chi thi sinh hoc moi truong nuoc

7/28/2019 Chi Thi Sinh Hoc Moi Truong Nuoc

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CH TH SINH HC MITRNG NC

NHM 1

L B CHNTRN VN SNH

THI GIANG


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H THNG CH TH SINH HC NH GICHT LNG NC

1. GII THIU

Qun x sinh vt l mt hp phn sng cah sinh sinh thi gm:

- Sinh vt sn xut.

- Sinh vt tiu th.

- Sinh vt phn hu.Trong h sinh thi nc c nhiu sinh vt

vi mc phc tp khc nhau v c

xem xt qua cc kha cnh.


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Qua , ta tm c nhng qun x qun th cth l nhng sinh vt ch th nhim.

Mc nhim c nh gi thng qua sinhvt ch th.

S thay i ca cc iu kin mi trng c nhhng ti thnh phn ng thc vt trong qunx. iu ny gy nn s qun t ca cc qunx l khc nhau.

Theo Warren mi trng ti mt a im quytnh phn ln nhng c th no c kh nngc tr im , v nhng sinh vt s lnhng ch th sinh hc cho nhng thay i mi

trng.


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2.H thng hoi sinh

a. Cht lng nc

Kolenati v Cohn nhn xt, nhng sinh vtnht nh th hin mi quan h i vi sch hoc mc nhim tng ng canc.

Nm 1983 Mez khi phn tch vsv nc chiathnh bn loi:

+ Loi c trong nc rt sch.

+ Loi c trong nc nhim nh.

+ Loi c trong nc nhim trung bnh.

+ Loi c trong nc nhim nng.


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Nm 1902, ng Kolkwitz v ng Marsson a rakhi nim v cc ch th sinh hc ca nhimtrong h thng gi l h hoi sinh.

H ny da vo nhng vng c lm giu chthu c khc nhau, mi mt vng c ctrng bi nhng loi ng v thc vt ctrng.

Khi nim ca cc tc gi da vo vic pht hinthy khi nc thi hoc cc cht thi hu cthi ra c x thi vo sng, s dn n

chui cc hin tng v ph thuc khongcch ca dng s xc tin nhng iu kin mitrng khc nhau v do to ra din thnhng qun x nc xm nhp vo sng.


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T 2 ng xut ra khi nim t lm schsinh hc,tha nhn 3 mc :

a. Vng c nhng qu trnh kh chim u th.

Rt bn .b. Vng m cc qu trnh kh t t chm dt v

chuyn qua nhng qu trnh xy ho. Bn

trung bnh .c. Vng ch c nhng qu trnh xh. t bn. phn chia cc vng sng tip nhn cht thi

hu c, c nhiu h thng c a ra.Tm li, tt c cc h thng ging nhau v

nguyn tc nhng khc nhau v danh phpv nh ranh gii vng.


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Ncsch

Suy thoi Phn humnh

Phc hi Ncsch hn

Whipple, Fair 1927

Suter 1922

Ncsch

Hin anh nhim

Nhimtrng

Phc hi Ncsch hn

Ncsch

Nhimtrng

nhim Nhimbn

Ncsch hn

Ncsch

Nhimtrng

Chngchu nhim

Chngchu vchng

chu yu

Ncsch hn

Forbes v Richardson 1913


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b.Ch th cht lng nc.

Nm 1922 Suter v moore chia ra cc vng,din bin nhim mi ph vng theo thigian tnh ra ngy v khong cch tnh ra dmtun t k hiu = cc ch ci a,b,c .

Ph vng im khi u

a.Mt dng sng thng thng khng nhimc xem l im khi u.

b. Chu trnh sng trong mt th cn bng n nh,thch hp.

c. lng ln loi tn ti, nhng khng mt ginghay loi no chim u th.


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d. Cc sinh vt ang sng thch ng vi hnglot cc yu t l ho thng thng c trngcho vng.

Ph vng nhim

a.Vi s xut hin nhim hu c, mt lot ccthay i bt u.

b. S lng loi hin din c xu hng gimcng vi nhim.

c. S lng cc th mi loi c xu hng tngcng vi nhim.

d. t l gia cc loi sinh vt b o ln do nhim.


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Ph vng mi b nhim.a.Vng mi b nhimbt u hot ng x thi

d tha cc cht hu c.

b. Tip theo l thi k hn hp cc yu t vt l.c.Nhiu ng thc vt b cht ngt hoc b che

lp bi vt liu l lng.

d.Vi vic cung cp nhiu vt liu thc n, vikhun v vi sinh vt hoi sinh bt u tngmnh.

e. S hn ch nhng ng vt n tht khngchng chu to ra s pht trin mnh hnnhng vi sinh vt hoi sinh v chim u thhon ton trong iu kin ny .


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f. S pht trin mnh m nhng sinh vt, c bit lnm v vi khun, to sc p mnh n oxy t doho tan h hp v c th hn ch h hp.

g. S lng cc chng loi sinh vt b gim thiu, nhngs lng cc c th ca cc loi chng chu c thtng.

Ph vng nhim trng

a. Mt s v tr c th bt u nhim trng. Nu nhimtrng xy ra, s bin i theo ma v cc hon cnhkhc.

b. S thiu oxy t do ho tan git hi nhiu vi sinh vt

v gn nh tt c ng vt thc vt c ln v lic b sung khi lng vt liu hu c cht.c. Cc loi sinh vt ln, nh v cc loi khng bt buc

c th sng khng c oxy t do s chim u th.


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d. nhng sinh vt ny tip tc n nhng thc nphong ph cho n khi n b nh tr hotng.

e. s lng cc loi sinh vt tr nn ti thiu, slng cc c th c hoc khng th t ncc i.

ph vng phc hi

a. Vng nhim trng dn ho nhp vo vngphc hi.

b. Khi d tr thc n gim th s lng cc sinhvt k kh v cc c th chng chu nhimkhc cng gim.


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c. Khi nhu cu ln v oxy gim th oxy t do hotan bt u xut hin v tng t l nhng sinhvt i hi oxy.

d. Khi vt liu l lng gim v cht dinh dngkhong d tiu tng do hot ng do hot ngvi sinh vt to bt u tng v thng rtphong ph.

e. Quang hp xy ra do to gii phng nhiu oxyhn, cn tr s phc hi.

f. To cn oxy cho h hp v s pht trin mnhm ca to s gim oxy t do ho tan vo banm do khng c b xung bi quang hp.


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g. Mt cch tun t, vng ny c c trngbi nhng thay i cc tr vo ban ngy vxy ho tan.

h. Cng vi lng xy tng i h hp vto dng lm thc n, s tng trng ngvt ni chung li bt u tip din.

i. Dng sng c th vo thi k c sc snxut di do v n ko di n khi d trnng lng hoc thc n b tiu tan.

ph vng nc scha. Nhng iu kin nc sch li c xc lp

khi sc sn xut chuyn v trng thi bnh

thng


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mc tng i ngho v khu h ng thc vthay i, th cn bng tt li xut hin cc iukin thng c cc c trng nh sau.

b. Cc tnh cht chung: Ging vi nc sch ungun ngoi tr trng hp hin ti n l mtdng sng rng ln hn.

c. Khu h sinh vt c trng: Ging vi h sinh vnc sch u ngun, ngoi tr cc loi bn thch ng vi dng chy rng ln hn.

Theo kolwitz, massonva liebmann cho rng trongnh gi cht lng nc, iu cn nhn mnhl khng nn da vo nhng c th sinh vt, ma

l qun x sinh vt.


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c. V s lng

Trong tin trnh thit lp h thng hoi sinh nhiuphng php a ra nhm pht hin v gimthiu c lng ln cc s liu thnh cc dliu n ginbng cng thc ton hc.

Phng php ca knopp

1=ch pht hin c 1 loi n gin2=ch pht hin c mt s3=ch pht hin c s lng t ti trung bnh

4=pht hin s lng trung bnh5=pht hin s lng trung bnh n nhiu6=nhiu

7=phong ph


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Pantle v buck 1995 ngh chnh sa ch shoi sinh : s = tng (s.h)/tng h.

S c xp loi t 1 n 4.

1 l ch th hoi sinh yu .

2 l ch th hoi sinh trung bnh .

3 l ch th hoi sinh trung bnh .4 l chth hoi sinh mnh.

Phng php ny khng tnh n tn s m ch

con.Chs hoi sinh s tl vi mi trng nhim

nh sau.


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Zelinka v marvan 1961 ngh phng php hoi sinh

da trn vic phn tch sinh vt y.3.Cc h thng khc ca sinh vt ch th.Khc vi cc h hoi sinh ch yu tp trung vo ccsinh vt nh hu ht cc h thng khc s dng vkxsc ln sng y l cc ch chnhNm 1928 Richardson phn loi vkxs theo sc chngchu ca chng lin quan n vic x thi vo ncchy.

Ch s hoi sinh Mc nhim

1 -> 1,5 Rt nh

1,5 -> 2,5 Trung bnh

2,5 -> 3,5 Nng

3,5 -> 4 Rt nng (hoi sinh mnh)


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ng chia nh cc sinh vt thnh nhm nhim,nhm cn nhim v cc loi nc schhn.

Mackenthun a ra phng php quan stbng mt ca mt s vkxs c ln di ychng chu, mn cm v trung gian.

Mt khi nim khc ca nh khoa hcWooddiwiss 1964 Ch s sinh hc trent c nidung l dng li tay thu mu. Mu vt thu

bng tay v bng ch p,phi ly vt liu chatt c vkxs c ln v phn nh lp ct ngangca khu h ng vt.

19 0 C


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1970 Chandler ngh trong h thng cho imc gi l ch s bn nh lng 5 mc

Mc S c th trong 5p ly mu

Nhn xt

C mt 1 2 Khu h ng vtc th b tri dt

t thng ngunC t 3 10 C th loi bn

a

Thng gp 11 50Phong ph 51 100

Rt phong ph 100

II C h d


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II.Cc ch s a dng

Qun x sinh vt lun thay i cng vi mi trngsng. Gim s lng cc loi tng s lng 1 loi l

kt qu ca vic a cc cht thi phn hu sinh hcvo ao h.

Khi nhng vt liu c hi c thi vo mi trng thqun x sinh vt thay i rt khc nhau v gy nn sgim a dng trong qun x.

1962 Kothe son tho cc loi - s thiu ht phng php nh mt th tc sinh hc inh

lng.Nhiu tc gi s dng ch s a dng diversity

indises nh mt ch th sinh hc nhim

C i t i ht t i h h


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Cairn v cc tc gi pht trin phng phpch s so snh lin hon nhm p ng chophng php nh s nhanh nh gi cho

hu qu sinh hc nhim.Phng php trc nhim tn hiu v l thuyt vn

hnh. iu duy nht c th l kh nng ca nh

nghin cu nhn bit c nhng khc bittrong hnh dng mu v kch c sinh vt.

III Si h t h th h d


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III. Sinh vt ch th ph dng.

1.H nng.

y h bao ph thc vt ln khng c s phntng n nh hm lng xy y = 0.

2.H su.

C th xy ra 2 kh nng trong iu kin tngi xy th Fe, Mn, PO4 s tn ti dngphc khng ho tan.

xy tng su ch cho qu trnh phn huhu c trong thi gian ngn nn ny sinh tnhtrng cc tr

3 Cc du hiu ph dng


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3.Cc du hiu ph dng.- Thay i h thc vt.- Thay i h ng vt.

- Thay i l ho tnh.4. Nguyn nhn ph dng.Nguyn nhn l cc ngun thi c cha N v P- Ngun im.- Ngun din hay phn tn.- Dinh dng a lng.- Yu t vt l sinh hc.

- Trao i trm tch.- Xm nhp cc cht dinh dng t bn ngoi.- Xm nhp t kh quyn.

- Nc x thi thnh ph.

5 T h d


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5.Tc ng ca ph dng.- Tch cc:Lm tng sinh khi, cung cp thc n cho c - Tiu cc:Tc ng n con ngi, nn thu triu , tc

nghn, mi kh chu, mt thm m.

6.Bin php k thut phc hi ph dng.- To thng thong.- Lm tun hon nc v to bong bng.

- Thu hoch to, vt rc.- Tc ng n dng dinh dng i vo h- Bin php tc ng n cht hu c i vo

7 Ch t h i t i h h h d


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7.Chng trnh gim st sinh hc ph dng.

Gm cc bc:

Thu mu.X l mu.

Xc nh cc sinh vt.

o c.nh gi s liu.

Th hin kt qu.

IV Gi t i h h i i ki l i


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IV.Gim st sinh hc i vi kim loi nngtrong nc ngt.

1.Ngun gy nhim kim loi nng

a. Ngun t nhin.

b. Ngun nhn to.

2.Ch th sinh hc nh c.C l mt ch th rt tt cho kim loi nng trongnc.

Mohamet 1990 s dng c lm ch th sinh hccho nhim kim loi nng sng Nile.

Th M i Zi (2005) th hi ki l i


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Theo Munir Ziya (2005) th nhiu kim loi nng cmt mt cch t nhin trong mi trng bin vlaf nhng tc nhn gy nhim mi trng

nc bin khi chng hm lng cao.Cc tc gi tin hnh nghin cu s tch t

kim loi nng nh st, km, cacdimi trong cc

loi sinh vt thu sinh.

chi thi sinh hoc moi truong nuoc

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