chemistry of life
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Chemistry of Life. by. Soňa Melušová. Time Line of Achievement. time line of achievement = cesta k úspechu. Respiration and photosynthesis. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794) respiration was an oxidation process analogous to combustion Jan Ingenhousz (1730–1799) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chemistry of Life
Soňa Melušová
by
Time Line of AchievementTime Line of Achievement
time line of achievement = cesta k úspechu
Respiration and photosynthesisRespiration and photosynthesis
respiration = dýchanie combustion = horenie, spaľovanie
photosynthesis = fotosyntéza reverse = opačný, obrátený
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794)
respiration was an oxidation process analogous to combustion
Jan Ingenhousz (1730–1799)
photosynthesis is the reverse process of respiration Drawing of Lavoisier‘s laboratory
made by his wife
Organic synthesisOrganic synthesis
Friedrich Wöhler
Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882)
synthesized urea completely from inorganic materials
a "life force" was necessary to create the diverse compounds found in living things
In more recent times synthesis of natural products has helped make expensive plant drugs more widely available.
Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975) and Josef Pikl
synthesized the glaucoma drug physostigmine, making it inexpensive and widely available
Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979)
synthesized many natural products, among them chlorophyll in 1960 and vitamin B12 in 1971
plant drug = rastlinný liek glaucoma = zelený zákal
VirusesViruses
Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)
discovered the tobacco mosaic virus, and first described viruses as being distinct from other microbes
distinct = odlišný govern = ovládať, riadiť
polio vaccines = očkovacia látka proti detskej obrne
The processes of life are in fact chemical and physical processes, governed by the same laws that hold sway in the nonliving world.
Alfred Day Hershey (1908-1997) and Martha Cowles Chase
with using bacteriophages established that DNA is the carrier of genetic information
Jonas Salk (1914-1995) and Albert Bruce Sabin (1906-1993)
the development of polio vaccines
Hormones: adrenaline, insulin, and "the Hormones: adrenaline, insulin, and "the pill"pill"
pill = tabletka contraceptive = antikoncepcia
O
O
O
N
HH
H
H
H H
H
HH
H
HH
H
Trick with adrenaline
Jokichi Takamine (1854–1931)
isolated adrenaline – first isolation of a hormone
John James Rickard McLeod (1876–1935)
isolated insulin
identified its deficiency as the cause of diabetes
Gregory Pincus (1903–1967) and John Rock (1890–1984) developed the hormone progesterone into an oral
contraceptive
Vitamins from A to KVitamins from A to K
scurvy = skorbut cattle = dobytok
rotten = zhnitý, skazený hay = seno
André and Marguerite Lwoff
all organism use the same vitamins and coenzymes
Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986)
absorbic acid = vitamin C is the vital compound in citrus fruits that stops scurvy
Robert R. Williams (1886–1965)
in 1925 discovered vitamin B1 – its deficiency causes beriberi
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodking (1910–1994)
determined the molecular structure of vitamin B12 using X-ray crystallography
Vitamin K – disovered in 1930s following an outbreak of fatal bleeding among cattle that were fed on rotten sweet-clover hay
... compaunds that the body needs only in small amounts but that are very important to good health.
AntibioticsAntibiotics
Alexander Fleming (1881–1955)
in 1928 discovered penicillin
challenged = obmedzený resistant = odolný
Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain
development of the first useful antibiotic drug
In recent time, pharmaceutical science has been challenged by the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Proteins and diseaseProteins and diseaseProteins are long, chainlike molecules made by joining together a precise sequence of many small molecules called amino acids.
Emil Fischer (1852–1919)
in 1907 shows that proteins are made of amino acids
Leonor Michaelis and Maud Leonora Menten
in 1913 determined the kinetics of enzyme catalysis
James Batcheller Sumner and John Howard Northrop
1920s – 1930s enzymes are proteinsLinus Pauling in 1987
Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994) a protein defect was the cause of sickle-cell anemia
Vernon Ingram in 1956 shows the nature of sickle-cell anemia to be
achange in a single amino acid in the protein hemoglobin
sickle-cell anemia = chronická vrodená anémia
Study of early life and prebiotic evolutionStudy of early life and prebiotic evolution
The experiment of S. L. Miller
prevalent = bežný, rozšírený subject = vystavený spark = iskra
in 1953 an experiment – creates a mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water = prevalent compounds on Earth before life developed
the mixture subjected to electrical sparks – producing amino acids
Stanley L. Miller (1852–1919) first investigation into how life
could have arisen from nonliving materials
DNA and geneticsDNA and genetics
examination =skúšanie deciphering = dešifrovanie, rozlúštenie
James Watson and Francis Crick
in 1953 determined that the DNA molecule is shaped like a double helix
Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)
examination of X-ray crysatllographic data obtained by research of DNA molecul
Alfred Day Hershey (1908–1997) and Martha Cowles Chase (1930– )
discovered that DNA carries genetic information
Complementing these two discoveries was the deciphering of DNA‘s genetic code between 1961 and 1966, which was the work of numerous scientists.
DNA seguencing and genetic biotechDNA seguencing and genetic biotech
sequence = poradie forensic = súdny
insight = preniknutie do postaty veci, pochopenie
in 1977 developed separate methods of rapid DNA sequencing = rapid methods for determining the sequence of base pairs in sample of DNA
Walter Gilbert (1932– ) and Frederick Sanger (1918– )
Rapid sequencing of DNA has led to many developments in genetic biotechnology, from forensic DNA analysis to the Human Genome Project.
Investigation of DNA provide insight into the genetic causes of diseases.
W. Gilbert and F.Sanger at the reception oh the Nobel Foundation
Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention