chemistry elmi-ziraii g11 p2

8/14/2019 Chemistry Elmi-Ziraii G11 P2

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WuU WKdLK UOLOJ UNM* wMu odH

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VFA UuL oOI WOMODKH WOuB) wd UNM l{ d{ wUF rOKF WOd VFAK WOMu UO UM ULNUU bF wMODK UNM UM uFA 5 tUJ cQ v wMODKH

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bU*nB VJ wMODKH UNMLK UND s WU WKd* oOD UF c u dWKd* V iF duD v WU{U wMI wMN* WOU uKF wLKF tdH uU _

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wMODKH rOKF WOu 5% ud duD WKu* UuLUOI YU* lOL w UU UI Ub v dA b_ uHBK e$ w rKF* W WOb* VJ bF

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bOu vK qLF c su wdWOb ULEM* UR* v dbI dJA qe bI UNF wUF rOKF WOd

ZUM* dA* wU* UNLb UJOK WuJ WU WIbB WOdF b s wU wMu qLF c U$ w XU w WOMu Wud UHJU dH u ULtFu V yq eOL* ruN rNUA vK rdJA WOb* VJ bS uI w Wud UKqLF Uu 5UA* sd; 5HR* d ZUM*ed Wu ZUM* U' qLAoOD UM bO* s WOb* VJ d w 5UA* 5FUD 5Fd* 5Ud 5LLB*wUF rOKF WOd

ZUM* e?d wU uU

bONL


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WbI

sOOM qd tU bL UMO vK B sOLUF tK bL

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dB s dOJ v WU{U Wb Wd WEL W v U

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s b wU W WOKL qOUL suJ s b _ uB W vK u WFd buqOULK WFU u UM dO_ YU qOUL eOd

s b wU Wd UOLOJ f iF dF _ sOKB s bu c uJ WU buUNUO d d uL w dOG UJ

tU WFAL UudbON qOBH s wA dF _ B bu c w WU buWFA dOG UudbON s bO wU U UNM UUJ

WOO{u Uud iF vK hMK WU{U UJ qLU dO qN uKQ UJ U bI UbN bq s p bL w duL UUJ UNO UMO w bFL WDA_ WOuL WIdD WuKL WK_YK UUC rKF q W vK UJ gu XMLC ULUOLOJ rKF wKLF VUU dEM VU j

VUD bM WOU_ rOUHL eeF UJ d v UN s UMb w UIMK UUCvK bOQ bN p WIU uM w VUD UN w UuKFL iF v UM UM Ud b uJ bdJ vK tU w q UB Y UMuH VUD s w UNOd pc WuKFL pK WOL

tM udL b b UL UJK WHKL Vu u tUE rbI

WKD UMzUM WKB tU{d tO UL UMI b uJ vUF tK Q

uHRL


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q???????OU?????L? qOU; u W WOKL _ qBH uK; d W WOKL

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bu WK

U???u??;

WFd

bu

Wd( UOLOJ Wd( UOLOJ w f _ qBH WOzUOLOJ UH w WUD UJ Wd( UOLOJ w WOU rOUH Wd( WOzUOLOJ WUF* qBH WK UNUO d d( u; w dOG UJ wU qBH d( u; w dOG sdOF d qUH d WDd WU qBH WK bu WK

W

U)bu

WuCF UOLOJ WFA* UudbON _ qBH udJ c bdH u)

UUJ_ qBH WK

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WU

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vK U uJ qBH cN p bF UNM WU s sJLuKL uKL dF

WOIM UL s uKL eOL cL VcL WU V qOUL nMB

uKL d W WOKL dF UNO dRL quF WOzc dF

WOzc vK Wb qzU q

uKL d W WOKL

u uK UAM UOu uK dDI dJ uK UMb WuQL WOzUL qOUL sc Vc s uJ fU Ze s U UNFOL w sO_ U (H

2O

2) sObON bO

WO WUF UHBU UL WOIOI qOU vL

b dOuU wu b dOG cL ozU r WDO dD UNCF s UNUuJ qB sJL

uKL e lOL w eOd VOd fH UN bF ULO qOBHU UNM bM WFU u vL WOzUeO u pKL


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H1 WUDU Ube VKD c UNCF s VcL ozU bU v uD

W WOKL qJ

H2 WUDU Ube VKD c UNCF s cL ozU bU WOU uDozU s bF WU cL ozU uJ YO cL VcL ozU sO bb u suJ WU uDH

3ROL WUD WOzUL qOUL w vb WUD s WOL oKDM WOKLF c w VcL

VUB VcL ozU pc UNCF s UF v cL ozU U UF VcL cL e bM t sO U u pc VcL ozU sO U u vK UbI bLF jOL s WUDK UB WOKLF cvK UbI bLF WUD s WOL S UuB uJO cL ozU l VcL ozU U U cL ozUuKL d W WOKLF WIdL WUD WKB vL uKL w cL VcL ozU sO U u

WO WO{Ud WF s uKL d U sJL qJA UN{u UL (Heat of Solution)

WUD

VcL ULOWuBHL

ULO qBcL

c ULO qBcL

H2

H3

H1

HuKdK U

uKL

cL VcL

VcL ULOWuBHL

ULO qBcL

c ULO qBcL

H2

H3

uKLH

1

H

uK dK UcL VcL

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ROL WU VcL ozU sO U WU cL ozU sO U WU uKL dH

3+ (H

2+ H

1) = uKH WF uJ udU

bB ULW WOKLF WUBL WUD vK `{ d UN ozUb sO jd WU o UL ZM

WUD c(Intermolecular forces) Ue' 5 WU* uI

UL u s WRL w Ue sO WUL uIU UL ozU sO U u vbuI c u r s UdO UOKG W UNB W q WOzUeOH

WOD U u 5 WU* uI

uI r s bF WUL UMA sO WUL l UOJ WMA WLO l Ud uI b VUMUL e (Na+ , Cl -) UFD `K Uu sO uuL pK UNOK WK_ s UOze sO WUL

WODI Ue' 5 WU* uI

uuL pK UNOK WK_ s ULNMO WUL l UOJ WMA WLO l Ud VUM UC cCHCl

3 uuKJ CH

3COCH

3 uO_ s q Ue sO

WOMObON jd sOdOM sO_ uKH c WDd sObON UNO uJ Ue sO jd c bu

WODI Ue sO WUL pK s u w UL Ue sO uuL pK UNOK WK_ s

bM u

UNQ UL WHOF{ u w

Ue u lOL sO bu WODI dO Ue sO bu w bOu w WOuL tK e r l Ud VUM ?

ULdO UJN seM w uuL pK UNOK WK_ su sO ou u s bQ s b qzU w c U U XU U WdF s sJL v

Q uI sJL WU uBVcL ozU sO uuL pK cL ozU sO uuL U"Like Dissolves Like" UNNO Vc UL


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W bMF uKL uJ WOKL w dRL WUL uIK WOM WLOI vK uKL d WLO bLFULNUe sO jd _ p uLK qJA WUDK WOKLF c VUB seM w uuKJw uUOL uO_ U bM sJ UO WU uKL d vI tOK uI w WUI WHOF{WOL uJ tOK uKL suJ q UNUe sO jd s u WU u ULNUe sO QAM UL qJA WUM uKL d W UH w UOK dNE c dO W WOKL s WUM WUD

UL w dJ W WOKL sO

UL w dJ W WOKL qJ

_ uUOL w c dJ S UL b uUOL UMb sJUe sO jd s nF{ uUOL dJ Ue sO WuJL jdULMO uUOL w c uO s r S dJ fJ vK tH dJjG{ d W bM UL s r fH w tM r[ c

WU fO wD dO uO vK uO uK dOH sJL u[UL WOU uJ sO tMO jd u uJ tULO qBH dO WU vs d UL Ue sO jd u S UL w U uJ w W WOKL

uJ s q UL w WOz uJ tOK uO UL sO jd uu vK bLF W WOKL U _U WOu U cL U Ud WN s VcL `KL Uu sO WN s uK w WOu_ WDdj qOJA vK WOU b UN w UcL w c _ cN

Uu W vK tbI w UL WOuB UM d Uu_ pK l WuuK WU w _ UH YO qJ ROL WOKL WUu `KL b w `{u u UL UNU d nK wUU ROL WU

w??? u???K W???U qUHK W???UBL WUDw

A+(g)

+ X-(g)

AX(s)

rKF q

UL w `KL U WOKL qJ


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UL w _ iF W uKL d b`KLLiClNaClKClLiBrNaBrKBrKI

uuuKO uK WU

uuuKO ROL WU WdEM uKL duuuKO

r w UOKLF iF WUBL WUD s dJ UMODF UN w uKL d WOL sLJuK WU q dU uB UNUO sJL w pK UuB W WOKL

uKL d U UA

NaCl Na2S2O3.5H2O CaCl2 MgSO4 d eO wzUdN dF _ uLqLF uD

UL d W f U r dFL w l{ d W f dFL w uuL UL WOL w NaCl r

ucL s `K q l WOU uD d WOU WO{Ud WF bU s `K qJ uKL d V U ZzU s

ULK WOuM d UL WK `KLK WOuL WKJ`KL WK u u uKL dru [ ULK WOuM d YO

WOzc vK qB WMOF d W bM UL s sOF r w dJ q WK U s WKOK WOL W bM

U v W WOKL dL qB c UL uKL v cL s bb UOL UMH{ S uKnu uKL UMd ULN UL w c UCL dJ iF UM dNE cL s beL UMH{b v uKL qB UbM d s Wb pK bM U b v q tQ WU c w uKLWE q w UM YO uJ WU w UN wMF c sJ Uc s WKB UL nu UWcL UL ozU s UU b S Xu fH w uKL w c WKB UL ozU s bwJOUM e WU vL UL WU c nu Vd U dF w WOIL WKB ULU bDB

td bFL UUL UU cL U bF UNO uJ w WU u


14/130

u [ jG{ d W bM VcL s r w UN sJL cL s WK d WOzcu W v sb jG{ d W bM UNU W V qOUL nOMB sJL

bM VOd b cL s WOU{ WOL Vu c uKLu lAL dO uKL WMOF d W

bM cL s WOU{ WOL Vd YO WU v q c uKL u lAL uKL WMOF d W

U W vK t sJL UL d cL s WOL vK u c uKL u lAL u uKL WUu VcL s WMOF WK w cL s bz WOL W WUu lAL u uKL dOC sJLW v uKL qB UbM pd uJ w td W iHM uKL d r sOU WOzc s d WOL vK u uKL bze cL WOL s r Vd tMOF d

uKL pd cL s WKOK WOL WU{S lAL u uKL lAL uKL sO eOOL sJL lAL u uKL uJ cL s beL Vd S

WOzc w dR* quF

w W qu vK WOzc bLF

Vc* c* WFO uuL pK l WUI uKL ozU sO WUL uI sO ou bL uKL d dQ v WU{UcL Ue r UNM W WOKL w dR d qu UM wIM VcL wIM cL ozU sOWKJ ULK t uI sJL WHKL UcL w UL WOz vK dO dOQ UN WOuL tKUL w (CH

3CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2OH) uUM WOz p vK U sOF Vc w tOz XK cLK WOuL

WOzc dQ pc WOudJ WKK u V p b WOU UL w (CH3CH

2OH) uU WOz ULMO WKOK

L we VOd w UNNUA w qzu w c WKzU uLU VcL cLK we VOdUULb c sOU UL sJ C8H18 u wOzd tuJ sOU UL s q w uU csO WOKOJ WuL Uc uJ UL sO WdA qObO WuL u v p ld d w UL sOU sO WdA WOOd WuL bu ULMO Uc C

8H

8 sOU CH

3CH

2OH uJ

b u jG{ d W bM U r w uL iF WOz b hKUc

fL nOEM vK uUB qLF nO Y YK WOC


15/130

b u jG{ d W bM U r w uL iF WOz bVdL WGOVdL rr WOzc

AgNO3WCH d[

NH4NO

3

uOu_ d[ AgClWCH buK[xK

2CO

3uOUu Uudx

Ca(OH)2

uOUJ bObO[NaCluuB buK[

C12

H22

O11dJ

Na2CO

3.10H

2OWOzUL uuB Uud

NH3

UOu[CO

2udJ bO wU[N

2sOdOM U[O

2sO_ U[

W u???J U???L d???U? ??L w?? ? u???LW???OL ???S W???uB

WUD s dO

R???

A sOUO C sOUO

qzU UG s q WFOD dU UNS qzu w UG WOzc WMU UsOdOM q UL w UNOz s d uU w UNOz U UMNsObON buK UOu_ WOz ULMO udJ bO wU sO_qUH b V puJ w UNM d UL w sObON bOdUL w sQ HCl UG UL (H

2S) , (HCI) , (NH

3) s q sO wzUOLO

uObON Uu uJ UL Ue l b Wu sObO Uu vuOu_ Uu UuJ UL l UOu_ U qUH pc buKJ Uu

(OH-)

bObON u(NH

4

+)

BsOUO s q U Vr S UL wCsOUOpc WUM b ULN kH U???u u??? q???CH

UMOUO ULMO ULNOK WOuOr w e UNS (A,D,E,K)w UNU V??? W???Ku b???Lpc W???OMb r??? W???WU s r wL wNq hI UN w d_Use UMOUOH cV??? b???z U???OLJ U???NCF

rK dC

rKF q


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UL w NH3

HCl s q WOz UFLU q Rw UN bM qI UL w WKB UL WOz dcU db sU u UL sQ dO sQ WHK WFO c vK u uK

UNOz S UGK WMU UUL w dJ uK v UFD `K WU{ wsQ UbM _ p dOH WMQ U u uKL U qIu_ qB sQ WOKL w UbU VcL Ue s dO b UN jOUG Uc vI c VcL WOL hIM pc VU s VuL

UG WOz qI wUU

uU Ud `K

WOKL `O{u w bW???OLCN U???MI d???uBv???K x WF??? WU???uWOUF WOL??? s r???dUu w c t_

U WOLCN UMI

rKF q

d( W UOU

d U vK U Vc w UL WOz vK d W dOQ bLFW WOKL S UIU XLKF UL cL WFO UU U uKLdOQ UL dK U UNCF dK WU uJ UL w _ iF

UNO _ WOz vK qOUL c q bd sOsO S U WJ lAL wKL uKL d XU U v uKL t YO cL `KL WOz s be u uKLWOzc tO e c U w d W U dOQ s nH c

bM bb U WU v uuK `KL s WOU{ WOL c wUUbb d W

DDT d???A bOL w??? d???O U???OLJ c???U???MzUJ W??? u???tULF ` pc WOv???K U???MU w??? u???E

WUJ w tOUF s rddA

rKF q

lA uK c Vc WU

d W

duLKWOzc

d WUr`KrWOz

c

UG iF WOz vK d W d qJ d W _ WOz sO WF qJ


17/130

WOz s qKI u uKL sO S U uIH lAL wKL uKL d XU Uc U w d W U dOQ s nH c U v uKL t YO cL `KL

bb d W vK bb U WU v uuK bze WOLJ Vd WOzc tO qI

WU lA uK c Vc_ rEF WOz WE sJL uKL d W dOG _ WOz dOG qJA sOq uKLd W UHU UNOz qI _ iF UM UL uKL d W UHU eUG WOz qI tOK dK U WOKL wN UL w UG Uc oKF ULO U udO UdvK sOdOM sO_ q UG c d YO qJA UN{u UL d U UHU

uKL q s UUI qJ

tMO bF dA U rF V d R

jGC UU

WOz e ULMO jGC dOG l WKzU UcL w WKzU WKB uL WOz dOG WU uBUG w dUE c dOH sJL uKL `D vK lu jGC U l WKzU qOUL w UGuKL `D u uuL Ue uKL w Wzc UG Ue sO qB UOJOUM Ue QWOzc e uKL v ld w Ue b s be uKL `D u jGC U S tOK UM

d W u l

WU d W vK jGC dOG l UL w WHKL UG WOz b hKUG iF WOz vK jGC dOQ b

u jGC d u eOdH

2N

2O

2CO

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

e???OK w???zUOLOJ dMUOKtLU wL UuU l{ bvK hM d???M u???UqOUL w UG eOd VUM du WOzULjGC l??? U???d U???UM

UGK wze

rKF q


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qBH WK

ROL WU uK WU W d WOzc lAL uKL s qJ uBIL `{

WOzc w dRL quF d wQ U V qJA w WOzc UOM v udU

d W bM uuB d s r W UL WK W bM UL r w uOUu UdJ s lA uK s VdL KL WK

W v bd r d d W bM U r w lA uK dOC W uOUu buK WOL ?

U uOUJ bu uOUJ buK s qJ uK WU Q XLK uuuKO U ULNM qJ uKL d wu vK uuuKO

ULNM qJ ROL WU V

W ULMO WUD s dO WOL v WU UL w UNU bM _ sQ WuN dH nO

b WOU UUNB

UG rEF WOz ULMO UL w UOu_ sObON buK U s q WOz UH dH nO dE fH X b WKOK UL w d_

wQ UL q w WOB WU d

wDdO Vc udJ buK l w c WO uL b

UL uuB buK uOUu UMGMdO uO ?

UL w dO WOz t WO UdL b CH

3(CH

2)

8OH

(l) CH

3OH

(l)

CH3(CH

2)

8CH

3 (l) I

2 (S) ?


19/130

WOMObON WDd S N O H sO WD

Cl N O H sO WOLU WD

F

N

O

H

sO WOJOUdJO U u?

sOu sO QAM WD

UL w UN bM VD u u uJ WO uL b CH

3CH

2OH CH

4

C8H

18 KCl ?

WO qK uJ w c UL w UFD `K c UL w UNM d uJ w uO WOz

ULz qI qzu w UG WOz ULMO sOU qzu w WKB uL iF WOz e ?d W UH l


20/130

qOULeOd wU qBHuK dOC v U KL qL bM L qOUL s dOJ v WOuO UMUO w UuO UC uL oU uK dOC bM pc UL v `KL s WUM WOL WU{S p wK

eOd c s dOFK WFL dD U uKL eOd UL qBH c W bF pM lu

uKL eOd uBIL `{u uKL eOd s dOFK WHKL dD bF

d_ quF u bM eOd vK VcL WOL d sO eOd s dOF dD oKF WOU qzU q

nOH UU oKF WOU qzU q

qOUL eOd s dOF d

s sOF r w WcL `KL dJ WOL vK wKL uKL dJ uKL c bLFVcL s WMOF WOL w cL WOL vK bO eOd KDB ULF vK uOzUOLOJ oH b VcL

WOzUL qOUL vK qBH cN UM w ed u

UNM QM eOd s dOFK WHK d UM

cLK Wu* WM

bu VcL cL UOL s Ud SVcL w cLK r WK WuL WM w

dOFK WOzUOLOJ UUMB w WU ULF WFzU w WOKJ WuL WM UbM eOd vL WKJWOL vK WbK r b UMb U U VcL UK cL UNO uJ w qOUL eOd seOd s dOF w ULF WFzU w WOL WuL WM UbM eOd vLO VcL cLWKJ bu uKL UuJ b s dOF r bzU VcL cL s q UNO uJ w qOULw ULF WFzU w rWK ? WuL WM UbM eOd vL r bu d uJLWMU sOF uK eOd s dOFK WLz d_ r WK WIdD bb r WbOB VD U

WKJ s qN r UO uJ WKzU qOUL w L UOIK qN UN WdFL WuL


21/130

WuL WM s dOF sJL cL WK b b wb sL VK c b bM UWO WO{Ud WFU cLK WOLJ

x [cL WOL

VcL WOL cL WOL

cLK WOLJ WuL WM

uLK b WKOKI eOd W w WU d eOd b b ULWObFL Uu_ eOd WOAF WdA bOL eOd q WO w WOzUOLOJ

(ppb) uOK s e (ppm) uOK s e bu c s UL wUce wMF ppm ppbuK e uOK wUOK w U???c e??? wMF

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UNM dc WOuO UMUO w WLN UIOD uL jGC dU b

b sD c ud qLF YO WO UMzUJK WuO WOK UuJ vK WEUL _ Uu_ UL t s UL Ue UHM jI `L cHM t UAG uK

vK VcL Ue d YO fUFL uL jGC dU bU p d UO WOK

d wU jG{ b WUu p cHM t UA d wIM qzU v uKL s UIuKLK uL jGC sWKJU [ NaCl uK q WO qOU ULF s r U W vK WEUL

(Isotonic)r U uL jGCK UU UuLUDG{ wDF YO uKL eOd UNO vd(Hemolysis) UUH UNUH (Crenation) UNULJ lML UL

uJ UFD UuJ sHF b vK bU WUM UOLJ `KL UC YO WLF_ kH

U q w uL jGC s dOJ d uL tDG{ b wU kH uK eOdvL UNM UL dU UNHOH od s UdOJ q vK qLF UL Hypotonic UdOJWeK WOKLF c

u w ddL s WOUM WOK bU b WOIM rO v{dLK vKJ qO UOKL w uL jGCK UU uL WDG{ uJ WOIM uK w uLGL UuKO s U

WOIM uK v CH d WOKL t s r bK


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WOu_ qOUL u

vK oDM c UL w t bM sQ `KL _ wzUdNJ UO qu wzUL UFD `K uK WO UFL V _ rEF

NaCl(s)+H2O

Na+

(aq)+Cl

_

(aq)

K2SO

4(s)+H

2O 2K+

(aq)+SO

2

4

_

(aq)

AlCl3(s)

+H2O Al

3+

(aq)+3Cl

_

(aq)

Al2(SO

4)

3(s)+H

2O 2Al

3+

(aq)+3SO

2

4

_

(aq)

bLF Uu UL w UNJJH bM wDF WHKL _ s bu uL WIU UFL s `Cw WcL uL b vK bLF qOULK WFU u UL `KLK WOzUOLOJ WGOB vK Ub

vK bLF qOULK WFU u vK _ c dOU S Uu Ue XU u uKLWFU u s _ WOKLF WLOI u XU rUF b uKL w eOd vK `KL WFOWdEM WLOI sO jd W bQ WOU cN WuL WdEM WLOI s nK WOu_ qOULK

nHL eOd WOu_ qOULK WFU uK WOKLF WLOI WuLWuL WdEM WLOI x u XU qUF WOKLF WLOI

WUF w Uu_ u b uL Uu XU qUF WLO b WHHL WOu_ qOUL w

nHL uuB buK uKL u XU qUF uJ UL qO vKF `KLK WuL sQK

2SO

4, AlCl

3, Al

2(SO

4)

3WO WHHL _ s qJ u XU qUF V R

u[u `KL sQ b U{dH UL w uOML_ d uKL dEM uL jGC UfH bM uKL fHM uL jGCK WOKLF WLOI V d W bMu XU W bU p qUJU sQ uOML_ d U{dH d W

wU wzUL uKL w uOML_ d sQ qAl(NO3)3(s)

+ H2OAl

3+

(aq)+ 3NO

3

_

(aq)

dM s Uu uOML_ s b Uu wDF uOML_ d S tOK u XU qUF

uL jGC xu XU qUF UOKL UIL uOML_ d uKL uL jGC uJUdE uL uOML_ d uKL

u [ [ x


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qBH WK

XU uL jGC WFU u U jGC WO UKDBLU uBIL { UOKG

wQ U d d W fH bM wIM VcLK U jGC s q uKLK U jGC

dO qOUL UOK W w UH s d UL w WMQL qOUL UOK W w UH eOd fH vK UL w WMQL

UeL d `KB WUL UOL ?

W vK uKL bL S U r w Wc uuKG dJ s r vK uK u [ U UL bL XU XLK dHB X [

uuKG dJ WOuL WKJ V WOe tGO b CH

2O w dJ cN WO_ WGOB XU

V U r[ w C2H

6O

2 wKO uJ U sr[ WS uK dOC r

uKL bL W UOK Ws r[ vK u wzU uKL uOOKO dH W bM uL jGC V

UL s b d w Uc C3H

8O

3 sdOK

U jGC u UL oz rK [ U WbM wIM ULK U jGC U U r [ w Wc C

6H

12O

6 uuKG s r [ vK uuKL

U jGC U UIz rK [ U W bM wIM ULK U jGC U U Wb fH vKU r w Wc dUD dO U s r[ vK u uKL

WcL ULK WOuL WKJ V UIz rK [


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vK wKG U r [ w Wc WMU dO dUD dO U s r [ W s uJ uK V [ W

cLK WOuL WKJ

uKLK U jGC uKL bL W ?


46/130

bu WK

wQ UL d UL w NaCl uKL tM nB d d UL w CaCl2 uK bL W w UH

eOd fH bMUO dF v b UN_ v WUD bOu UD s WMU UOL d R

dD v UNO WOzULwzUdNJ UO qu UL w uKL sJ wzUdNJ UO qu UL sObON buK ?WOuL Wb uKLK UOKG W w UH bL W w UH bI V

WuL fO

wQ UL q w WOB WU d WuL UO b

WuL WM rG u UO b UN bu d u ?

WOuL U b WuL WM du

UO b UN bu rGu ?

wuL dJ UO b rGu WuL WM

UO b UN bu d u ?

U r w c NaCl r [ s uJ uK WOu rGu [ rGu [

UU sJL rGu [ ?

eOd S bzUL dJ s rGu [ eOd uK w UL WOL nB dO bM nFC bIL fO sJ e nUC

ld bIL qI

nBM bIL qI ?


47/130

uKL UuJ b_ wuL dJ WLO dH s d

s q [ ?

UuJ q uL u UIL uJ dC s WOKJ WuL WMU eOd U bM _ uKL

Ud{ fO UNK u cL WuL WM U v d_ uJL u VcL ?

uK dF WO jOUL b

UL Vc oze Vc WCH UOL UL UOL ?

WFU WOU fO WO u b WUJ UOKG W UH

uL jGC U jGC ?

U jG{ q pKL WO WOzUL qOUL b dJ [ NaCl [ dF dO K

2Se [ ?

jGC S UIz rK u W bM CH3COCH

3 uO U jGC U

[ eOd uO_ w dJ uKL UUIz rK [ UIz rK [

WOU dO UODFL UIz rK [ ?

rK u wIM VcLK U jGC UIz rK u wzU uKL U jGC U U uKL w cLK wuL dJ S d W fH bM UIz

[ [ d UL w [ ?


48/130

U jG{ q UN WO qOUL b NaCl rGu [

Na2SO

4rGu [

C

6H

12O

6

uuK rGu [ ?U jGC fH UN ucL qOUL lOL

qOU w WFAL u qOUL d W fH bM cL s bb WOL W UNMJL

d W fH bM cL s d UOL W W UNMJL d W fH bM lAK eK UL d cL s UOL vK u ?

UOJOUM We uJ vK qOULK WFU u bLF

uKL eOd vK bLF cL WFO cL WFO vK bLF uKL eOd cL WFO uKL eOd UNM qu b cL WFO uKL eOd ?

w WO{Ud WF s WuL UNH WFU WOU UOKL WUIL WFU WOU sO WM

sQ W u XU qUF uKLK UGC qUF uKLK wL bL qUF ?

vK bLF sOFK dD bu od s idLK vDF w WKzU WOD dCL iF eOd uKL bL UOK W

sOF qzU dL b UdJ uL jGC

WcL WOzb UL u ?idL r d W

bb uKLK uL jGC S uKL w _ cL s UHK d Uc WU{ bM e r Wb w qI qI

dOG e ?


49/130


50/130

b???????u

Wd( UOLOJ


51/130

Thermochemistry Wd UOLOJ w f_ qBH

dO UUB w dLL hUM WUD vK VKD U lUUB w UNUJ w WUD nK

UNM du u U N bOd UBL cN qzb s Y q s jAM U_ S bLbOu Wb q bb d U UNU w WUDK UOz bB tu nKL uu bFWUD S rH dU WuH_ uL d bM UdO UDI UO qOGA UdNJUNLOI RM sJL qWUD c bu nOJ sO_ l uu qUH s WU UNOK qB w

vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d WK_ cWOzUOLOJ UHK WUBL WUD UJ bF

UNOK WK wDF Wd UOLOJ w WUF rOUHL iF dF f uUI UMOF UN qUH d dF

dK U d dK WU UH v WOzUOLOJ UH nMB

WOzUOLOJ UH w WUD UJ Ud Wd WL wN qG U vK bIL UNQ WUD dFWUD UL WOFOD duE s UdO e b u_ WduLM Wd q WuO UNHzUu uI w WO UMzUJK Wd{WOe qOGA w U UNb UL UdO i_ UOKL

v U w uL qIM qzU w WOUMB

WE

V???? W???U???D??? U???I???buK wLUF UEMs??? u?????????? b????u????u??K??O??J?? t??U??H??U??C?? r????

KJu

sOU dU WUD UJ s dP qJA WuB uJ U U WOzUOLOJ UHqK U uLF w b w UH UM w wzuC qOL bUI l iL qUHWUD q UNMO ULO quK WKU WUD s WHK UJ UNUB UH UNK uOUJ UudWUD UJ iF v qBH c w dFM UdO WOzuC WUD WOzUdNJ WUD Wd

WOzUOLOJ UHK WUBL


52/130

Wd( WUD

WuB uJ WOzUOLOJ UH iF WOzUOLOJ UH s dO w ULN e d bFb v d pKN d UNCF d S

qJA w sOL XUdO qUH s WUM d b Ll (Al) uOML_ qUH YO WKOI bFL Wbb pJ U wWO WOzUOLOJ WUFL tMO UL Fe

2O

3III bb bO

WE

qUH d b qCHd????????L?? w??? X??U??d??O????

tuD V

Al(s)

+ Fe2O

3(s)Al

2O

3+Fe

(l)+ WU

XUdO qUH qJA

w UAM dS r dK UNUB w UH b dF

d oKD wzUOLO qUH UA

_ uL

Q WOU Q d eO wK pK wbF u , pOO_ iL quI UD UN WOJO

qLF uD

qJA w UL ozU W b uIL UDG wJO Uu w d eO l{ sOIO b q vK u WOU Q w wbFL uB s WOL l{

bze iL s hKK OK tDG{ q s wbFL uB d WOzb eOL d q WOJO QJ s d eO d

d eO u u uD s wbFL uB WFD n sOIO b pO U v d eO b

w UH bI U WOzUNM bb d eO d q d W qJA


53/130

X d vK b UL eOL d W w UH XE pKF oU UAM pzd bFvL dK UNUB w UH s uM c q pOO_ iL l bb qUH s

dK U UH

w UAM dS r d pKN w UH b dF

d hL wzUOLO qUH UA

_ uL

eO WudNaHCO

3s r uLOK `K pdO iL uK s r

pdK wU VOC d eO r WF WOU Q

qLF uDWOU Q w pdOO iL uK s r l{

d eO ULFU WOzb uKL d W q w QJ v WOMObON uuB Uud s r n{

wCL uKL vK uwU VOC WUu ZeL d

dH bI U qUH Wb s sOIO bF d W q eOL d w

WE

WOKLF UIOD s??U????L?? U???A???M??? v??K??

b??d?????? U????O???? W???U???M???q??L??F?????? w?????? l???d??????UF UL

qUH WUN qUH Wb

dK U qUHld bd fO

uuB Uud WU{ bF uKL d W w U{UH XE pKF oU UAM pzd bF


54/130

d W w UH UNUB w UH c q pdO iL uK v WOMObONdK WU UH vL

U d dK U qUH vK U j R?

WOzUdNJ WUD

w UAM dS r WOzUOLOJ UHK WUBL WUDK d UJ dF

WOzUdNJ WUDK ZM qUH UA

_ uL

u eOd sOU Ud uK q eOd II UM Ud uK qdOLu NaCluK q tF UOU UQ sOdD s uHUd qJ vK wU

r x r sOU WOH r x r U WOH WOU qOu qLF uD

q WF WOU Q w II UM Ud uK s r l{ q WF WOU Q w sOU Ud uK s r l{

sD WFD WF q WUN w l{ NaCl uKL U d qJ vK wUe u_ uKL UJ lML

qJA w UL UN V

bFBL jNLwK d

v

Zn 2+

SO42-

Zn Cu

Cu 2+

SO42-

WOUHK WOK qJA


55/130

dOLuHK VU dDU sOU VD q dOLuHK VuL dDU UM VD q

dOLuH dR vK k U

qUH WUF V

qOb dOLuH dR Wd XE pKF oU UAM pzd bFWOzUdNJ WUDK UU wMF c pK w wzUdN UO Ud vK

WE

U??A??M?? U?????? s??J??L??WDO U qLF oU

??O??d?? U??L??F????U??w U??L?? d???

w qJA

Cu

Zn

qK qOUL_

VWO UH s qJ WIdL WUD qJ U R?

CH4(g)

+ 2O2(g)

CO2(g)

+2H2O

(g)+

WU6CO

2(g)+6H

2O

(g)+ WUC

6H

12O

6(aq)+6O

2(g)

jd WU

e H2 sObON e w UL UNMO ULO j u V WOzUOLOJ UdL w c pULUdO KCl uOUu buK NaCl uuB buK Cl2

uKJ e N2

sOdOM

w UAM dS r jd WU qOL

jd WU UA

bb s UKUL UFD nOF{ fOUMG u fOUMG _ uL

qLF uDUU v uI fOUMGL s bb wFD b d

UU v nOFC fOUMGL s d_ bb WFD d uI fOUMGL s bb WFD qB

nOFC fOUMGL s bb WFD qB


56/130

WO WK_ s V UAM d bFnOFC fOUMGL s uI fOUMGL s bb WFD qB bM d WU v U WU w

WOd l{ w q fOUMGL s UNdI bM bb WFD UNJKL w WUD u U

YO s fOUMGL bb WFD sO UU UdL w c sO jd tOA sJL o ULWOzUOLOJ WDd dJ pc fOUMGL s bb WFD qBH WU v WU

UC c pKL pc fOUMGL v UNc UM WMOF l{ WU pKL bb WFD u UNDd WMOF l{ WU

dJ WKUHL uL w jd iF lOL S bb u suJ UNCF l uL qUH UbM

UL WU UNM ZM WUM uL w bb j uJ UL WU v U c jd dOJ WOKLWO WUFLU jd dOJ qOL sJL

WU + H-H H+HWO WUFLU qLO WDd uJ U

H+H H-H +WU

WUD

qUH dO

H

Ea

WKUH u

WU u

wzUOLOJ qUH b WO qJA

W???U??? w???M???F??? U???? ????Ea jOAM

R???

dNE UL WUM uL w bb j uJ WKUHL uL j pJH wzUOLOJ qUH sLC qJA w


57/130

Wd UOLOJ w WOU rOUH

Wd UOLOJ WOzUOLOJ UHK WIdL Wd dOG Wb vMF w UOLOJ vK oKDWd UOLOJ w WOU_ rOUHL iF v wQ ULO dFM (Thermochemistry)

s e p wMF UEMU jOL UEM sO eOOL d UI w Y bM WLNL u_ sdO Uu q bIF Q w ZK WFD q UDO UUE uJ b Wb tOK d c uJW t c uJ s e p uNWuNK jOL WLK tOK oKDM c jOL ju U WuKWOU_ u_ s d b w jOL UEM sO U b WFU wMF YO Wb bO UEMU Wb dG s sJ jOLU qB WOKLF WOUM s UEM UL qGA d W

qJA sFL UEM b eU c vL tHKGO UEMU jO eU qO

UEM b

b dK U

jujOL

b ULK U H2(g) + Cl2(g)

2HCl(g)

jOL UEM qJA

WE

q???J???A??? w????? U????E????M????U???U???E?? ? q????L?? U??????L???U b bF eFsO U U djOL UEM

jOL UEM uJ

(Systemand Surroundings) jO; ju UEM

WLD_ uwQ UL w UL qGA d U UNOKU V WLE_ s u b UM

W vI YO jOL UEM sO d UIU `L UE u Isothermal dOu WU UEM d

YO jOL UEM sO d UIU `L UE u Adiabatic dK kU wUU iHM UEM d W lHd sJL


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jOL l UL U `L UE uOpen uHL UEM qJA dE

jOL l UL UIU `L UE u ClosedoKGL UEM

qJA dE

c?? UE?M u?? U??d tKL

R???

qJA dE qGA d UL UIU `L UE u Isolated eFL UEM

uH UE oKG UE eF UEWLE_ u iF qJA

UEM u d eO u w uuL oze d vK UUEM b u U

uH oKG UEM c q eF UEM c q ?

eF UE v UEM u nO q

UEM b uN jOL UEM sO b qL d eO u b oKG UE uN c UL UIU `L eOL u b

dOu uN d UIU `L eOL u b ?WU UL d eO n od s eF UE v UEM qu sJL


59/130

R?Wb w UEM bb WOL U

WO WLE_ s q vK b U j

eF oKG uH dOu wU

WE

uJ b?? U??E??M?? b?? b????? w????? U???L??? U???O???I???O???I??? d???? e??O?? uqUH w UL UuB uJ

wzU uK w wzUOLO

State of System UEM WU

UdO WOzUeOH WU d W jGC qLA dOGL s WuLL U UE u bb sJLUMF{ UL s sOIKG sOQ Uc S UEM WU `KDB dOGL c uL vK oKD YO

ULUMF{ W w uuL QJ UMd sOU bF r WUD vK d_ W w ULbsO odH sJL tS WdG d W c v v_ QJ UNOK uuL WUD fH vKdOG WU u t WdG d W bM u jG{ X wIMUL sOQJ w UL UH

WU W w d W uI WU c w WIU tKUF WId XHK

s XOL d `D iHM ULMO wu d u s lHd bI U rKF UL

iG XU ULNMO UH w dH S bI v U s dHU X S wu d uUNO dOG bI bLF UL WU W UH w dH uI sJL c tJK c UL s dEMvK d_ WK_ s dOG c tO r c UL vK bLF jI WOzUNM WOzb UNU vKUEM tO qI c UL vK bLF UEMK hzUB iF UM sO w r jGC WU W

WOzUNM WU v WOzb WU s

U ] l tJK c UL vK bLF bI v U s pK w UNFDI w WUL L

dF w U WUUO UNOK oKD q WU W XO WUL ] uI sJL c XU UHqGA UL W vK WK_ s dOG tO r c UL vK UNO dOG bLF w WOLJ UNQd WOL

UL W WU W s q vK sOU j R?


60/130


61/130

WO WUFL w sO u UL sOdOM bO suJ sO_ sOdOM qUH

1/2N2(g)

+O2(g)

+ 33.9kJNO2(g)

w qJAU oze pJH _ qUH s dOF sJL

qUH dO

WUDjOL s hL d

HgO(s)

Hg(l)

+ 1/2O2(g)

WuH

u

[

dK U qUH qJ

dK UL qUH w WUM WKUHL uL d tU ULN R?

H d( u; w dOG

UEMK d uL w dOGU XU jG{ X U qUH WUBL d WOL vK `KDUE w b qUH pc UOL U d UH c vK WK_ s H edU UN ed

dL q uH

WUM uL WU sO dH UN vK U qUH WIdL d WOL v dEM sJLUU qUH uJ WKUHL uL WU s d WUM uL WU XU S WKUHL uL

w UL sFL WuH WLO uJdK

sObON s jOK suJ UL U l udJ qUH WO WUFL qL UudJ bOC

(s)+H

2O

(g)+ 131.3kJCO

(g)+H

2(g)

dK U U qUH q WUM uL WKUHL uL d tH d uL ULN

UNU UH bI U


62/130

q

dK U qUH c S pc WKUHL uL l d WOL UL WKUHL uLK d uL U CO

(g)+H

2(g)WUM uLK d uL

d WUM uLKH uJ pc u uKO [ v WU{U C(s)+H2O(g)u uKO [ UNLO dK U qUH _ Wu qUHKH uJ dK U qUH uJ WUM uL WU s d WKUHL uL WU XU U

d UH q WU tH WLO

Thermochemical EquationWd WOzUOLOJ WUFL wzUOLOJ qUHK WUBL d WOL v UNO U r w WuL WOzUOLOJ WUFL vL

sOO sOUFL w UL Wd WUFLU

H2(q)

+1/2O2(g)H

2O

(l) H =-285.8 kJ

HgO(s)Hg

(l)+ 1/2O

2(g)H =+90.7 kJ

t qUH w WbL uL UOL l Ud Wd WOzUOLOJ WUFL wH WLO VUMw UL sFL bF fHM qUH pcH WLO d{ V U bF WOzUOLO WUF d{ bM

WO WUFL w UL (H2O

2 sObON bO u qK U

H2O2(l)H2O(l)+ 1/2O2(g) H=-98.2 kJ

qK bM WIKDML d WOL V.H

2O

2s u

.H2O

2s r


63/130

q

c u uKO [ S UuB uJ H2O

2s b u qK ZM WUFL s

bFU WUFL d{ wMF H2O

2s u qK S

2H2O2(l)2H2O(l)+O2(g) H = 2 X 98.2 kJ = -196.4 kJ

u uKO [ WIKDML d WOL uLU UNKUI U v WKJ qu V H

2O

2s r qK s WIKDML d U

uu rr WOuL WKJ dGU WKJ H2O

2u b

qUFLU WUFL dC UM 1/2H

2O

2(s)1/2H

2O

(s)+1/4O

2H=1/2X 98.2 kJ=49.1 kJ

u uKO H2O2 r qK s WIKDML d WOL S cuKO H WLO uJ UOL d qUH w LtJ bM qUHK H U UC dOGWO WUFL w sO u UL u

CH4(g)

+2O2(g)CO

2(g)+2H

2O

(g)H=-890.0 kJ

H WLO X dK UU ` qUH k WIU qUH WUF fJ bMWO WUFL w sO u UL u uKO

CO2(g)+2H2O(g)CH4(g)+2O2(g) H=+890.0 kJ

d uLL U t H WLO S UH s WuL s UU wzUOLOJ qUH U Uw UL sFL UH cNH rOI

w qUHKH V U Cu

(s)+1/2O

2(g)CuO

(s)

WO Wd UFL bUCu

2O

(s)+1/2O

2(g)2CuO

(s) H

1=143.7 kJ

CuO(s)

+Cu(s)Cu

2O

(s) H

1=11.5 kJ

q

WuKDL WUFL ZM sOUFL UMFL UM kCu

(s)+1/2O

2(g))CuO

(s) H=155.2 kJ


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uKDL s V w qUH R?Sn

(s)+2Cl

2(g) SnCl

4(s) H=544.6 kJ

qUH fJ bMH WLO U bF w wK_ qUH d{ bM

HWLO U

(Hiss's Law) f uU

c UL vK bLF uN State function WU W u H d uL w dOG rKFd dOG cQ p `O{u wzUNM l{u v uuK UN dL w uD qUH tJK d W bM qzU UL s b u u bMF UOKG W bM UL d VUBL

WO WUFL w sO u UL u uKO v U WOKLF c S b u jG{H

2O

(l)+41 kJH

2O

(g)

fH bb dA u uKO ULz hL U ULU u v qzU UL s u u t WOzUNM WU fH UEMK WOzb WU

H2O

(l)H

2O

(g) H=+41 kJ

sOO sOKUH s ZU u qUH c w d W s oU qUH v dEM sJL

H2O

(l)H

2(g)+ 1/2O

2(g) H=+283 kJ

H2(g)

+ 1/2O2(g)H

2O

(g)H=-242 kJ

WUG tUuJ v qzU UL s b u qOK u uKO eK t v_ WUFL s UM sOsObO b u sO u

b u l sO u qUH bM ZM u uKO WUD WOL sO WOU WUFL UUL U s b u suJ sObO


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wQ ULH UNO UL sOIU sOUFL lL bMH

2O

(l)H

2(g)+ 1/2O

2 H=+283 kJ

H2(g)

+ 1/2O2(g)H

2O

(g) H=-242 kJ

H2O

(l)+H

2(g)+ 1/2O

2(g)H

2(g)+ 1/2O

2(g)+H

2O

(g) H=+41 kJ

vK qB WKULL UuJL cbF

H2O

(l)H

2O

(g)H=+41 kJ

UNJK w odD s dEM iG WU dE fH X wzUOLOJ qUHKH o UL ZMtLU wL UuU l{ c f rUF tO qu U c qUH

d uL w dOG S UH s WuLL wzUOLO qUH s dOF r f uU

f uU VJ UH cN d uL w dOGK d uLL U qUH cN

WO{U uB

H=H1+H

2+H

3+.......

w UL sFL U qUH d U f uU oOD dF

w qUHKH V UN

2(g)+2O

2(g)2NO

2(g)

sOO sOUFLbU

2NO(g)N

2(g)+ O

2(g) H= -180 kJ

2NO(g)

+O22NO

2(g) H=112 kJ


66/130

q

p WuKDL WUFL U ULNFL ZU uJ YO UDFL UFL VJH Uw UL WOU WUFL UI v_ WUFL fJF

N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g) H1= 180 kJ

2NO(g)

+O2(g)2NO

2(g) H

2= -112 kJ

N2(g)

+ 2O2(g)2NO

2(g) H = H

1+H

2= 68 kJ

wQ UL Wd WOzUOLOJ WUFL VJ

N2(g)

+2O2(g)2NO

2(g) H=68 kJ

w qUHKH V R?2Al

(s)+Fe

2O

3(s)2Fe

(s)+Al

2O

3(s)

sOO sOUFL bU

2Al(s)

+ 3/2O2(s)

Al2O

3(s) H=1601 kJ

2Fe(s)

+ 3/2O2Fe

2O

3(s) H=-825.5 kJ


67/130

qBH WK

WO UKDBLU uBIL `{ dK UL qUH WU W UEM f uU Hd uL w dOG

dK U UN dK U WO UH d 2C

(graphite)+2H

2(g)C

2H

4(g) H=52.3 kJ

H2(g)

+Cl2(g)2HCl

(g) H=-185 kJ

2H2S

(g)+3O

2(g)2H

2O

(g)+2SO

2(g) H=+1125 kJ

uKDL s V w qUH 2CH

3OH

(l)+3O

2(g)4H

2O

(g)+2CO

2(g) H=-1453 kJ

sO_ s WOU WOL l uUOL s u qUH bMH V H bI WUM uL WU WKUHL uL WU wQ U rdU `{

sO_ l XdJ qUHH d uL w dOG V 2S

(s)+3O

2(g)2SO

3(g)

WO UFL UbS

(s)+O

2(g)SO

2(g) H= -297 kJ

2SO3(g)2SO

2(g)+O

2(g) H= 198 kJ

H2 (g)

+ 1/2O2(g)H

2O

(g) H= 286 kJ w qUH w

VU Ud sObON U s r d bMH

U r uJ bMH u uKO UbI WUD s WOL U d V w dGU sObON U WOL ?

w qUHKH V 2N

2(g)+5O

2(g)2N

2O

5(g)

WO UFL bUH

2(g)+ 1/2O

2(g)H

2O

(s) H=-285.8 kJ

N2O

5(g)+H

2O

(g)2HNO

3(g) H=76.6 kJ

1/2N2(g)

+ 3/2O2(g)

+ 1/2H2(g)HNO

3(g)H=-174.1 kJ


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UNUO d d uL w dOG UJ wU qBH

WU dOG c p sO WOzUOLOJ UHK WIdL Wd dOG oU qBH w XUH dK U UH UM Xd WUM uL WKUHL uLK WUD u s

UNUO w WKLFL _ w U d WOL UO sJL nOJ UN WU vK U uJ qBH cN p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d WK_ c

WOzUOLOJ WOzUeOH Wd dOG UJ bF UNBzUB sO Wd dFL nB

Ud dF rLB

Wu bU u iL qUH UF d fOI qUH d U w uLK WOUOI suJ d b wzUOLOJ jd WU WdFL wzUOLO qUH d uL w dOG V


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d uL w dOG sdOF d

s wzUeOH dOG wzUOLOJ qUHK UF d bF d uL w dOG s dOF sJLp vK WK_

s WOU WOL uu UL s b u d bM dL d WOL w d d WO UFL w `{u u UL sO_ U

CH4(g)

+2O2(g)

CO2(g)

+2H2O

(g)H=-882 kJ/mol

CH3OH

(l)+3/2O

2(g) CO

2(g)+2H

2O

(g)H=-715 kJ/mol

UOK UL s u W WUBL d WOL w W d

NaOH(s) Na+(aq)+OH_

(aq) H=-40 kJ/mol

NH4NO

3(s) NH

4

+

(aq)+NO

3

_

(aq)H=+26 kJ/mol

rKF q

sJL UF d??O?? j???? w??? b??????uJ p bM wzU

U ZUM b u uJ bM dL d WOL w UF d bU l iL qUH s UL s

HCl(aq)

+NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq)

+H2O

(l)H= -58 kJ/mol

UdUM s UL s b u uJ VUBL d uL w dOG w suJ d WO UFL w sO u UL WOUOI dE w WO_2C

(s)+3H

2(g)C

2H

6(g) H

f=-85 kJ/mol

H2(g)

+ 1/2O2(g)

H2O

(l) H

f=-286 kJ/mol

d UNB d qH s dOFK d d UMd d nOH

WKFA WFL qJA sO RUM WFLA w b w Wd dOG UJ s W b

UNUFdK U UN U dOG

WKFA WFL qJA


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qUH d

(Calorimetry) qUH d UO

vL UN w qUH dS wzUOLO qUH b WO WBLL dL d WOL UO sJLWU tb uJ Wd WF WuKF u l UL u U dFL (Calorimeter) dFLd U sJLdFL q d fM pc dFL jO l d U u

tUu dFL UbI UN w d WOL U s qUH

ULNOU w sOOLJ V d R

UNM dFL s bb u UM(Coffee- Cup Calorimeter) QJ dF*

UN sdO wu U s WuMB Q s dFL s uM c uJwU VOC pc qJA w UL d eO UDG s cHM UDsJL pc dK bO WU sdO wu U UL uKL pd

UL s uIHL WBLL d WOLJ WU qUHK d WOL UH WLO UOI dFL c `KB pc dFL q uuLq qOUL w b w UH d UOI dFL c qLFw U ZM w UH d UOI rz dO tMJ UF d

d UH q dO UUH d U UNO lHdQJ dFL qJAWO WF s uIHL WJL d U sJL UIU XLKF UL

WOuM d x r uKL WK uIHL WJL d

d U d x ru uKLKx x

v s U r sO W d WOL V R r u ULK WOuM d ULK

rKF q

WOL w WOuM dW ld W dUL s b d db uOOKO Ww W???d?????? W??F????ld W d WOLW U r d W

b uOOKO


71/130

Bomb CalorimeterWKMI dF*

qUHK dOG U tK w bu uH s WuMB WJOL tb eF U s UN c uJ qJA dE UL s dO WOL w uLG uJ WKM vL uIL uH s uMB

d eO d d

U

d U

uu

WKMI dFL qJA

rKF q

w UH uJ U UOK UL d?? W??WKLFL UL WOL _WOL d??O??? ? dFL w??

WKOK WKMI w uu

lHd jG{ X wIM sO_ UNO qb r WKMI U w UL s WuKF dOG WK l{uv R d s WOL bu UL WKMI q dL WOzUdN d od s UNUF r u WLO UOI dFL c b d lu UE ULC UO tJd r c UL d W l

jGC w dOG UNUB w UH wH

YO s WKMI dFL QJ dFL sO U RULNM q VUM c qUH

oKG uH dFL w UEM u qUH d

rKF q

s d?? U??u?? U??M?? dFL vL dFL

wK

qUH d WIKF* UU(

(Heat of Neut ralizat ion) UF d

uKL UF WuL WUFL Ub WOu VM Wu bU uK l u iL uK e bMWO UFL tMO UL U UK ZMO

HCl(aq)

+NaOH(aq)

H2O

(l)+ NaCl

(aq)+WU

H2SO

4(aq)+2NaOH

(aq) Na

2SO

4(aq)+2H

2O

(l)+WU


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WO dBL WUFLU UF qUH qOL sJL

H+(aq)

+ OH_

(aq) H

2O

(l)2+ WU

w UL sFL UF qUH s WUM WUD U WOHO dFsO UF qUH qJA sO UpuKbON iL uKeOd r tL HCluK sr l dudu eOd NaOH

d W XFH YOd V bILqUH

uK

s r

eO

dNaOH

HCl uK s r eOd

uKL s r UFL

UF qUH wO{u r qJA

r rr U uKL WU dH oU qUH d U q YO HCl iL u b V

d rx

eOd uL bu[ d r x duu[ bUI u b S qLU

uKL UN w d WOL V d U d x WOuM d x uKL WK WJL d WOL

u W x [ x r u uKO [ HCl u , UN w d WOL

iL s u qUH s WUM d WOL V u[ u uKO[ iL s u s WUM d WOL

u uKO

HCl(aq)

+NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq)

+H20

(aq)H = -58 kJ/mol

rKF q

XMO WIOb U U U??F???? d??? bM uu uKObU l u iL qUH

W vK Wu


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qUH bM WIKDML d WOL dF w UF d vL oU qUH w WuLH WLOb u suJ bUI s WUM OH_Uu s b u l iL s WUMH+ Uu s b u

buI uL UH s bF UF d b sO d W vK UL s

buI uL UH s bF UF d bUF dUF qUH-58 kJ/molHCl

(aq)+NaOH

(aq)NaCl

(aq)+H

2O

(l)

-58 kJ/molHBr(aq)

+NaOH(aq)

NaBr(aq)

+H2O

(l)

-58 kJ/molHNO3(aq)

+KOH(aq)

KNO3(aq)

+ H2O

(l)

ucL UH lOL UF d S b s k ULu UFL lOL w b tH qUH _ WU

H+(aq)

+OH_

(aq)H

2O

(l)+WU

rKF q

WOCL qOUL uJ V WbUI

uJ v p WHHWU{ bM WUM dw bUI v?? iLU???F?????? W??O??K??L??F?? W????O????WOKLF WO fO jI

UC nOH

UF d UO UA_ uL

HCl puKbON iL b r wL wzU UL jO dF NaOH uuB bObO

qLF uD

sOL sO w q du eOdNaOH uK du eOd HCl uK dC

r WF sOKBHMWU sOuKL d W `B v td W wzU UL w WOL b l{

d W w UH V bUI s r v iL uK s r n{ uKL UNO q d W vK q

UF d V


74/130

fHM sOuKL d W fOI uK qJ d eO qLF UL oU UAM w RdDIL ULU tK bF eOL

WO U w d W w dOG V ru[ uKLK WOuM d XLK RuK s r v eOd HNO

3pdM iL uK s r WU{ bM

eOd NaOHNaOH uK s r v eOd HNO

3iL uK s r WU{ bM

eOdbUI uK s r v eOd HNO

3iL uK s r WU{ bM

eOd NaOH

d d

dU qJA b WUDK WbOKI WOOzd UBL r s wFOD UG d rH jHM bFWU v U uu s rd vK WUD s d u v UNKu r UL sO Wb w

bF d w UNb WOU WU ZM t d b WOu WKMdF w qUH d uu s WdF WOL d s WIKDML d WOL UWF UL WOL WdFL dFL w UL d W w dOG UO r rUL s WdF WOL vKd WOL V wUU dFL UL jOL UNB w d WOL V dFLK WdU w UNHU WLOI w WIKDML d WOL U WBLL d WOL uu s WIKDML

UO{U UNM dF

jOL w WBLL d WOLd U dx dFLK Wd WF d U d x ULK WOuM dx dFL w UL WK

w UL sFL UN Wd WLOI U UL d d U WOHO dF


75/130


76/130

uu u iF d d sO b wQ ULOuu u iF d d b

rduu ULuu uKO d d

C

udJ,

CH4

UOL,C

4H

10UuO

C2H

4sOK

C2H

2sOKO_,

C2H

5OH uU

C6H

6seM,

H2 sObON,NH

3UOu_,

N2H

4sbON,

Hf WOu* suJ d

UdUM s UL s b u suJ WUBL d WOL UNQ ULK WOuL suJ d dF

UNQ WOUOI dE ULKF d b Hf

edU UN ed WOUOI dE w WO_q d dFL WUu uL s dO bF suJ d UIu b U jG{WOU UH

Mg(s)

+1/2O2(g)

MgO(s)

Hf=-602 kJ/mol

C(s)

+O2(g)

CO2(g)

Hf=-393.5 kJ/mol

d UIA dJ suJ d q dU qJA UN suJ d UO sJL u UM

UH cN suJ d bb sJL nOJq U sJL rOI c bU b w UL uL s dO bFHfsb ULKF U

WO WUFL bU Wb dO uL WOuL suJ d H qUH d s

WKUHL uLKHf WUM uLKH

fqUHKH

w UL sFL wzUOLOJ qUHKH U dF

rKF q

s???u???J?? ???? d????????? UNU w dUMFK WOuL

dH dIL


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WO WUFL w UL uu uKO , U seMK d d XU UC

6H

6(l)+15/2O

2(g) 6CO

2(g)+3H

2O

(l)H = -3268.5 kJ/mol

seMK WOUOI suJ d V q

dH O2 ? Hf WuN qzU seMK H

f

u uKO [ udJ bO wU UG Hf

u uKO [ qzU ULK Hf

u uKO [ qUHKH WO WUFL w rOI c uF

WKUHL uLKHfuL WUM uLKHfuL qUHKHH

2O

(s)H

fx C

6H

6(s) H

fx CO

2H

fx

, x , x [ , [

, [ u uKO ,

uL iF WOUOI suJ d rO bULu u uKOH

fULu u uKOH

f

Al2O

3(s)

CaCl2(s)

CaCO3(s)

CH4(g)

CO(g)

CO2(g)

CuO(s)

Fe2O

3(s)

Fe3O

4(s)

HCl(g)

HI(g)

HF(g)

[

[

[[ [[

[[[

H2(g)

Al(s)

H2O

(g)

H2O

(l)

SO2(g)

H2O

(s)

HgO(s)

KOH(s)

MgO(s)

NaCl(s)

NaOH(s)

SO3(g)

dHdH

[

[

[[


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bU UMOF w qUHK H WLO V U

8Al(s)

+3Fe3O

4(s) 4Al

2O

3(s)+ 9Fe

(s)

qdH bb uOMLH

f pc dH dIL UNU w dUMF suJ d

?Hf suJ d

uu uKO , Fe3O

4

uu uKO , Al2O

3

WKUHL uLKHf WUM uLKH

f qUHKHWO WUFL w uF

, x , , , u uKO [

(Bond Energy) WDd WU

WUBLHd WOL nK pc dK U UNCF U UH iF XE pKFu dJ W WUD bF w sO sOWDd WU vL UL sOF p dOH d qUH s

wQ UL WUG WU w WOzUOLOJ WDd s b

rKF q

dJ W WUD

U???? W??O??zU??O??L??O?? W???D???s WUM WUD b??I??WDd pK uJ

H2(g)

H(g)

+ H(g)

H = +436 kJ

H - H H H

Cl2(g)

Cl(g)

+ Cl(g)

H = +243kJ

(Cl - Cl) Cl Cl

s q WKUHL uL w jd WU uL U dK U uJ qUH uI sJLWUM uL w jd WU uL


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jd iF WDd WUD U ULO sO w bjd iF WU b

WDdWUDWDdWUDWDdWUD

uu uKOuu uKOuu uKO H-HH-C

H-N

H-O

H-F

H-S

H-Cl

H-Br

H-I

N-N

O-O

F-F

Cl-Cl

Br-Br

I-I

C-C

C-N

O-O

O-C

C=O

N=N

WO WF bU p sOF qUH d U b w WbL WDd WU rO b sJLWuJL jd WU uL uJL jd WU uL qUHKH

H2(g)

+F2 2HF

(g)

b w jd UU bU wU qUHKHV U

H2(g)

+Cl2(g)

2HCl(g)

wU b qL qUd r w jdu uKO WDd WUWuJL jdu uKO WDd WU

H-H2(H-Cl), x

Cl-Cl uLLu uKO ,uJ* jd WU s d WuJ* jd WU k

WuJL jd WU uL uJL jd WU uL qUHKHu uKO , , [ x

dK U qUH uJ


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qBH WK

wQ ULO WOB WU d w ZUMK (H

f) WOuL suJ d UU UN d uL w dOG uJ w UFL

2C(s)+O2(g) 2CO(g) 2Ca(s)+O2(g) 2CaO(s) C

2H

2(g)+ H

2(g)C

2H

4(g) 3Mg

(s)+N

2(g)Mg

3N

2(s)

U w qUHKH d uL w dOG WLO S b vK ULU H

2(g)+I

2(g)2HI

(g)

u uKO u uKO u uKO u uKO

wQ UL q s WOB UF d ?dK UL qUHK WUH WLO jOLK d oKD dK UD qUH

dK U qUH b bM oKDM d dK U qUH b bM d qUH U

u uKO U UMOu WOuL suJ d XLK

w wU qUHKH WLO S2Al

2O

3(s) 4Al

(s)+3O

2(g)

u uKO u uKO u uKO u uKO

w qUHKH WLO V b vK ULU N

2(g)+2H

3(g) 2NH

3H = 1676 kJ

UHbI UL U d uKO , u dF w u , UbI U U s WOL Xd d d XU dFL w _ UNB w d qL UL d W w

uu uKO [ U ULK WOuL


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82/130

bu WK

w `KDBL r l{u uLF w `OB UNF{ l uLF w UKDBL sO o

qUH d UOjOL s d hL wzUOLO qUH HWb u{u WO s e suJ dWOzUOLO WOzUeO WOKLF d dOGK WIOb WuCL UOI WOKL dK U qUHjOL UEM UEMs VdL w b u suJ odL d uL w dOG

WO_ dUMWKMI dFLWOzUeO WOKL d hL w d WOL UOI b

WOzUOLO jOLWd dOG S WOzUN WUF UD d sOd sOUF lL bM

WOzUNM WUFLK d uL w dOG bb UNFL sJLf uUd uL w dOG

WO WUFL w UL dUM s sbONK HfsuJ d V

N2(g)

+2H2(g)

N2H

4(s)

sOO sOUFL ULFU pN2H

4(s)+O

2(g)N

2(g)+2H

2O

(l) H = -622 kJ

H2(g)

+1/2O2(g)

H2O

(l) H = 285.8 kJ

r UuOK WOuL WKJ XLK SC4H

10UuO U s rG u U WuD

WO WUFL o d UuO C

4H

10(g)+13/2 O

2(g) 4CO

2(g)+5H

2O

(g) H = 2855 kJ

wQU VWuD_ w UuO u b

UuO s rG d s WUM d WOL WuD ULFU v uOOK dH d W s UNMO sJL w UL WOL ?

ru , ULK WOuM d b UUuOK Wd WLOI


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84/130


85/130

WFAL UudbON _ qBHUNOK oKD w UdL sdOb UuJ d dUM sObON l b udJ UIU XLKFwuO wUM q_ udJ Ud Wb WuCF UOLOJ h WuCF UdL r

bOL UHEML F cG q UO wu rEF w WOL UN wUMD UdO qOL

UNUH UL d_ UdL s UdO s UeOL WOzUOLO WOzUeO hzUB WuCF UdLKlu vK jI b b uCF e w qUH ku UL qO vKF WOL_ s dO VU vKUdO d WK_ c UNOL U UdL c hzUB UL e_ WOI e s sOF

vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM WU s sJLb b w UNFu udJ c bdH u dF

WuCF UdL w WOzUOLOJ jd dF UudbON U bF

UUJ_ s bF WOe UGO UL VJ sON u udJ u jd dF

UUJ_ w qUA dF UNUH UdOC d dF UUJ_ wL


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udJ c bdH u vK dBMF c b v udJ Ud d U uFU_ UJ_ WHK WOe q WuJ Wu jd UNCF U

sO_ q d dUM c U vK UNb v WU{U VOdUOMuUN sOdOM

vK b??u?? u??d??J?? rH UNM UJ b

UL XOdG

rKF q

udJ c wdJ UM

VOd dF IVA WuLL vK b b s WOU b w lI eK udJpKH UL pKHU vL U vK dF s b ( 126C) udJ c wdJ

b WOU tO dJ u WOUL uJ c u u d pKH

WU u r qJA UNM q UL _ s WHK u UMq_ WUD pKHU UNU V _ c UdJ qGAsOFs wA dFM uM s td V dI d uJ qGA

p s pK UL _ s sOu vK qOBH

Y

Z

X

s pKH qJ

qL jI sOdJ l c u u qUL d pK spKUL qJA w UL

X Y Z UOb b u UNM q t YO UNCF vK bUF W Ub pwQ UL UNO{u sJL jI sOdJ v p s pK q l

Y

Z

X

pY

Y

Z

X

pX

Y

Z

X

pZ

p pKH qJ

vK Wu UdJ c ULKF b jI UdJ W u udJ UL

tK U WUI WM w UNOK dF lu w WIdD c 1s22s22p2

wQ UL udJ


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UdJ vL UdJ WF u udJ c n=2dO_ fOzd WUD u sO oULUdL suJ c UN jd w WIdD WOzUOLOJ UND suJ w udJ UNKLF RUJ

UdL pK WOzUeOH WOzUOLOJ u w dO dOQ UN uJ

w uuL U dI WU v uu q s UNCF jd dUMF uI sJLp UdJU WKL p uJ v udJ vF WU c v uuK WKOM UG

c pK ed ULEM t_ wU Ud qJA WOUA j WF suJ

WuCF Ud* w WOzUOLOJ WDd

rU WOUA WD vL WDd WuCF UdL w c jdU_ u UL UdL pK WOzUeOH WOzUOLOJ hzUB bb wWDd c uJ dEM

s b WdE UM vL R UJ W??D? ? WdEU????e???? b????? W??d??E??

dO q XUD wUNUF r w qUAL s

RUJ WD WdE

rKF q

RUJ WD WdE

dI lKD w (Pauling) ZMU rUF UNF{ WOdI WdE w

c hOK sJL c VOd rN w qU uD Vu sdAFwQ UL WdEMdH dJ TKL nB pK vK ULNM q u V ULNMO WdA WD U uJ wJ

l qb dHL dJ vK u c v_ c pK S WOUA WD suJ sO d bMWIDM vL sOc wu sO WdA WIDM suJ UC dH dJ vK u c WOU c s pK

qJA w UL qb

sOU w b jI sOdJ WIDML c lUd VUM WUM WDd u uI sJL sOUFvK oKD jd w sObL sOJKH sO qb b lUdJ WU e^d U w ULO WD r WUM WDd

sOc wu sO qu wLu uL vK WDdqb WIDM

H1 H HH1

H H

qb qJA


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WMN* _

q d Ud uJ dOH w XKA UN UdL s bbF uJ RUJ WD WdE d]UL WOudbON UdL

6C

1s

2

2s

2

.2p

X

2p

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2pZ.

udJ c wdJ lu qJAcH b ULb dF iF l?? sON d??J??

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rKF q

vK u YO udJ c wdJ lu qJA sO WU u dcU db s p b w jI sdH sOdJ

suJ lOD UNS RUJ WdE vK UM2s pK WU u s vK 2psOL sObON c wdJ lu XMFL u jI sOOUA sODb dH dJ vK u sObON bu qJA wWFuL WOzUOLOJ WGOB b WOUA WD suJ lOD wUUWIOI w CH

2w sObON l ud U s ZUM VdLK

tU ULKF U UbM WFOD w uu dO dHL VdL c dI dO t sO Ud

1H

1s1

wdJ lu qJAsObON c

udJ U s WUM WFOD w F uuL UdL j UUGK fOzd uJL UG c bF CH4 UOL U uN sObON lw udJ u jd b ULjHM uI s d c wFOD

we tKJ u U VdL c

j WFQ WU udJ UOL VdL WOe WGOB s sO

tO jd W rEM wU d ULEM t_ wU J UNu qJA qJA w sO u UL [ U

t_ wU qJ qJAudJ u rEM

UdJ WF s t b UOL Vd w UL j WF suJ s udJ sJL wJvK WU t t_ wU qJA ULKF d nO UOL Vd uJ nOJ sOM s b dH

_ c w UL WMNL _ u bb uNH US p RUJ WD WdE ULKF u p


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WF vK uB UJU k qJ udJ w RUJ UdJ lu v UdE c WUD u w tM vK_ UH 2p pK v 2s pK wdJ b UIU p dH UdJ

wQ UL sON WOKL w v_ uD w

6C

1s2

2s

.2py

.2px

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2pz.

l l ULO u s j l suJ vK U RUJ WdE V udJ Xjd uJ luL sL WHK s U WbL udJ UdJ _ sObO jd U sOHK sOu s UOL w l_ jd U WUD w WUJ dO UNM WUMWU UNMO Ue lOL WUJ UOL w l_ jd WIOI WU uJ sJL UNMO

c b nOJ [ UCq udJ w dHL WF_ UdJ uI v p UuIb d r p dOH U WUD fH UC WUJ UWOKL w UH 2p pK v 2s pK s dJ UI wK WOU uDbb WF udJ b `B YO 2s pK l W 2p Z2p s W 2s s b pK s X _ c _ WUJUN qJA fH WUD fH UN Q eOL sp3 r UNM q vK oK bI

2s,2p UNM XuJ w _ s U U nK

Ub u??? s???ON WUD w WUI ???b???b ??? U???

WUD w WU

usp3 pK qJ

+-

rKF q

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1s2

sp3

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.sp3

b dJ vK UNM q usp3

WFY

Z

X

2pY

Y

Z

X

2pX

Y

Z

X

2pZ

Y

Z

X

2s

+++C

109

.5

sp3

sp3sp3

sp3

sp3 WF U 2p W l2s pK jK


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wQ UL WUM WMNL _ eOLsON s WUMsp3 b uJ L UN WuJL _ b U WMNL _ b

Wp ls pK +-

qJA w dNE UL dO d dOG ULb sOze s sN pK q uJ _ s qJA dH w U b WMNL _ UN WuJL

UNCF s _ c bU L V WMNL _ sO Ue sJL U vB v

NH3

UOu_ e ULN H

2O U??L?? e???

sp3 sON

rKF q

5N uUNM UMM WMNL _ s d u UM sp3 v WU{Uw WOudbON UdL w WMNL udJ h U jI

5 We

WMN* _

u

5N

109.5 sp3

120 sp2

180 sp

u YK udJ u wdH qJA uJ C2H

4sOKO e qJsp2sON

U 2s pK l 2p s sOJK jK udJ wHJ WU c w 120 tO jd U

qJA w UL sON YUp

pK vIsp2

W6C

1s2

2S

2Px

2Py

2Pz

SP2 5N

6C

1s2

.

sp2

.

2Pz

sOKO e w udJ w U WOHO `{u w qJA

p

C

sp2

sp2

sp2

p

Csp

2

sp2

sp2

WD suJps2 wJK

p

C

sp2

sp2

sp2

p

Csp

2

sp2

sp2120 120

udJ w sO WD suJ sp2 W U2p s sOJK l2s pK jK qJA


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sp2 pK U 1s sObO w l udJ w s q w WMNL sp2 wJK sO jd bq u j b uJ pc WOU udJ w t tUA pK l jdO udJ u YU

W U udJ w sWD WD s WuJ WOzUM WD C2H4 w udJ w sO jd w WD u vK bUFL sNL dOp pK qb s QAM WOUwu sO qu uL X u WOU c w tKO l v_ udJ

qJA dE WD r jd s uM c vK oKD sOcsOKO e

H

C

H

H

C

H

WD

WD5KO e

(p - p)

(sp2 - sp2)

C

sp2

sp2

Csp

2

sp2

pp

WD suJp wJK

s H

sH

sH

s

H

sp2

sp2

sp2

sp2

s H

s

H

s

H

sH

C C

WD 5bON cs udJ 5csp

(sp2 - s)

(sp2 - s)

WD suJ2p WD suJsp2 -sp2 qJA

udJ w sO WO WD vK e c u C2H

2 sOKO_ e qJ spsON

s b pK l udJ w s q w2s

pK jK r WU c w qJA dE sON d UJKH vI 2p

6C

1s2

2S

2Px

2Py

2Pz

SP5N

6C

1s2

.

.

2Py

2Pzsp

sp wJK U2p s b pK l2s pK jK qJA

sJL ULNMO jd W sOKO_ e pc wD wbM qJ ULN sOUM sp wJK qJA dE oU UL w sOK UG WKUL WIdD udJ w sO wD b dOH


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wD suJp qb

pp

sp

pp

spC C HsH s

5KO e

180

H C C H

WD suJ sp wJK qb

p

C

p

sp sp

p

C

p

sp sp Csp C spsp sp

pppp

sOKO_ e w jd uJ qJA

WDd XU S qb WIDM w UdJ b V ud w sO WOUA WDd nMBWD vL WF U UdJ b U WU WD UNOK oKD jI sOdJ s WuJ

2 WO WDdU vL UdJ W U bF u WU w WOzUM

udJ s UdO l WOUA j udJ Xu sJL UudbONU WUM UdL UbM vL jI sObONqJA w UL WOU UudbO WOUHO UudbO v UNHOMB

jI WOUHO UudbON v qBH c w dFM wU

u????????? U????????????d??????u??d??J?? d??B??M?? v??K??dFjI sObONWuCF UdL j

UudbON

(C , H)UudbON

WOUHOWOUseM vK utUIA

WFA dO UUJ_ WFA

WOIK dO(C

nH

2n+2)

WOIK(C

nH

2n)

UMOJ_UMUJ_(C

nH

2n-2)

WOIK dO(C

n

H2n

)

WOIK(C

n

H2n-2

)

`O b n


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94/130

(Isomerization in Alkanes) UUJ_ w qUA

C4H

10w U u UL WOe WGOB fH UN l WHK WOzUOLO WOzUeO u UN UUJ_ iF

sJL UJ_ WKK w udJ b ULK UJ_ w UA u WOUL e

UuO e w UL dQ ud l u w UUJ_ s b WOUL c uIsOKUA qJ vK dNE YO UuO e p vK U

CH3

CH2

CH2CH

3CH

3CH CH

3

CH3

UuOe UuO

qUA rU UHB iF w UN WUF WOe UNGO w uL iF d dU dFe_ U wMF (Isomerization)WKK w udJ b ULK UAL b UL eb ULMO U UJb UA b b YO UJ WUL

UC20

H42

UuJ_ UAqUA u???? s?? qUA wzUM qUAwdH qUA wbMN

UdO

rKF q

UUJ_ WOL

UUE (IUPAC)Uu_ WOIOD W UOLOJK wb U bLwQ UL WuCF UdL WOL UU

r cR UJ u lAL udbON sOdK UF r UC r udJ b vK b w WOMO WLKJ s UJ_

b dE r WUN w lDIL UNO

a????U???? s?????? Y??????????Uu

U??A

UuO Ud U UO w ULb UNOL c v_ WF_ UJ_ d

wQ U l WdHL q UudbON WOL ?_ VdL UdF bu e w udJ s WKu WKK u s Y

WOMO WLKJ V rCH

3CH CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

CH3

UJ u _ VdL r S pc udJ s X s WKK u uJ YO


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dH r U ULN dHK d_ dD s b WKuL WKK w udJ rd

CH3

CH CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

1 2 3 4 5 6

sObON b qI YO qOJ lDILU _ UJ_ WKK s WdHL WuLL vL lAL UNd r s oA WdHL WuLL r Q ULK b c wK_ UNUJ s UNO

b q v s VdL r WUN qb l wK_

R- WOKOJ_ UuL* WOL b

WGOBrWuLLr

CH4UOCH3qOO C2H

6UC

2H

5qO

C3H

8UdC

3H

7qOd

C4H

10UuOC

4H

9qOuO

UJ_ r UNOK WdHL WOKOJ_ WuLL r r Wd r dH UNOK uuL udJ r lCUJ qOO - 2 vL oU UL w UJ_ _

q WO lUIL b WOKOJ_ WuLL fHM lu s d w _ UJ_ dH bM wU w wzUM WuLL dJ b vK b _ UJ_ r

wQ UL U_ sO qu u l UIU d UL dH lu UO bF rOd b UL

UuO qOO wzUM - 321CH

3

2CH

3CH

4CH

3

CH3

CH3

WKK d s b rOd uJ _ VdLK WuJL udJ vK dH s d u bM UdH d_ udJ c d_

UuO qOO w - 322 CH3

CH C CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

1234


96/130

WOL w Uu bu vK UIOD WO WK_

CH3

C CH3

CH3

F

123 CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3

CH3

CH2CH

3

12345

Ud qOO -2- uK -2 UM qOO -3- qO -3

CH3

CH2

CH CH2CH

2CH CH

3

CH3

1234567

CH3CH

2

CH3

CH CH2

C CH3

CH3

CH3

12345

CH3

?

U qOO - 2- qO - 5 UM qOO w - 4 22

WIU Uu bu l _ VdL w UMOuUN q WOuddO WuL U U w w udJ r v U VdL w UNL o Q WuLL c c v UA

c UuLL c s b sO b WuLL c pK UNM XdH

WOuduUN Ud* iF b

Ud UC w YuKJ u w udJ

CFC uKH

YK WOC WuLL cVdL w rWKFuKUd uK CluKUMuK BrudUuOud IuUuO u

r UMOuU vK WuL b c w v??_ WF_ WuCF UdL vK oKDq qOJ_ bOU

CH3

CH2

CH CH CH2CH

2CH

3

CH3

1 2 3 4 5

CI

6 7 CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3

CH3

54321

CI

U qOO - 4- uK - 3 UM qOO - 4- uK - 2


97/130

Br CH2

CH

CH CH2I

CH3

4321

F

CI CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 Br1234

UuO qOO- 3- u- 4- uK- 2- ud- 1 UuO uK - 4- ud - 1

Uu UE V w UJ_r U

CH3

CH2

CH CH2CH

2CH CH

3

CH3

1234567

CH3CH

2

U qOO- 2- qO - 5 WuL qO WuL r o pcK rOL d o qO WuL w d k qb_ VOd V qOO

WOOzd UuJL b tQ ULK UM qOO w -4 2 2 UJ WOUM WGOB r RsOUHK

Uu UE V WO UUJ_ r R

CH3

CCH

2C

CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2CH

2C

CH

2CH

CH

2CH

3

CH2CH

3CH

3

CH3


98/130

UUJ_ dOC% d

wQU UNM UM UUJ_ dOC d b UM

qOJ_ bOU e

sOU l uJ w cL qOJ_ bOU qUH r YO UUJ_ dOC dD dN s wWO UFL w `{u u UL nHL puKbON iL w

CH3I

Zn/HCI

CH4

b??O??U?? U????d?? WOU_ uL s qOJ_

WdOC UOLOJ w

rKF q

4

CH33

CH2

2

CH

1

CH3

Zn/HCl

CH3CH

2CH

2CH

3

BrUuOud - 2 UuO -

UOMd nu RO9

WO WUF WUFL V UL l UOMd Vd WKUF s p

RMgBr+H2OR-H +Mg(OH)Br

UL l CH3CH

2MgBrVd qUH p vK U

ed t UOMd nU qUH s dC RMgX

d_ u??u?? Mg l?? RXU

rKF q

CH3CH

2MgBr+H

2OCH

3-CH

3+Mg(OH)Br

qOJ_ bOU l UOMd nu qUH

u_ q UUJ_ U qOJ_ bOU l UOMd Vd qUH YORMgBr +RBrR- R + MgBr

2

qOOL bOd l CH3CH

2-MgBrqUH s Ud dOC p vK U

CH3CH

2- MgBr + CH

3BrCH

3-CH

2-CH

3+ MgBr

2


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100/130


101/130

UduKJU p s vM WuHL q UUJ WNUA UNUH UuOuKJU

UuO d_ UUJuKJU iF wQ ULO

(C3H6) UduKJUs dOJ q WDd W U We u YK tKJX uJ Ud WIK S c [ WuHL WKK UJ_WIK WOzUOLOJ UH vK du c fJFM We du vL bb duu UL WIK `H p du c s hKK e qOL YO Ud

WO WK_ w sO

u??? s??? r??d??U?? t???e??? w??? W???e??? d??u??t UduKJUuL s dOJ w buw U u UL WOFODs WBKL UMOd

dLJ dOB

rKF q

CH2

CH2

CH2

1) H2SO

4ed

CH2

CH2

H2C

H2/Ni

CH2

CH2

CH2

H OH H HuUd - 1 Ud

UduKJU

Cl2

, Fe Cl3

CH2 CH2 CH2

Cl Cl

UduK wzUM- 3 1

2) H2O

(C4H

8) UuOuJKU

uL iF w VdL c du {_ U wU qJ tpc u wu tM jd U uJ U UU duMB Xe WOFOD

UUA q uJ YO tUH vK p fJFM UduKJU s du qUduKJU s

du UuOuKJU

WOFOD u??L?? iF wduMB Xe

rKF q

(C6H

10) UJuKJU (C

5H

10) UMuJKU

sO dH WODG qOK UM u l UdI u UMuJKUU UO du s WOU UdL cU qJA k rEML wUL qJA W WOKb Ue wUd dN U

(Boat) UI qJ (Chair) wdJ qJ UL sOO vK buO UJuKJU


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U

wd

`D

UJuKJU UMuKJU UJ qJA

UNUIA UUJ_ iF Ub

UNM dc WOU{ Ub UM uu UUJ_ b v WU{U

vK d??U???? U??M?? pA YO CCl

4ULF

WMd U t

rKF q

tUb r s UO* U

lUDL d WUM w b c (carbon black) rH u vK uBK WO U l UD vK b U c CHCl3 uuKJ q WUN UdL s bbF dOC U b uUOL bUb uH ozd UH w UL UF WKU dO WHEM UL

pO uKUM q WuCF UdL U dOC w UOL(Naphtha) UHM

qJA b ud s WuJ UNIK UNUIA WFAL UUJ s WOIK Ud

UUb WUM(Dry Cleaning)

U nOEM d w l:(Mineral Oil) wbF* Xe

UHHB qOL ULd U w l qJA b sO U wKG wd ZM(Laxative) bFLK sOKL UC b dFA

:(Lubricating Greases) rOA u

UdL e UJ d nOH w b YO WOd ue iF WUFL UNOK uB r

:(Petrolatum) d

WObOB rdL dOC w b ud s u UudbO s uJ:(Paraffin Wax) 5d lL

WUM w W=KB UL U{ lL WUM w b dO WOe WK UUJ s uJUdO qOL ULd rdL iF


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_ qBH WK

WO d UudbON sON WOUA WDd WuCF UOLOJ

UudbON U U udJ Ud d U U

WO WOe mOB UN w WOudbON UAL lOL WOzUM mOB V Uu_ UEM UI udbO q r d r C

4H

10 C

6H

12 C

6H

14

WO s q e s tOK uB sJL c UJ_ U

UM qOO - 3 - ud - 3 Udud - 2 UuOud - 2

s q l uuB eK qUH s tOK uB sJL c udbON U UuOud - 1 ? qOde bu qO bu

bU WUF UNUOK W U V WO UudbON V UM qOO - 2 UJ UM qOO wzUM - 3 3 U UJ qOO - 2

WKQ U{u UUJ_ WOL Uu UE w WOzd uM d

WO UKDBL s qJ uBIL U qUA ? WUL WKK edO qUH

_ sON ? WOKOJ_ UuLL

WO UdLK WOzUM mOB r UuO qOO wzUM - 3 2 UM qOO - 3 UM qOO - 3 - uK - 2 UJ qO - 4 - qOO wzUM - 3 3 ?U qOO wzUM - 5 2 UuO qOO w - 3 2 2 ?

UJ qO wzUM - 3 3 - 3 2 2


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Uu UE LF WO UdL UL V CH

3CH

2CCH

2CH

3

CH3

CH3

? CH3CH CH2CH3CH

3

CH3(CH2)CH3

CH2 CH2

BrCl

? CH3CH2CHCH3Br

UNM ]r r WO UdL UAL WOzUM mOB r C

6H

14 ? C4H9Br C4H10 C

3H

6BrCl C4H8Cl2 ? C3H6Br

wQ UL q w WOB WU d w UUJ qL w WGOB

C10

H18 C3H8 ? C4H4 C6H12

CH3

CH CH3

CH3

VdLK lzUA r

UMe UuOe ? UuO qOO - 3 UuO qOO - 2 UUJ WUF WOe WGOB

CnH

n CnH2n-2 ? CnH2n+2 CnH2n uuB eK l qOde bu qUH s ZUM UJ_

UM qOO - 2 Ud ? UJ UuO qOO wzUM - 3 2 C

3H

7MgBrbOd uOOMG qOd ROL s ZUM UJ_

d UL w UuO ? UJ Ud

uCF ZUM r WO UHK UF V WOOd mOB ULFU puKbON iL l UduKJU WKUF

fLA u{ uu uKJ s b WOL WUu UJuKJU WMK


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106/130

WOMOHO_ UudbON UMOJ_

UudbON s UeOL U c sOOU ud w sO We WOzUM WD uu UMOJ_ ULW bLFWFAL UdL s UUA d uJ UdL c S WDd c uu dE UUJ_ WFAL

WDd c s ZUM wbMN qUA vK WeL WDdK eOLL wzUOLOJ UAM vK UMOJ_ UOLOWOzUM WDd

uJ ud W WKB uJ YO WOzUM WD suJ w udJ dA UbMwU UL udJ u jd uJ d o c sp2 u s UNMON

w sO WD sOuJ (sp 2 ) s UJK q b

WU_ udJ j w U u ULudJtUA p pK l udJ w qLFL dO p pK qb WD vb WOU WD UuJO d_ udJ vK uuX u UdJ uJ pc UC sOdJ vK u

WO Uud t{u UL WD u c uL

rKF q

ue Wb tc?? u?????? W??F????A??L?? d??O??wUM sL v?? ueu sL c Zu U sUUL uJ tS VOK

WOUMB be

H

C

H

H

C

H

WD

WD5KO e

1.33A

pp

p

C sp2

p

Csp2sp2

sp2

sH

sH

sp2

sp2

s H

s H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

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H

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c UL bsOKO e suJ wb???? b????? ???O???{u??? l????

b vK c

U??A


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WDd s dB u udJ w sO WOzUM WDd dc s b WD u UL WD s u WD]S pc ULNMO WU_w `{u u UL udJ w sO WDd u u b Wd lML

WIU Uud

ZM lA dO U u UMOJ_ WKzU d j (C2H

4) sOKO bF

dK d dOJ s dO UOLJ

UL s b e eM uJ Ud dOC WFL UuO dD dt lOL lI Uu UD ZUM sOK e uJuU e s

WMNLsp2

uu WO p b u w

rKF q

s?????O?????K?????????? U????????????? d??O??C???? w?????? q???L???F?????????u??J???? s??O??K??O?? q???zU???HOCH

2CH

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bLK UC qzU u??d??O??C???? w???? q???L???F?????????WKb d dLK

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jGC d

UMOJ_ WOL

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2nw WOIK dO UMOJ WUF WGOB

UJ_ WUN w lDIL b YO udJ s bF fH vK u c UJ_ r sw b w `{u u UL sOK lDILU

v_ WF_ UMOJ WFzUA UL_ b

udJ bsOJ_qJAsOKOCH2 CH2sOKOdCH2 CH CH3sOKOuOCH2 CH CH2 CH3

sOKOuOeCH3 C CH2CH

3

WDd v dOA dOG iF l UMOJ_ vK WOLK (IUPAC) Uu UE bu oD pcwQ UL WOzUM

sOJ u b WOzUM WD vK WuL WFAL dO UdLK UF r qUIL UJ_ s WIAL cK lDIL s b slDI UC


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WDd pK v d_ dD s rOdU b WOzUM WDd vK Wu WKK u U WO WK_ w `{u u UL sOJ_ r o rd sOJ_ w WOzUM WDd lu v dOA

CH3CH CH CH

3CH

2CH

3CH

2CH

3

sOuO -2 sOuO -1

1 2 3 4 5

CH3CH CH CH CH

3

CH3sOM - 2 - qOO - 4

WO UdL r R

CH3CH CH CH CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH2 CH CH CH3

Cis-Trans-Isomersim b{l UMOJ_ w qUA

wbMN qUA dUE vL U dNE udJ w sO WOzUM WDd u WOb WU WO

UbM dUE c QAM udJ wc WDdL UuLL cK WOdH WOM luLU vMF wsOHK WOzUM WDd w udJ w s qJ UKBL UuLL Uc uJl wMF d bU WObMN UAL sO eOOL sJLudJ wc UKBL UuLL uJ UbMF b{ wMF d sOU w UU U dU WKUALK ed wdH U fHMWObMN UAL dU WKUALK edO sOU sOOd

p `{u WO WK_ UU jI nK

rKF q

W uJ VUG w tsOuO - 2 - U????????NB

UN????????B W?? s?? q??d??E?? s??O??u??O?? - 2 - uK w UNOd WOUFH

WKHCH

3

C C

H CH3

H

CH3

C C

H

CH3

sOuO - 2 - sOuO - 2 -

UF UNuK pc WOzUeOH UNUH w nK UUU WObMN UAL v U s b UM


109/130

UMOJ WOzUeOH u)

d seM q WODI dO UcL w c UNMJ UL w UMOJ_ c Uc uuKJ

UL WU s q WU UN UuL UMOJ_ WUJ

s qKI VFA S pc udJ b U l UMOJ_ UOK W e UOKG W ?UOKG W

U WuLL WOzUeOH u iF UBK sO w bUMOJ_ s

rKF q

W??? U?????? V????

sOuO - 2 - U???????OK????uF sOuO - 2 - stOD UH

UMOJ_ iF WOzUeOH Xu WOe' mOB b

budJrWGOB

UNB W

UOKG W

sOCH2 CH

2

sOdCH2 CH CH3sOuO CH

2 CH CH

2CH

3

sOuOCH

3CH

3

C C

H H

sOuO

HCH3

C C

H CH3

sOM CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

3

sOM CH

2CH

3CH

3

C C

H H


110/130

budJrWGOB

UNB W

UOKG W

sOM HCH3

C C

H CH2CH3

sOuOqOO CH

2 C CH

3

CH3

sOJ CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

sO CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

sO CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

sOu CH

2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

sOJ CH2 CHCH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

3

UMOJ_ dOC% d

UNM dc WHK dD UMOJ_ dOC sJL

uJ s U* e

w uJ s U e e od s sOJ v uJ qu sJLWO WUF WUFL w UL d uu wCL j

rKF q

s??L?? h???d??? d????E???? t?????b UNS uJu dOC w WO UL

UMOJ_ s dO

C C

OHHu

5J

H+ dC C + H

2O

WO WUFL w sO u UL uU e s sOKO dOC sJL L

CH3CH

2- OH

H2SO

4

170 CH2 CH2 + H2OuU sOKO


111/130

WO WUFL qL R

CH3

CH2

OHH

3PO

4

220-200uU

uOMOL_ bO q bU qU `D vK uJ U dS uJ s U e e sJL pc 350 d W vK Al2O3

CH3CH

2OH

Al2O

3

350 CH2 CH2 + H2OuU sOKO

WO WUFL qL RCH

3CH

2CH

2OH

95% H2SO

4

170uUd

qOJ_ bOU s 5bON bOU e

sOU ud w s sObO sOuUN bI r YOl Udud - 2 sO bM LWu bU u wu j ww sO u UL sOd ZM wu j w edL uOUu bObO

WO WUFLrKF q

q???O???J???_ b????O????U???? WOz WO UL qLFW??u??C??F?? U??O??L??O??J?? w????

WdOCCH

3CH

Br

CH3+

KOH

wud CH2 CHCH3 + KBr + H2O

sOd -1

UuOud -2

sOuO - 1 ZM wu j w edL uOUu bObO l UuOud - 1 sO bM

CH3CH

2CH

2CH

2Br

KOH

wud CH3CH2 CH CH2UuOud -1 sOuO -1


112/130

(Vicinal Dihalides) U* qOJ_ bOU wzUM s UMOuUN e

WO WUFL tMO UL pO iL w sOU uu bOUN wzUM sO p r

CH3

CH

Br

CH

Br

CH3

Zn

d CH3CH CHCH3 + ZnBr2

sOuO - 2UuOud wzUM

chemistry elmi-ziraii g11 p2

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