china and earthquake - 日本学術振興会 areas of china areas of the world 33% 55% death toll in...
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China and Earthquake
BAI Ling (白 玲 バイ リン)JSPS F ll U i i f T kJSPS Fellow, University of Tokyo
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
P t I E th k C t Chi• Part I Earthquake Country‐China地震大国ー中国地震大国ー中国
• Part II waveform analysisPart II waveform analysis
波形の解析
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
ChinaChina
• Capital: Beijing
• Area: 9.6 million km²Area: 9.6 million kmAbout 25 times larger than Japan
P l ti 1 3 billi• Population: 1.3 billionAbout 10 times more than Japan
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Seismicity of the world世界震源地図世界震源地図
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School(from Univ. of Tokyo and Tokyo Cartographic Co.)
7%
Areas of ChinaAreas of the World
33%
55%
Death toll in ChinaContinental quakes in ChinaContinental quakes in the World
by earthquakes Death toll in the world by earthquakesy q
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
What is an earthquakeWhat is an earthquake
Earthquake=Earth+quake:the result of a sudden release of energythe result of a sudden release of energy
in the Earth's crust that creates seismic wavesJSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Zhang Heng張 衡張 衡
(A.D.78-139)
Houfeng SeismographHoufeng Seismographou e g Se s og ap候風地動儀
ou e g Se s og ap候風地動儀
How does the earthquake occur地震はどのようにして起こるのかはどのようにして起こるのか
Eurasia Plate
North American Plate
Pacific plate
Eurasia Plate
Philippine Sea PlateIndian Plate
Philippine Sea Plate
The surface of the earth is covered with PLATESJSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
(from Univ. of Tokyo and Tokyo Cartographic Co.)
Interplate Earthquakes around Japan日本付近のプレート境界型地震日本付近のプレ ト境界型地震
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
The 2008 Sichuan, China earthquakeq
FaultLocation
A bank building Rain and rock slides JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Intraplate Earthquakes in Japan日本での地殻内地震日本での地殻内地震
2003 宮城県北部の地震(M6.2)2008 岩手・宮城内陸地震(M7.2)
2004 新潟県中越地震(M6.8)
2003 宮城県北部の地震(M6.2)
2007 新潟県中越沖地震(M6.8)2007 能登半島地震(M6.9)
2000 鳥取県西部地震 (M7.3)1995 兵庫県南部地震 (M7.3)
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
intraplate earthquake: movement of faultプレ ト内地震 断層でのすべり運動プレート内地震: 断層でのすべり運動
• Normal Fault 正断層 • Reverse (Thrust) Fault 逆断層:
Hanging wallfoot wall
• Strike‐Slip Fault横ずれ断層
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Earthquake faults that appear in surface of the earth地表に現れた地震断層
• Nojima fault: 1995 Kobe eq N d i f lt 1891 N bi• Nojima fault: 1995 Kobe eq • Neodani fault:1891 Nobi eq
• 2008 Sichuan eq • Denali fault:2002 Denali eq
Comparison of two types of earthquakes二種類の地震の比較
I t l t I t l t
二種類の地震の比較
Interplate Intraplate
Location The boundary between two plates Interior of a plate with active fault
Period Tens to hundreds years Thousands to ten thousands years
Magnitude M8~M9 M7~M8
Disaster Tsunami Direct hit
Examples ・ 2004 Sumatra earthquake・ 1944 Tonankai earthquake・ The expected Nankai earthquake
・ 2008 Sichuan, China earthquake・ 2008 Iwate‐Miyagi inland earthquake
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Conclusion 1
・ Plates are moving・ Plates are moving
1.g
・ Interplate earthquakeg
・ Interplate earthquake
22.
Sli f f ltSli f f lt2.・Slip of fault・Intraplate earthquake・Slip of fault・Intraplate earthquake
Q: How to study the earthquake that occur in the deep area of the Earth.
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
P t I E th k C t Chi• Part I Earthquake Country‐China地震大国ー中国地震大国ー中国
• Part II waveform analysisPart II waveform analysis
波形の解析
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Size of shakeWaveform 波形
① jump
Size of shake
① j p
② t i② train
③ earthquake
10 minutes time JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Waveforms recorded by a station at Taiwan地震波記録の例 (台湾の観測点)地震波記録の例 (台湾の観測点)
Surface waveSize of shake
Iwate・Miyagi inland eq P wave S wave
Surface wave
P wave S wave
Surface wave
Sichuan, China eqP wave S wave
timeJSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Distance to hypocenter震源までの距離震源までの距離
Distance =(Ts-Tp)*8
Earthquake early warning to announce before the arrival of strong tremorsJSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Analysis of earthquake fault震源断層の解析
Observed waveforms Theoretical (black) and observed (red)
震源断層の解析① ③
Supposed fault②Supposed fault
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
The 2008 Iwate ・Miyagi inland earthquake2008年岩手・宮城内陸地震2008年岩手・宮城内陸地震
Surface of the Earth
Width (W): ~20kmColor: amount of slip (D)
(largest: ~3m)
Length of fault (L): ~40km
Moment magnitude:Mw= μ×D×L×W 6.8Mw μ D L W 6.8
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
The 2008 Sichan, China earthquake2008年中国四川地震2008年中国四川地震
~40km
~250km
0
10m!
Mw 7.9
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
One difference in magnitude…マグニチュードが1違うと...マグニチュ ドが1違うと...
10km
M 6.0 0.5m
1.5mM 7.0
30km
M 8.0
5m
100kmOne difference in magnitude
Area of fault: ~10 timesAmount of slip: ~3 times} Released energy: ~30 times
g
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
The size of the fault of Sichuan eq in Japan map四川地震の断層の大きさを日本で考えると四川地震の断層の大きさを日本で考えると
長野
東京名古屋
JSPS science dialogue @ Seiryo High School
Conclusion 1
・ Plates are moving・ Plates are moving
1.
・ Interplate earthquake・ Interplate earthquake
・Slip of faultl h k
・Slip of faultl h k
2.
・Intraplate earthquake・Intraplate earthquake
3.・ waveform analysisL ti f th k
・ waveform analysisL ti f th k・Location of earthquake
・Focal mechanism・Location of earthquake・Focal mechanism
Document creation cooperation: Outreach Office of ERI, Univ. of Tokyo