chem unit3

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Element Timeline Antiquity: Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn, Hg, C, S Before 1735: As, P, Sb, Zn 1735 – 1745 Co, Pt 1745 – 1755: Ni, Bi 1765 – 1775: H, O, N, Cl, Mn 1775 – 1795: Mo, W, Te, U, Sr, Ti, Y 1795 – 1805 : V, Cr, Be, Nb, Ta, Ce, Pd, Os, Rh, Ir 1805 – 1815: Na, K, Ba, Ca, Mg, I, B

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Page 1: Chem Unit3

Element TimelineAntiquity: Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn, Hg, C, S

Before 1735: As, P, Sb, Zn

1735 – 1745 Co, Pt

1745 – 1755: Ni, Bi

1765 – 1775: H, O, N, Cl, Mn

1775 – 1795: Mo, W, Te, U, Sr, Ti, Y

1795 – 1805 : V, Cr, Be, Nb, Ta, Ce, Pd, Os, Rh, Ir

1805 – 1815: Na, K, Ba, Ca, Mg, I, B

Page 2: Chem Unit3

Dobereiner’s Triads

7 + 39 = 23 2

For Li, Na and K

Page 3: Chem Unit3

deChantcourtois’ Spirals

Page 4: Chem Unit3

Newlands’ Octaves

Page 5: Chem Unit3

Mendeleev (1869)

Page 6: Chem Unit3

Lothar Meyer

Page 7: Chem Unit3

Mendeleev’s Gaps

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Henry Moseley

Organized according to atomic number rather than atomic mass

Page 9: Chem Unit3

Periodic Table

Page 10: Chem Unit3

Periodic Table

Page 11: Chem Unit3

Periodic Table Families

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Alkali Metals

3 electrons

11 electrons

19 electrons

37 electrons

55 electrons

87 electrons

Page 13: Chem Unit3

Alkali Metals

1s2 2s1

1s22s22p6 3s1

1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6 5s1

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6 6s1

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d1056p6 7s1

Page 14: Chem Unit3

Alkaline Earth Elements

1s2 2s2

1s22s22p6 3s2

1s22s22p63s23p6 4s2

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6 5s2

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6 6s2

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d1056

p6 7s2

Page 15: Chem Unit3

Noble Gases

1s2

1s22s22p6

1s22s22p63s23p6

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6

Page 16: Chem Unit3

Valence electrons

• Electrons in outermost electron orbital

Page 17: Chem Unit3

Halogens

Page 18: Chem Unit3

Chalcogens

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Blocks

S block - Filling available s orbitalsP block - Filling available p orbitalsD block – Filling 3d, 4d, 5d and 6d orbitalsF block – filling 4f and 5f orbitals

Page 20: Chem Unit3

Trends in the Periodic Table

• Atomic radius

• Increases with

increasing number

of energy levels

Page 21: Chem Unit3

Atomic Size

Page 22: Chem Unit3

Ionization

• Energy ejects an

electron from atom’s

orbit

• Forms a CationX -> X+

Page 23: Chem Unit3

Shielding Effect

Page 24: Chem Unit3

Trends in Ionization Energy

Low Energy = Easier to remove electron

High Energy = Difficult to remove electron

Page 25: Chem Unit3

Periodic Size Changes

Page 26: Chem Unit3

Electronegativity

Page 27: Chem Unit3

Electronegativity Trend

Page 28: Chem Unit3

Electronegativity

• Ability to attractAn electron

Forms a AnionX -> X-

Page 29: Chem Unit3

Ion Sizes

Page 30: Chem Unit3

Ion Sizes

Page 31: Chem Unit3

Periodic Trends

Page 32: Chem Unit3

Boiling Point

Page 33: Chem Unit3

Boiling Point Trends

Page 34: Chem Unit3

Elemental Abundance

1. Hydrogen

2. Helium

3. Oxygen

4. Carbon

Page 35: Chem Unit3

Rare earth elements

Page 36: Chem Unit3

Alchemy

Page 37: Chem Unit3

Nuclear Fusion

4 1H -----------> 4He

occurs in the core of stars

Page 38: Chem Unit3

Fusion in SuperGiant Stars

• Betelgeuse is a red giant star in Orion

that is currently fusing Helium

and will become a supernova

3 4He ---------> 12C

Page 39: Chem Unit3

Synthetic Elements

Page 40: Chem Unit3

Lawrence’s Cyclotron

Page 41: Chem Unit3

Superheavy Elements

• Transuranium Elements

– Produced by nuclear collisions

Page 42: Chem Unit3

Island of Stability