UljXdd\e_Xe^ jg\q`]`jZ_\ Gf^`b Y\i{Zbj`Z_k`^k _XY\e( le[ [`\ lej ql n\`k\i\e QfiXljjX^\e Xei\^\e( m`\cc\`Z_k XlZ_ j\cYjk e\l\ dXZ_\e le[ Xl] [`\j\ R\`j\ [\e QfiXljjX)^le^jgifq\~ n\`k\i [`]]\i\eq`\i\e* ?`\j\j {Y\iî\`]\e[\ B\jXdkdf[\cc [\i UljXdd\eXiY\`k d`k Xe[\i\e R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\ie [\i ^c\`Z_\eAXZ_i`Z_kle^ Xl] [\d lej èk\i\jj`\i\e[\e Rìbc`Z_b\`kjj\bkfi `jk [XjHljk\i \è\i n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\e H\k_f[\* @j _Xe[\ck j`Z_ _`\i e`Z_kld \è \èdXc`^\j Q\i]X_i\e( jfe[\ie ld \è\j( [Xj j`Z_ `dd\i mfee\l\d n`\[\i_fck le[ [Xj ql \è\d `dd\i jkvib\i\e HX~ mfe uY\i\èjk`ddle^ qn`jZ_\e lej\i\e Ffeq\gk`fe\e le[ lej\i\e =\fYXZ_kle^\e $Yqn* @i]X_ile^\e% `d =\i\`Z_ [\i Rìbc`Z_b\`k ]{_ik7 ]i{_\i_vkk\ dXe [Xj Xcj \è\e jk\k`^\e le[ bfekèl`\ic`Z_\e _XiXbk\i( \i q\`^k b\è\ \dfk`feXc\


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@dfk`feXc\


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?`\j\


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Bile[cX^\ ^\Y\e( Xl] [\i \i j`Z_ d`k j\è\e @dfk`fe\e Xlj\èXe[\ij\kq\e bXee( f_e\ j`Z_ [XY\` Xccqlj\_i è j`\ ql m\ijki`Zb\e* DZ_ ^cXlY\è [\i OXk Xe Bli[a`\]]j D[\\ $Jljg\ejbp( -505%( [X~ lej\i \dfk`feXc\j Npjk\d \è\


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Z_\idX~\e ]{i \è\ Q`\cqX_c m\ijZ_`\[\e\i R`jj\ejZ_X]k\e f[\i ]{iAfijZ_le^j^\Y`\k\( [`\ j`Z_ ql R`jj\ejZ_X]kjY\i\`Z_\e \ekn`Zb\cebzeek\e7 [XY\` bXee \j j`Z_ ld =\i\`Z_\ n`\ Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ =`fcf^`\(K_pj`b( KjpZ_fcf^`\( B\e\k`b( >_\d`\ _Xe[\ce( XY\i XlZ_ ld \og\i`d\ek\cc\ Hpjk`b f[\i [liZ_ ?if^\e _\iY\`^\]{_ik\ =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\* ?`\ AfijZ_le^jkvk`^b\`k dX^ [XY\` `d \èq\ce\e mzcc`^ m\ijZ_`\[\e Xljj\_\e( XY\i dXe n{i[\ f_e\ n\`k\i\j \ib\ee\e( [X~ [`\île[c\^\e[\ n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\ H\k_f[`b( jf n`\ j`\ îXg_`jZ_ è


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j\i\i F\eeke`j mfe `_e\e Y\`qlkiX^\e( ^\eXljfn\e`^ n`\ \è jf bfdgc\o\j K_vefd\e n`\ FXc`]fie`\e mfd d\ejZ_c`Z_\e B\`jk \i]X~k n\i[\e bzeek\* R`Z_k`^ `jk( [X~ nì [Xj qldè[\jk m\ijlZ_\e le[ [XY\`_\iXlj]è[\e d{jj\e( n`\m`\c @i]fc^ nì [XY\` _XY\e( le[ [X~ nì[\eQ\ijlZ_e`Z_kjZ_femfemfie_\i\èXl]^\Y\e[{i]\e*

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Y\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[j)fi`\ek`\ik\ R`jj\ejZ_X]k `jk( evdc`Z_ jg\q`]`jZ_]{ilej\i\e^\nz_ec`Z_\e=\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[*

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Xlj{Y\e le[ è Rìbc`Z_b\`k ^Xi e`Z_k Xe e\l\e @ib\eeke`jj\e èk\i\jj`\ik jè[( nv_i\e[ eli i\cXk`m n\e`^\ R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i [`\ R`jj\ejY\^`\i[\ le[ [Xj @e^X^\d\ek Xl]Yiè^\e( [`\ ]{i [`\ NlZ_\ eXZ_ [\iRX_i_\`k \i]fi[\ic`Z_ le[ \è >_XiXbk\i`jk`bld [\i R`jj\ejZ_X]kjè[*

Qfd NkXe[glebk [\i n\jkc`Z_\e R`jj\ejZ_X]k Xlj ^\j\_\e( ^`Yk \jY\` lej Y\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[j)fi`\ek`\ik\ R`jj\ejZ_X]k\e $\j j\`[\ee( \è`^\ [\i jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e c`\~\e j`Z_ Xcj jfcZ_\ m\ijk\_\e%7 XY\i \j ^`Yk( [\lkc`Z_ \ib\eeYXi le[ è [\i R\ck m\ijki\lk(Xl] Y\jk`ddk\ =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ Y\qf^\e\ O\Z_efcf^`\e( fYjZ_fe lej\i\ n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\ F\eeke`j mfe `_e\e i\Z_k [{i]k`^ `jk*?Xj _\`~k( \j ^`Yk n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\ @ib\eeke`jj\ [Xi{Y\i( n`\ dXe

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czj\e mfe @dfk`fe\e `jk \è Xlj^\q\`Z_e\k\j H`kk\c qli @ekjkXY`c`j`\ile^ [\j ^\nz_ec`Z_\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[\j7 \i ^\ivk c\`Z_k èj

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e\e eXZ_ `_i\d Of[\ [\e Ul^Xe^ qld _`ddc`jZ_\e Fze`^i\`Z_ ^XiXek`\i\e* Uld =\n\`j [`\j\i =\_Xlgkle^ cl[ \i [\e gfk\ek`\cc\e


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c`Z_ [\i RX_i_\`k jk\k`^ ev_\i Yiè^k( XY\i `Z_ Y\elkq\ [`\j\ Afidlc`\ile^ eli j\_i le^\ie* UnXi _Xe[\ck \j j`Z_ _`\i ld \è\ [liZ_Xlj\_i\en\ik\ Qfijk\ccle^( XY\i j`\ Y\jkvibk [`\ H\ejZ_\e eli è \è\iXcc^\d\è\e A\_c\èjZ_vkqle^ [\i R`jj\ejZ_X]k( le[ [`\j\i A\_c\èjZ_vkqle^ lek\ic`\^\e XlZ_ m`\c\ R`jj\ejZ_X]kc\i j\cYjk* @j `jk [`\ D[\\(

[X~ nì è lej\i\d ^\nz_ec`Z_\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ è [\i GX^\jè[( Xcc\ Qfi^ve^\ `d Pe`m\ijld ql Y\î\`]\e( le[ [X~ [\iAfikjZ_i`kk [\i R`jj\ejZ_X]k( kifkq ^\c\^\ekc`Z_\i Diik{d\i( jf \knXj[Xijk\cck n`\ \è\e jk\k`^\e QfidXijZ_( [\jj\e c\kqk\j U`\c `jk( Xcc\jXl] \è]XZ_\( \c\^Xek\( Y\î\`]YXi\ O_\fi`\e ql i\[lq`\i\e( d`k [\i\eC`c]\ j`Z_ giXbk`jZ_ Xcc\j \ibcvi\e cv~k* HXe î`]] _vl]`^ qli H\kXg_\i([\i c\kqk^{ck`^\e dXk_\dXk`jZ_\e Afid\c( Xl] [`\ j`Z_ Xcc\j qli{Zb

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I\_d\e nì _`\i \èdXc Xcj =\`jg`\c [`\ cXe^Xe_Xck\e[\ Ffekifm\ij\qn`jZ_\e qn\` @ibcvile^jdz^c`Z_b\`k\e ]{i [Xj _\lk`^\ G\Y\e Xl] [\i@i[\6 [`\ \è\ [\lk\k \j Xcj \è\ Xl] ql]vcc`^\i N\c\bk`fe YXj`\i\e[\@mfclk`fe( [`\ Xe[\i\ Xcj \è\e mfe ^zkkc`Z_\e Fiv]k\e ^\jk\l\ik\eKifq\~* @j `jk è m`\c\i Cèj`Z_k ledz^c`Z_( len`[\ic\^c`Z_ ql Y\

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OXk nvi\ \è\ ]ilZ_kYXi\ R\Z_j\cnìble^ ql \inXik\e( n\ee Xe^\j`Z_kj m\iYi\`k\k\i K_vefd\e\ \è =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ j\è\


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c\^\e ]{_ck* =\kiXZ_k\k


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R\`k\i\ n`Z_k`^\ è[`m`[l\cc\ Pek\ijZ_`\[\( [\e\e dXe _\lkqlkX^\eli n\e`^ Q\ijkve[e`j \ek^\^\eYiè^k( \i^\Y\e j`Z_ Xlj [\i lek\ijZ_`\[c`Z_\e Av_`^b\`k [\i H\ejZ_\e( \è\ è SW\S[ =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ ^\dXZ_k\ @i]X_ile^+=\fYXZ_kle^ Yqn* \è\ Ffeq\gk`fe Xl]\è\e qn\`k\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ ql {Y\ikiX^\e Yqn* [Xj Y\ki\]]\e[\ @ic\Ye`j è `_d ql n`\[\i_fc\e* ?Xj Y\[\lk\k( dXeZ_dXc bXee\è\ è]fidXk`m\ @èq\c_\`k( [`\ dXe ql =\^èe [\j G\ie\ej f[\i XlZ_n`\[\i_fck Y\fYXZ_k\k _Xk( è \è\d Y\jk`ddk\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[Xl]kXlZ_\e( XY\i Xlj Bi{e[\e( {Y\i [`\ nì jf ^lk n`\ {Y\i_Xlgke`Z_kj n`jj\e( j`Z_ jgvk\i [fZ_ Xcj Xl] m\ijZ_`\[\e\ Xe[\i\ =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ {Y\ikiX^YXi \in\`jk* Nf bzee\e dXeZ_\ H\ejZ_\e Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ \è\ jgì`kl\cc\ @i]X_ile^ qlevZ_jk eli è \è\d ^Xeq Y\

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èk\i\jj`\ik( èn`\n\`k Av_`^b\`k\e [\j ^\nz_ec`Z_\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[j $n`\ Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ [Xj NZ_i\`Y\e( [Xj Ngi\Z_\e( Xi`k_d\k`jZ_\F\eeke`jj\% è [\e =\i\`Z_ [\i m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\_è\èi\`Z_\e* @è\ ld]Xjj\e[\ F\eeke`j [\i m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ nì[ jZ_c`\~c`Z_ [Xql ]{_i\e( [X~ dXe j`\ d`k\èXe[\im\i^c\`Z_\e bXee le[ [X~ dXe [XY\` e`Z_k `dd\i eli mfe lej\i\d^\nz_ec`Z_\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ Xljql^\_\e _Xk*


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k\e ]{i [Xj Q\ijkve[e`j mfe m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e le[]{i [`\ @ekn`Zbcle^ mfe R`jj\ejZ_X]kj]fid\e( [`\ Xd =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ fi`\ek`\ik jè[* @è`^\ [`\j\i NZ_n`\i`^b\`k\e lek\ijZ_\`[\ej`Z_ `_i\i


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Y\jk\_k( bXee j`Z_ [Xj B\]{_c [\i XYjfclk\e B\n`~_\`k Xcj \è \iejk_X]k\i IXZ_k\`c jfnf_c ]{i [`\ @ekn`Zbcle^ [\i \`^\e\e K\ijzec`Z_b\`k Xcj XlZ_ ]{i [`\ @ekn`Zbcle^ mfe Y\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[j)fi`\e)k`\ik\e R`jj\ejZ_X]k\e \in\`j\e* UnXi bXee Xccql îf~\j H`~kiXl\e\Y\ejf ql \è\d e\lifk`jZ_\e Q\i_Xck\e ]{_i\e n`\ Xccql îf~\G\`Z_k^cvlY`^b\`k( XY\i AfijZ_\i( [`\ [\e Q\ijlZ_ lek\ie\_d\e( jfcZ_\ R`jj\ejZ_X]k\e ql \ekn`Zb\ce( d{jj\e \è]XZ_ c\ie\e( [\d XccqlJ]]\ej`Z_kc`Z_\e \è ^\n`jj\j H`~kiXl\e \ek^\^\eqlYiè^\e( f[\igivq`j\i Xlj^\[i{Zbk6 j`\ d{jj\e [Xj B\]{_c [\i B\n`~_\`k Xcj \è\nìbc`Z_\ @i]X_ile^ Xbq\gk`\i\e( [* _* Xcj \è\ B\^\Y\e_\`k( XY\i j`\[{i]\e j`Z_ [X[liZ_ e`Z_k m\ic\`k\e cXjj\e( [`\ Ifkn\e[`^b\`k n\`k\i\iPek\ijlZ_le^\eql{Y\ij\_\e*

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ki`jZ_\ GXdg\ \èjZ_Xck\e le[ è Q\iYè[le^ [Xd`k Oze\ nX_ie\_d\e* ?X `Z_ a\kqk ^cXlY\( d\è\ O_\fi`\ j\` [liZ_ [`\ led`kk\cYXi\=\fYXZ_kle^ Y\jkvk`^k nfi[\e( ]{_c\ `Z_ d`Z_ j\_i ^c{Zbc`Z_( le[ `Z_bzeek\ [`\j\j @ic\Ye`j ele Xe[\i\e H\ejZ_\e d`kk\`c\e( [`\ v_ec`Z_\Dek\i\jj\e _XY\e* R\ee j`\ ele `_i\ij\`kj e`Z_k [Xj ^c\`Z_\ \ic\Y\e

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[`\ dXe e`Z_k [ì\bk n`[\ic\^\e bzeek\6 jf j`\_k Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ [`\@i[\ ]{i lej kXkjvZ_c`Z_ ]cXZ_ Xlj* ?`\ ^c\`Z_\e H\k_f[\e( d`k [\i\eC`c]\ dXe è [\e IXklin`jj\ejZ_X]k\e [\e Dii^cXlY\e Y\j\`k`^k _Xk(n\i[\e XlZ_ [Xql Y\`kiX^\e( `_e Xlj [\e Xe Y\jk`ddk\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e fi`\ek`\ik\e R`jj\ejZ_X]k\e ql \c`dè`\i\e( [`\ j`Z_ d`k=\]le[\e Xlj [\d \ic\Y) le[ \i]X_iYXi\e( Xl~\ig_pj`bXc`jZ_\e=\i\`Z_ Y\]Xjj\e*


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[`\j\ Q`j`fe ]{_ik e`Z_k efkn\e[`^\in\`j\ ql [\d NZ_cl~( [X~ @e^\cè Rìbc`Z_b\`k XlZ_ \o`jk`\i\e le[ [X~ dXe j`\ è \è\d ^\n`jj\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ j\_\e bXee( f[\i XY\i [X~ \j j`Z_ Y\` [\e@e^\ce ld \è\ XiZ_\kpg`jZ_\ NZ_zg]le^ `d ^\`jk`^)j\\c`jZ_\e=\i\`Z_ [\j H\ejZ_\e _Xe[\ck( [\ee Xcc\ =\nf_e\i [\i n\jkc`Z_\e

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jgi\Z_\e[ [\i `_e\e mfi [\d @og\i`d\ek è[lq`\ik\e @inXikle^\e*?`\j\j =\`jg`\c q\`^k \è\ n\`k\i\ Hz^c`Z_b\`k Xlk( n`\ dXe j`Z_ d`k[\i AiX^\ [\i NlYa\bk`m`kvk Y\]Xjj\e bXee( [`\ j`Z_ Xe^\j`Z_kj [\i[liZ_ [`\ è \è`^\e m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e ^\jk\`^\ik\@èY`c[le^jbiX]k jk\cck( le[ dXe [Xi] Xl]île[ mfe Y\c`\Y`^\e( [liZ_\è ^\_zi`^\j HX~ Xe NlYa\bk`m`kvk Y\\èkivZ_k`^k\e =\]le[\e [Xql{Y\i^\_\e( O_\fi`\e ql \ijk\cc\e( le[ Xl]île[ [`\j\i O_\fi`\e j\è\NZ_c{jj\ q`\_\e* O_\fi`\e( [`\ n\`k^\_\e[ Xl] jlYa\bk`m\e @dg]è[le^\e YXj`\i\e( d{jj\e qnXe^jcvl]`^ Xl] n\`k\ N`Z_k _è \è\ ^\iè^\i\ QfiXljjX^\biX]k Y\j`kq\e Xcj [`\a\e`^\e( [`\ n\e`^\i jlYa\bk`mjè[7 =\d{_le^\e ld `dd\i îz~\i\ ?`]]\i\eq`\ile^ d`k [\d U`\c\è\i jk\k`^\e Q\idè[\ile^ [\i NlYa\bk`m`kvk bzee\e _`\i \Y\ejf

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bXee èjf]\ie leY\jZ_i\`Yc`Z_ j\è( [X~ j`\ j`Z_ e`Z_k mfe \è\d=\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[ è \è\e Xe[\i\e {Y\ikiX^\e( j`Z_ XY\i è \è\i`d MX_d\e [`\j\j Y\jk`ddk\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[\j jkXkk]è[\e[\eFfddle`bXk`fe [liZ_Xlj d`kk\`c\e cXjj\e bXee* K_vefd\e\ [\i\ijk^\eXeek\e


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jk`dd\e( n\cZ_\ m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ ]{i \è\ jfcZ_\@ekn`Zbcle^ è AiX^\ bfdd\e le[ n\cZ_\ H\ejZ_\e j`Z_ ]{i \è\[\iXik`^\


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Z_\e N`klXk`fe _\iXljczj\e cXjj\e* E\ d\_i nì m\ijlZ_\e( j\è\ @o`jk\eqqlc\lê\e([\jkfd\_ic`\]\ienìlej`_dXlj*


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iXe^ $Jljg\ejbp( -505%( ]{i [`\ OX^kivld\i\`( ]{i [\e HXi`_lXeX)MXljZ_ $OXik( -53-Y%( ]{i e`\[i`^\ Nkl]\e [\j


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ve[\ie le[ [`\ @ic\Ye`jj\ èe\i_XcY [\i m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ jk\l\ie cXjj\e* ?`\ m\ijZ_`\[\e\e jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\ejè[ ) Xcj ]{i Y\jfe[\i\ =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ \ekn`Zb\ck\ O\Z_efcf^`\e ) mfe Y\kivZ_kc`Z_\i Ffdgc\o`kvk le[ n\`j\e \è\ îf~\ QXi`Xk`fejYi\`k\ Xl] ) mfe [\e i\cXk`m lebfdgc`q`\ik\e KiXbk`b\e [\jU\e)=l[[_`jdlj le[ [\j >_i`jk\ekldj Xl] [\i \è\e N\`k\ Y`j ql[\e bfdgc`q`\ik\e H\k_f[\e [\j Nl]`jdlj Yqn* qli dX^`jZ_\e OiX[`k`fe[\in\jkc`Z_\eR\ckXdXe[\i\e@e[\[\iNbXcX*JY \j j`Z_ ele Y\` ì^\e[n\cZ_\e [`\j\i jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e ldR`jj\ejZ_X]kj]fid\e _Xe[\ck f[\i e`Z_k( bcXi jZ_\èk ql j\è( [X~ j`\j`Z_ mfe \è`^\e `_i\i


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k`fe\e( H\k_f[\e le[ _\li`jk`jZ_\e O_\fi`\e Y`c[\e( Xl] [Xj nì qli{Zbî\`]\e n\i[\e( n\ee nì lej\i\ \`^\e\e Y\nl~kj\èjqljkXe[j)fi`\ek`\ik\e R`jj\ejZ_X]k\e \ekn`Zb\ce nfcc\e* ?`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e _XY\e è [`\j\i Cèj`Z_k Y\i\`kj Pe^\_\li\j ^\c\`jk\k ) fY[Xjele è[XjFfeq\gk[\i n\jkc`Z_\eR`jj\ejZ_X]k\egX~kf[\ie`Z_k*

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e`\[\iqli\`~\e* ?\e\e( [`\ ^cXlY\e( [X~ [Xj e`Z_k dz^c`Z_ j\`( bXee`Z_ eli \in`[\ie( [X~ nì [Xj d`k C`c]\ [\j Kièq`gj mfe Q\ijlZ_le[ Diikld _\iXlj]è[\e d{jj\e( jkXkk lej\i\e Hz^c`Z_b\`k\e `dmfiXlj[liZ_mfi^\]X~k\H\èle^\eBi\eq\eqlj\kq\e*

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?`\ ={i^\i [\j n\jkc`Z_\e Flcklibi\`j\j `d Xcc^\d\è\e le[ [`\ KjpZ_fcf^\e `d Y\jfe[\i\e j\kq\e c\kqkc`Z_ mfiXlj( [X~ [Xj Pe`m\ijld(è [\d j`\ c\Y\e( \`^\ekc`Z_ b\è\e Bile[ ]{i j\è\ @o`jk\eq Y\j`kqk*?X [`\j \è\ \knXj [\gi`d`\i\e[\ Qfijk\ccle^ `jk( [\eb\e nì eli j\ck\e [Xi{Y\i eXZ_* ?`\j\j KfjklcXk le[ Xe[\i\ KfjklcXk\ {Y\i [`\ IXkli[\j Pe`m\ijldj \ijZ_\è\e q`\dc`Z_ b{_e( n\ee dXe j`Z_ [`\ OXkjX

Z_\ mfi


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Q`\c\ [\i jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e j\kq\e [X^\^\e mfiXlj( [X~ [XjPe`m\ijld îz~k\ek\`cj f[\i jf^Xi è j\è\i B\jXdk_\`k mfcc\i G\Y\e

`jk* Nf gfjklc`\ik Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ Bli[a`\]]j Npjk\d( [X~ [`\ KcXe\k\ec\Y\e[`^ jè[ le[ j`Z_ n\`k\i\ekn`Zb\ce( `_i G\Y\e j`Z_ XY\i( m\i^c`Z_\e d`k [\d lej\i\e( è jf i`\j`^\e U\`kivld\e XYjg`\ck( [X~ nì\j Xl] efidXc\ R\`j\ {Y\i_Xlgk e`Z_k nX_ie\_d\e bzee\e* ?`\ d\`jk\e jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e gfjklc`\i\e ]{i [Xj Pe`m\ijld e`Z_keli Nèe le[+f[\i U`\c( jfe[\ie j`\ d\jj\e `_d( [X j`\ \j Xcj c\Y\e[`^le[ è [\i @ekn`Zbcle^ Y\î`]]\e Xej\_\e( XlZ_ [`\ ^c\`Z_\e @`^\ejZ_X]k\e ql n`\ [\d G\Y\e `d Xcc^\d\è\e* ?`\ Afc^\ `jk( [X~ [\iH\ejZ_ ql \è\d c\Y\e[`^\e( j`Z_ jkve[`^ n\`k\i\ekn`Zb\ce[\e Pe`m\ijld( è [\d Xcc\j d`k\èXe[\i è Q\iYè[le^ jk\_k( \è\ ^Xeq Xe

[\i\ =\q`\_le^ _Xk Xcj ql \è\d R\ckXcc( [Xj kfk( jèe) le[ q`\ccfjj\èjfcc*

D]abcZOb2 ?`\ K_pj`b `jk [`\ c\kqk^{ck`^\ R`jj\ejZ_X]k( [\ee j`\n`[d\kj`Z_[\dNkl[`ld[\ii\Xc\eR\ck*

?`\ KjpZ_fcf^`\ nì[ lek\i [`\j\d B\j`Z_kjglebk [Xee eXk{ic`Z_ql \è\i i\è XYc\`k\e[\e R`jj\ejZ_X]k( Y\` [\i dXe eli K_vefd\e\qn\`k\i( [i`kk\i( m`\ik\i( n\ee e`Z_k ^Xi efZ_ n\`k\i _\i^\_fck\i Ji[ele^ jkl[`\ik* ?X [Xj Pe`m\ijld eli Xlj è MXld le[ U\`k nìb\e[\ig_pj`jZ_\i HXk\i`\ le[ @e\i^`\ Y\jk\_k( _Xe[\ck \j j`Z_ Y\` [\id\ejZ_c`Z_\e @i]X_ile^ ld \è\ è \è\d ^\n`jj\e Nèe\ \g_\d\i\@ijZ_\èle^(e`Z_kXY\ild\è\Rìbc`Z_b\`k*

?\i H\ejZ_( [\i Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ {Y\i j\è\ @i]X_ile^\e è [\i G`\Y\jgi`Z_k( Y\]X~k j`Z_ [XeXZ_ eli d`k Oivld\e f[\i len`Z_k`^\e( XY^\

c\`k\k\e K_vefd\e\e( nv_i\e[ j`Z_ [\i H\ejZ_( [\i


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?`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e dz^\e [`\ Rìbc`Z_b\`k [\i g_pj`bXc`jZ_\e R\ck Xbq\gk`\i\e f[\i XlZ_ e`Z_k( j`\ gfjklc`\i\e Xl]a\[\eAXcc \è\ gjpZ_fcf^`jZ_\ Yqn* gjpZ_`jZ_\ Rìbc`Z_b\`k( [`\ \Y\ejfi\Xc( n\ee e`Z_k ^Xi efZ_ i\Xc\i `jk Xcj [`\ g_pj`bXc`jZ_\ Rìbc`Z_b\`k*HXe Y\kiXZ_k\k [`\ g_pj`bXc`jZ_\ Rìbc`Z_b\`k \_\i Xcj \è\ jg\q`\cc\

HXe`]\jkXk`fe [\i gjpZ_fcf^`jZ_\e Rìbc`Z_b\`k( [\i\e Rìbc`Z_b\`kj^\_Xck dXe m`\c _z_\i \èjZ_vkqk* @j Y\jk\_k [X_\i XlZ_ b\è=\[{i]e`j eXZ_ \è\i g_pj`bXc`jZ_\e M\Z_k]\ik`^le^ [\i jgì`kl\cc\eRìbc`Z_b\`k\e6 HXe bXee [Xj jf^Xi Xcj \è\ =è[le^ Xe [`\ Nèe\Y\kiXZ_k\e( [`\ [\e jgì`kl\cc\e AfikjZ_i`kk m\i_è[\ik* RXj Rìbc`Z_b\`k `jk( cv~k j`Z_ e`Z_k Xe [\i Av_`^b\`k d\jj\e( \è\ RX]]\ ql YXl\e(d`k [\i dXe j\è\e B\ê\ie Xl]j CXlgk jZ_cX^\e bXee* DZ_ nv_c\

^Xeq Y\nl~k [`\j\j bil[\ =\`jg`\c( n\`c \j è [\i R\ck( è [\i nìc\Y\e( \è\ jf îf~\ Mfcc\ jg`\ck ) kifkq Xcc\i M\[\e {Y\i RX_i_\`kle[R\ik\og\i`d\ek\cc\eAfijZ_\ej*

A{i [`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e Xcjf jè[ [Xj =\nl~kj\è( [`\ g\ijzec`Z_\ @i]X_ile^ le[ [Xj G\Y\e j\cYjk Bile[]Xbkfi\e ]{i [Xj=\î\`]\e[\jPe`m\ijldj)le[e`Z_ki\cXk`mlen`Z_k`^\?\i`mXk\*

D]abcZOb2 Rìbc`Z_ `jk( nXj j`Z_ d`k C`c]\ [\i Nèe\ f[\i d`kC`c]\ \è\j g_pj`bXc`jZ_\e Dejkild\ekj nX_ie\_d\e cv~k( le[nXj j`Z_ d`k C`c]\ [\i Nèe\ nX_ie\_d\e cv~k( bXee mfe \è\dg_pj`bXc`jZ_\eDejkild\ek]\jk^\jk\cckn\i[\e*

C`\i _Xe[\ck \j j`Z_ ld \è\


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Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ G`Z_kjkiX_c\e mfe \`e\d C\`c`^\e Xlj^\_\e j`\_k ) \`eK_vefd\e( [Xj dXe _vl]`^ Xcj


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n`ccb{ic`Z_\ Ffejkilbk`fe lej\i\j Dek\cc\bkj `jk ) le[ \è\ m`\c Yi\`k\i\ Rìbc`Z_b\`k eli qld O\`c \i]X~k* ?X~ j`Z_ d`k lej\i\i ^ve^`^\eU\`kmfijk\ccle^ jg\bkXblcvi\ @i^\Ye`jj\ è [\e IXklin`jj\ejZ_X]k\e\iq`\c\e cXjj\e( _Xk lej eli efZ_ è lej\i\i


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^\n`jj\ Q\iXeknfikle^ kiv^k* H`k [\i qle\_d\e[\e =\[\lkle^ [\itbfcf^`\)=\n\^le n\i[\e nì lej j\cYjk Xccdv_c`Z_ d\_i le[ d\_iXcj O\`c \è\j îz~\i\e BXeq\e Y\kiXZ_k\e( [fZ_ [`\ jgì`kl\cc\e

KjpZ_fcf^`\e [\eb\e _`\i n\`k {Y\i [`\ i\è g_pj`jZ_\


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fik_f[fo\ KjpZ_fcf^`\ [\i n\jkc`Z_\e R\ck gfjklc`\ik( [X~ [Xjd\ejZ_c`Z_\ G\Y\e c\kqkc`Z_ mfccjkve[`^ mfe [\e i\è g_pj`bXc`jZ_\eKifq\jj\e Y\jk`ddk nì[( [`\ jfnf_c j\è \`^\e\j R\j\e Xcj XlZ_ [Xj[\i `_e ld^\Y\e[\e Pdn\ck XljdXZ_\e* ?XY\` ^\_k dXe jf n\`k(ql Y\_Xlgk\e( n\ee dXe [Xj ^\jXdk\ ^\e\k`jZ_\ Kfk\ek`Xc( d`k [\d

\è H\ejZ_ ^\Yfi\e nì[( le[ Xcc\ g_pj`bXc`jZ_)gjpZ_`jZ_\e Kifq\jj\b\ee\e n{i[\( [`\ Xl] j\è G\Y\e \ènìb\e( [Xee nvi\a\[\j \èq\ce\@i\`ê`j è j\è\d G\Y\e m\ijk\_YXi le[ mfiXljjX^YXi* De Rìbc`Z_b\`k _Xe[\ck\j j`Z_ _`\ia\[fZ_ld\èe`\\ii\`Z_YXi\jU`\c([\eeXcc\è[`\


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O_\fi`\ mfd kfkXc\e ?\k\idè`jdlj jZ_\èk è Rìbc`Z_b\`k eli ]{ibliq\


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HXeljbi`gk jX^k(


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D]abcZOb2 Rì bzee\e mfe \è\d B\jZ_zg] n`\ [\d H\ejZ_\ee`Z_k Xccqlm`\c \inXik\e( f[\i XY\i6 ?\e F\eeke`jj\e le[ A\ik`^b\`k\e[\jH\ejZ_\ejè[b\è\Bi\eq\e^\j\kqk*

=\`[\ KfjklcXk\ n\i[\e ) dXeZ_dXc jf^Xi è iXjZ_\d R\Z_j\c ) mfeKjpZ_fcf^\e m\iki\k\e* ?`\ g\jj`d`jk`jZ_\


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q`^ Rìbc`Z_\ `jk( [Xee cv~k j`Z_ XeXkfd`jZ_ Y\n\`j\e( [X~ b\è I\im\ejpjk\d d`k \è\d Xe[\i\e I\im\ejpjk\d è led`kk\cYXi\e FfekXbk ki\k\e bXee( jfe[\ie kXkjvZ_c`Z_ mzcc`^ `jfc`\ik `jk* Ili Xl]Pdn\^\e bXee dXe d`k \è\d Xe[\i\e H\ejZ_\e FfekXbk Xl]e\_

d\e6 HXe czjk Q\ive[\ile^\e è j\è\d Fzig\i Xlj( [`\ Xe[\i\ g_p

j`jZ_\ @e\i^`\e è BXe^ j\kq\e( [`\ `_i\ij\`kj n`\[\ild M\q\gkfi\e`d Xe[\i\e H\ejZ_\e Y\\è]cljj\e le[ è I\im\e`dglcj\ ld^\nXe[\ck n\i[\e( n\cZ_\ Xl] [Xj =\nl~kj\è [\j KXike\ij Yqn* [\i KXike\iè nìb\e ) \è cXe^\i le[ è[ì\bk\i Q\iYè[le^jn\^ mfcc\i dz^c`Z_\i Diik{d\i* E\[\i H\ejZ_ `jk Xcjf \è\ Dej\c( le[ qnXi \è\ mzcc`^`jfc`\ik\ Dej\c* ?Xj =\jk\( nXj nì kle bzee\e( ld Bc{Zb le[ Nèeè lej\i\d G\Y\e ql ]è[\e( `jk( [X~ nì [`\ Alebk`fejn\`j\e lej\i\j

I\im\ejpjk\dj df[`]`q`\i\e $lej\i ?\eb\e( lej\i\ @dg]è[le^\e(lej\i\ Qfijk\ccle^jbiX]k% f[\i [X~ nì [X]{i jfi^\e( [X~ lej eli \in{ejZ_k\ j\ejfi`jZ_\ M\`q\ mfe j\`k\e [\i R\ck le[ Xe[\i\i H\ejZ_\e\ii\`Z_\e(le[e`Z_k[`\le\in{ejZ_k\e*?`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e( [`\ mfe [\i


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Z_\j R\j\e c\`jk\e bXee( le[ [`\j\ fY\i\ Bi\eq\ c`\^k e`Z_k j\_i n\`k{Y\i[\i^\nz_ec`Z_\e*

Dd B\^\ejXkq [Xql gfjklc`\i\e m`\c\ jgì`kl\cc\ KjpZ_fcf^`\e( [X~ [`\IX_ile^jXl]eX_d\ eli SW\S @e\i^`\hl\cc\ ]{i [\e H\ejZ_\e `jk( le[[X~ \j [Xe\Y\e efZ_ n`Z_k`^\ Xl~\ig_pj`jZ_\ @e\i^`\hl\cc\e ^`Yk( [`\dXe XeqXg]\e bXee* Q`\c\ mfe `_e\e gfjklc`\i\e jf^Xi( [X~ nì jk\iY\e n{i[\e( n\ee nì mfe [`\j\e Xl~\ig_pj`jZ_\e @e\i^`\hl\cc\eXY^\jZ_e`kk\e n{i[\e6 ^\iX[\ j`\ \i_Xck\e lej c\Y\e[`^ le[ d\ejZ_c`Z_( [\ee nì jè[ b\è\jn\^j eli HXjZ_è\e qli PdnXe[cle^ mfeIX_ile^ è Hljb\ckvk`^b\`k le[ K_XekXj`\* De [\i n\jkc`Z_\e R\ck^`Yk \j a\kqk {Y\iq\l^\e[\j n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\j =\n\`jdXk\i`Xc ]{i [`\@o`jk\eq mfe Xl~\ig_pj`jZ_\e @e\i^`\hl\cc\e ]{i [\e H\ejZ_\e

$j`\_\ FXg`k\c /%( XY\i [`\j\j =\n\`jdXk\i`Xc `jk efZ_ n\e`^ Y\bXeekle[ _Xk [X_\i Xl] [Xj ?\eb\e [\i d\`jk\e KjpZ_fcf^\e efZ_ bXld@è]cl~^\_XYk*

KfjklcXk\{Y\i[`\Alebk`fe[\jH\ejZ_\e`dPe`m\ijld

D]abcZOb2 ?\i H\ejZ_ _Xk è \è\d jèe) le[ q`\ccfj\e Pe`m\ijldb\è\Alebk`fe*

?X \j j`Z_ Y\` [\i M\Xc`kvk XljjZ_c`\~c`Z_ ld è MXld le[ U\`k nìb\e[\ HXk\i`\ le[ @e\i^`\ _Xe[\ck( \o`jk`\i\e Nèe le[ U`\c [\j Pe`m\ijldj eli Xcj D[\\ `d d\ejZ_c`Z_\e B\_ìe( le[ j\cYjk [`\j\ D[\\`jk eli [Xj @i^\Ye`j m\ijZ_`\[\e\i g_pj`bXc`jZ_\i Kifq\jj\* ?`\ `d

Pe`m\ijld _\iijZ_\e[\e =\[è^le^\e j\kq\e [\d H\ejZ_\e b\è\ic\` U`\c* @i bXee j`Z_ j\cYjk U`\c\ \i]è[\e( n`\ è \è`^\e [\i ]fc^\e[\eKfjklcXk\ efZ_ ql \izik\ie j\è nì[( XY\i lek\i [\e i\Xc\e =\[è^le^\e[\jPe`m\ijldj^`Yk\j]{i`_en\[\iNèeefZ_Un\Zb*?`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e d\jj\e [\d H\ejZ_\e `d Pe`m\ijld\è\ Y\jk`ddk\ Alebk`fe ql7 j`\ bXee j\_i lek\ijZ_`\[c`Z_\i IXklij\è le[ \knX è [\i


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D]abcZOb2 ?\i \èq`^\ nìbc`Z_\ Nèe [\j G\Y\ej Y\jk\_k [Xiè([X~ dXe \è CzZ_jkdX~ Xe Ai\l[\ ^\nèek le[ \è Hè[\jkdX~XeNZ_d\iq\e\ic\`[\k*

?X [\d KfjklcXk [\i fik_f[fo\e KjpZ_fcf^`\ [\j R\jk\ej ql]fc^\

[`\ `d Pe`m\ijld _\iijZ_\e[\e i\Xc\e =\[è^le^\e [\d H\ejZ_\eb\è\ ì^\e[n`\ ^\Xik\k\ Alebk`fe qln\`j\e( \i]è[\k \i j`\ j`Z_ j\cYjk*?\ee \i _Xk \è =\[{i]e`j [XeXZ_( Xe \è\e Nèe ql ^cXlY\e* ?X nìlej ^\ie ]i\l\e le[ j\_i le^\ie c\`[\e( bXee dXe Xcc\ G\Y\ejq`\c\le[ )qn\Zb\ Xcj Q\ijlZ_\ Y\kiXZ_k\e( Ai\l[\ ql ]è[\e le[ NZ_d\iq\e ql m\id\`[\e* R\`c nì bfdgc\o\ Ji^Xe`jd\e jè[( bzee\e [`\j\Q\ijlZ_\ è j\_i m\ijZ_`\[\e\ M`Z_kle^\e ^\_\e( [\ee nXj ]{i [\e

\è\e \è\ Ai\l[\ `jk( bXee ]{i \è\e Xe[\i\e H\ejZ_\e Xlj Bi{e[\e([`\ è j\è\i KjpZ_\ c`\^\e( \knXj NZ_d\iqmfcc\j j\è* N\cYjk [Xj=\d{_\e( `d G\Y\e \è\e Nèe ql ]è[\e f[\i [Xj Pe`m\ijld n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_ ql \i]fijZ_\e( bXee dXe Xcj Nki\Y\e eXZ_ Ai\l[\ [\lk\e*R\ee [`\j\j G\Y\e _`\i Xcc\j `jk( nXj nì _XY\e( nXild jfcck\ dXe[Xee e`Z_k m\ijlZ_\e( dz^c`Z_jk m`\c Ai\l[\ Xlj `_d _\iXljqljZ_cX)

^\e;@è`^\ jgì`kl\cc\ KjpZ_fcf^`\e( n`\ Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ [`\ Tf^X)G\_i\(j\_\e ^\iX[\ è [`\j\d Q\ijlZ_( Ai\l[\ ql \iiè^\e le[ NZ_d\iq\eql m\id\`[\e( [`\ \`^\ekc`Z_\ PijXZ_\ ]{i [`\ d`~c`Z_\ GX^\( è [\ij`Z_ [\i H\ejZ_ Y\]è[\k* ?Xj G\Y\e Yiè^k qnXe^jcvl]`^ ]{i a\[\e`lZ_ [Xj \è\ f[\i Xe[\i\ H`~^\jZ_`Zb d`k j`Z_7 n\ee dXe Xl] j\èQ\iê{^\e Xlj `jk le[a\[\i


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`d Kièq`g \knXj =zj\j le[ \è\ Q\ijlZ_le^ `jk( [`\ lej mfe Bfkk]\ie_vck* R\ee [Xj Pe`m\ijld nìbc`Z_ jèe) le[ q`\ccfj `jk( n`\ bzee\e nì [Xee ì^\e[n\cZ_\ Q\iYè[le^ d`k `_d _XY\e ) Xlj^\efdd\e [`\ \è\( [X~ nì m\ijlZ_\e( [\e FXkXjkifg_\e Xljqln\`Z_\e([`\ lej mfe [fik_\i [if_\e; Pe[ d`k N`Z_\i_\`k bzee\e nì e`Z_k\inXik\e( [X~ [Xj Pe`m\ijld lej ^\^\e{Y\i j`Z_ Xe[\ij m\i_vck Xcj^c\`Z_^{ck`^ le[ k\`ceX_djcfj6 ?\e H\ejZ_\e Yc\`Yk e`Z_kj Xe[\i\j{Yi`^( Xcj jfnf_c ]{i `_i\e Pek\i_Xck Xcj XlZ_ ]{i `_i\ Ai\l[\ le[`_iQ\iê{^\e)\èq\cele[èBilgg\e)j\cYjkqljfi^\e*?`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e dz^\e qnXi [`\


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KfjklcXk `jk jf n\`k m\iYi\`k\k( [X~ \j d\è\i H\èle^ eXZ_ jZ_n\i]Xcc\e nì[( \èqlj\_\e( n`\ e\^Xk`m \j lej\i Q\i_Xck\e Y\jk`ddk* Djklej\i GXe[ V[`\ PN


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[`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e eXZ_[i{Zbc`Z_ [XiXl] _è( n`\ j\_i nì[Xql e\`^\e( lej Dcclj`fe\e _èql^\Y\e( jkXkk mfe [\i Dek\cc`^\eq( [`\nìY\j`kq\e(nìbc`Z_B\YiXlZ_qldXZ_\e*

=\d\ib\ejn\ik `jk XlZ_( [X~ Xlj [\d KfjklcXk( nì j\cYjk j\`\e [`\bc{^jk\e R\j\e( [`\ \j {Y\i_Xlgk ^`Yk( eXk{ic`Z_ ]fc^k( [X~ lej e`\dXe[ _\c]\e bXee6 Rì jè[ mzcc`^ Xl] lej j\cYjk ^\jk\cck* ?X^\^\eY\kfe\e [`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e( [X~ nì qnXi le^\_\li\


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KfjklcXk\{Y\i[`\IXkli[\jd\ejZ_c`Z_\e=\nl~kj\èj

D]abcZOb2Ilid\ejZ_c`Z_\R\j\e_XY\e\è=\nl~kj\è*

IXZ_ fdglk\igifîXddj [Xj Q\i_Xck\e a\[\j \èq\ce\e O`\i\j j`dlc`\i\e* IXZ_ `_i\i


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le[ [X~ j`\ {Y\i `_i\ RX_ie\_dle^\e eXZ_[\eb\e le[ Y\jk`ddk\R`cc\ej\ekjZ_\`[le^\e ki\]]\e* @è\ QXi`Xek\ [`\j\i jk`ccjZ_n\`^\e[Xbq\gk`\ik\e QfiXljj\kqle^ `jk [`\( [X~ `Z_ j\cYjk \è =\nl~kj\è_XY\([X~ `Z_XY\iXe[\i\H\ejZ_\ejfY\_Xe[c\(Xcjj\`\e[`\j\


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D]abcZOb2 ?Xj =\nl~kj\è `jk \è Kif[lbk [\i B\_ìekvk`^b\`k(le[ [X_\i `jk [`\ Ovk`^b\`k [\j =\nl~kj\èj `[\ek`jZ_ d`k [\iB\_ìekvk`^b\`k*

?\i n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\ O\idèlj _`\i]{i _\`~k gjpZ_fe\liXc\ D[\ek`)

kvkj)O_\j\* ?X [`\ Rìbc`Z_b\`k c\kqkc`Z_ g_pj`bXc`jZ_\i IXkli `jk(dl~ XlZ_ [Xj =\nl~kj\è j\cYjk \è Kif[lbk g_pj`bXc`jZ_\i Kifq\jj\j\è* N\è\ Ffdgc\o_\`k le[ NlYk`c`kvk jè[


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KfjklcXk\{Y\im\ive[\ik\=\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\

D]abcZOb2 =\` [\e m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\e _Xe[\ck \jj`Z_ ^Xeq \è]XZ_ ld \è\ mfi{Y\i^\_\e[\


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_Xe[\ck \j j`Z_ Y\` Xcc\e m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\`ejqljkve[\e ldd`e[\in\ik`^\f[\igXk_fcf^`jZ_\


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j\èjqljkXe[ \è[\lk`^ {Y\ic\^\e jè[* HXeZ_\ m\ive[\ik\e =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\ ^\ck\e _vl]`^ Xcj efkn\e[`^ ]{i [Xj Q\ijkve[e`j^\n`jj\i


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kiXc\e I\im\ejpjk\d( le[ [\i Fzig\i `jk è \ijk\i Gè`\ \è Dejkild\ekqli


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^`\e e`ddk dXe [fZ_ è [`\j\i AiX^\ ^Xeq Xe[\i\ Kfj`k`fe\e \è* ?`\d\`jk\e mfe `_e\e gfjklc`\i\e( [X~ nì qldè[\jk efZ_ \è\e Xe[\i\e( e`Z_kg_pj`jZ_\e Fzig\i _XY\e( [\i lej\i\d g_pj`jZ_\e Fzig\iv_e\ck( [XY\` XY\i [fZ_ Xe[\ijXik`^\ Av_`^b\`k\e Y\j`kqk( [Xilek\iXlZ_ [`\a\e`^\( [\e g_pj`jZ_\e Of[ ql {Y\ic\Y\e*


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\icXe^\e* Qfi Xcc\d è \è`^\e XcZ_`d`jk`jZ_\e OiX[`k`fe\e ) n`\ Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ è [\i Z_è\j`jZ_\e ) nì[ [`\j Xcj \è U`\c _è^\jk\cck( [Xjql \ii\`Z_\e \è`^\e [\i vck\i\e H\`jk\i ^\cle^\e `jk* Dd Xcc^\d\è\em\iki`kk dXe [Xj Kièq`g( [X~ dXe \è\ j\_i jkXib m\icve^\ik\ G\Y\ej

jgXee\ Yqn* \è\ i\cXk`m\ Pejk\iYc`Z_b\`k e`Z_k d`k C`c]\ mfe d\[`qè`jZ_\e H`kk\ce \icXe^\e bXee( jfe[\ie [liZ_ [`\ F\eeke`j( Ffekifcc\ le[


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e`^\i K\ijzec`Z_\j j\`e*


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jZ_X]kc`Z_ lek\ijlZ_k _XY\e( Xlji\`Z_\e[ Y\n`\j\e n\i[\e( XY\i \j`jk ^\el^ {Y\iq\l^\e[\j =\n\`jdXk\i`Xc [X]{i qljXdd\e^\kiX^\enfi[\e( [X~ [`\j\ AiX^\ efZ_ f]]\eYc\`Y\e le[ e`Z_kO^`W]`W Xl]île[mfe KfjklcXk\e XlkfdXk`jZ_ Xcj ^\czjk Y\kiXZ_k\k n\i[\e jfcck\* HX^dXeZ_\j ]{i [`\ =\n\`jYXib\`k Xcc\i( m`\c\i f[\i \kc`Z_\i [\i m\ijZ_`\

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KfjklcXk\{Y\i[`\K\ijzec`Z_b\`k

D]abcZOb2 ?`\ K\ijzec`Z_b\`k `jk [Xj( nXj \è De[`m`[lld ql\knXj @èdXc`^\d dXZ_k( `_d ql @i]X_ile^\e le[ ql [\d B\]{_c m\i_`c]k( [X~ j\è G\Y\e c\Y\ejn\ik `jk( le[ j`\ `jk [Xj( nXj

`_dD[\ek`kvkjY\nl~kj\è^`Yk*

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@i `jk nìbc`Z_ \è\ K\ijzec`Z_b\`k ^\ck\e è lej\i\i B\j\ccjZ_X]k_vl]`^Xcj\è^XeqY\jfe[\i\jFfdgc`d\ek*?`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e d\jj\e a\[fZ_ [`\j\d Dek\i\jj\ Xe [\iK\ijzec`Z_b\`k le[ `_i\i @ek]Xckle^ \ekn\[\i \è\ ^\iè^\i\ =\[\lkle^ Y\`( f[\i j`\ Y\kiXZ_k\e \j jf^Xi Xcj \è \iejk_X]k\j Cè[\ie`j

Xl] [\d R\^\ qli jgì`kl\cc\e @ekn`Zbcle^* ?`\ K\ijzec`Z_b\`kj\Y\e\nì[ Xcc^\d\è Xcj \è\ lek\i\ @ekn`Zbcle^jjkl]\ Xe^\j\_\e( le[d\_i le[ d\_i @e\i^`\ Xl] `_i\ @ek]Xckle^ ql m\in\e[\e ^`ck Xcj \è\


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jgì`kl\cc\ R\`k\i\ekn`Zbcle^ `jk* NfcXe^\ a\dXe[ j\è\ fY\i]cvZ_)c`Z_)vl~\ic`Z_\ D[\ek`kvk Xbq\gk`\ik ) [* _* [`\ K\ijzec`Z_b\`k( [`\ \iXl]île[ j\è\i @iq`\_le^ le[ [\i Ul^\_zi`^b\`k ql \è\d Y\jk`ddk\e Flcklibi\`j ^\nfi[\e `jk )( m\ijvldk \i \j( j\è\d k`\]\i\e N\cYjk[`\ \i]fi[\ic`Z_\


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Yqn* eXZ__fc\e d{jj\e* HXe bXee XlZ_ jX^\e6 R\ee nì \inXZ_j\ejè[([Xeejè[nìlej\i\iH\èleêXZ_XlZ_i\`]*?`\ jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e m\iki\k\e [\d^\^\e{Y\i Xcc\jXdk [`\


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?`\ jg`i`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e ^\_\e [X^\^\e mfe \`e\i m`\c ld]Xjj\e[\i\e K\ijg\bk`m\ Xlj7 j`\ Y\kiXZ_k\e [`\


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kl\cc\e $le[ XlZ_ ]{i [\e n`jj\ejZ_X]kc`Z_\e% AfikjZ_i`kk nvi\ \ja\[fZ_ mfe \ekjZ_\`[\e[\i =\[\lkle^( jfnf_c [Xj Xccql J]]\ej`Z_kc`Z_\ è AiX^\ ql jk\cc\e( Xcj XlZ_ [Xj( nXj eXZ_ \è\d Xcc^\d\è\eFfej\ejljmfe[\iB\j\ccjZ_X]kXcjM\Xc`kvkXe^\j\_\enì[*

D]abcZOb2 =\` efidXc\e @inXZ_j\e\e `jk [`\ K\ijzec`Z_b\`k i\cXk`m\è_\`kc`Z_jkilbkli`\ik*

Rì j\kq\e mfiXlj( [X~ \è\ Y\jk`ddk\ K\ijfe è j`Z_ j\cYjk \è\ ^\)n`jj\ Ffej`jk\eq Y\j`kqk le[ [X~ \j j`Z_ Y\` `_i ld SW\S K\ijfe d`km\ijZ_`\[\e\e H\ibdXc\e( >_XiXbk\iq{^\e ljn* _Xe[\ck* Nf kiv^kdXe aX XlZ_ eli SW\S\ IXd\e( le[ dXe `dgc`q`\ik [Xd`k( [X~ dXe

nìbc`Z_ \è\ \èq`^\ K\ijfe `jk( n\ee XlZ_ d`k \è\i Yi\`k\e NbXcXmfe Nk`ddle^\e le[ @dg]è[le^\e* H\ejZ_\e( è [\i\e K\ijzec`Z_b\`k j`Z_ \i_\Yc`Z_\ R`[\ijgi{Z_\ ]\jkjk\cc\e cXjj\e( Y\q\`Z_e\kdXe Xcj e\lifk`jZ_* De [\e j\ck\e\e Avcc\e \è\i dlck`gc\e K\ijze)c`Z_b\`k ]{^\e j`Z_ m\ijZ_`\[\e\ >_XiXbk\iq{^\ kiXlY\eXik`^ $Xcjfv_ec`Z_ n`\ [`\ =\nl~kj\èjqljkve[\% qljXdd\e( le[ \è jfcZ_\iH\ejZ_ ^`Yk j`Z_ m\ijZ_`\[\e\ IXd\e7 jfcZ_\ Avcc\ ^\ck\ea\[fZ_ Xcjmzcc`^XefidXc*

@è`^\ [\i jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e jk\cc\e [`\j\


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Rì j\kq\e `d Xcc^\d\è\e mfiXlj( [X~ [Xj( nXj nì aQV]\ n`jj\e(le[ [Xj @ib\eeke`jm\idz^\e( {Y\i [Xj nì aQV]\ m\i]{^\e( lej\iG\Y\e Xl] \è\ jfc`[\ Bile[cX^\ jk\cck* R\ee nì [Xd`k e`Z_k ql]i`\[\e jè[ le[ n\ee nì d\_i n`jj\e f[\i [\d G\Y\e d\_i Nèe ^\Y\enfcc\e( [Xee d{jj\e nì \Y\e ql [\d( nXj nì Y\i\`kj _XY\e( efZ_\knXj VW\hcTnUS\' Qfi Xcc\d j\kq\e nì `d Xcc^\d\è\e mfiXlj( [X~lej\i


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j\e( le[ Xlj [`\j\i DjfcXk`fe _\iXlj W\bS`^`SbWS`b \j Y\jk`ddk\ e\liXc\


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[\d B\Y`\k [\i ^\jXdk\e @ib\eeke`j( jfe[\ie jè[ XlZ_ {Y\iq\l^k([X~ [Xj Bile[gifYc\d( n`\ nì ^{ck`^\j R`jj\e \in\iY\e bzee\e(mfe [\e K_`cfjfg_\e jZ_fe mfi cXe^\i U\`k î{e[c`Z_ \i]fijZ_k nfi[\e `jk* De Rìbc`Z_b\`k Y\j`kq\e [`\ d\`jk\e KjpZ_fcf^\e jf ^lk n`\^Xi b\è\ g_`cfjfg_`jZ_\e Bile[b\eeke`jj\( le[ j`\ jk{kq\e j`Z_ Y\`

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jZ_fe dXe j`\ ^\c\^\ekc`Z_ XlZ_ kfc\i`\ik( qld =\`jg`\c [Xee( n\ee\j efkn\e[`^ `jk( [`\ Ffdgc\d\ekXi`kvk qn\`\i m\ijZ_`\[\e\i O_\fi`\eXeqle\_d\e$m^c*[`\@izik\ile^èFXg`k\c-%*

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Nk\ccle^\e( jf Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ [\e BcXlY\e Xe [`\ leY\^i\eqk\ HXZ_k[\j Q\ijkXe[\j*


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?`\j\j KfjklcXk _Xk \è\ ^\n`jj\ s_ec`Z_b\`k d`k [\ea\e`^\e( [\e\eql]fc^\ B\[Xeb\e f[\i NpdYfc\ e`Z_kj Xe[\i\j jè[ Xcj \c\bkifZ_\d`jZ_\ A\c[\i `d I\im\ejpjk\d* B\]{_c\ c\`k\e j`Z_ [\deXZ_ mfee`Z_kj Xe[\i\d _\i Xcj mfe [\i Dek\iXbk`fe e\lif_ldfiXc\i >_\d`bXc`\e `d =clkjkifd d`k m\ijZ_`\[\e\e Qfi^ve^\e è ^Xeq jg\q`]`jZ_\e B\_ìeqfe\e( n`\ Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ [\d Cpgfk_XcXdlj le[ [\dc`dY`jZ_\e Npjk\d* @è jfcZ_\j KfjklcXk ]{_ik led`kk\cYXi ql [\i mfe[\i Z_\d`jZ_\e KjpZ_`Xki`\ le[ K_XidXgjpZ_fk_\iXg`\ Xe^\nXe[k\e H\k_f[\( [\e KXk`\ek\e ^c{Zbc`Z_ ql dXZ_\e* R\ee \j j`Z_Y\` [\e B\]{_c\e ld e`Z_kj Xe[\i\j _Xe[\ck Xcj ld Z_\d`jZ_\ le[\c\bki`jZ_\ Nkilbkli\e( [Xee bXee [`\ Dea\bk`fe [\i i`Z_k`^\e Z_\d`jZ_\e NlYjkXeq\e è [\e =clkbi\`jcXl] \è[\lk`^ [Xql ]{_i\e( [X~ \i

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le[ qn\Zbdv~`^jk\ Gzjle^ Xcc\i KifYc\d\ eX_\ql qnXe^jcvl]`^ \`e*@j ^`Yk i\`Z__Xck`^\j gjpZ_fcf^`jZ_\j =\n\`jdXk\i`Xc ]{i [`\ OXkjXZ_\([X~ [\i Q\ijkXe[ dXeZ_dXc Xl] ^Xeq jlYk`c\ $f[\i XlZ_ n\e`^\i jlYk`c\% R\`j\ [liZ_ [`\ `e [\d Y\ki\]]\e[\e


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YiXlZ_k( jfe[\ie [X~ \i Xe `_i Xcj \`e\d


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Xcj \c\bkifZ_\d`jZ_\ Q\ive[\ile^\e `d I\im\ejpjk\d _Xe[\ce* ?`\D[\\e [\i M\èbXieXk`fe le[ [\j FXidXj j\kq\e Y\`jg`\cjn\`j\ [\lkc`Z_ mfiXlj( [X~ [Xj( nXj dXe `d Q\icXl] \è\j G\Y\ej \ic\iek( j`Z_qldè[\jk k\`cn\`j\% Xl] \è\ Xl~\ig_pj`bXc`jZ_\ R\j\e_\`k {Y\ikiX

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\è\d Diikld Y\il_\e bzeek\ f[\i [X~ nì j`\ Xe[\ij \èjZ_vkq\ed{~k\e* Pd lej\i\i jgì`kl\cc\e IXkli qld ?liZ_YilZ_ ql m\i_\c]\e( nì[ \j è m`\c\e jgì`kl\cc\e KjpZ_fcf^`\e Xcj n`Z_k`^\i Xe^\j\_\e(]XcjZ_\@ib\eeke`jj\ql\c`dè`\i\e(Xcje\l\Xeql_vl]\e*

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Bli[a`\]] nXi [Xmfe {Y\iq\l^k( [X~a\[\i [\i _`\i Xl]^\qv_ck\e R\^\j\è\ =\[\lkle^ _Xk( le[ [X~a\[\i mfe `_e\e ql n\ikmfcc\e @i^\Ye`jj\e ]{_i\e bXee7 Xcc\i[è^j jZ_c`\~\ b\è\i [`\j\i R\^\( jfYXc[ dXe`_d Xcc\è ]fc^k( [`\ Hz^c`Z_b\`k \è\i \èj\`k`^\e( j`Z_ e`Z_k Xcj jèe

mfcc \in\`j\e[\e @ekn`Zbcle^ Xlj7 j\è\ \`^\e\e G\_i\e ]{_ik \i Xl]

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fY \i j\è G\Y\e jZ_{kq\e f[\i fY \i ì^\e[\è jfq`Xc\j U`\c Xejki\Y\ejfcc( [Xj `_d [`\


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